Статті в журналах: "Forest policy – United States"

1

Cubbage, Frederick W., and David H. Newman. "Forest policy reformed: A United States perspective." Forest Policy and Economics 9, no. 3 (December 2006): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2005.07.008.

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2

Montgomery, Claire A. "Modeling the United States Housing Sector." Forest Science 47, no. 3 (August 1, 2001): 371–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.3.371.

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Abstract New residential construction and improvement of existing housing account for most of the solid wood products consumption in the United States. It is important for forest policy analysts and those interested in wood products markets to understand the implications of changes in macroeconomic variables on housing markets and, hence, on wood products markets and forests. In past studies of U.S. housing markets used for long-run forest policy analysis, the time series properties of the macroeconomic data used to estimate the models were ignored. To the extent that estimation results are sensitive to those properties, the resulting model forecasts may be misleading. This study reports a structural model of the housing sector in the United States estimated using five alternative specifications to account for the time series properties of the data. Estimation results were compared, and model forecast performance was evaluated. Several stable estimation results emerged. However, further investigation is indicated for some potentially important relationships that were sensitive to model specification. FOR. SCI. 47(3):371–389.

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3

Stephens, Scott L., and Lawrence W. Ruth. "FEDERAL FOREST-FIRE POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES." Ecological Applications 15, no. 2 (April 2005): 532–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/04-0545.

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4

Hibbard, C. M., M. A. Kilgore, and P. V. Ellefson. "Property Taxation of Private Forests in the United States: A National Review." Journal of Forestry 101, no. 3 (April 1, 2003): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/101.3.44.

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Abstract Property taxation incentives are an important tool for influencing the management of the nation's private forests. In 2000, 50 states administered 66 programs that provided preferential tax treatment to forest landowners. These programs vary considerably in type, tax relief, and administration. A survey of state administrators of private forestry programs reveals that forest tax programs are only modestly conforming to standards commonly used to judge tax policy, and only modestly accomplishing the objectives for which they were created. Effective forest property tax programs should be easily understood, provide efficient incentives for sound forest practices, and complement the state's existing forestry programs.

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5

Bengston, David N., Trevor J. Webb, and David P. Fan. "Shifting Forest Value Orientations in the United States, 1980–2001: A Computer Content Analysis." Environmental Values 13, no. 3 (August 2004): 373–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096327190401300306.

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This paper examines three forest value orientations – clusters of interrelated values and basic beliefs about forests – that emerged from an analysis of the public discourse about forest planning, management, and policy in the United States. The value orientations include anthropocentric, biocentric, and moral/spiritual/aesthetic orientations toward forests. Computer coded content analysis was used to identify shifts in the relative importance of these value orientations over the period 1980 through 2001. The share of expressions of anthropocentric forest value orientations declined over this period, while the share of biocentric value expressions increased. Moral/spiritual/aesthetic value expressions remained constant over time. The observed shifts in forest value orientations have implications for identifying appropriate goals for public forest management and policy, developing socially acceptable means for accomplishing those goals, and dealing with inevitable conflict over forest management.

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6

Moser, W. Keith, Edward L. Barnard, Ronald F. Billings, Susan J. Crocker, Mary Ellen Dix, Andrew N. Gray, George G. Ice, et al. "Impacts of Nonnative Invasive Species on US Forests and Recommendations for Policy and Management." Journal of Forestry 107, no. 6 (September 1, 2009): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/107.6.320.

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Abstract The introduction of nonnative invasive species (NNIS) into the United States has had tremendous impacts on the nation's commercial and urban forest resources. Of principal concern are the effects of NNIS on forest composition, structure, function, productivity, and patterns of carbon sequestration. In 2006, the Society of American Foresters commissioned an ad hoc team to prepare a white paper on the effect of NNIS on America's forests. The paper was the genesis of this article, which provides an overview of the impacts of NNIS within the United States and includes recommendations for NNIS policy and management.

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7

Gandhi, Campbell, and Abrams. "Current Status of Forest Health Policy in the United States." Insects 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10040106.

