Дисертації з теми "Forestry biomass and bioproducts"
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Zurba, Kamal. "Is short rotation forestry biomass sustainable?" Doctoral thesis, Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:105-qucosa-212162.
Повний текст джерелаBorges, Fernanda Cabral. "Proposta de um modelo conceitual de biorrefinaria com estrutura descentralizada." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/24714.
Повний текст джерелаThe search for energy security has been doing with that most of the countries strive to seek alternative sources of energy that allows mitigating economic, social and environmental problems. It is expected that biomass, available on a geographically dispersed way, will become one of the major renewable resources for food, materials, chemicals, fuels and energy production. Additionally, the development of biorefineries represents the key to an integrated production, combining chemical, biochemical and thermochemical conversion routes for biomass processing, aiming the optimized use of available resources. Biorefineries with decentralized structure are an alternative to the centralization of production in large industrial plants and to the monoculture because it uses biomass regionally available, integrates production systems potentiating local resources, reduces logistics costs and environmental impacts, as well as improves income distribution. This work presents a review of: i) biomass availability in Brazil and in the world, focus on the use of microalgae and organic wastes; ii) the main products of interest; and; iii) concepts of existing biorefineries. The objective is to discuss which one is the concept that better fits the needs of the Brazilian scenario and propose a new model with decentralized structure in two or three stages, seeking to an optimized and sustainable biomass processing to obtain various marketable products and energy, and delineate guidelines for investment in the area. It is presented a methodology for making the conceptions decisions and feasibility analysis of the conceptual design of a generic refinery, considering also the ecological, economic and technological constraints. As a case study, it is proposed a biorefinery from microalgae. The choice of microalgae as a raw material is based on the advantages that their use offers over the others biomasses. Among the advantages it can be cited the ability for rapid production and during all the year, the capture of CO2 for its growth, the need for less water than land plants, they can be cultivated in brackish water and non-arable land, have a high oil content, nutrients can be obtained from waste water, their biochemical composition can be modulated by different growth conditions and are capable of producing photobiology bio-hydrogen. Of the possible alternative routes for microalgae processing, are presented two as the most promising: the use of microalgae as a substrate for some other microorganism in order to obtain compounds with high added value, biopolymers as an example, and use the process of fast pyrolysis for obtaining bio-oil, which will be processed later in order to specify biofuels. The advantages of the cultivation optimization, harvesting, processing viable routes and analyzing the economic potential of this model indicate an excellent opportunity to obtain a spectrum of value-added products and energy and its great potential for application.
Ranasinghe, D. M. S. Hemanthi K. "The effect of management influences on biomass production, biomass distribution and the nutrient distribution of fast growing woody species." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327760.
Повний текст джерелаRodjom, Abbey Michaella. "Coproduction of Biomass Crops and Anaerobic Digestion: Effects on the Life Cycle Emissions of Bioenergy and Bioproducts." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1610664975665256.
Повний текст джерелаAllen, Chanel Yvonne. "Characterisation of Melampsora rust disease of willow clones grown for biomass." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264088.
Повний текст джерелаShaw, Jasmine Diane. "Landowners' Knowledge, Attitude, and Aspirations towards Woody Biomass Markets in North Carolina." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11062009-141236/.
Повний текст джерелаPoudel, Bishnu Chandra. "Carbon Balance Implications Of Forest Biomass Production Potential." Doctoral thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22075.
Повний текст джерелаPandit, Karun. "Changes in forest biomass and overstory-understory species similarities in the context of changing land ownerships." Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10130752.
Повний текст джерелаThere has been an unusual shift in timberland ownerships in the United States over the past few decades, in which mostly Forest Product Companies have divested properties to institutional owners, like Timber Investment Management Organizations and Real Estate Investment Trusts. Northeast region of the country has been influenced by this trend. Studies have suggested changes in harvesting, silviculture, and conservation efforts under new ownerships may alter forest structure and resiliency. However, there is little documentation on the spatial pattern of such ownership change and its effect on forest dynamics. This dissertation tries to address some of these knowledge gaps by applying a variety of spatial and statistical analyses to Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from 2003 to 2012. In Chapter 2, I assessed spatial pattern of change in timberland ownerships and linked these incidences with socio-ecological variables. Largest observed shift was from industrial to institutional ownership, a net increase of only 1% in institutional timberlands. However, there was a significant clustering pattern, and clusters were significantly related to forest type, distance from urban center and distance from road. In Chapter 3, I explored changes in aboveground biomass (?AGB) among different ownerships, harvesting, and forest types, and other selected factors. Overall, a positive ?AGB (671 lb/ac/yr) was observed, with Non Industrial Private Forest (NIPF) timberlands having higher growth than industrial and institutional timberlands. Among forests, Elm-Ash-Cottonwood had the best growth, and among harvesting regimes, plots harvested before first measurement had highest growth. Ownership, harvest, disturbance, silvicultural treatment, forest type, stand age, site index, and precipitation were significantly related to ΔAGB. In Chapter 4, I compared three indices used to characterize similarity between overstory-understory tree species composition and assessed potential future change in forest composition. Ownership, forest types, precipitation, stand age, site index, stand origin, slope, elevation, proximity to road and urban centers all contributed to explaining variation in change in similarity indices. Among ownership categories, industrial and institutional ownerships had greater dissimilarity over time, in contrast to other ownerships. The final chapter discusses some potential implications of these results to northern forest structure, resiliency and sustainable production.
Hendricks, Aaron. "Biomass district heating in the Tug Hill, NY| Feasibility and regional economic impacts." Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1596139.
Повний текст джерелаBiomass district heating (BDH) has the potential to stimulate rural economies in the Tug Hill region of New York State by establishing a local industry and providing lower cost heat compared to the local alternative, #2 fuel oil. However, the competitiveness and economic impact of BDH networks in rural villages is largely unknown. This study proposes a methodology to provide initial assessments of the feasibility of BDH in rural communities. BDH would deliver heat below the cost of the local alternative in eight of the ten study villages examined. Capital costs comprised over 80% of the project costs, illuminating the importance of reaching a sufficient heat density; however, specific building heat was a stronger determinant of a village's feasibility. An input-output analysis determined that BDH would generate $18.6 million in output and create 143 jobs throughout the three county region, a significant impact if concentrated around the study villages.
