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1
W. Claridge, Andrew, and David B. Lindenmayer. "The need for a more sophisticated approach toward wildlife corridor design in the multiple-use forests of southeastern Australia: the case for mammals." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 4 (1994): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The native eucalypt forests of southeastern Australia are managed for wood production, water protection, human recreation and the conservation of plants and wildlife. One strategy to conserve forest wildlife within wood production areas involves the use of unlogged strips or corridors of habitat. Most corridors are situated in gullies within forest catchments. However, a review of recent studies undertaken in southeastern Australia shows that many species of forest mammals either require habitat outside of gullies to find food and shelter, or make regular movements between forest on different parts of the topographic sequence. These findings illustrate that strategies for the design and implementation of wildlife corridors need to become more sophisticated and ensure: (i) the conservation of forest on ridges and midslopes, and (ii) the linkage of uncut stands on ridges and midslopes with forest in gullies.
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Ali, Abu, Siti Salwa Isa, Siti Suriawati Isa, and Mohd Husba Isa. "Ecotourism Promotes Conservation Activity at Tourism Destinations: Limestone Forest Langkawi." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 6, SI6 (October 18, 2021): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6isi6.3047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aims to investigate the role of ecotourism activities and programs in promoting the conservation and protection of the limestone forest at tourism destinations in Langkawi. University students from Malaysia and Australia collaborated in this case study to gather data on the applicability of using ecotourism as a tool for conservation activities in Langkawi. Three field trips were undertaken to the Langkawi limestone forests, where researchers employed onsite observation and face to face interviews with 30 stakeholders from multiple backgrounds. The result indicated that through hands-on experience, ecotourism promotes the conservation and protection of the limestone forest. Keywords: ecotourism, conservation, limestone forest, Langkawi eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2021.. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., U.K. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI6.3047
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Dunin, F. X., C. J. Smith, and O. T. Denmead. "Hydrological change: reaping prosperity and pain in Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2007): 77–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-77-2007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The adage: “There is no such thing as a free lunch”, is relevant to land-use hydrology in Australia. Changes in land use to achieve greater productivity of food and fibre may have an adverse effect on the water balance and hence on the natural resource capital of a catchment. An altered regime of catchment outflow accompanies those land-use changes which, together with land degradation, impairs available water resources in quantity and quality and threatens enterprise sustainability, notwithstanding the initial improvement in productivity. Central to any hydrological change is an altered pattern of seasonal and annual water use by vegetation that has become modified in function with an amended transpiration fraction of daily evapotranspiration. In Australia, since measurement of evapotranspiration became feasible, the hydrological consequences of changes in land use have been determined, allowing the benefits in terms of plant productivity achieved through enhanced water use efficiency to be weighed against changed catchment outflows, diminished in either quantity or quality. Four case studies are presented as examples of ecological and hydrological changes: two deal with the upland forest environment and two with arable lowlands. In an upland eucalypt forest, following wildfire with subsequent regeneration from natural seedling establishment, substantial reduction in water yield occurred throughout a 50-year period of succession in the even-aged stand. In comparison, the effect of converting eucalypt forest to pine plantations was less detrimental to the yield of water from the catchments, with substantial growth increases over 30 years. In the lowlands, agricultural productivity, both as annual pasture and as crop, far exceeds that of natural perennial grassland and woodland. This increase in productivity comes not so much from any change to the yield of total water outflow but at the expense of water quality, compromised with increased material transport in suspension and solution resulting from accelerated erosion in association with outbreaks of soil salinity and acidity. The present study is aimed at optimising management to give plant production outcomes that ensure environmental protection through resource conservation. In the uplands, harvesting of water is the dominant consideration so that conservative management with limited plant productivity is sought. In the lowlands, the objective is to devise novel ecosystems with profitable plant production that exercises due control on outflow in maintaining the chemical and physical integrity of the edaphic environment.
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Francis, Ben, Tyron Venn, Tom Lewis, and Jeremy Brawner. "Case Studies of the Financial Performance of Silvopastoral Systems in Southern Queensland, Australia." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There is considerable uncertainty surrounding the future availability of hardwood timber from state-owned native forests in southern Queensland. The timber industry is becoming increasingly reliant on private native forests, where much is on properties primarily managed for beef cattle grazing. Historically, these forests have been periodically high-grade harvested without silvicultural treatment or cleared to increase pasture production where landholders have the right to do so. This study compares these traditional forest management practices at four case study properties against silvopastoral system alternatives. Merchantable timber, pasture and cattle production was estimated for each management scenario with a native forest silvicultural treatment response model. The net present value of each scenario was estimated over a 20-year management period. For all case study properties, the worst-performing forest management scenario was to clear forest for grazing. Investment in silvopastoral systems in southern Queensland was found to be financially attractive, particularly when silvicultural treatments were implemented in year zero to increase timber production. Silvicultural treatments increased the mean annual increment of merchantable timber over 20 years by an average of 1.3 m3/ha/year relative to the scenario where no management was performed in year zero. Forest management scenarios with silvicultural treatments had better financial performance than scenarios without silvicultural treatment. However, long payback periods and sovereign risk are serious impediments to silvopastoral system adoption in southern Queensland. If these concerns can be overcome, private native forests have the potential to be sustainably managed to improve the financial performance of farms, improve regional employment and income generation, supply Queensland’s future hardwood timber needs, and increase carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation on private land.
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Whitehouse, John F. "East Australian Rain-forests: A Case-study in Resource Harvesting and Conservation." Environmental Conservation 18, no. 1 (1991): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900021263.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human interactions with rain-forest on the Australian continent have played, and will continue to play, a vital role in their distribution and survival. The presence and significance of rain-forest in Australia lies in the evolutionary history of the Australian plate since the break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent. Its continued survival and distribution illustrates and encapsulates the history of plant evolution and biogeography in Australia.Since human arrival in Australia at least 40,000 years ago, human interactions with rain-forest have been marked by a number of phases — ranging from Aboriginal use of rain-forest resources to the impetus given by the hunt for the prized Red Cedar, and from the early European settlement on the east coast of Australia in the midto late-19th century to the wholesale clearing of rain forests for agricultural settlement and dairying in the late 19th century. In more modern times, human interactions with rain-forest have focused on adapting forest management techniques to rain-forest logging, restructuring the native forest timber industry in the face of mechanization, changing markets and resource constraints, convulsions as a result of conservationist challenges in Terania Creek and Daintree, and finally the implications of conserving rain-forests in the context of natural processes including fire, climate change, and the impact of human visitors and their recreation.The course of the controversies over rain-forest conservation in Australia has meant that rain-forest logging either has been dramatically curtailed or is in the process of generally ceasing. The protection of rainforests from logging and forestry operations in the future seems secure, given the widespread community support for rain-forest conservation. Threats to rain-forest conservation in the future are likely to be found in more subtle processes: the impact of fire regimes on the spread and contractions of rain-forests, the impacts of exotic species such as Lantana (Lantana camara) and Camphor Laurel (Cinnamomum camphora), the impacts of human uses through tourism and recreation, the diminution of the viability of isolated pockets by ‘edge effects’, and the damage to the remaining stands on freehold property by conflicting land-uses.Overlying all of these potential threats is the impact of global climate change. Climate change since the Tertiary has reduced the once widespread rain-forest communities of Australia practically to the status of relicts in refugia. Will the remaining rain-forests be able to withstand the projected human-induced climate changes of the future?
