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Статті в журналах з теми "Forests and forestry Victoria"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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1

Lutze, M. T., R. G. Campbell, and P. C. Fagg. "Development of silviculture in the native State forests of Victoria." Australian Forestry 62, no. 3 (January 1999): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1999.10674788.

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2

Lutze, M., P. Ades, and R. Campbell. "Spatial distribution of regeneration in mixed-species forests of Victoria." Australian Forestry 67, no. 3 (January 2004): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2004.10674931.

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3

Lawrence, Ruth E., and Marc P. Bellette. "Gold, timber, war and parks : A history of the Rushworth Forest in central Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 122, no. 2 (2010): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs10022.

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Анотація:

The Rushworth Forest is a Box and Ironbark open sclerophyll forest in central Victoria that has been subject to a long history of gold mining activity and forest utilisation. This paper documents the major periods of land use history in the Rushworth Forest and comments on the environmental changes that have occurred as a result. During the 1850s to 1890s, the Forest was subject to extensive gold mining operations, timber resource use, and other forest product utilisation, which generated major changes to the forest soils, vegetation structure and species cover. From the 1890s to 1930s, concern for diminishing forest cover across central Victoria led to the creation of timber reserves, including the Rushworth State Forest. After the formation of a government forestry department in 1919, silvicultural practices were introduced which aimed at maximising the output of tall timber production above all else. During World War II, the management of the Forest was taken over by the Australian Army as Prisoner of War camps were established to harvest timber from the Forest for firewood production. Following the War, the focus of forestry in Victoria moved away from the Box and Ironbark forests, but low value resource utilisation continued in the Rushworth Forest from the 1940s to 1990s. In 2002, about one-third of the Forest was declared a National Park and the other two-thirds continued as a State Forest. Today, the characteristics of the biophysical environment reflect the multiple layers of past land uses that have occurred in the Rushworth Forest.

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4

Cary, Geoffrey J., Wade Blanchard, Claire N. Foster, and David B. Lindenmayer. "Effects of altered fire intervals on critical timber production and conservation values." International Journal of Wildland Fire 30, no. 5 (2021): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf20129.

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Forests exhibit thresholds in disturbance intervals that influence sustainability of production and natural values including sawlog production, species existence and habitat attributes. Fire is a key disturbance agent in temperate forests and frequency of fire is increasing, threatening sustainability of these forest values. We used mechanistically diverse, theoretical fire interval distributions for mountain ash forest in Victoria, Australia, in the recent past and future to estimate the probability of realising: (i) minimum sawlog harvesting rotation time; (ii) canopy species maturation; and (iii) adequate habitat hollows for fauna. The likelihood of realising fire intervals exceeding these key stand age thresholds diminishes markedly for the future fire regime compared with the recent past. For example, we estimate that only one in five future fire intervals will be sufficiently long (~80 years) to grow sawlogs in this forest type, and that the probability of forests developing adequate habitat hollows (~180 years) could be as low as 0.03 (3% of fire intervals). Therefore, there is a need to rethink where sawlogs can be sourced sustainably, such as from fast-growing plantations that can be harvested and then regrown rapidly, and to reserve large areas of existing 80-year-old forest from timber harvesting.

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5

Fagg, Peter, Mark Lutze, Carolyn Slijkerman, Michael Ryan, and Owen Bassett. "Silvicultural recovery in ash forests following three recent large bushfires in Victoria." Australian Forestry 76, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2013.848610.

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6

Recher, HA. "Conserving forest biodiversity: A comprehensive multiscaled approach." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 1 (2003): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03113_br.

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DAVID Lindenmayer and Jerry Franklin are the two most influential forest conservation biologists of the past decade and will probably remain so for the coming decade. Each has contributed significantly to forest research, management, biodiversity conservation and policy. Lindenmayer is an Australian based at the Australian National University in Canberra who has worked mainly in the temperate eucalypt forests of Victoria and southeastern New South Wales. Most of his research is wildlife oriented, with an emphasis on arboreal marsupials and the impacts of forest management on forest vertebrates. Franklin is an American at the University of Washington, Seattle in the Pacific Northwest. His research is more botanically oriented, with an emphasis on the impacts of forest management on forest structures (e.g., large trees and logs) and processes. Of the two, Franklin has had the greatest involvement in the political, economic and social processes driving the modern change in forestry practices and attitudes. Together they form a formidable team to present a summary and an analysis of how temperate forests globally can and should be managed. Their goal is not just to enhance biodiversity and other ecological values, but to ensure the long-term sustainability of forest ecosystems. Only when forests are managed sustainably to protect biodiversity can forest managers guarantee the many social and economic benefits derived from the world’s forests, including wood production.