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ederal policies related to forestry and forest health (specifically, insects and diseases) have the potential to affect management practices, terms of international and interstate trade, and long-term sustainability and conservation. Our objectives were to review existing federal policies, the role of federal agencies in managing forest health, and guidance for future policy efforts. Since the 1940s, various federal policies relevant to forest health have been established, and several US Department of Agriculture (USDA) agencies have been empowered to assist with prevention, quarantine, detection, management, and control of insects and diseases. Overall, our review showed that relatively few national policies directly address forest health as a stand-alone objective, as most of them are embedded within forestry bills. Federal funding for forest health issues and the number of personnel dedicated to such issues have declined dramatically for some agencies. Concomitantly, native species continue to gain pestiferous status while non-native species continue to establish and cause impacts in the US. To enhance our ability and capacity to deal with current and future threats, concerted efforts are needed to advocate for both resources and stand-alone policy tools that take seriously the complexity of emerging sustainability challenges in both private and public forestlands.

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8

Hall, O. F. "New Zealand's Privatization of Forest Lands: Policy Lessons for the United States and Elsewhere?" Forest Science 43, no. 2 (May 1, 1997): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/43.2.181.

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Abstract Two forest policy questions are examined: 1. What particular problems in New Zealand's privatization of public forest lands (1985 to 1995) need thorough examination prior to proposing it in the United States or elsewhere? 2. What light does the New Zealand experience throw on the question of whether privatization and subdivision of forest lands is the solution to multiple use conflicts among forest land uses and users? A brief history of the origin and implementation of New Zealand's forest privatization policy is given, including the disestablishment of its national Forest Service. Two unique features of New Zealand made privatization especially appropriate there: the history of many government-operated businesses, and the great area and productivity of a very distinctive and differentiated forest type—radiata pine plantations. Nine objectives of privatization stated in New Zealand, 5 specifically on forestry, are analyzed. Six of the 9 were concluded to be successful in New Zealand. Possibilities of success in the United States are examined. As a solution for multiple-use problems, both positive and negative results of the policy are found. Finally, 6 tentative "lessons" are concluded that should be reviewed in countries where a similar policy is proposed: 1. Privatization should involve either leasing or fee simple sale of forested land primarily suited to rapid tree growth of commercially valuable species suitable for being managed for successive crops of timber at a profit, with covenants for regeneration after harvest. 2. Lands critical for recreational, aesthetic, or habitat values should remain publicly owned. 3. Lands on which re-investment of some of the income in regeneration is of questionable profitability should not be entered into the policy. 4. The policy could be successful in avoiding many but not all multiple-use conflicts for the managers. 5. In public forests retained for exclusively noncommodity uses, questions of the availability of some useful and valuable woods may require arbitration of conflicts. 6. Privatization doesn't solve the struggle to financially support park and wilderness and special wildlife habitat. For. Sci. 43(2):181-193.

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9

Anderson, Robert L. "Changing Forests and Forest Management Policy in Relation to Dealing with Forest Diseases." Phytopathology® 93, no. 8 (August 2003): 1041–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.8.1041.

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The forest landscape of the United States has changed over time, as has public concern for the trees, water, and wildlife. Early in the history of the United States, forests were viewed as an encumbrance and an inexhaustible resource, used to meet the needs of a growing nation. Around 1900, it became clear that old approaches were not sustainable and forest pathology saw its beginning. Annual lumber production increased from 5.4 billion to 44.5 billion board feet. Forest pathologists were called upon to help manage forests for a variety of products, with a focus on decays of wood and wood products. Projection of timber famine stirred public concern, and a number of laws were enacted to deal with the issue. Pathologists were called upon to deal with many of the issues associated with intensive management, and new pests such as chestnut blight and white pine blister rust demanded attention. Then pathologists were called upon to help manage for multiple benefits, and the issues became more complex. Pests such as mistletoes, root diseases, rusts, nursery pests, and urban pests presented new challenges. Concepts such as landscape level assessments, ecosystem management, and multiple-use led to the management of forests to provide for a complex variety of needs. Management objectives vary across the landscape, and pathologists find themselves working with managers who want to maximize fiber production, those that manage areas set aside for special purposes, and all combinations in between. Issues such as acceptable levels of pests, nonnative invasive species, landowner values, visual and watershed quality, and best management practices must be considered in an ever-changing landscape.