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Black, Ann. "Development of Sharia and Legal Studies in Australia." Jurnal Hukum Islam 20, no. 1 (December 8, 2022): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/jhi.v20i1.6506.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research departs from concerns about an environmental crisis that encompasses deforestation, land-use change, habitat loss, land grabbing, water contamination, and soil degradation that we have faced. Meanwhile, the urgency of an Islamic response to fight those conditions should be more than simple actions like a religious lecture, Friday sermon, or green fatwa for around 1.9 billion Muslim communities around the world. Therefore, this study aims to critically analyze the Sharia contribution today to improve environmental protection by re-Islamization of forest and land law in modern ways, ultimately, to prevent the development and utilization of land and forest resources from continuing to fall into the vicious circle of the past. As an Islamic environmental law research, this study used a multidisciplinary approach, including historical approach, empirical approach, and conceptual approach; it also used a literature review method to synthesize research findings. This paper found that re-Islamized forests and land law could be an ongoing debate due to the differences of national and local legal characteristics that also depend on sharia position if it is an unequivocal discourse. Moreover, accommodating Sharia as an integral part of the state law shown a uniqueness and the flexibilities of Islamic doctrine and an affirmation of Muslim optimism to their faith of course a real contribution to involve in ecological right movement. On the other hand, considering the re-Islamization of forests and land law is an alternative source to enforce the ecological behaviours of the Muslim community to more pro-environment.
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González Zarandona, José Antonio. "Between destruction and protection: the case of the Australian rock art sites." ZARCH, no. 16 (September 13, 2021): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26754/ojs_zarch/zarch.2021165087.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Can heritage be practiced and thought outside the binary of exaltation vs. denigration? To answer this question posed by the editors, this paper will analyse the destruction and protection of Indigenous heritage sites in Australia, where the destruction of significant cultural heritage sites, mainly Indigenous heritage sites, is the result of biased and outdated practice of cultural heritage that divides Indigenous heritage (prior 1788) from Australian heritage (after 1788). This rift has caused an immense damage to Indigenous heritage around the country as it shows how in Australia heritage is practiced and thought outside the dualism of celebration versus destruction. In this paper, I will show how the destruction of Indigenous rock art sites has been a constant in the 20th and 21st century and how this destruction has been framed in media as a result of vandalism. By arguing that this framing is perpetuating the dualism of celebration versus destruction, I suggest that we can move out of this binary by considering the concept of iconoclasm to go beyond this dualism.
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Newham, Michael J., Christine S. Fellows, and Fran Sheldon. "Functions of riparian forest in urban catchments: a case study from sub-tropical Brisbane, Australia." Urban Ecosystems 14, no. 2 (September 14, 2010): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-010-0151-6.
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Phung Dang, Thi Kim. "Forestry Policy and Legitimacy: The Case of Forest Devolution in Vietnam." Journal of Asian and African Studies 55, no. 6 (August 21, 2020): 848–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909620935424.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although forest devolution has become a key strategy of forestry reforms to mobilise local resources for sustainable forest management, there is growing concern about the legitimacy of this strategy. There have been escalating disputes between forestry agencies and local people as to who receives the rights to forests. Examining the policy of forest land allocation in Vietnam helps us to understand this legitimacy issue. Research findings from three case studies show trade-offs between the two policies’ goals, environmental protection and livelihood improvement, due to locals’ low awareness of the intrinsic values of forests and their lack of knowledge regarding the policy.
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Lumby, Catharine, and Kath Albury. "Homer versus Homer: Digital Media, Literacy and Child Protection." Media International Australia 128, no. 1 (August 2008): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812800110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite growing work on the educational potential of digital media, literacy debates in Australia have remained locked in a banal opposition between serious educational aims and trivial entertainment media. To reinvigorate these debates, this article overviews progressive approaches to media literacy and case studies debates around the sexualisation of girls and young women in popular media. Ultimately, the authors — drawing on their submission to the recent Senate Inquiry on the subject — identify two ways to reset the media education and literacy agenda by incorporating a more productive engagement with digital media literacy.
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Sadowska, Beata. "Forest protection costs in sustainable forest management. The example of Poland." Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości 46, no. 3 (August 28, 2022): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: The main aim of the study is to analyze the costs of forest protection incurred by Poland's State Forests and to present the activities performed as part of forest protection. The specific objective is to present the method and place of disclosing and reporting information on actions to prevent damage to the forest and on the costs of forest protec-tion on a general level. Methodology/approach: The considerations in the study are presented against the views presented in the literature on the subject by selected authors. The methods of critical analysis and synthesis, inference, and a case study were used. The data for the analyses were taken from the financial and economic reports of the State Forests for the years 2016–2019, from the statistical studies „Forestry”, and reports obtained as part of the application submitted to the State Forests for the reuse of public sector information. Pearson's linear correlation analysis was used, as well as an agglomeration grouping method – Ward's method – which uses the analysis of variance approach in its procedures. Findings: The scale of forest protection measures varied between State Forests in the analyzed period. The highest costs for forest protection in total are borne by forest dis-tricts located in the area of State Forests in Wrocław, and the lowest costs for forest protection in total are borne by forest districts located in the area of State Forests in Kra-ków. The smallest area protected against insects covers forest districts located in the State Forests in Krakow. With the increase in the costs of forest protection, State Forest’s own costs also increase. The highest relationship was noted in 2017, with a correla-tion coefficient of 0.86. Research limitations: The research sample is limited to one country. Originality/value: The presented voice in the discussion fills the research gap in terms of information about State Forests’ activities to protect the forest and the subsequent costs incurred. The use of Ward’s method allowed similar regional directorates of State Forests to be grouped from the perspective of forest protection costs and protective measures (area approach), which is the basis for extended research in this area from the point of view of the natural diversity of these units (narrowing the research and conducting it in similar State Forests units).
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Chamberlain, Brent C., Michael J. Meitner, and Robert Ballinger. "Applications of visual magnitude in forest planning: A case study." Forestry Chronicle 91, no. 04 (August 2015): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2015-071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent impacts from the Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic, the lack of available timber in areas of lower elevation, and the reduction in back-country timber has pushed forest operations into publicly significant and visible landscapes. When these become the stage for operations they can be a source of public backlash. These kinds of landscapes are carefully protected by governments, yet, this protection may reduce timber availability. We have developed a new GIS-based tool to aid planners in designing harvests in these areas. Our tool is applied to three case studies in British Columbia to showcase how it can reduce planning time, increase timber availability and limit the negative visible effects of operations.
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Gremminger, Nicolas, and Jörg Risse. "The Truth About Investment Arbitration (not only) under TTIP Four Case Studies." ASA Bulletin 33, Issue 3 (September 1, 2015): 465–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/asab2015040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the course of the negotiations between the European Union and the United States about the “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership” (TTIP) the aspects of investment protection and investment arbitration have attracted much press attention. They have become key targets of criticism and massive attacks. Investment arbitration has been depicted as some obscure and undemocratic mechanism that helps rich companies to exploit poor countries. The discussion has become so agitated that oftentimes the underlying facts got out of sight. The goal of the present article therefore is to shed some light on these facts and thereby trace the heated discussion back to an objective, sober-minded level. The authors explain in a step-by-step approach how investment protection in bilateral/multilateral investment treaties works and what standard principles of protection these treaties typically grant to foreign investors (e.g. no direct/indirect expropriation without compensation; no discrimination against foreign investors; the duty to accord fair and equitable treatment to foreign investors). These legal basics are then filled with life by the illustration of four publicly known investment arbitration case studies: Adem Dogan v. Turkmenistan, Philip Morris v. Australia, Vattenfall v. Germany and Walter Bau v. Thailand. The authors conclude that much of the current criticism is unfounded as it ignores factual realities and new developments in international investment arbitration.