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7

Smith, David, Ian Smith, Nick Collett, and Stephen Elms. "Forest health surveillance in Victoria." Australian Forestry 71, no. 3 (January 2008): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2008.10675034.

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8

Greig, P. J. "Forest policy developments in Victoria." Australian Forestry 49, no. 4 (January 1986): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1986.10674479.

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9

Hurley, Peter J. "Government assistance for private forestry — the Farm Forestry Agreement Scheme in Victoria." Australian Forestry 49, no. 3 (January 1986): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1986.11978490.

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10

Burton, Jamie, Jane Cawson, Philip Noske, and Gary Sheridan. "Shifting States, Altered Fates: Divergent Fuel Moisture Responses after High Frequency Wildfire in an Obligate Seeder Eucalypt Forest." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 20, 2019): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050436.

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Анотація:

High frequency wildfires can shift the structure and composition of obligate seeder forests and initiate replacement with alternative vegetation states. In some forests, the alternative stable state is drier and more easily burned by subsequent fires, driving a positive feedback that promotes further wildfire and perpetuates alternative stable states. Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans (F.Muell.)) forests are highly valued for their biodiversity, water, timber and carbon. Fires are a natural part of the lifecycle of these forests, but too frequent fires can eliminate Mountain Ash and trigger a transition to lower stature, non-eucalypt forests which are dominated by understorey species. This study sought to better understand the fuel moisture dynamics of alternative stable states resulting from high frequency wildfires. A vegetation mosaic in the Central Highlands, Victoria created a unique opportunity to measure fuel moisture in adjacent forest stands that differed in overstorey species composition and time since fire. Specifically, we measured fuel moisture and microclimate at two eucalypt sites (9 and 79 years old) and three non-eucalypt sites (two 9 year old and one 79 year old). Fuel availability, defined here as the number of days surface fuels were below 16% and dry enough to ignite and sustain fire, was calculated to estimate flammability. Fuel availability differed between sites, particularly as a function of time since fire, with recently burnt sites available to burn more often (4–17 versus 0–3 days). There were differences in fuel availability between non-eucalypt sites of the same age, suggesting that high frequency fire does not always lead to the same vegetation condition or outcome for fuel availability. This indicates there is potential for both positive and negative flammability feedbacks following state transition depending on the composition of the non-eucalypt state. This is the first study to provide empirical insight into the fuel moisture dynamics of alternative stable states in Mountain Ash forests.

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11

Weiss, John, Kathryn Sheffield, Anna Weeks, and David Smith. "Modelling the Incursion and Spread of a Forestry Pest: Case Study of Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Victoria." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2019): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020198.

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Effective and efficient systems for surveillance, eradication, containment and management of biosecurity threats require methods to predict the establishment, population growth and spread of organisms that pose a potential biosecurity risk. To support Victorian forest biosecurity operations, Agriculture Victoria has developed a landscape-scale, spatially explicit, spatio-temporal population growth and dispersal model of a generic pest pine beetle. The model can be used to simulate the incursion of a forestry pest from a nominated location(s), such as an importation business site (approved arrangement, AA), into the surrounding environment. The model provides both illustrative and quantitative data on population dynamics and spread of a forestry pest species. Flexibility built into the model design enables a range of spatial extents to be modelled, from user-defined study areas to the Victoria-wide area. The spatial resolution of the model (size of grid cells) can be altered from 100 m to greater than 1 km. The model allows core parameters to be altered by the user, enabling the spread of a variety of windborne insect species and pathogens to be investigated. We verified the model and its parameters by simulating and comparing the outputs with the 1999/2000 Melbourne incursion, but no establishment of a forestry pest beetle was believed to be Monochamus alternatus Hope (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The model accurately predicts the distance and direction of the historic incursion, and the subsequent failure to establish is due to low overall population density of the pest species.