Linnig, William A. III. "IS DENSIFIED BIOMASS FUEL FROM AGRO-FORESTRY WASTE A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY OPTION?" UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/7.
Повний текст джерелаRubilar, Rafael Alejandro. "Environmental constraints on growth phenology, leaf area display, and above and belowground biomass accumulation of Pinus radiata (D. Don) in Chile." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12062005-135049/.
Повний текст джерелаArtigues, Agramunt Anna. "Characterisation and adding value to agro-forestry biomass products obtained from thermochemical processes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/368234.
Повний текст джерелаBiomass use to produce biofuels and bio-products from a renewable source is raising a high interest in recent years motivated by the opportunity of converting biomass residues into a primary energy source easily available at local and regional scale. Catalonia is a region with large forest area and generates large amounts of agro-forestry residues. Their use might improve the agro-forestry sector by the preservation and restoration of traditional landscapes, reduce forest fire risk and increase energy diversification reducing fossil fuels dependency and mitigating the global warning effects. In this direction, the main aim of this thesis is to add-value to agro-forestry biomass residues as enhanced biofuels by means of torrefaction and pyrolysis biomass conversion processes in order to move towards a more sustainable energy model. A study of adding value to agricultural waste biomass as torrefied pellets by means of torrefaction process is performed participating in a pilot scale test carried out in a rural region to demonstrate the technic-economic viability implementing of this process as a local strategy to make use of this residue moving towards a circular and bioeconomy. Firstly, raw and torrefied products are characterised. The obtained torrefied pellets characteristics are within the European law standards of pellets demonstrating they are marketable products. Torrefaction liquid is an aqueous product with high contents of acetic acid and furfural making it a potential biodegradable pesticide or wood preservative. Moreover, the economic viability of implementing this mobile torrefaction plant in a rural region is proved being highly dependent on the scenario considered. Bio-oil is a liquid product produced by fast pyrolysis process of biomass with a great potential as liquid biofuel product and chemical platform to obtain bio-products, being a potential feedstock from a biorefinery scenarios. Currently, bio-oil is a low value biofuel due to its corrosiveness, high viscosity, high oxygen content and its thermal and chemical instability. Because of that, its upgrading is required to obtain an enhanced product, even though bio-oil upgrading processes reduce the economic viability of bio-oil as a marketable product. In this context, two novel bio-oil upgrading processes are explored to obtain an enhanced bio-oil using reduced energy and resources cost upgrading process in comparison to conventional. Firstly, bio-oil characterisation is performed, as well as it is assessed and reached a reliable quantitative analysis of bio-oil chemical compounds by means of GC-MS to achieve a further characterization of this product and to permit a proper monitoring of bio-oil properties changes during the upgrading processes. Then, it is tested a catalytic upgrading process using bentonite and zeolite HZSM-5 at 60 ºC to avoid the necessity of a bio-oil external heating due to bio-oil coming out of the fast pyrolysis at this temperature. Results show an acidity reduction of treated bio-oil, although a reduced catalytic reaction is observed due to the quick deactivation of these catalysts at this temperature. Finally, novel hydrogenation procedures to hydrogenate bio-oil at ambient temperature in order to reduce its oxygen content and increase its calorific value using the high reactivity of nascent hydrogen are explored. Nascent hydrogen is generated via metal oxidation using bio-oil as acidic medium and via water electrolysis contained in bio-oi resulting nascent hydrogen via zinc metal oxidation the simplest and more effective process relative to the other tested ones. An extended study of this hydrogenation process is assessed at different experimental conditions showing the potentially of this cheap and simple novel hydrogenation process. In conclusion, this research shows the current and future potential of adding value to agro-forestry waste biomass by means of thermochemical processes as biofuels and bioproducts to move towards a bioeconomy strategy.
Horton, C. "Biomass production, population structure, and self-thinning in experimental, short-rotation plantations of willow (Salix burjatica (Nasarov) 'Aquatica gigantea') in Northern Ireland." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378610.
Повний текст джерелаBauen, Ausilio Walter. "Gasification-based biomass fuel cycles : a decision and policy analysis." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2000. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/gasificationbased-biomass-fuel-cycles--a-decision-and-policy-analysis(13e4628c-9a91-4325-98b0-76683350e8d9).html.
Повний текст джерелаPrayogo, Cahyo. "Carbon storage and sequestration under different land uses with a focus on biomass crops." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57556/.
Повний текст джерелаSoenen, Scott, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Remote sensing of montane forest structure and biomass : a canopy relectance model inversion approach." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2006, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/281.
Повний текст джерелаxvi, 156 leaves : ill. (some col.), maps ; 29 cm.
Hannum, Lindsay Cloud. "Developing Machinery to Harvest Small Diameter Woody Biomass Transforming a Fire Hazard into an Energy Crisis Solution." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07082009-101816/.
Повний текст джерелаBarrett, Scott M. "Operational characteristics, erosion potential, and implementation of forestry best management practices on biomass harvesting operations." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23676.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
McKain, Kathryn. "Carbon accumulation at the Harvard Forest : a comparison of methods for measuring tree biomass for regional extrapolation of the eddy-flux tower footprint /." Connect to online version, 2005. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2005/100.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMeeusen, Karl M. "FORESTS, CARBON, AND BIOMASS ELECTRICITY GENERATION: TWO ESSAYS IN NATURAL RESOURCE ECONOMICS." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1316202710.
Повний текст джерелаShrestha, Rupesh. "Inventorying trees in an urban landscape using small-footprint discrete return imaging lidar." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37538.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Otieno, Kevine Okoth. "Forestry Carbon Sequestration and Trading: a Case study of Mau Forest Complex in Kenya." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-20870.
Повний текст джерелаCoup, Charles E. "A Case Study Approach for Assessing Operational and Silvicultural Performance of Whole-Tree Biomass Harvesting in Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2009. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CoupCE2009.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаJarrett, Adam R. "Landowner perception, awareness, and adoption of wildfire programs in the Southern United States." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2963.
Повний текст джерелаSmaill, Simeon John. "The Effects Of Forestry Management Practices on Microbial Community Properties." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1382.
Повний текст джерелаNelson, Ross. "The use of airborne laser altimetry to estimate tropical forest basal area, volume, and biomass." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37262.