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McDougall, K. L., R. J. Hobbs, and G. E. St J. Hardy. "Distribution of understorey species in forest affected by Phytophthora cinnamomi in south-western Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 53, no. 8 (2005): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The introduced soil-borne pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands infects and kills a large number of species in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Smith) forest of Western Australia, causing great floristic and structural change. Many of the floristic changes can be explained simply by the known susceptibility of species to infection. Some common species, however, are rarely found at infested sites but are thought to be resistant to infection. It has been postulated that such species may be affected by the change in habitat caused by the death of trees, and not by P. cinnamomi directly. If this were the case, such species should cluster around surviving trees at infested sites. The occurrence of a susceptible species in the vicinity of trees surviving at infested sites has also been reported. To investigate the spatial relationship between trees and understorey species, the positions of trees and selected perennial understorey species were mapped at two sites in jarrah forest long-affected by P. cinnamomi. Random sets of plants and trees were generated and used in simulations to test whether understorey species grew closer to trees than expected. Many understorey species, both resistant and susceptible to infection by P. cinnamomi, were found to grow closer than expected to trees currently growing at the sites and closer to the trees that would have been present at the time of infestation. This suggests that not only do these trees enable some resistant species to persist at infested sites but that they also offer protection to some susceptible species against damage by P. cinnamomi. The proximity of many understorey species to trees that are likely to have appeared at the study sites since the first infestation indicates that the maintenance and enhancement of tree cover at infested sites in the jarrah forest may limit the damage caused by P. cinnamomi and assist in the protection of biodiversity.
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Rolfe, John, and Jill Windle. "Testing benefit transfer of reef protection values between local case studies: The Great Barrier Reef in Australia." Ecological Economics 81 (September 2012): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.05.006.
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Montgomery, John, Karin Bryan, Erik Horstman, and Julia Mullarney. "Attenuation of Tides and Surges by Mangroves: Contrasting Case Studies from New Zealand." Water 10, no. 9 (August 23, 2018): 1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10091119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mangroves have been suggested as an eco-defense strategy to dissipate tsunamis, storm surges, and king tides. As such, efforts have increased to replant forests along coasts that are vulnerable to flooding. The leafy canopies, stems, and aboveground root structures of mangroves limit water exchange across a forest, reducing flood amplitudes. The attenuation of long waves in mangroves was measured using cross-shore transects of pressure sensors in two contrasting environments in New Zealand, both characterized by mono-specific cultures of grey mangroves (Avicennia marina) and approximate cross-shore widths of 1 km. The first site, in the Firth of Thames, was characterized by mangrove trees with heights between 0.5 and 3 m, and pneumatophore roots with an average height of 0.2 m, and no substantial tidal drainage channels. Attenuation was measured during storm surge conditions. In this environment, the tidal and surge currents had no alternative pathway than to be forced into the high-drag mangrove vegetation. Observations showed that much of the dissipation occurred at the seaward fringe of the forest, with an average attenuation rate of 0.24 m/km across the forest width. The second site, in Tauranga harbor, was characterized by shorter mangroves between 0.3 and 1.2 m in height and deeply incised drainage channels. No attenuation of the flood tidal wave across the mangrove forest was measurable. Instead, flow preferentially propagated along the unvegetated low-drag channels, reaching the back of the forest much more efficiently than in the Firth of Thames. Our observations from sites with the same vegetation type suggest that mangrove properties are important to long wave dissipation only if water transport through the vegetation is a dominant mechanism of fluid transport. Therefore, realistic predictions of potential coastal protection should be made prior to extensive replanting efforts.
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Berger, Frédéric, and Luuk K. A. Dorren. "Principles of the tool Rockfor.net for quantifying the rockfall hazard below a protection forest." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 158, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2007.0157.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are presently no clear rules for determining optimal rockfall protection forests, taking into account forest and site characteristics as well as the size and energy of the falling rock. To provide a tool that meets these requirements and quantifies the protective capacity, we have developed Rockfor.net (www.rockfor.net). This paper explains the underlying principles as well as the calculation methods used. Furthermore, it presents case studies which provide validation.
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Richards, Michael. "Protected areas, people and incentives in the search for sustainable forest conservation in Honduras." Environmental Conservation 23, no. 3 (September 1996): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900038820.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SummaryAttitudes and incentives of people living around protected areas are widely considered to constrain successful management of these areas. Two contrasting protected areas in Honduras, a Biosphere Reserve of high biodiversity rainforest, and a cloud forest providing essential environmental services to the capital city, are analyzed in terms of their management problems and the strategies used for their protection. The response at the national level to the issues raised in these case studies is then assessed, focusing on the impact of government policies, legal changes affecting land tenure and use, and the role of state institutions in protected area management. The case studies indicate that while the non-government organizations (NGOs) have tried to promote a more participatory approach to conservation (with mixed success), the Honduras Government has tried to follow a more regulatory approach but without the resources and political will to implement it effectively. Opportunities have been missed to provide positive incentives for protection, for example in the area of eco-tourism and community-based natural forest management in situations where this would appear to be a viable option. The participatory approach has also been complicated by policies and land legislation which have sent out negative or ambiguous signals to local communities. Above all the case studies show how critical local attitudes are to the achievement of conservation objectives, and demonstrate the need for positive economic incentives that link development with conservation in buffer zones and surrounding areas.
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Connor, M. A., and D. Reeve. "The Clean Technology Incentive Scheme of the State of Victoria, Australia." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0377.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past decade environment protection policies have placed increasing emphasis on waste minimisation and cleaner production techniques. The Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia, has sought to encourage waste minimisation by establishing a Clean Technology Incentive Scheme. This Scheme makes available secured interest-free loans of up to $100,000 to selected small and medium-sized companies proposing to install proven yet innovative waste reducing technology. Applications are evaluated by a Review Committee drawn from a diversity of backgrounds. The technical feasibility, innovativeness, environmental benefits and financial soundness of proposals are assessed and a short-list of potential loan recipients prepared. The managerial competence and financial status of short-listed applicants is checked before loans are made. The Scheme was established in 1988 and since then 35 offers of loans have been made. Whilst the newness of the Scheme makes evaluation of its long-term effectiveness premature, results to date are encouraging. Case studies of three especially successful projects are presented.
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Erol, Seçil Yurdakul. "Differences between urban and rural population with respect to demand on forestry aspects, in a case study of the Turkish province of Bal kesir." Ciência Rural 42, no. 3 (March 2012): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782012000300009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inhabitants of urban and rural areas are important participants in the process of developing and implementing forest policy. Thus, it is essential to determine their demands and attitudes towards forestry issues. In this context, the demands and evaluation of forest functions are investigated in a case study of the Turkish province of Bal kesir. The findings of the case study show that differences in terms of demands among inhabitants of rural and urban areas are related to forest fires fighting, crimes fighting, forestry-tourism integration, forestation and regeneration activities, and the enlargement of forest areas. The main differences among their assessments of forest functions are related to fire wood production, and the provision of flood and erosion control, nature protection, and recreational opportunities. The findings are important for conflict management and for local decision making. By using the findings of similar studies, the provincial organizations should harmonize their priorities with the expectations of relevant interest groups.
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Hadrović, Sabahudin, Ljubinko Rakonjac, Tatjana Ćirković-Mitrović, Miroslava Marković, and Đorđe Jović. "The value of biomass energy: The case study of "Crni Vrh-Deževski" in the Gornjeibarsko forest area." Sustainable Forestry: Collection, no. 81-82 (2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sustfor2081109h.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Of all terrestrial ecosystems, forests are the most important carbon reservoirs. Therefore they deserve special care and protection. They are also an irreplaceable source of biomass for energy. Forest biomass has been used as a fuel since the earliest times, and since the late twentieth century, there has been a renewed interest in its use for the production of heat and electricity. Forest biomass has become interesting as a source of energy due to some of its characteristics, above all its availability and uniformity around the world, which implies that both developing and less developed countries can use biomass as a renewable source of energy. Furthermore, biomass fuel is considered to be CO2 neutral. However, its use is not risk-free. The risks are mainly related to the sustainability of forest systems and their productivity. Therefore, the forestry profession must be extremely cautious in using forest biomass and follow the prescribed allowable cut. This paper deals with the current state of biomass for energy, its estimates and properties as fuel. It studies the sustainability of biomass through the preservation of forest ecosystems and all multipurpose benefits of forests.