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10

Ruddell, Steven, R. Sampson, Matt Smith, R. Giffen, James Cathcart, John Hagan, Daniel Sosland, et al. "The Role for Sustainably Managed Forests in Climate Change Mitigation." Journal of Forestry 105, no. 6 (September 1, 2007): 314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/105.6.314.

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Abstract The United States has not ratified the Kyoto Protocol, restricting the ability of forests from participating internationally as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission offset projects. As a result, a proliferation of different registry and program rules is occurring in the United States, providing an opportunity for the US forestry community to mitigate GHG emissions. This article addresses the Kyoto Protocol principles of additionality, permanence, and leakage, and challenges the way that these principles are being used to qualify forest offset projects as climate change mitigation measures. Policy initiatives are proposed for challenging policymakers and the forestry community to rethink sustainably managed forest offset project rules as the United States considers GHG emission reduction legislation.

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11

Kaarakka, Lilli, Julia Rothey, and Laura E. Dee. "Managing forests for carbon–Status of the forest carbon offset markets in the United States." PLOS Climate 2, no. 7 (July 6, 2023): e0000158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000158.

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Nature-based climate solutions are gaining international policy attention–with forests highlighted as a primary pathway for storing carbon. However, evaluations of additional carbon benefits and the permanence of forest carbon offset projects remain scarce. In response, we compiled a novel database to analyze trends in existing forest management projects from the two offset project registries (Climate Action Reserve and American Carbon Registry) who list, report, and verify forest carbon offsets in California’s Compliance Offsets Program, part of the state’s Cap-and-Trade Program. We found that improved forest management projects represent 96% of all credits from forestry projects and 80% of all offset credits to date and span a diverse set of forest management practices with different potential for carbon storage. Our results show that 26% of existing forest carbon offsets in the United States face the hazard of wildfire. From a policy perspective, these findings underscore the need for a robust framework to monitor and evaluate cumulative and future carbon benefits of forest-based offset projects, and for assessing the risk of reversal associated with each project.

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12

Fain, Stephen, Brian Kittler, and Amira Chowyuk. "Managing Moist Forests of the Pacific Northwest United States for Climate Positive Outcomes." Forests 9, no. 10 (October 9, 2018): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9100618.

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The moist forests of the Pacific Northwest United States (PNW) are among the most naturally carbon rich ecoregions in the world. However, regional in-forest carbon storage levels are currently well below ecological potential. Recent climate policy proposals have renewed and deepened debates over forest sector climate strategies. This paper begins with a review of regionally applicable forest carbon life cycle assessments (LCAs) in an effort to provide some clarity around how these studies are conducted, and why their results may vary. The review highlights the importance of assumptions made during carbon accounting across the wood product lifespan and how the inclusion or exclusions of variables, such as product substitution and leakage, influence study results and subsequent management recommendations. Next we discuss the influence of climate change on forest management and planning. We conclude with a review of regional-specific factors to consider when developing optimal forest climate strategies in the moist forests of the PNW. These strategies include, but are not limited to; extending harvest rotations, shelterwood and select tree harvests (in lieu of full harvest), and managing forests for increased structural, age, and species complexity.

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13

Kreye, Rimsaite, and Adams. "Public Attitudes about Private Forest Management and Government Involvement in the Southeastern United States." Forests 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2019): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090776.

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In the southern United States the country’s top wood-producing region, factors such as intergenerational land transfer and population spillover from urban areas have resulted in forestland conversion and reduced production of critical ecosystem services associated with forest systems (e.g., timber, clean water supply, wildlife habitat). Public attitudes, which drive forestland policy prescriptions, may also be evolving due to the way people experience and perceive forests (e.g., recreation), and think about the role of government in private forest decisions. These changes have significant implications for forestland management and the forest-based economy, both locally and globally. We present the results of a regional survey (n = 1669) of residents in Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, and South Carolina, which assessed attitudes toward timber harvesting and government involvement on private lands. We found significant public support for timber harvesting with a somewhat stronger focus on ecosystem maintenance compared to timber production, and strong support for policies that empower landowners (e.g., assistance programs) over regulatory strategies. We conclude that existing government policies and programs are failing to help landowners meet public demand for ecosystem service provision on private forest lands in the southeastern US. Public attitudes appear conducive to innovative policy strategies such as market-based solutions and nudges. Perceptions of forest health will likely be the metric the public and landowners will use in assessing the value of policy alternatives, in addition to economic impact. Public ignorance and indifference towards forest management also appear to be growing.