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12

Collins, Luke, Adele Hunter, Sarah McColl-Gausden, Trent D. Penman, and Philip Zylstra. "The Effect of Antecedent Fire Severity on Reburn Severity and Fuel Structure in a Resprouting Eucalypt Forest in Victoria, Australia." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 8, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040450.

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Research highlights—Feedbacks between fire severity, vegetation structure and ecosystem flammability are understudied in highly fire-tolerant forests that are dominated by epicormic resprouters. We examined the relationships between the severity of two overlapping fires in a resprouting eucalypt forest and the subsequent effect of fire severity on fuel structure. We found that the likelihood of a canopy fire was the highest in areas that had previously been exposed to a high level of canopy scorch or consumption. Fuel structure was sensitive to the time since the previous canopy fire, but not the number of canopy fires. Background and Objectives—Feedbacks between fire and vegetation may constrain or amplify the effect of climate change on future wildfire behaviour. Such feedbacks have been poorly studied in forests dominated by highly fire-tolerant epicormic resprouters. Here, we conducted a case study based on two overlapping fires within a eucalypt forest that was dominated by epicormic resprouters to examine (1) whether past wildfire severity affects future wildfire severity, and (2) how combinations of understorey fire and canopy fire within reburnt areas affect fuel properties. Materials and Methods—The study focused on ≈77,000 ha of forest in south-eastern Australia that was burnt by a wildfire in 2007 and reburnt in 2013. The study system was dominated by eucalyptus trees that can resprout epicormically following fires that substantially scorch or consume foliage in the canopy layer. We used satellite-derived mapping to assess whether the severity of the 2013 fire was affected by the severity of the 2007 fire. Five levels of fire severity were considered (lowest to highest): unburnt, low canopy scorch, moderate canopy scorch, high canopy scorch and canopy consumption. Field surveys were then used to assess whether combinations of understorey fire (<80% canopy scorch) and canopy fire (>90% canopy consumption) recorded over the 2007 and 2013 fires caused differences in fuel structure. Results—Reburn severity was influenced by antecedent fire severity under severe fire weather, with the likelihood of canopy-consuming fire increasing with increasing antecedent fire severity up to those classes causing a high degree of canopy disturbance (i.e., high canopy scorch or canopy consumption). The increased occurrence of canopy-consuming fire largely came at the expense of the moderate and high canopy scorch classes, suggesting that there was a shift from crown scorch to crown consumption. Antecedent fire severity had little effect on the severity patterns of the 2013 fire under nonsevere fire weather. Areas affected by canopy fire in 2007 and/or 2013 had greater vertical connectivity of fuels than sites that were reburnt by understorey fires, though we found no evidence that repeated canopy fires were having compounding effects on fuel structure. Conclusions—Our case study suggests that exposure to canopy-defoliating fires has the potential to increase the severity of subsequent fires in resprouting eucalypt forests in the short term. We propose that the increased vertical connectivity of fuels caused by resprouting and seedling recruitment were responsible for the elevated fire severity. The effect of antecedent fire severity on reburn severity will likely be constrained by a range of factors, such as fire weather.

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13

Clifton, Craig, Carl Daamen, Avril Home, and John Sherwood. "Water, land use change and ‘new forests’: what are the challenges for south-western Victoria?" Australian Forestry 69, no. 2 (January 2006): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2006.10676234.

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14

(Hamish) Kimmins, J. P. "Old-growth forest: An ancient and stable sylvan equilibrium, or a relatively transitory ecosystem condition that offers people a visual and emotional feast? Answerit depends." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc79429-3.