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Fischer, Anton. "Disturbances and biodiversity in forest ecosystems: A temperate zone perspective." Botanica Orientalis: Journal of Plant Science 8 (March 2, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the temperate zone windstorms and bark beetle attacks represent the main natural forest disturbances; in steep mountain areas snow avalanches also may “destroy” forest stands completely. In the densely populated and intensively used temperate zone of Europe affected forest stands will be cleared and reforested immediately after such “catastrophes”. Therefore we have only little knowledge about the influence of such natural disturbances on both the stand development and the biodiversity of native forest ecosystems. And we do not have quantitative data on to which degree forest management changes the biodiversity compared to the natural disturbances. Since about two decades several permanent plot studies have been running in European forests affected by such natural disturbances, mainly with focus on plant species. Here we first outline the importance of disturbances for biodiversity in forest ecosystems and then discuss whether it is possible to combine both biodiversity protection and forest management. For that we use four recent case studies carried out in the two oldest national parks in Germany, three of them being long-term observations on permanent plots for up to two decades. Disturbances like wind throw, bark beetle outbreak and snow avalanche strongly influences the tree layer structure, creating micro-habitats for many plant, animal and fungi species, which naturally belong to the forest ecosystem. Such disturbances in future should be included into management schemes in forestry to improve biodiversity. We found evidence that it is really possible to combine timber utilization with biodiversity protection. As long as the management impact is reduced (e.g. single tree harvesting, using natural regeneration), species diversity of several taxonomic groups (in our study: vascular plants, soil living Carabidae, and soil living fungi) may not be different significantly from a pristine forest. Interconnecting resource use with biodiversity protection will be a main task for both foresters and conservationist in the decades to come – and it seems to be a possible option for a sustainable land use in many parts of the world.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/botor.v8i0.5552 Botanica Orientalis – Journal of Plant Science (2011) 8: 1-9
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Brang, Peter, and Dionys Hallenbarter. "Bewertung von Handlungsstrategien in Schutzwäldern: Ein integraler Modellansatz | Valuation of management strategies in protection forests: an integrative modeling approach." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 158, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 176–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2007.0176.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cost-effective management of protection forests demands an integration of ecological, technical and economical knowledge. To date, this integration has only been partly achieved and is therefore difficult to comparatively evaluate different management strategies, i.e. combinations of preventive operations (thinning, planting) and reactive treatments after disturbances (salvage harvesting, fill planting or re-planting, construction of defensive structures). This paper describes the prototype of a protection forest model that enables such evaluations and demonstrates its application in four case studies. The model is based on a modified Markov chain approach and contains six modules: The stand dynamics module simulates the development of 16 stand types (e.g., multistoried stand). The disturbances module calculates the areas affected by storm and insect damage. The silvicultural operations module defines silvicultural strategies. The risk module estimates the hazard potential, the damage potential and probable damage from natural hazards. The costs module summarizes management costs,and the last module enables a cost-benefit analysis of the strategy chosen. The model runs over a 150 year period in 10 year steps. By modifying the assumptions of various parameters, the model can be used to identify the drivers of the protection forest system. In general, the application to the case studies showed plausible model behavior. Finally, the paper presents pathways for improving and validating the model.
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Leeming, R., N. Bate, R. Hewlett, and P. D. Nichols. "Discriminating faecal pollution: a case study of stormwater entering Port Phillip Bay, Australia." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (November 1, 1998): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0369.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This investigation was designed to provide preliminary information to the Environment Protection Authority concerning the input of faecal matter to stormwater drains in the Rippleside area of Geelong, Victoria. Results derived from the combined use of sterol biomarkers (e.g. coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol) and four sub-groups of bacterial indicators (e.g. thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, faecal streptococci and enterococci) indicated that during wet weather, all sites sampled were affected by significant human faecal contamination. Ratios of coprostanol to bacterial indicators were similar to those for samples collected from nearby sewer mains. During dry weather, there were still severely elevated levels of faecal contamination based on bacterial indicators, but correspondingly low concentrations of faecal sterols suggesting minimal human or herbivore faecal contamination. The origin of the majority of the faecal pollution in dry weather therefore remains to be fully explained. It is clear from this and related studies that the combined measurement of faecal sterols and bacterial indicators can greatly assist distinguishing sources of faecal pollution. It is also shown for aquatic environments that the measurement of coprostanol or other single indicators alone, is inadequate to fully discern faecal contamination from human sources.
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Yuen, Ka Y., Joerg Henning, Melodie D. Eng, Althea S. W. Wang, Martin F. Lenz, Karen M. Caldwell, Mitchell P. Coyle, and Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann. "Epidemiological Study of Multiple Zoonotic Mosquito-Borne Alphaviruses in Horses in Queensland, Australia (2018–2020)." Viruses 14, no. 9 (August 23, 2022): 1846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091846.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increased frequency of extreme weather events due to climate change has complicated the epidemiological pattern of mosquito-borne diseases, as the host and vector dynamics shift to adapt. However, little is known about the seroprevalence of common mosquito-borne virus infections in horses in Australia. In this study, serological surveys for multiple alphaviruses were performed on samples taken from 622 horses across two horse populations (racehorses and horses residing on The University of Queensland (UQ) campus) in Queensland using the gold standard virus neutralization test. As is the case in humans across Australia, Ross River virus (RRV) is the most common arbovirus infection in horses, followed by Barmah Forest virus, with an overall apparent seroprevalence of 48.6% (302/622) and 4.3% (26/607), respectively. Horses aged over 6 years old (OR 1.86, p = 0.01) and residing at UQ (OR 5.8, p < 0.001) were significantly associated with seroconversion to RRV. A significant medium correlation (r = 0.626, p < 0.001) between RRV and Getah virus (GETV) neutralizing antibody titers was identified. Collectively, these results advance the current epidemiological knowledge of arbovirus exposure in a susceptible host in Australia. The potential use of horses as sentinels for arbovirus monitoring should be considered. Furthermore, since GETV is currently exotic to Australia, antibodies cross-reactivity between RRV and GETV should be further investigated for cross-protection, which may also help to inform vaccine developments.
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Campbell, IC, and TJ Doeg. "Impact of timber harvesting and production on streams: A review." Marine and Freshwater Research 40, no. 5 (1989): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9890519.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Timber harvesting operations have significant effects on both water quantity and water quality. The effects on water quantity have been well documented both in Australia and elsewhere. The effects on water quality are less widely appreciated, and include elevated concentrations of dissolved salts, suspended solids and nutrients, especially during peak flow periods. Several Australian studies have failed to measure peak flow transport of suspended solids, or have measured it inadequately, thus severely underestimating transport. The major short-term effects of timber harvesting on the aquatic biota result from increased sediment input into streams or increased light through damage to, or removal of, the riparian vegetation. Sediment which settles on, or penetrates into, the stream bed is of more concern than suspended sediment, and can lead to long-term deleterious changes to fish and invertebrate populations. Increased light causes an increase in stream primary production which may increase invertebrate densities, and alter community composition. These biological consequences have not yet been adequately investigated in Australia. Longer-term effects, as yet not investigated in Australia, include changes to stream structure as the regrowth forest has fewer large logs to fall into the stream. These large logs play a major role as habitat and retention structures in streams. There has been no attempt to evaluate the effects of timber production activities, including pesticide use and fuel reduction burning, on the Australian stream biota. Likewise, although buffer zones are widely advocated as a protection measure for streams in Australia, there have been no studies to evaluate their effectiveness.