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14

Pelkki, Matthew, and Gabrielle Sherman. "Forestry's Economic Contribution in the United States, 2016." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00037.

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Abstract Economic contributions of an industry sector are often vital information in the policy-making process. IMPLAN data and software were used to determine the economic contribution of forest industries to all 50 states plus Washington, D.C. Rankings of the states' contributions to employment, employee compensation, and value added were determined. National forest inventory data, rural population, and industrial energy costs were examined for correlation with total forestry contributions to each state's economies. Rankings were based on absolute contributions as well as contributions as a percentage of a state's total economy. Percentage rankings present the relative importance of forestry to a state's economy, and can differ considerably from absolute value rankings. Regional and national contributions were also calculated to model interstate and regional contribution “leakages,” or trade effects. Differences in both interstate and interregional trade flows are substantial. Industrial energy costs, rural population, and timber removals were significantly correlated with total economic contributions.

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15

Wade, Christopher M., Justin S. Baker, Gregory Latta, Sara B. Ohrel, and Justine Allpress. "Projecting the Spatial Distribution of Possible Planted Forest Expansion in the United States." Journal of Forestry 117, no. 6 (October 12, 2019): 560–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jofore/fvz054.

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Abstract As the demand for forest products and carbon storage in standing timbers increases, intensive planting of forest resources is expected to increase. With the increased use of plantation practices, it is important to understand the influence that forest plot characteristics have on the likelihood of where these practices are occurring. Depending on the goals of a policy or program, increasing forest planting could be a desirable outcome or something to avoid. This study estimates a spatially explicit logistical regression function to assess the likelihood that forest plots will be planted based on physical, climate, and economic factors. The empirical results are used to project the potential spatial distribution of forest planting, at the intensive and extensive land-use margins, across illustrative future scenarios. Results from this analysis offer insight into the factors that have driven forest planting in the United States historically and the potential distribution of new forest planting in the coming decades under policy or market scenarios that incentivize improved forest productivity or certain ecosystem services provided by intensively managed systems (e.g., carbon sequestration).

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16

Stephens, Scott L. "Forest fire causes and extent on United States Forest Service lands." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 3 (2005): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf04006.

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Nationally, the causes and extent of fire on lands administrated by the United States Forest Service varied significantly from 1940 to 2000, with California experiencing the largest relative annual burned areas. The south-east and California experienced the largest relative area burned by fires from human ignitions. No significant differences were detected in the relative area burned by lightning in California, the upper and central Rocky Mountains, and the south-west, which all experienced the highest levels. The north-west and Rocky Mountains have experienced significant increases in the relative total area burned; the north-east, south-east, California, and coastal Alaska all remained unchanged. The northern Rocky Mountains, south-west, and north-east have all experienced significant increases in the amount of area burned by lightning without significant increases in lightning ignitions. Increasing fuel hazards in these areas probably contributed to the increasing area burned by lightning fires; changing climate could have also contributed to the increase in wildfire area from 1940 to 2000. To be effective across the diverse forest types and conditions in the USA, fire policy should better recognize and respond to the diversity of US forests and how they have burned in the past. This analysis determined that there is high geographical diversity on wildfire occurrence and causes. Local input is therefore important in designing diverse, ground-based solutions to address fire management challenges in the United States.

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17

Aguilar, Francisco X., and Adam M. Saunders. "Attitudes toward Policy Instruments Promoting Wood-To-Energy Initiatives in the United States." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/35.2.73.