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As a species, humans depend heavily on their visual sense, make decisions as much from their hearts as from their heads (emotion-and value-based decisions versus analytical, logic- and knowledge-based decisions), and dislike environmental and other change. Societies in early stages of development have generally revered old people for their wisdom and experience, whereas many societies at more advanced stages of development have adopted a culture of youth. Attitudes toward forests have shown a similar trend. Respect for large and old trees was a feature of some early societies, whereas societies in and after the industrial revolution became more interested in younger, faster growing trees for technical and utilitarian reasons. However, as human population growth caused the area of unmanaged forest, old forest, and forests of large trees to decline, reverence has revived for large, old trees and for old forests. This trend has not been matched by a renewed respect for scientific knowledge about forests and for wisdom about forests based on long experience. Reflecting the pervasive effects of the culture of youth, issues in forestry, including the issue of old forests, are being judged largely on an aesthetic basis, on human emotional response to snapshot visual aspects, and on a dislike for changethe Peter Pan syndrome. "Old-growth" forest, whatever it is, has been deified as a symbol of the mythical "balance of nature," a concept discredited by ecologists as a Victorian anachronism. There are important spiritual, aesthetic, wildlife, and environmental values associated with old forests, and the area of such forests is declining. There are many valid reasons (social, scientific, and environmental) for sustaining significant and representative areas of such forests. However, conservation of such forests and ensuring a future supply of the values they provide will not be achieved unless the reverential respect for such forests is matched by another meaning of respect: understanding such forests and basing our relationship with them on that understanding. This paper challenges forest managers and forest scientists to gain a significant understanding of "old growth" to provide a logical, knowledge-based, and experience-based foundation for the identification, inventory, conservation, and management of this forest ecosystem condition, and to assert this understanding as a counterbalance to the necessary, but insufficient, value-based attitude toward old forests that arises largely from visual snapshots and the emotions they arouse. Key words: old growth, biodiversity, sustainability, stability, succession, stand dynamics, respect for nature

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15

Collett, N. G. "A history of forestry education in Victoria, 1910–1980." Australian Forestry 73, no. 1 (January 2010): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2010.10676307.

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16

Ryan, Michael. "Adaptive silviculture in regrowth eucalypt forests in Victoria and the implications for water, wood, wildlife and wildfire." Australian Forestry 76, no. 3-4 (December 2013): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2013.842461.

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17

Macfarlane, Malcolm A. "Mammal populations in mountain ash(Eucalyptus regnans)forests of various ages in the Central Highlands of Victoria." Australian Forestry 51, no. 1 (January 1988): 14–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1988.10676030.

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18

Ordóñez, Camilo, Dave Kendal, Caragh G. Threlfall, Dieter F. Hochuli, Melanie Davern, Richard A. Fuller, Rodney van der Ree, and Stephen J. Livesley. "How Urban Forest Managers Evaluate Management and Governance Challenges in Their Decision-Making." Forests 11, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11090963.

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Анотація:

Decisions about urban forests are critical to urban liveability and resilience. This study aimed to evaluate the range of positions held by urban forest managers from local governments in the state of Victoria, Australia, regarding the management and governance challenges that affect their decision-making. This study was based on a Q-method approach, a procedure that allows researchers to evaluate the range of positions that exist about a topic in a structured manner based on the experiences of a wide group of people. We created statements on a wide range of urban forest management and governance challenges and asked urban forest managers to rate their level of agreement with these statements via an online survey. Managers generally agreed about the challenges posed by urban development and climate change for implementing local government policies on urban forest protection and expansion. However, there were divergent views about how effective solutions based on increasing operational capacities, such as increasing budgets and personnel, could address these challenges. For some managers, it was more effective to improve critical governance challenges, such as inter-departmental and inter-municipal coordination, community engagement, and addressing the culture of risk aversion in local governments. Urban forest regional strategies aimed at coordinating management and governance issues across cities should build on existing consensus on development and environmental threats and address critical management and governance issues not solely related to local government operational capacity.

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19

Fox, Julian C., Fiona Hamilton, and Sharon Occhipinti. "Tree hollow incidence in Victorian state forests." Australian Forestry 72, no. 1 (January 2009): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2009.10676288.

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20

Lavery, Peter B. "Pinus radiatain Victoria—A review of public sector plantation forestry." Australian Forestry 51, no. 3 (January 1988): 171–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1988.10676040.

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21

Brown, G. W., J. L. Nelson, and K. A. Cherry. "The influence of habitat structure on insectivorous bat activity in montane ash forests of the Central Highlands, Victoria." Australian Forestry 60, no. 2 (January 1997): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1997.10674709.

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22

Smith, R. B., and P. W. Woodgate. "Appraisal of fire damage and inventory for timber salvage by remote sensing in mountain ash forests in Victoria." Australian Forestry 48, no. 4 (January 1985): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1985.10674453.

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23

Spencer, Ray D., and Lea O. Jellinek. "Public concerns about pine plantations in Victoria." Australian Forestry 58, no. 3 (January 1995): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1995.10674651.