Повний текст джерелаVasiliauskaitė, Ieva. "Piktžolėto lauko pakraščio įtaka agrofitocenozės segetinės floros kiekiui ir botaninei sudėčiai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20050622_144614-72411.
Повний текст джерелаRoc, Roc David. "Above-ground biomass estimation in boreal productive forests using Sentinel-1 data." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-172942.
Повний текст джерелаGiberti, Sara. "Surface Area enhancement of biochar and forestry biomass through activation by means of chemical impregnation with ZnCl2 and H3PO4." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Знайти повний текст джерелаZurba, Kamal [Verfasser], Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Matschullat, Jörg [Gutachter] Matschullat, Klaus [Gutachter] Butterbach-Bahl, and Hermann [Gutachter] Heilmeier. "Is short rotation forestry biomass sustainable? / Kamal Zurba ; Gutachter: Jörg Matschullat, Klaus Butterbach-Bahl, Hermann Heilmeier ; Betreuer: Jörg Matschullat." Freiberg : Technische Universitaet Bergakademie Freiberg Universitaetsbibliothek "Georgius Agricola", 2016. http://d-nb.info/1221068237/34.
Повний текст джерелаEriksson, Erik. "The potential for forestry to reduce net CO₂ emissions /." Uppsala : Dept. of Bioenergy, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006103.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOfoegbu, Chidiebere. "An evaluation of the socio-economic impact of timber production with and without the inclusion of biomass energy production." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4111.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The discussion on climate change is leading to a re-evaluation of tree plantations in South Africa; prompting the adoption of forest bioenergy system as one of the cost effective ‘carbon mitigation options’. In an analysis of this changing paradigm, emphasis was placed on the socio-economic aspects of integrated commercial tree plantations and forest bioenergy systems with special attention to harvest residues recovery for bioelectricity production and construction and operation of a bioelectricity plant. The study also explored the direct and indirect benefits that adjacent communities derive from tree plantations in South Africa in order to determine the potential impact of integrated timber and bioelectricity production on rural livelihood and conventional forestry operations. Structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews were used in randomly sampling twelve villages on Mondi tree plantations in the Piet Retief and Iswepe areas of South Africa. Six villages from each area were selected; and a systematic random sampling of ten households per village was carried out. The possibility of using harvest residues from final clear felling from these plantations for bioelectricity production was examined. The study developed and described a scenario for a five megawatt bioelectricity generation facility, requiring an annual volume of 19,569.85 dry tonnes of residues as feedstock for its operation. The study revealed that adjacent rural communities to Mondi plantations in Piet Retief and Iswepe areas enjoy direct benefits such as employment opportunities, utilization of harvest residues, utilization of non-timber resources, and free accommodation. Indirect benefits that these communities enjoy include: free farmland and graze-land and various social benefits. Issues of concern and dislike such as: lack of electricity; poor health and sanitation and transportation problems were also identified. Using NPV and IRR, the study estimated the economic impacts of integrated pulpwood and bioelectricity production, compared to conventional pulpwood production operation. The study concluded that integrated pulpwood and harvest residue recovery for bioelectricity production is a profitable means of producing renewable energy. The approach was found to increase the profitability of conventional forest operations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Besprekings rondom klimaatsverandering lei tot ‘n her-evaluasie van boom plantasies in Suid Afrika wat aanleiding gee tot die aanvaarding van bio-energie stelsels as een van die koste effektiewe “koolstof versagtende opsies”. In ‘n ontleding van hierdie paradigma verandering, is klem geplaas op die sosio-ekonomiese aspekte van die integrasie van boom plantasies en bos bio-energie stelsels. Spesiale aandag is gegee aan onginningsafval herwinning vir bio-energie produksie en die konstruksie en werking van ‘n bio-elektriese kragsentrale. Die studie ondersoek ook die direkte en indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe, aangrensend aan boom plantasies in Suid Afrika verkry, om sodoende die potensiële effek van geintegreerde hout en bio-elektriese produksie op landelike lewensbestaan en konvensionele bosbou operasies te bepaal. Gestruktureerde vraelyste en indiepte onderhoude is gebruik om ‘n lukraakte steekproef van twaalf dorpies op Mondi boom plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas van Suid Afrika uit te voer. Ses dorpies in elke area is gekies en ‘n sistematiese lukraakte steekproef van tien huishoudings per dorpie is uitgevoer. Die moontlikheid om ontginningsafval van finale kaalkap van hierdie plantasies vir bio-elektrisiteit te gebruik is ook ondersoek. Die studie het ‘n senario ontwikkel en beskryf van ‘n vyf megawatt bio-elektriese kragsentrale wat ‘n jaarlikse volume van 11,708 droë ton ontginningsafval benodig as voermateriaal vir kragopwekking. Die studie het getoon dat aangrensende landelike gemeenskappe langs Mondi plantasies in die Piet Retief en Iswepe areas direkte voordele soos werksgeleenthede, gebruik van ontginningsafval, gebruik van nie-hout hulpbronne en gratis akkommodasie geniet. Indirekte voordele wat gemeenskappe geniet sluit in gratis toegang to landbou grond en weiding, sowel as sosiale voordele. Probleemfaktore waarmee hulle saamleef is ‘n gebrek aan elektrisiteit, swak gesondheids en sanitasie dienste en vervoerprobleme. Deur die gebruik van NPV en IRR analitiese metodes is die ekonomiese impak van geintegreerde pulphout en bio-elektrisiteits produksie bepaal en vergelyk met konfensionele pulphout produksie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat geintegreerde pulphout en ontginningsafval herwinning vir bio-elektrisiteit produksie ‘n winsgewende manier van hernubare energie produksie is. Die benadering kan die winsgewendheid van konfensionele bosbou operasies verbeter.
Wohletz, Gunnar. "A GIS Model to Estimate a Sustainable Potential of Forest Fuel for Energy Generation in the Municipality of Växjö, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Geoinformatik och Geodesi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-38542.
Повний текст джерелаNorth Sea Sustainable Energy Planning
Karačić, Almir. "Production and ecological aspects of short rotation poplars in Sweden /." Uppsala : Dept. of Short Rotation Forestry, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/200513.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCronin, Natasha Louise Rafaelle School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "The potential of airborne polarimetric synthetic aperture radar data for quantifying and mapping the biomass and structural diversity of woodlands in semi-arid Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30533.