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Van Pham, Hai. "Hybrid deep learning – picture fuzzy set model for monitoring human behaviour in forest protection." Ingeniería Solidaria 18, no. 2 (July 12, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.16925/2357-6014.2022.02.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In conventional monitoring forest protection, detection methods use optical sensors or RGB cameras combine features including smokes, fires and human-destroyed forests at national forests. This paper has presented a new approach using Deep learning integrated with Picture Fuzzy Set for the surveillance monitoring system to be activated to confirm human behaviour in real-time in forest protection. Picture Fuzzy Graph (PFG) are applied to solve many complex problems in the real-world problems. The paper has presented a novel approach using deep learning with knowledge graphs to find a human profile including the detection of humans in large data. In the proposed model, digital human profiles are collected from conventional databases combination with social networks in real-time, and a knowledge graph is created to represent complex-relational user attributes of human profile in large datasets. PFG is applied to quantify the degree centrality of nodes. To confirm the proposed model, the proposed model has been tested with data sets through case studies of a forest. Experimental results show that the proposed model has been validated on real world datasets to demonstrate this method’s effectiveness.
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Alegria, Cristina, and Maria Canavarro Teixeira. "An overview of maritime pine private non-industrial forest in the centre of Portugal: A 19-year case study." Folia Forestalia Polonica 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2016-0023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Portuguese national policies for forests were developed considering related themes such as climate change, forest health, fire and the protective functions of forests. In Portugal, maritime pine forest is mainly private non-industrial and its area is in decline. Therefore, the aim of this study was two-fold: first, to assess maritime pine forest characteristics over a 19-year period; second, to analyse forest cover change over that period. In the end, the implementation of state policies was explored. A study area highly forested by continuous areas of naturally regenerated maritime pine in the centre of Portugal was used. To assess maritime pine forest characteristics, two sets of inventory data collected in previous studies (1991-1996 and 2007-2010) were used. To analyse forest cover change, the official land cover maps for 1990 and 2007 were used. This study findings highlighted that study area’s trends over the past years were the following: first, the decrease of maritime pine forest areas and its management decline (stands less stable, under-stocked, with large amounts of small-diameter poles and enlarged tree size variability); second, the increase of scrubland areas; third, the increase of eucalyptus afforestation with no regard for protection areas; and fourth, the absence of native oaks or introduction of other broadleaves as recommended by the state policies. Therefore, it is argued that there is a need for effective field monitoring actions with regard to the implementation of state policies. Additionally, selective incentives are key to mobilise private non-industrial forest to achieve the goals of state forest policies.
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ORMSBY, ALISON A., and SHONIL A. BHAGWAT. "Sacred forests of India: a strong tradition of community-based natural resource management." Environmental Conservation 37, no. 3 (August 12, 2010): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892910000561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYSacred forests represent an important long-held tradition of conserving specific land areas that have cultural, and often religious, significance. India, with its diversity of cultures and traditions, has over 100 000 sacred forests. Many of these groves are forest fragments in agricultural landscapes. In most cases, community members are at least aware of these fragments, if not actively involved in their protection and management. This review focuses on the Western Ghats in southern India and Meghalaya state in north-eastern India, both international biodiversity hotspots. In addition to the cultural significance of sacred forests, a number of studies have suggested that they are important refuges for conservation of biological diversity, including medicinal plants, within highly anthropogenic landscapes. Whilst sacred groves have been successful conservation areas, current threats to these forests are numerous, ranging from pressures for use of timber and other forest products to clearing for agriculture or general changes in cultural traditions. A variety of arrangements exist for ownership and management of sacred forests, making it necessary to identify solutions on a case-by-case basis. Support for the continued practice of the tradition of sacred forest protection is needed in order to provide a culturally sensitive model for community-based natural resource management.
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Misra, V. K., and S. N. Shabbeer. "Participatory Forest Management in India: An overview and some emerging issues." Social Change 31, no. 1-2 (March 2001): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570103100212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Joint Forest Management (JFM) represents a radical departure from the tradition of centralised forest management in India. Forest Department (FD) all over the country has started to forge alliances with local communities to regenerate degraded forests adjoining villages. The strides it has made in less than a decade-with 20 states issuing JFM orders; large numbers of forest officers, NGOs and villagers experimenting with new approaches and relationships; and between four to five million hectares of degraded forests regenerating under local care are remarkable. The local community is given more formal access and usufruct rights over a forest patch which they regenerate by protection and plantation. Given its potential of restoring both the health of our forest and the self respect and dignity of impoverished forest users through assured access to forest resources for securer livelihoods, enthusiastic supporters of JFM have understandably tended to monitor positive impacts of achievements through studies and research. A set of studies were conducted during 1995-96 on self-initiated Community Forest Management (CFM) and Joint Forest Management (JFM) systems, with the aim to largely serve as the benchmark or baseline studies to gain a preliminary understanding. Juttadapalem, a small tribal village in the district of Vishakapatnam, A.P., is one of the sites where SPWD supported a research programme in collaboration with Andhra University, Vishakapatnam. The present paper discusses the findings of the sub-network on ecology and economics with Juttadapalem as a case study.
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Huang, Han, Yang Zhou, Mingjie Qian, and Zhaoqi Zeng. "Land Use Transition and Driving Forces in Chinese Loess Plateau: A Case Study from Pu County, Shanxi Province." Land 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Land use transition is essentially one of the manifestations of land use/cover change (LUCC). Although a large number of studies have focused on land use transitions on the macro scale, there are few studies on the micro scale. Based on the data of two high-resolution land use surveys, this study used a land use transfer matrix and GeoDetector model to explore the spatial-temporal patterns and driving forces of land use transitions at the village level in Pu County over a ten-year period. Results show that Pu County has experienced a drastic process of land use transition. More than 80% of cropland and grassland have been converted to forest land, and over 90% of the expansion of built-up land came from the occupation of forest land, cropland, and grassland. The driving forces of land use transition and its magnitude depended on the type of land use. The implementation of the policy of returning farmland to forest, or grain-for-green (GFG) was the main driving force for the large-scale conversion of cultivated land to forest land in Pu County. In the context of policy of returning farmland to forests, the hilly and gully regions of China’s Loess Plateau must balance between protecting the ecology and ensuring food security. Promoting the comprehensive consolidation of gully land and developing modern agriculture may be an important way to achieve a win-win goal of ecological protection and food security.
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Milmanda, Belén Fernández, and Candelaria Garay. "The Multilevel Politics of Enforcement: Environmental Institutions in Argentina." Politics & Society 48, no. 1 (December 13, 2019): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329219894074.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental protection presents a challenge for commodity-producing democracies. To account for the enforcement of environmental laws in decentralized systems, this article proposes a multilevel approach that highlights the importance of national laws and subnational implementation rules to the politics of enforcement. This approach contrasts with prominent scholarship that focuses on sanctions and the electoral incentives and bureaucratic resources of enforcers. The advantages of the multilevel approach are demonstrated by the enforcement of the native forest protection regime (NFPR) in the Argentine Chaco Forest, which is shaped not only by whether sanctions on illegal deforestation are applied by subnational authorities but also by the design of both the national law and subnational regulations. The article employs quantitative data and case studies based on extensive fieldwork to show how affected subnational organized interests influenced the design of the NFPR and the provincial regulations that weaken or strengthen enforcement.
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Seip, Christian, and Ralf Bill. "A Framework for the Evaluation of Marine Spatial Data Infrastructures – Accompanied by International Case-Studies." GeoScience Engineering 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gse-2016-0015.