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24

Greig, Peter. "Hardwood industry trends in Victoria since 1986." Australian Forestry 67, no. 3 (January 2004): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2004.10674929.

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25

Bush, David, David Spencer, John Doran, and Richard Davis. "Testing New Provenances of Eucalyptus polybractea: A Eucalypt Oil Mallee Adapted to Semi-Arid Environments." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071109.

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Анотація:

Novel genetic accessions of Eucalyptus polybractea from a previously untested, hotter and drier part of the species’ natural range were tested in a common garden trial at a semi-arid site in NSW, Australia. Eucalyptus polybractea is a mallee eucalypt cultivated for essential oils (1,8-cineole), bioenergy and carbon sequestration on dryland sites in southern Australia (sites receiving about 450 mm mean annual rainfall, MAR). A trial of six previously untested provenances from the relatively hot, dry part of the species’ natural range in South Australia (SA) (250–450 mm MAR) was established alongside seven provenances from New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria within a commercial plantation in NSW. The trial was assessed at age 3.7 years for growth and oil characteristics. While survival was excellent, most of the SA sources were slower growing and of sub-standard oil concentration and quality relative to those from Victoria and NSW. However, a single SA provenance, with the highest oil concentration and 1,8-cineole percentage of all provenances tested, may have potential as a source of selected germplasm. Infusion of SA material into the breeding populations of E. polybractea, which are currently based on NSW and Victorian selections only, may provide more resilience in the face of hotter and drier temperatures expected under projected climate change scenarios, and/or allow the introduction of the species to hotter and drier climates in Australia or other parts of the world with semi-arid climates. However, high-intensity selection of infusions will be required to maintain the growth and oil characteristics in the existing breeding population.

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26

Marsden-Smedley, Jon B., Wendy R. Anderson, and Adrian F. Pyrke. "Fuel in Tasmanian Dry Eucalypt Forests: Prediction of Fuel Load and Fuel Hazard Rating from Fuel Age." Fire 5, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5040103.

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This paper presents equations for fuel load and fuel hazard rating (FHR) models based on the time since last fire for dry eucalypt forests in eastern Tasmania. The fuel load equations predict the load of the surface/near-surface and elevated fine fuel. The FHR equations predict the surface, near-surface, combined surface and near-surface, bark, and overall FHR. The utility of the “Overall fuel hazard assessment guide” from Victoria, Australia, is assessed for Tasmanian dry eucalypt forests: we conclude that, when fuel strata components are weighted according to their influence on fire behaviour, the Victorian guide provides a rapid, robust, and effective methodology for estimating FHR. The equations in this paper will be used for operational planning and on-the-ground performing of hazard reduction burning, prediction of fire behaviour for fire risk assessments and bushfire control, and providing inputs into the new Australian Fire Danger Rating System.

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27

Lindenmayer, D. B. "Forest disturbance, forest wildlife conservation and the conservative basis for forest management in the mountain ash forests of Victoria—Comment." Forest Ecology and Management 74, no. 1-3 (June 1995): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)03524-z.

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28

Williams, Kathryn, Ruth Nettle, and R. John Petheram. "Public response to plantation forestry on farms in south-western Victoria." Australian Forestry 66, no. 2 (January 2003): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2003.10674896.

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29

Lindenmayer, D. B., J. F. Franklin, P. Angelstam, F. Bunnell, M. J. Brown, S. Dovers, J. E. Hickey, et al. "The Victorian Forestry Roundtable Meeting: a discussion of transitions to sustainability in Victorian forests." Australian Forestry 67, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2004.10676198.

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30

McKimm, R. J. "Wood properties of Douglas fir grown in Victoria." Australian Forestry 50, no. 2 (January 1987): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1987.10674499.

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31

Budd, GM, JR Brotherhood, AL Hendrie, SE Jeffery, FA Beasley, BP Costin, W. Zhien, MM Baker, NP Cheney, and MP Dawson. "Project Aquarius 1. Stress, Strain, and Productivity in Men Suppressing Australian Summer Bushfires With Hand Tools: Background, Objectives, and Methods." International Journal of Wildland Fire 7, no. 2 (1997): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9970069.