Повний текст джерелаBurchfield, David Richard. "Mapping eastern redcedar (Juniperus Virginiana L.) and quantifying its biomass in Riley County, Kansas." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18404.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Geography
Kevin P. Price
Due primarily to changes in land management practices, eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.), a native Kansas conifer, is rapidly invading onto valuable rangelands. The suppression of fire and increase of intensive grazing, combined with the rapid growth rate, high reproductive output, and dispersal ability of the species have allowed it to dramatically expand beyond its original range. There is a growing interest in harvesting this species for use as a biofuel. For economic planning purposes, density and biomass quantities for the trees are needed. Three methods are explored for mapping eastern redcedar and quantifying its biomass in Riley County, Kansas. First, a land cover classification of redcedar cover is performed using a method that utilizes a support vector machine classifier applied to a multi-temporal stack of Landsat TM satellite images. Second, a Small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS) is used to measure individual redcedar trees in an area where they are encroaching into a pasture. Finally, a hybrid approach is used to estimate redcedar biomass using high resolution multispectral and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) imagery. These methods showed promise in the forestry, range management, and bioenergy industries for better understanding of an invasive species that shows great potential for use as a biofuel resource.
Hlavatý, Radovan. "Návrh a vývoj aplikace pro platformu iOS." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224887.
Повний текст джерелаHabitzreiter, Tiago Luis. "Produção de biomassa e exportação de nutrientes de Eucalyptus grandis e E. urophylla." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1717.
Повний текст джерелаScientific research in forest production technology area search techniques that increase production per unit area, with high economic viability and reducing environmental impacts. When dealing with forest plantations, studies are needed in the production of biomass and its nutrient content, and these are data parameters for planning the environmental implications of different intensities of forest harvesting. Given the above, this study aimed to elucidate the production and export of biomass and nutrients for two species of the genus Eucalyptus (E. grandis and E. urophylla) grown in the southwestern region of Parana. For this, it was evaluated: the stock of biomass and nutrients in eucalyptus (wood, bark, branches and leaves) at 60 months of age; the export rate of nutrients; the calorific value and economic viability. The biomass and the largest eucalyptus nutrient stocks are predominantly allocated to the stem (wood + bark). The components of biomass showed different chemical compositions, generally being higher in the leaves and bark and lower in wood and branches components. As for the calorific value, the leaves had its calorific value statistically superior than the other fractions, followed by branches, wood and bark. The organic carbon content (C.O.) is directly connected to the calorific value, and the calorific value increases as its content increase. The wood had the highest nutrient use efficiency values, something highly desirable and of great interest to forestry. The leaves showed smaller nutrient utilization efficiency values, with the exception of Ca and Mg that were smaller in the bark, indicating the importance of maintaining these components in the soil after harvest. The wood fraction presents the biomass lower cost when considering the replacement of nutrients exported by its biomass. On the other hand, the leaf fraction showed NPK higher cost of replacement.
van, Slyke Torry. "Fields of Dreams: Scenarios to Produce Selected Biomass and Renewable Jet Fuels that Fulfill European Union Sustainability Criteria." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385902.
Повний текст джерелаDal, Farra Fernanda Cristina Pierre [UNESP]. "Análise econômico-energética de utilização de resíduo industrial florestal para geração de energia térmica: um estudo de caso." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90587.
Повний текст джерелаUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo determinar o potencial de geração de energia a partir do aproveitamento de resíduos industriais como casca e pó de madeira em uma indústria do setor florestal, que produz painéis de madeira aglomerada, localizada no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo e determinar a viabilidade econômica da aquisição de um equipamento para geração de energia térmica a partir destes resíduos. Esta alteração de processo tem como finalidade gerar economias na aquisição de insumos energéticos adquiridos no mercado e contribuir para a expansão da base de geração de energia da indústria. Os dados para a quantificação dos resíduos gerados no processo industrial, disponíveis para fornecimento de energia térmica na empresa, foram coletados junto à empresa analisada e, a partir de amostras coletadas em julho de 2002, o poder calorífico dos resíduos casca e pó de madeira foi determinado junto ao Laboratório do Departamento de Física e Biofísica do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP de Botucatu/SP. Como o aproveitamento destes resíduos demanda a alteração do sistema de troca de calor, foram descritos o sistema de troca de calor existente e a proposta de alteração deste sistema, que pode funcionar à base de diferentes proporções de resíduos industriais (casca e pó de madeira), além da necessária aquisição de cavaco de costaneira, para aumentar a eficiência do processo de combustão de resíduos. Para a determinação do potencial de geração de energia foi utilizado o conceito de poder calorífico em duas condições de uso para o novo sistema de troca de calor: a alternativa de uso 1, que utiliza as seguintes proporções de resíduos: 50% de casca e 50% de cavaco, e a alternativa de uso 2, que utiliza a seguinte proporção de energia por resíduo: 30% da casca, 30% do cavaco e 40% do pó. Para a análise econômica...