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Abstract Germany is currently developing a marine data infrastructure addressing different topics such as coastal engineering, hydrography and surveying, protection of the marine environment, maritime conservation, regional planning, and coastal research. This undertaking is embedded in a series of regulations and developments at many administrative levels, from which specifications and courses of action are derived. To set up a conceptual framework for the marine data infrastructure of Germany (MDI-DE), scientists at the Chair for Geodesy and Geoinformatics at the Rostock University are building a reference model, evaluating meta-information systems and developing models to support common workflows in marine applications. Evaluating how other countries built their marine spatial infrastructures is important to learn where obstacles and errors are likely to occur. To be able to look at other initiatives from a neutral point of view, it is necessary to construct a framework for evaluating marine spatial data infrastructures (MSDI). This framework is then used to analyse and evaluate the efforts of Canada, Australia, and Ireland with respect to marine data infrastructures.
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Chiteculo, Vasco, Azadeh Abdollahnejad, Dimitrios Panagiotidis, Peter Surový, and Ram Sharma. "Defining Deforestation Patterns Using Satellite Images from 2000 and 2017: Assessment of Forest Management in Miombo Forests—A Case Study of Huambo Province in Angola." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010098.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A few studies have recently been published on changes in land use/land cover (LU/LC) of Angolan Miombo forests, however, none have attempted to offer forest management solutions for degraded Miombo forests. Landscapes are witness to past and present natural and social processes influencing the environment, where each period in the past leaves footprints on the landscape’s development, which can be described by a continual decrease in forest area over time. The expansion of degraded areas from 2000 to 20017 began near urban areas where many Miombo forests have been eliminated or highly degraded, particularly in the southwest and northeast of the Huambo province. Large areas of degraded forests were observed along the Benguela railway (Caminho de ferro de Benguela). Our detailed analysis of the landcover map suggests that the impact has been devastating and there is no form of forest protection, which leads to unregulated exploitation. Descriptions of the Miombo forest dynamics are explained using height–diameter curves developed for different vegetation types that provide important insights about forest structures in the management zones. The height–diameter models differed for all vegetation types, and four management zones (MZ) were created based on a set of particular attributes. The vegetation types differed in each management zone, which included agricultural land and bare soil (MZ–E), grassland or savanna (MZ–C), open Miombo forests (MZ–B), and closed Miombo forests (Miombo forests). The four management zones were easily identified on the available maps and the height–diameter models developed represent a fundamental tool for future studies on forest planning.
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Kulshreshtha, Surendra N. "Economic impacts of selected forestry practices on the economy of northwest Saskatchewan." Forestry Chronicle 74, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc74617-4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Knowledge of economic impacts for local (sub-provincial) economies is important for decisions related to forest dependent communities. Although estimation of economic impacts of forest management practices at the provincial level has been a subject of past studies, such has not been the case for a sub-provincial economy within Saskatchewan. In this study, economic impacts of forest operations on the economy of northwest Saskatchewan is examined using a regional input-output model. The study model was developed using non-survey methods, and was used for estimating economic and employment impacts of alternative uses of forest resources in the region, ranging from silviculture and logging to wood processing. Results suggest that regional multiplier levels are smaller than those for the provincial level, which may in part be due to larger leakages resulting from a less than full integration of the forest industries with the industrial fabric of the region. Furthermore, various options examined differed considerably in terms of regional and provincial impacts. As an example, total employment created in the region by woodpulp production was 2.87 workers per million dollar of sales compared to 11.6 workers per million dollar of fire protection expenditures. Among various alternative harvesting methods examined in this study, harvesting by the "cut and skid" method led to the highest economic stimulation of the local economy. Among other options, loading activities led to higher economic impact, followed by silviculture, fire protection, and sawmilling.
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Acharya, Ram Prasad, Tek Narayan Maraseni, and Geoff Cockfield. "Local Users and Other Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Identification and Prioritization of Ecosystem Services in Fragile Mountains: A Case Study of Chure Region of Nepal." Forests 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2019): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forest-based ecosystem services (ES) play a vital role in improving people’s livelihoods, the environment, and the economy. Prior studies have focused on technical aspects of economic valuation such as biophysical quantification through modeling and mapping, or monetary valuation, while little attention has been paid to the social dimensions. Taking case studies of two dominant community-based forest management systems (community forestry—CF and collaborative forestry—CFM) in the Chure region of Nepal, we investigate how local users and other stakeholders perceive the valuation of forest-based ecosystem services based on proximity (nearby vs. distant users), socio-economic class (rich vs. poor users), and forest management modalities (CF vs. CFM). We found that local users and other stakeholders in the Chure region identified a total of 42 forest-based ecosystem services: 16 provisioning, 15 regulating, and 11 cultural services. While all local users prioritised firewood, water quality improvement, and bequest values as the top three services, genetic resources, hazard protection, and hunting services were valued as having the lowest priority. The priorities placed on other services varied in many respects. For instance, rich users living near a CF showed a strong preference for fodder, grasses, and soil conservation services whereas users living far from forests prioritised timber, fresh water, and flood control services. In the case of CFM, rich users adjacent to forests preferred timber, soil conservation, and carbon sequestration services but those living far from forests chose timber, poles, and flood control as their top priorities. Differences in rankings also occurred among the regional managers, national experts, and forest users. The reasons for these differences and their policy implications are discussed, and ways of reaching consensus between the users are suggested.
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Woreta, Danuta. "Control of cockchafer Melolontha spp. grubs – a review of methods." Folia Forestalia Polonica 57, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ffp-2015-0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The paper presents a review of information on control measures used to prevent damages due to cockchafer Melolontha spp. grubs in European countries including Poland. There are described the methods used at times when mechanical and chemical treatments were applied as well as those under advanced research. In the past, cockchafer grubs were manually removed from plowed soils. Later on, chemical pest control commenced in plant protection practice, and a range of insecticides were either spotted directly onto plants or applied into planting rows, otherwise an entire planting area was treated. In that case, powder or granular insecticide formulations were mixed with upper soil layers, but liquid insecticides were poured into the soil around seedlings. The active substance of initial plant protection products used in Poland to control cockchafer grubs was lindane (organochlorine neurotoxin), which showed pretty high efficacy. Nevertheless, organochlorine products must have been withdrawn from the market and less damaging to the environment pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) were recommended for use in forest protection against cockchafer grubs. As a result of progressive restrictions concerning application of chemicals into forest environment, alternate solutions have been sought, e.g. biological methods of cockchafer grub control have been tested. Up to date studies showed insecticidal properties of bacteria, fungi and nematodes. However, even though the knowledge and awareness of practitioners have raised with time, the problem of cockchafer grub populations damaging forest crops has not yet been solved and seems to be more and more difficult to overcome.
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Kingham, N. "Environmental action for community monitoring." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Community monitoring began in Australia in the 1980s primarily as an awareness-raising tool. Since that time, the community has developed increased skills and knowledge in monitoring procedures and both the data collectors and data users are placing greater demands on community data to be accurate and reliable. With over 3,500 community groups in the field collecting data at over 5,000 sites across Australia, the Waterwatch Program has developed guidelines and tools for monitoring and data collection for the community to collect reliable, accurate and useful data. This paper will discuss how Waterwatch is providing technical support through a range of data confidence guidelines and procedures to ensure that community monitoring and community data continue to play a significant role in the protection and management of our waterways. This paper will also draw on a couple of case studies from across Australia that demonstrate community data being used by a variety of stakeholders.