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This is the first in a series of 13 papers about the safety and productivity of firefighters suppressing wildland fires ('bushfires' in Australia) with hand tools, with particular emphasis on their physiological and subjective responses and the factors that influence them. The measurements were made during a broader investigation to determine the most intense fire that could be suppressed by hand tools, by bulldozers, and by air tankers. The investigation was carried out during three successive summers in dry eucalypt forests of Western Australia and Victoria. Four crews, each of 7 or 8 male firefighters, were studied while they attempted, for periods of 35-220 minutes, to suppress well-developed experimental bushfires with hand tools, and also while they built fireline in the same way without fire. Additional studies were made under controlled conditions: outdoors in the forest, indoors in field laboratories, and in a climatic chamber in Sydney. Most of the measurements were also made on the scientific observers, who shared the firefighters' environment but performed less strenuous work. All findings were highly consistent over the four crews, three summers, and two States and are thus generally applicable to bushfire suppression with hand tools in southern Australia.

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32

Lindenmayer, David B., and Jeff T. Wood. "Long-term patterns in the decay, collapse, and abundance of trees with hollows in the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of Victoria, southeastern Australia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, no. 1 (January 2010): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-185.

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Large trees with hollows are an important component of stand structural complexity worldwide. Understanding their population dynamics is needed to manage cavity-dependent biota. We quantified long-term rates of collapse of 302 measured trees with hollows in 1939-aged regrowth mountain ash ( Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forest in southeastern Australia. We identified time-dependent dynamics in which the collapse rates of trees slowed from ∼4% annually between 1983 and 1993 to ∼2.2% between 1993 and 2007. Transitions of trees between different decay states (forms) also slowed over time. Nevertheless, during the 24-year period of our study, over half of our marked and measured trees had fallen, but there was no recruitment of new trees with hollows. Under current projections, few trees with hollows will occur on our field sites by ∼2050, although more had been forecast in earlier investigations. Such a paucity of trees with hollows in extensive areas of regrowth mountain ash forests will lead to a shortage of nesting and sheltering sites for cavity-dependent biota. We suggest a short–medium (10- to 100-year) focus on the conservation of old growth and multi-aged stands will be needed to maintain populations of those species strongly associated with trees with hollows in mountain ash forests.

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33

Alexander, J. S. A., D. J. Scotts, and R. H. Loyn. "Impacts of timber harvesting on mammals, reptiles and nocturnal birds in native hardwood forests of East Gippsland, Victoria: a retrospective approach." Australian Forestry 65, no. 3 (January 2002): 182–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2002.10674871.

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34

Groot, Peter de. "Joint Forest Protection/Forest Education Working Group Meeting at Victoria B.C. September, 1986." Forestry Chronicle 63, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc63231a1-4.

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35

Barr, Rachel, Wendy Wright, and Philip Rayment. "Thinning, fire and birds in Boola Boola State Forest, Victoria, Australia." Australian Forestry 74, no. 1 (January 2011): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2011.10676345.

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36

Krusel, N., D. Packham, and N. Tapper. "Wildfire Activity in the Mallee Shrubland of Victoria, Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 3, no. 4 (1993): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9930217.

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McArthur's Fire Danger Indices were developed originally as empirical models to describe fire danger in dry sclerophyll forest and grasslands of Australia. These indices are now used widely in southeastern Australia for fire danger rating and as a guideline for the issue of fire weather warnings. Nine years of historical fire reports, fire danger indices and meteorological information have been analysed objectively to develop a model to predict days of high fire activity in the mallee shrubland of northwestern Victoria. Tested on two years of independent data it was found that the use of a simple model utilising standard meteorological observations rather than the McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index reduced the false alarm rate from 98.4% to 96.7%. Although apparently a small reduction in false alarm rate, over a two year period days of high fire activity predicted incorrectly were reduced dramatically by 345 days.

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37

Lindenmayer, D. B., C. MacGregor, and P. Gibbons. "Comment Economics of a nest-box program for the conservation of an endangered species: a re-appraisal." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 32, no. 12 (December 1, 2002): 2244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x02-142.