The present research had the objective to determine the potential of energy generation with use of industrial residues as bark and saudust of wood in an industry of the forest section, which produces particleboards, located in the municipal district of Botucatu, State of São Paulo and to determinate the acquisition economical viability of an equipment for generation of thermal energy starting with residues. This process alteration had as purpose to generate savings in the acquisition of acquired energy inputs in the market and to contribute to the expansion of the industry energy generation. Data for the residues quantification generated in the industrial process, available for supply of thermal energy in the company were collected in the analyzed company, starting from samples collected in July of 2002, the heat of combustion of the residues bark and saudust of wood were determined in the Laboratory of Physics and Biophysics Department of the Biochemistry Institute of UNESP, Botucatu/SP. As the use of these residues demand the alteration of change of heat system, the change of heat system and the proposal of alteration of this system were described, which can work in different proportions of industrial residues (bark and saudust of wood), besides the necessary acquisition of slab shavings, to increase residues combustion process efficiency. For generation of energy potential determination, the concept of heat of combustion was used in two use conditions for the new system of change of heat: the alternative of use 1, which uses the following residues proportions: 50% of bark and 50% of chips, and the alternative of use 2, which uses the following proportion of energy for residue: 30% of bark, 30% of chips and 40% of saudust. For the economical use analysis the following indicators of economical viability were used: the Liquid Present Value... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Pena, Vergara Gabriel 1986. "Caracterização e avaliação do potencial energético dos resíduos florestais da indústria de papel e celulose : Characterization and energy potential assessment of the forestry residues from the paper and pulp industry." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265920.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: A indústria de papel e celulose é a principal consumidora de biomassa como combustível e como matéria-prima, gerando resíduos de biomassa, os quais representam uma grande quantidade de energia disponível. A produção de papel e celulose necessita de grandes quantidades de energia tanto mecânica quanto térmica, a qual usualmente é produzida através da queima de biomassa. Além dos resíduos gerados na própria indústria, a cadeia de produção de papel e celulose envolve uma importante atividade florestal, da qual é aproveitada a madeira e geralmente deixando no campo resíduos de biomassa, os quais representam entre 15 e 25% da massa seca da árvore. Este trabalho de pesquisa enfoca-se na caracterização como combustível dos resíduos sólidos gerados no campo (folhas, cascas, galhos e pontas) e na produção de papel e celulose (finos, cascas, cavacos e lodo orgânico). Também é estimado o potencial de geração de energia elétrica pela combustão dos resíduos de biomassa através do ciclo Rankine. A caracterização baseia-se em uma serie de análises pelos quais é estudada a degradação térmica (análises térmicas - TGA e DSC), e determinada a composição elementar, imediata e estrutural, poder calorífico e massa específica. São caracterizadas também as cinzas determinando sua composição elementar. O material empregado é proveniente do gênero eucalipto espécie Urograndis. As biomassas estudadas apresentam-se propriadas para ser empregadas como combustível em fornalhas industriais. Os resíduos florestais e os rejeitos de madeira da fábrica têm algumas desvantagens em relação a outras biomassas como a madeira. Estas desvantagens são o teor de cinzas, principalmente nas folhas e casca (entre 3 e 5% b.s.), a elevada umidade (acima de 50% b.u.) e sua difícil manipulação. Porém, essas biomassas melhoram suas propriedades com o passar do tempo deste material no campo, diminuindo sua umidade e reduzindo o teor de cinzas, cloro e potássio. A combustão do lodo pode ser energeticamente deficiente devido ao seu elevado teor de umidade e baixo poder calorífico. O potencial de geração de energia elétrica é elevado, desde que a produtividade dos resíduos é grande e seu poder calorífico similar à madeira original. Conclui-se que sem considerar as questões de logística, os resíduos de biomassas em questão têm grande potencial energético ainda não aproveitado
Abstract: The pulp and paper industry is the major consumer of biomass fuels and feedstock, as a result it generates biomass waste, which represents a great amount of heat energy available. The production of pulp and paper requires large quantities of mechanical and heat energy. This energy is usually supplied by burning biomass in boilers, generating steam that is used as heat source and to generate electricity. Besides the waste generated in the industry, the paper and pulp production chain involves an important forestry activity, in which generally the wood is taken and the biomass residues are leaved at the forest. That represents between 15 and 25% of the tree dry mass. This research focuses on the solid residues generated at the forest (bark, branches, tips and leaves) as well as in the production of pulp and paper (fines, bark, organic sludge and chips), characterizing them as fuel. The objective is also estimate the electric potential of the combustion of biomass residues through the steam Rankine cycle. The characterization is based on a range of analysis, studding the thermal degradation (thermal analysis - TG and DSC), and determining the elemental and immediate composition, heating value, density and chemical structure. Also, the ash elemental composition is established. The material used is taken from the Eucalyptus genus Urograndis species. The studied biomass is suitable to be used as fuel in industrial furnaces. The forestry residues and factory wood rejects have some disadvantages regarding to others biomass like wood. The main disadvantages are the ash content, especially in the leaves and bark (between 3 and 5\% d.b.), high moisture (above 50% w.b.) and its handling difficult. However, the chemistry properties of the biomass improve as it remains at the forest for a period of time, decreasing its moisture and reducing the ash, chlorine and potassium contents. The organic sludge combustion could be energy deficient due to its high moisture and its low heating value. The electric potential is high, since the productivity of waste is large and its heating value is similar to the original wood. We conclude that without considering the logistics issues, the biomass waste has great energy potential, generally untapped
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
Allouis, Tristan. "Spécification de paramètres techniques et stratégie d'échantillonnage pour la conception de nouveaux capteurs lidars dédiés à la cartographie de forêts." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGPT0086/document.
Повний текст джерелаForesters need tools to map the tree species, tree heights, stand structure and biomass. Although the airborne lidar (Light detection and ranging) technology does not give access to all these variables, it can provide quick, accurate and spatially explicit measurements of tree heights and biomass over large surfaces. However, lidar systems currently used have not been specially designed to performed vegetation studies. The adjustment of the technical characteristics of such systems is expected to improve the accuracy of retrieved forest parameters. Consequently, the objective of this thesis is to determine configurations of lidar sensors dedicated to the study of forest vegetation, and to propose methods designed to extract forest parameters depending on the different configurations. The ability of different resolutions (footprint size and spatial sampling), wavelengths and sampling modes of the backscattered signal to measure forest parameters (canopy height and density, crown size and also volume and biomass) was evaluated. The studies were conducted from tree to stand level, on experimental or simulated data. In a first part, we developed methods to process classic airborne lidar data (scanner system, tens of centimeter footprint, 5 measurements/m², near-infrared laser) for the estimation of the biomass of individual trees. In this study, we demonstrated the contribution of new data called "Full-waveform" (recording the entire signal) compared to traditional multi-echoes data (extraction of the most significant echoes). In a second part, we performed an experiment using a Comissariat of Energy Atomique (CEA)'s lidar prototype onboard an ultra-light aircraft (profiler system, 2.4 m footprint, 2.4 m spacing between two measurements along the flight line, ultraviolet laser). Such a configuration did not allow to measure individual trees, but we were able to study variations in forest structure at the plot level (30 m diameter). Having demonstrated the ability of an ultraviolet lidar to perform vegetation studies, this sensor opens the way to the development of bi-functional lidar for both atmosphere and vegetation remote sensing. In a third part, large footprint lidar signals (tens of meters on the ground) were simulated from the aggregation of classical airborne lidar signals. We proposed a method for modeling the signal dynamics of satellite lidars in different forest types, in order to calibrate the energy to emit for a future space-borne mission. The main problem with large-footprint size is the strong influence of topography on accurate measurements of tree heights in steep areas. We consequently developed a method to correct this effect, thus increasing the accuracy of tree height retrieval. This approach also opened new perspectives in topography assessment from large-footprint data in forest environments
Dal, Farra Fernanda Cristina Pierre 1979. "Análise econômico-energética de utilização de resíduo industrial florestal para geração de energia térmica : um estudo de caso /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90587.