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Vicente-Vicente, José Luis, Sabine Fuss, Cholho Song, Jongyeol Lee, Moonil Kim, Woo-Kyun Lee, and Yowhan Son. "A Holistic View of Soils in Delivering Ecosystem Services in Forests: A Case Study in South Korea." Forests 10, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10060487.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1955, after the Korean War, only 35% of the national land area in South Korea was covered by forests. In the 1960s, the Korean Government implemented the national forestation program in order to increase the extent of the forest surface and thereby counteract the negative ecological consequences from deforestation, such as erosion and ground instability. According to previous studies, this led to an increase in carbon (C) accumulated in the forest biomass of 1.48 Gt CO2 (0.40 Gt C) in the period 1954–2012. However, these studies did not take into account the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) that was accumulated during that period and the influence of management practices on soil ecosystem services. Currently, South Korean authorities are considering the idea of implementing some forest management practices in order to increase timber extraction (e.g., by reducing the cutting age of the trees or by applying thinning and tending measures). In this study, we assess the influence of these management regimes on SOC dynamics and propose a theoretical framework to assess the influence of forest management practices on three ecosystem services, namely, C sequestration, water supply, and biomass production, while considering soil functioning, and especially SOC, as a group of supporting services underpinning the three named ecosystem services. We find that, in terms of SOC sequestration, reducing the cutting age from 80 to 40 years would be suitable only in the case of high biomass production forests, whereas in the case of lower biomass production forests reducing the cutting age would achieve very low SOC levels. However, we propose that increasing tree species diversity, even though it would not lead to a direct increase in the SOC content, could help to lessen the negative effects of reducing the cutting age by improving other soil properties, which in turn positively affect soil functioning (e.g., soil biodiversity, nutrient availability) and the resilience of the forest ecosystem. Finally, we discuss potential policy approaches to incentivize sustainable management practices in South Korean forests from a soil protection perspective.
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Getzner, Michael, Jürgen Meyerhoff, and Felix Schläpfer. "Willingness to Pay for Nature Conservation Policies in State-Owned Forests: An Austrian Case Study." Forests 9, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9090537.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Austrian Federal Forests (ÖBf), the Republic of Austria’s state-owned company, manages 15% of the Austrian forests; about 50% of the land is devoted to nature conservation. This paper presents the results of a representative survey of Austrian households ascertaining the acceptance of, preferences regarding, and willingness to pay for three different management scenarios. One program would increase commercial forestry, while two other programs would significantly enhance biodiversity conservation. The majority of respondents considers it an important task of state-owned forests to enhance biodiversity conservation. The study reveals that the preferences of the respondents are very heterogeneous. For instance, in addition to socio-economic characteristics, the willingness to pay for nature conservation depends on personal experiences and perceptions (e.g., whether respondents feel anxious in forests), political views (e.g., the acceptance of strict legal protection of natural resources), and opinions on forest policy issues (e.g., preferences regarding privatization of public land). The study places special emphasis on the thorough description and presentation of the scenarios to the respondents and is one of the first European studies to elicit opinions on forest policies regarding public land in an environmental valuation framework.
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Moricca, Salvatore, and Tiziana Panzavolta. "Recent Advances in the Monitoring, Assessment and Management of Forest Pathogens and Pests." Forests 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12121623.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tree pathogens and pests are fundamental components of forest ecosystems. By killing and decomposing susceptible trees, they regulate the cycle of nutrients and energy flow, thus shaping the structure and composition of forest stands. However, ecosystems can be seriously disrupted when the population density of these parasites increases beyond their tolerance level. Ascertaining the origin of pathogen and pest outbreaks, recognizing their causal agents in a precise and unequivocal way, while understanding their reproductive and dispersive dynamics are all crucial for the implementation of effective control measures. The studies collected in this special issue cover a wide range of topics in the field of forest pathology and entomology. Investigations range from molecular diagnosis of pathogens and pests to their monitoring and quantification in the field, from measurements of their proliferation rate to the analysis of their genetic variability, from the assessment of the role of plant diversity and ecosystem heterogeneity on pathogen and pest impacts to disease and pest management. Specific case studies show how applied research conducted with innovative methods is key to solving taxonomic issues that were, until now, controversial. The variety of experimental approaches and the range of scientific issues addressed document the trends and topicality of modern forest health protection science.
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Ortiz-Urbina, González-Pachón, and Diaz-Balteiro. "Decision-Making in Forestry: A Review of the Hybridisation of Multiple Criteria and Group Decision-Making Methods." Forests 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10050375.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The degree of complexity in forest management has increased in the last few decades, not only due to the inclusion of specific new issues (e.g., climate change, social protection, etc.), but also because these new, as well as classic, issues have to be dealt with in a context characterised by multiple conflicting criteria that are evaluated by different stakeholders. Nowadays, the multicriteria issue enjoys a relatively sound tradition in forest management. However, the consideration of several stakeholders, which requires the formulation of management models within a collective decision-making setting, is not that advanced. This paper aims to provide a critical overview of forestry case studies that have been published in primary journals and that deal with multiple criteria and several stakeholders. Based on this overview, some highlights of the most promising methods were obtained, and recommendations for the fruitful use of these combined methodologies for dealing with numerous types of forest management problems are provided.
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Edge, Peter W. "History, Sacred History and law at the Intersection of Law, Religion and History." Studies in Church History 56 (May 15, 2020): 508–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2019.28.
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Lawyers, both practitioners and academics, engage with legal history in a variety of ways. Increasing attention is being paid to legal regulation of history and memory. This article argues that the interaction of law and history is particularly problematic within the context of a dispute with a religious element. It will use three case studies to illustrate these challenges: (1) The repeal of the Fradulent Mediums Act 1951 by the Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008; (2) The Babri Masjid / Ram Temple dispute in Ayodhya, India; and (3) The Hindmarsh Island bridge controversy in South Australia. These case studies show the difficulties legal actors face when confronted with incompatible secular and sacred histories and diverse ways of ‘knowing history’, but also the importance, nonetheless, of understanding history in order to understand the relationship between law and religion.
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Sy, Mikaïlou. "A comparative analysis of engagement strategies for invasive alien species among Australia, Canada, New Zealand and United States: Case studies of forest pest insects." Biodiversity 10, no. 2-3 (September 2009): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14888386.2009.9712851.
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Neef, A., J. Hager, T. Wirth, R. Schwarzmeier, and F. Heidhues. "Land tenure and water rights in Thailand and Vietnam : challenges for ethnic minorities in mountainous forest regions." Geographica Helvetica 61, no. 4 (December 31, 2006): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-61-255-2006.
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Abstract. Ethnie minorities in the mountainous forest regions of northern Thailand and northern Vietnam live in a particularly restrictive political, social and economic environment. Widespread degradation of land, water and forest resources has adverse effects on the livelihoods of these groups. Given the dramatically increasing scarcity of natural resources, regulation of resource access and allocation are becoming fundamental for the development of sustainable resource management, in which an active participation of the local population in planning and implementation is a crucial prerequisite. In this article, the political and institutional framework of current resource policies and resulting conflicts are discussed for the two countries. Drawing on various case studies, typical land and water tenure conflicts are presented and their impact on the protection and use of natural resources and on the livelihoods of ethnie minorities is analyzed.
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Ristic, Ratko, Boris Radic, Velisa Miljanovic, Goran Trivan, Milanko Ljujic, Ljubomir Letic, and Radovan Savic. "„Blue-green“ corridors as a tool for mitigation of natural hazards and restoration of urbanized areas: A case study of Belgrade city." Spatium, no. 30 (2013): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat1330018r.