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Spring et al. (D.A. Spring, M. Bevers, J.O.S. Kennedy, and D. Harley. 2001. Can. J. For. Res. 31: 19922003) recently published a paper on the economics of a nest-box program for the endangered arboreal marsupial, Leadbeater's possum (Gymnobelideus leadbeateri) in southeastern Australian forests. While their paper is a useful one, there are some important limitations of nest-box programs that need to be highlighted. In the case of Leadbeater's possum, we have undertaken extensive nest-box studies in Victoria mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forests, where the vast majority of populations of the species now occur. Although large numbers of nest boxes have been deployed, very few have actually been occupied, which is a major problem since the effectiveness of any nest-box program will depend on patterns of use by the target species. Given very low levels of nest-box occupancy, harvesting regimes such as those that lead to on-site tree retention are needed to better conserve hollow-dependent species like Leadbeater's possum. Moreover, the need for nest boxes in the first place indicates that logging practices are presently not ecologically sustainable, and modified forestry practices need to be adopted.

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38

Geary, P. W., and C. Fryar. "Seed viabilities for commercial Eucalyptus species from East Gippsland, Victoria." Australian Forestry 62, no. 3 (January 1999): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1999.10674792.

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39

Lindenmayer, David B. "Old forest, new perspectives—Insights from the Mountain Ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 258, no. 4 (July 2009): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.049.

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40

Lindenmayer, D. B., T. W. Norton, and M. T. Tanton. "Differences between wildfire and clearfelling on the structure of montane ash forests of Victoria and their implications for fauna dependent on tree hollows." Australian Forestry 53, no. 2 (January 1990): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1990.10676062.

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41

Marks, G. C., I. W. Smith, and I. O. Cook. "Spread ofDothistroma septosporain plantations ofPinus radiatain Victoria between 1979 and 1988." Australian Forestry 52, no. 1 (January 1989): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1989.10674530.

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42

Aenishaenslin, Sue, Kate Convery, Basil Gua, Mia Spain, and Lee Tunstall. "Private native forest policies in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania." Small-scale Forestry 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2007): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11842-007-9011-5.

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43

Burgman, Mark, Roger Church, Ian Ferguson, Richard Gijsbers, Alex Lau, David Lindenmayer, Richard Loyn, Michael McCarthy, and Willem Vandenberg. "Wildlife planning using FORPLAN: a review and examples from Victorian forests." Australian Forestry 57, no. 3 (January 1994): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1994.10676127.

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44

Chesterfield, E. A., S. J. Taylor, and C. D. Molnar. "Recovery after Wildfire: Warm Temperate Rainforest at Jones Creek, East Gippsland, Victoria." Australian Forestry 54, no. 3 (January 1991): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1991.10674573.

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45

Churton, N. L., L. J. Bren, and C. M. Kerruish. "Efficiency of mechanised mountain ash thinning in the Central Highlands of Victoria." Australian Forestry 62, no. 1 (January 1999): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1999.10674766.

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46

Chesterfield, E. A. "Changes in the vegetation of the river red gum forest at Barmah, Victoria." Australian Forestry 49, no. 1 (January 1986): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1986.10674458.

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47

Poynter, M., and M. Ryan. "Leadbeater’s possum and Victoria’s Central Highlands’ forests: flawed science and environmental activism as drivers of forest management change." Australian Forestry 81, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2018.1537455.

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48

Dowdy, Andrew J., and Graham A. Mills. "Characteristics of lightning-attributed wildland fires in south-east Australia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 5 (2012): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10145.

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Wildland fires attributed to lightning ignitions in Victoria, Australia, are examined systematically through the use of lightning occurrence data. Lightning stroke data were obtained by a network of ground-based lightning detection sensors over a 9-year period. Characteristics of these fires are examined including the temporal variability in the average chance of fire occurrence per lightning stroke and the time period from lightning ignition of a fire until the fire grows large enough to be first observed, as well as distributions of fire duration and total area burnt. It is found that the time of day that lightning occurs does not have a significant influence on the chance of fire per lightning stroke, in contrast to the time of year, for which a significant annual variation occurs. Regional variability is examined by discussing the results for Victoria, Australia, in relation to results of studies from other parts of the world.

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49

Klier, Gabriela, and Maia Gattás Vargas. "¿Cómo narrar un bosque? Imbricaciones entre artes y ciencias en la Isla Victoria." Bosque (Valdivia) 43, no. 2 (2022): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-92002022000200089.

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50

Murphy, Anna, and Keely Ough. "Regenerative strategies of understorey flora following clearfell logging in the Central Highlands, Victoria." Australian Forestry 60, no. 2 (January 1997): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1997.10674703.

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