Повний текст джерелаBanca: Maria Aparecida Mourão Brasil
Banca: João Luis Cardoso
Resumo: O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem por objetivo determinar o potencial de geração de energia a partir do aproveitamento de resíduos industriais como casca e pó de madeira em uma indústria do setor florestal, que produz painéis de madeira aglomerada, localizada no município de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo e determinar a viabilidade econômica da aquisição de um equipamento para geração de energia térmica a partir destes resíduos. Esta alteração de processo tem como finalidade gerar economias na aquisição de insumos energéticos adquiridos no mercado e contribuir para a expansão da base de geração de energia da indústria. Os dados para a quantificação dos resíduos gerados no processo industrial, disponíveis para fornecimento de energia térmica na empresa, foram coletados junto à empresa analisada e, a partir de amostras coletadas em julho de 2002, o poder calorífico dos resíduos casca e pó de madeira foi determinado junto ao Laboratório do Departamento de Física e Biofísica do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP de Botucatu/SP. Como o aproveitamento destes resíduos demanda a alteração do sistema de troca de calor, foram descritos o sistema de troca de calor existente e a proposta de alteração deste sistema, que pode funcionar à base de diferentes proporções de resíduos industriais (casca e pó de madeira), além da necessária aquisição de cavaco de costaneira, para aumentar a eficiência do processo de combustão de resíduos. Para a determinação do potencial de geração de energia foi utilizado o conceito de poder calorífico em duas condições de uso para o novo sistema de troca de calor: a alternativa de uso 1, que utiliza as seguintes proporções de resíduos: 50% de casca e 50% de cavaco, e a alternativa de uso 2, que utiliza a seguinte proporção de energia por resíduo: 30% da casca, 30% do cavaco e 40% do pó. Para a análise econômica... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present research had the objective to determine the potential of energy generation with use of industrial residues as bark and saudust of wood in an industry of the forest section, which produces particleboards, located in the municipal district of Botucatu, State of São Paulo and to determinate the acquisition economical viability of an equipment for generation of thermal energy starting with residues. This process alteration had as purpose to generate savings in the acquisition of acquired energy inputs in the market and to contribute to the expansion of the industry energy generation. Data for the residues quantification generated in the industrial process, available for supply of thermal energy in the company were collected in the analyzed company, starting from samples collected in July of 2002, the heat of combustion of the residues bark and saudust of wood were determined in the Laboratory of Physics and Biophysics Department of the Biochemistry Institute of UNESP, Botucatu/SP. As the use of these residues demand the alteration of change of heat system, the change of heat system and the proposal of alteration of this system were described, which can work in different proportions of industrial residues (bark and saudust of wood), besides the necessary acquisition of slab shavings, to increase residues combustion process efficiency. For generation of energy potential determination, the concept of heat of combustion was used in two use conditions for the new system of change of heat: the alternative of use 1, which uses the following residues proportions: 50% of bark and 50% of chips, and the alternative of use 2, which uses the following proportion of energy for residue: 30% of bark, 30% of chips and 40% of saudust. For the economical use analysis the following indicators of economical viability were used: the Liquid Present Value... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Maphiri, Stella. "Forest biomass energy use and perceptions on tree planting and community woodlots in households of two rural communities in Keiskammahoek, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1503.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Access to secure energy supplies is widely acknowledged as a critical foundation for sustainable development. Rural households are highly dependent on forest resources for their livelihoods including energy needs. Fuelwood is a non-timber forest product (NTFP) that accounts for one of the main uses of forests and woodlands. Despite substantial household electrification programmes in South Africa, the use of fuelwood as a source of energy continues. This study aimed to analyze fuelwood use patterns of two rural villages situated in Keiskammahoek in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa in order to understand the perceptions of the community members regarding communal tree planting. The study was conducted in two rural villages, namely, Cata and Tshoxa. A total of 120 respondents from both villages were interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires to collect data on the use of fuelwood and evaluate their perception on tree planting. The study revealed that up to 77% of the people living in Keiskammahoek used fuelwood as a major source of energy and that women were the main collectors and users of fuelwood. In the rural Cata, food is cooked in three-legged pots over open fires while in Tshoxa food is mainly cooked over paraffin and electric stoves. The respondents from both villages did not have energy conservation measures in place and improved wood stoves have not been introduced in this region. The local community of Cata was also involved in tree planting on a community level, while both villages were also involved in tree planting at a household level. The study concluded that fuelwood was the most important product from the forests in both rural areas and natural forests were a valuable source of other NTFPs; most notably indigenous fruit products. In addition most of the fuelwood was used for cooking and heating purposes but that there was no deliberate use of energy efficient methods. On tree planting, the study showed that communities from both rural villages have an interest in planting trees around their households; with preference for fruit and shade trees.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toegang tot betroubare energieverskaffing word algemeen erken as 'n uiters belangrike grondslag vir volhoubare ontwikkeling. Plattelandse huishoudings is hoogs afhanklik van bosbronne vir hul bestaan, met inbegrip van energiebehoeftes. Brandhout is 'n nie-hout bosproduk (NHBP) wat beskou word as een van die hoofgebruike van woude en boslande. Nieteenstaande wesenlike elektrifiseringsprogramme vir huishoudings in Suid-Afrika, duur die gebruik van brandhout as 'n bron van energie voort. Hierdie studie het beoog om die gebruikspatrone van brandhout van twee plattelandse dorpe in Keiskammahoek in die Oos-Kaapse Provinsie van Suid-Afrika te ontleed en om die begrip van die gemeenskap aangaande die gemeenskaplike plant van bome te verstaan. Die studie is in twee plattelandse dorpe, naamlik Cata en Tshoxa, uitgevoer. Onderhoude is gevoer met 'n totaal van 120 respondente van beide dorpe deur die gebruik van halfgestruktureerde vraelyste om gegewens oor die gebruik van brandhout in te samel en die respondente se begrip van die plant van bome te evalueer. Die studie het aan die lig gebring dat tot 77% van die mense wat in Keiskammahoek woon, brandhout as 'n hoofbron van energie gebruik en dat vrouens die hoofgaarders en gebruikers van brandhout is. In die landelike Cata word kos in driepootpotte op oop vure gekook terwyl kos in Tshoxa hoofsaaklik op paraffien- en elektriese stowe gekook word. Die respondente van beide dorpe het nie energiebesparingsmaatreëls in plek gehad nie en verbeterde houtstowe is nog nie in hierdie streek ingebring nie. Die plaaslike gemeenskap van Cata was ook betrokke by die plant van bome op 'n gemeenskapsvlak, terwyl beide dorpe ook betrokke was by die plant van bome op 'n huishoudelike vlak. Die studie het tot ’n gevolgtrekking gekom dat brandhout die belangrikste produk van die woude in beide plattelandse gebiede is en dat die natuurlike woude 'n belangrike bron van ander NHBP’s is; veral inheemse vrugteprodukte. Daarbenewens is meeste van die brandhout gebruik vir kook- en verhittingsdoeleindes, maar daar was geen doelbewuste gebruik van energiedoeltreffende metodes nie. Op die gebied van die plant van bome het die studie getoon dat die gemeenskappe van beide plattelandse dorpe belange het in die plant van bome rondom hulle huishoudings; met voorkeur aan vrugte- en skadubome.