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Urbanized areas constantly need new surfaces for building of commercial, residental or infrastructure facilities. Belgrade, the capital of Serbia and a big regional center, with 2,000,000 inhabitants, covers a territory of 3,500 km2. Decreasing of surfaces under forest vegetation, urbanization and inadequate agricultural measures have caused intensive erosion and more frequent torrential floods. Belgrade authorities have defined a new strategy for land use and urban planning in order to decrease the risk from destructive erosion processes and torrential floods and help the establishment of new recreational areas, preservation of biodiversity and mitigation of the ?heat island? effect. The strategy is based on the restoration of ?blue-green? corridors (residuals of open streams and fragments of forest vegetation). The restoration of ?blue-green? corridors is presented at the experimental watersheds of the Kaljavi and Jelezovac streams. The restoration works will be performed in the 2014-2020 period, on the basis of erosion and stream control demands, as well as environmental and social requests, including biological, soil-bioengineering activities and certain administrative measures. The forest surfaces will be increased by 1.38 km2 (18.11% of the total area). The restoration of ?blue-green? corridors in the experimental watersheds will decrease the values of maximal discharges (p = 1%) by about 50%, and the volumes of direct runoff by about 40%. Erosive material production and transport will be decreased by about 44% in the Kaljavi stream watershed, and 37% in the Jelezovac stream watershed. Ten kilometers of sealed walking and cycling paths, 1.7 km of unsealed forest paths, six open gyms and seven rest areas will strengthen the potential of this area for sports and recreation. The restoration will help the protection and controlled usage of the natural and cultural values in the area, and the connection of ?blue-green? corridors at different spatial levels. The final goal is the creation of a network of ?blue-green? corridors in the territory of Belgrade city, which provides both effective erosion and stream control and environmental and social services.
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MacKinnon, Iain. "Environmentality judiciously fired – Burning questions of forest conservation and subject transformation in the Himalayan foothills." Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 462–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619874690.
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‘Environmentality’ is a term used to describe the means by which regulatory processes simultaneously redefine both the environment and the subjectivity of those whose environment is being governed by regulation. Today it is considered a key concept of political ecology. Its most comprehensive and influential articulation is by way of a case-study of the development of community forestry in Kumaon in north India. The case-study argues that the decentralised regulatory system created by the British colonial regime in 1931 created an ‘environmental subjectivity’ among forest users which had not previously existed. However, this article presents evidence that suggests that concern for forest protection – and, thus, ‘environmental subjectivity’ – can be found in Kumaon before the creation of local forest governance; in addition, the article questions the case-study’s interpretation of evidence adduced for ‘environmental subjectivity’ in Kumaon today. Following a discussion on methodology, the article concludes that the case-study’s Euro-centric conception of ‘environmentality’ as an ‘analytical optic’ – derived from the narrow meaning of ‘governmentality’ proposed in the work of Michel Foucault – has resulted in an analysis which systematically elides the agency and beliefs of local people. This optical limitation has implications for other ‘environmentality’ studies. Other forms of analysis, which seek to disclose and decentre features of Western theoretical perspectives on political processes that are internally related to imperialism, are said to offer the potential for outcomes that constitute a non-imperial alternative based on dialogue and mutual understanding.
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Cantatore, Francina, Natacha Mesa Tejeda, Lindsey Stevenson Graf, Ieva Žebrytė, and Joaquin Guerrero. "SMEs in Australia and Latin America: A Comparative Study of Regulation and Reality of in Encroaching COVID19 Pandemic." Jurídicas 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 293–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.17151/jurid.2022.19.1.17.
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This paper reports on a comparative study between the structures, regulation and challenges of small and medium size businesses (SMEs) in Australia and two Latin American jurisdictions – Chile and Cuba - with the object of exploring ways in which SME-propitious ecosystem can be configured in an unprecedented crisis situation. It examines the legislation, bodies and regulation in place which deal with SME issues, including consumer protection,and the differing contextual considerations, taking cognizance of the challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the paper explores ways in which SMEs can be assisted and advised of their legal rights, including the provision of clinical and advisory support at a university level, and considers the steps taken by governments in mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To compare practices and learn from them the research utilizes three case studies and contrasts the issues faced in an emerging economy such as Cuba with more established frameworks such as Chile and Australia, both OECD countries.
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BOYD, R., M. PATEL, B. J. CURRIE, D. C. HOLT, T. HARRIS, and V. KRAUSE. "High burden of invasive group A streptococcal disease in the Northern Territory of Australia." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 5 (September 14, 2015): 1018–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815002010.
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SUMMARYAlthough the incidence of invasive group A streptococcal disease in northern Australia is very high, little is known of the regional epidemiology and molecular characteristics. We conducted a case series of Northern Territory residents reported between 2011 and 2013 withStreptococcus pyogenesisolates from a normally sterile site. Of the 128 reported episodes, the incidence was disproportionately high in the Indigenous population at 69·7/100 000 compared to 8·8/100 000 in the non-Indigenous population. Novel to the Northern Territory is the extremely high incidence in haemodialysis patients of 2205·9/100 000 population; and for whom targeted infection control measures could prevent transmission. The incidences in the tropical north and semi-arid Central Australian regions were similar. Case fatality was 8% (10/128) and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome occurred in 14 (11%) episodes. Molecular typing of 82 isolates identified 28emmtypes, of which 63 (77%) were represented by fouremmclusters. Typing confirmed transmission between infant twins. While the diverse range ofemmtypes presents a challenge for effective coverage by vaccine formulations, the limited number ofemmclusters raises optimism should cluster-specific cross-protection prove efficacious. Further studies are required to determine effectiveness of chemoprophylaxis for contacts and to inform public health response.
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Gobbi, S., M. G. Cantiani, D. Rocchini, P. Zatelli, C. Tattoni, N. La Porta, and M. Ciolli. "FINE SPATIAL SCALE MODELLING OF TRENTINO PAST FOREST LANDSCAPE (TRENTINOLAND): A CASE STUDY OF FOSS APPLICATION." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W14 (August 23, 2019): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w14-71-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Trentino is an Italian alpine region (about 6200&thinsp;km<sup>2</sup>) with a forest coverage exceeding 60% of its whole surface. In the past, forest landscape has changed dramatically, especially in periods of forest over-exploitation.</p><p>Previous studies in some Trentino sub-regions (Val di Fassa, Paneveggio) have identified these changes and the current trend of forest growth at the expenses of open areas, such as pastures and grasslands, due to the abandonment of rural areas. This phenomenon leads to the rapid Alpine landscape change and profoundly affects the ecological features of mountain ecosystems. To be able to monitor and to take future actions about this trend it is fundamental to know in detail the historical situation of the progressive changes on the land use that occurred over Trentino.</p><p>The work aims to comprehensively reconstruct the forest cover of whole Trentino at high resolution (5&thinsp;m&thinsp;&times;&thinsp;5&thinsp;m pixels) using a series of maps spanning a long period, consisting in historical maps, aerial images, remote sensed information and historical archives. The datasets were archived, processed and analyzed using the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) GIS GRASS and QGIS. Historical maps include Atlas Tyrolensis (dated 1770), Theresianischer Kataster (dated 1859) and Italian Kingdom Forest Map (IKFM) of 1936. The aerial imagery dataset includes aerial images taken in 1954, which have been orthorectified during this research, and orthophotos available for years 1973, 1994, 2000, 2006, 2010 and 2016. Remote sensed information includes Landsat and recent Lidar data, while historical archives consist mostly in Forest Management Plans available since around 1950.</p><p>The versatility of the wide variety of modules supplied from the FOSS GRASS and QGIS enabled to perform a diverse set of analysis and pre-processing (e.g.:orthorectification) on a heterogeneous dataset of input images. We will focus on the different strategies and methodologies implemented in the FOSS GIS used to process the various types of geographic data, challenges for the future of the research and the fundamental role of the FOSS systems in this process.</p><p>Quantifying forest change in the time-span of our dataset can be used to perform further analysis on ecosystem services, such as protection from soil erosion, and on modification of biome diversity and to create future change scenarios.</p>