Martins, William Rodrigues. "Produção de híbridos de Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla em plantios adensados no sudoeste goiano." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7606.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
The objective of this work was to verify the volumetric production per area, the growth in height and diameter at breast height (DBH) in hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis W. Hill., in reduced different planting spacings in southwest Goiás. The work was implemented in the Experimental Farm of the Federal University of Goiás, Regional Jataí (UFG / REJ), town of Jataí-GO, following the assumptions of completely randomized design, with three hybrids, two treatments for hybrid treatments and three replications, totaling 18 plots with 50 seedlings per plot. The hybrids were AEC1528, I144 and GG100 and the evaluated spacings were 3.0 m x 0.5 m and 3.0 m x 1.0 m. At 33 months of age tree were collected for the volume analysis, growth in height and diameter. The spacing of 3.0 m x 0.5 m in energy forests, affect the individual growth for both diameter and height, as to volume. The differentiation of hybrids was in height and production, where I144 hybrid gained greater prominence. The greatest expression in volume production, for wood with bark, not bark and bark volume was observed for 3.0 m x 0.5 m spacing.
Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar a produção volumétrica por unidade de área, o crescimento em altura e diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) em povoamentos de híbridos de Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis W. Hill., em diferentes espaçamentos reduzidos de plantio no sudoeste goiano. O trabalho foi implantado na Fazenda Experimental da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí (UFG/REJ), Município de Jataí-GO, seguindo os pressupostos do delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos, e três repetições, totalizando 18 parcelas, com plantio de 50 mudas por parcela. Os híbridos avaliados foram o AEC1528, I144 e GG100 e os espaçamentos avaliados foram 3,0 m x 0,5 m e 3,0 m x 1,0 m. Assim observou-se aos 33 meses de idade que os crescimentos em diâmetro e altura são diretamente afetados pelo adensamento das plantas, e consequentemente com a redução da área útil disponível para cada planta. Os espaçamentos de 3,0 m x 0,5 em florestas energéticas afetam o incremento individual, tanto para diâmetro e altura, quanto para volume. A diferenciação dos híbridos ocorreu para o incremento em altura e produção, onde o híbrido I144 destacou-se. A maior expressão na produção volumétrica, para a madeira com casca, sem casca e o volume de casca foi observada para o espaçamento 3,0 m x 0,5 m.
Blair, Mitchell. "Evaluation of Screening Techniques for Woody Plant Herbicide Development." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32215.
Повний текст джерелаRapid screens using triclopyr produced more statistically significant regressions compared to those involving imazapyr. Significant regressions were produced that could predict field response of several species using both herbicides and either rapid screening technique. This indicated that rapid screening techniques could determine herbicide efficacy and/or species spectrum of control in much less time with much less herbicide. Rapid seed screens could estimate species spectrum within five days after treatment. The rapid greenhouse screen and rapid seed screen techniques can provide woody plant herbicide developers initial efficacy and spectrum of control data in a cost- and time- effective manner.
Testing showed that as woody plants mature from seedling to sapling, there is a decrease in the leaf area â total aboveground biomass ratio. The decrease in this ratio consistently decreased efficacy of both imazapyr and triclopyr at the lower active ingredient rates. Seedlings with the higher leaf area â biomass ratio had, on the average, higher efficacy response rates to herbicide treatments.
Master of Science
Maynou, Felker Marc. "Biomass Energies in Industrializing Catalonia: The Changing Role of Firewood and Charcoal in the City and Province of Barcelona (1780-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671012.
Повний текст джерелаHi ha un debat a la literatura internacional entre dues concepcions de la Transició Energètica: l’anomenada «visió escalar» de la transició, segons la qual les societats transiten des de fonts d’energia qualitativament inferiors cap a formes superiors a mesura que la seva renda incrementa, versus la «visió additiva o agregada», segons la qual el consum d’energies modernes s’afegeix al de les energies orgàniques tradicionals. El nostre objectiu és dirimir quin d’aquests models explica mil lor el cas de Barcelona durant la seva industrialització. Tot i que hi ha molts estudis sobre el consum d’energies en general, no n’hi ha sobre els combustibles basats en la biomassa des d’aquesta perspectiva. Hi ha poques fonts que permetin un tractament adequat del problema, especialment pel que fa al tema del consum; tanmateix, hi ha algunes fonts registrant les quantitats entrades a la ciutat de Barcelona, així com dels preus que s’en pagaven. Així doncs, combinem ambdós tipus de fonts per a generar un conjunt d’estimacions de consum a través del temps, analitzant així el ritme i la intensitat de la Transició Energètica. Posteriorment, presentem algunes aproximacions respecte a la natura cambiant de l’oferta, la demanda i la seva relació espacial. Les nostres conclusions són dues: primer, que l’experiència històrica de Barcelona s’explica mil or segons la visió agregada de la Transició Energètica que no pas segons la visió escalar, encara que hi ha dinàmiques característiques d’ambdós models. Segon, que en el context de Barcelona el consum d’energies no només estava determinat per l’oferta i la demanda dels portadors d’energia, sinó també pels convertidors d’energia necessaris per a consumir-la.
Existe un debate en la literatura internacional entre dos concepciones de la Transición Energética: la llamada ”visión escalar” de la transición, según la cual las sociedades transitan des de formas de energía cualitativamente inferiores hacia formas superiores a medida que la renta incrementa, versus la ”visión aditiva o agregada”, según la cual el consumo de energías modernas se añade al de las energías orgánicas tradicionales. Nuestro objetivo es dirimir cuál de estos modelos explica mejor el caso de Barcelona durante su industrialización. Aunque haya estudios sobre el consumo de energías en general, no existen estudios específicos sobre los combustibles basados en la biomasa desde esta perspectiva. Existen pocas fuentes que permitan un tratamiento adecuado del problema, especialmente con relación al consumo; empero, hay fuentes que registran las cantidades entradas a la ciudad de Barcelona, así como los precios pagados. Así pues, combinamos ambos tipos de fuentes para generar un conjunto de estimaciones de consumo a través del tiempo, analizando así el ritmo y la intensidad de la Transición Energética. Posteriormente, presentamos algunas aproximaciones respecto la naturaleza cambiante de la oferta, la demanda, y su relación espacial. Nuestras conclusiones principales son dos: primero, que la experiencia histórica de Barcelona se explica mejor desde la visión agregada de la Transición Energética que desde la visión escalar, aunque existan dinámicas características de ambos modelos. Segundo, que en el contexto de Barcelona, el consumo de energías no sólo estuvo determinado por la oferta y la demanda de los portadores de energía, sino también por los conversores de energía necesarios para su consumo.
Good, Norman Markus. "Methods for estimating the component biomass of a single tree and a stand of trees using variable probability sampling techniques." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37097/1/37097_Good_2001.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаZhao, Kaiguang. "Estimating forest structural characteristics with airborne lidar scanning and a near-real time profiling laser systems." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2964.
Повний текст джерелаKuokkanen, M. (Matti). "Development of an eco- and material-efficient pellet production chain—a chemical study." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2013. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526201047.
Повний текст джерелаTiivistelmä Vallitsevan EU:n sekä Suomen kansallisen lainsäädännön mukaan kaikenlainen jäte täytyy hyödyntää ensisijaisesti materiaalina (uudelleenkäyttö, kierrätys), toissijaisesti energiana ja jätehierarkiassa alimpana tasona on sen hävittäminen ympäristöystävällisin keinoin. Materiaalitehokkuus on nykyään välttämätön aihe edistettäessä luonnonvarojen, teollisuuden sivutuotteiden ja jätemateriaalien kestävää käyttöä. EU-strategian mukainen tavoite uusiutuvan energian osuudelle kaikesta energiantuotannosta Suomessa on 38 % vuoteen 2020 mennessä. Jopa 20 miljoonaa tonnia jätepuubiomassaa vuodessa jää käyttämättä Suomessa lähinnä metsänharvennustöiden yhteydessä, koska kysyntä ja tarjonta eivät kohtaa. Seurauksena korkeista lämpöenergiahinnoista, uhkaavasta ilmastonmuutoksesta, kasvihuoneilmiöstä sekä globaalisista ja kansallisista vaatimuksista lisätä uusiutuvan energian osuutta, Suomessa on viime aikoina noussut voimakas kiinnostus lisätä hajautettua pellettituotantoa suurten pellettilaitosten rinnalle. Väitöskirjan tarkoituksena on edistää ja kehittää pohjoismaista eko- ja kustannustehokasta puupellettituotantoa ja pellettibiotuhkan hyötykäyttöä kemiallisen tutkimuksen avulla. Käyttäen suomalaista puuta (sahanpurua ja kutterinlastua) malliraaka-aineina, tässä tutkimuksessa testattiin pilot-mittakaavan pellettilaitoksen toimivuutta yhdistettynä laajaan kemialliseen ”työpakettiin”, edistämään tulevaisuuden eko-, materiaali- ja kustannustehokkaan pellettituotantoketjun kehittämistä. Kemiallinen työpaketti sisältää kosteuden, tiheyden, lämpöarvon, mekaanisen kestävyyden ja partikkelikokojakauman määritykset, TG- ja alkuaineanalyysin, kuten myös uudet sovellukset pellettien ja niiden sideaineiden biohajoavuuden määrittämiseksi BOD OxiTop -laitteistoilla sekä optisen mikroskooppivärjäysmenetelmän. Pellettien laadun kohottamiseksi, ottaen huomioon myös tuotannon kannattavuuden ja työterveydelliset ongelmat (puupölylle altistuminen, tulipalo- ja räjähdysvaara), on perusteltua käyttää sideaineita, erityisesti teollisuuden sivutuotteita ja paikallisesti hyödynnettävissä olevia jätemateriaaleja. Täten lignosulfonaattia, jäteperunajauhoa ja perunankuorijätettä käytettiin ja testattiin liimaavina mallisideaineina. Tulokset osoittivat, että sideaineet nostivat pellettien laatua ja muuttivat niiden epäorgaanisia ominaisuuksia, mutta niillä ei ollut merkittävää vaikutusta määritettyihin lämpöarvoihin. Lignosulfonaatti lisäsi selvästi pelletoinnin tuotantonopeutta. Työssä kehitettiin pelleteille uusi spesifinen optinen mikroskooppivärjäysmenetelmä erilaisten tärkkelystä sisältävien sideaineiden karakterisointiin ja ensimmäiset tulokset on esitetty tässä väitöskirjassa. Puupellettituhka on potentiaalinen kalkitus- ja maanparannusaineena, lannoitteena sekä rakeistettuna uusissa sovelluksissa, kuten tierakentamisessa ja jäteveden puhdistuksessa. Arvokas informaatio raaka-aineista, sideaineista sekä pelletöintiprosessista on välttämätöntä kehitettäessä tulevaisuudessa hyvälaatuisia pellettejä, ”priimaa” biopolttoainetta, hyödyntämättömästä huonolaatuisesta ja/tai kosteasta biomassasta, joka on ennen pelletointia käynyt läpi kustannustehokkaan kuivausprosessin. Täten voidaan olennaisesti lisätä pellettituotannon merkitystä energiapolitiikassa, erityisesti Euroopan metsävyöhykkeellä