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Abstract An array of policy instruments has been adopted across the United States in an effort to promote greater wood-to-energy uses. This research elicited attitudes toward wood-to-energy policy instruments among forest sector stakeholders to identify the most preferred policy tools. Test statistics identified differences between perceptions from US South and non-US South respondents regarding the capacity of tax incentives; subsidies and grants; rules and regulations; education; and consultation to meet policy ecological, economic, social, and political criteria. Examples of particular instruments adopted by various states were used to evaluate their capacity in addressing specific energy, forest management, and market dimensions of wood-to-energy policy. Results suggest preference for the implementation of education programs and the adoption of tax incentive instruments, followed by rules and regulations. US South respondents have less favorable views of subsidies and grants and rules and regulations than respondents from the rest of the country to meet policy evaluation criteria. Based on the analysis of state-specific policy tools, tax incentives were deemed the best positioned to generate more renewable energy from woody feedstocks and education and consultation were the best suited to meet energy and sustainable forest management objectives. A combination of approaches will be the most adequate to meet multiple policy criteria.

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18

Klyza, Christopher McGrory. "Ideas, Institutions, and Policy Patterns: Hardrock Mining, Forestry, and Grazing Policy on United States Public Lands, 1870–1985." Studies in American Political Development 8, no. 2 (1994): 341–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x00001279.

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From the mid–1800s through the mid–1980s, the federal government initiated programs to manage three types of resources on the lands that it controlled. The discovery of gold in California and elsewhere in the West prompted the first government policy in the 1860s. Debate over the nation's forests began in the 1870s, and a system of national forests to be managed by a federal Forest Service was created in the late 1800s and early 1900s. And in the 1930s, the government finally began to manage the lands no one wanted, its grazing lands. The federal government continues to be an active manager of national resources. Indeed, with control of nearly 30 percent of the nation's land, it is the largest land manager in the country.

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19

Birdsey, Richard, Kurt Pregitzer, and Alan Lucier. "Forest Carbon Management in the United States." Journal of Environmental Quality 35, no. 4 (July 2006): 1461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0162.

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20

Pelz, K. A., G. Hayward, A. N. Gray, E. M. Berryman, C. W. Woodall, A. Nathanson, and N. A. Morgan. "Quantifying old-growth forest of United States Forest Service public lands." Forest Ecology and Management 549 (December 2023): 121437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121437.

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21

Allen, Julia C. "Multiobjective Regional Forest Planning Using the Noninferior Set Estimation (NISE) Method in Tanzania and the United States." Forest Science 32, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 517–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/32.2.517.

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Abstract Multiple objective management of public forests based on centralized regional planning is mandated by law in the United States and by development policy in developing countries. Multiple objective programming (MOP) methods have been applied to this problem, but public forests have multiple users whose relative preferences for forest products often cannot be determined, so preference-based goal programming and multiobjective linear programming solutions may be inaccurate or inflexible. The use of noninferior set generating algorithms to solve MOP's encourages more flexible planning by providing a range of possible solutions (the noninferior set), but requires or generates too much information. The NISE (noninferior set estimation) method is an MOP solution technique that uses repeated linear program (LP) solutions to generate an estimate of the true noninferior set, with a known error. The method provides explicit tradeoffs between objectives and requires little interaction with forest users. The NISE method is illustrated for a problem of forest management in Tanzania, and its applicability to centralized forest planning in the United States and developing countries is discussed in the light of legal, political, and institutional constraints. Forest Sci. 32:517-533.

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22

Haight, Robert G., Randall Bluffstone, Jeffrey D. Kline, John W. Coulston, David N. Wear, and Kate Zook. "Estimating the Present Value of Carbon Sequestration in U.S. Forests, 2015–2050, for Evaluating Federal Climate Change Mitigation Policies." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 49, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 150–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/age.2019.20.

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AbstractWe demonstrate an application evaluating carbon sequestration benefits from federal policy alternatives. Using detailed forest inventory data, we projected carbon sequestration outcomes in the coterminous 48 states for a baseline scenario and three policy scenarios through 2050. Alternatives included (1) reducing deforestation from development, (2) afforestation in the eastern United States and reforestation in the western United States, and (3) reducing stand-replacing wildfires. We used social cost of carbon estimates to evaluate the present value of carbon sequestration benefits gained with each policy. Results suggest that afforestation and reforestation would provide the greatest marginal increase in carbon benefit, far exceeding policy cost.

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23

Guo, Jinggang, Jeffrey Prestemon, and Craig Johnston. "Forest market outlook in the Southern United States." Forest Policy and Economics 157 (December 2023): 103091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.103091.

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Riitters, Kurt, and Guy Robertson. "The United States’ Implementation of the Montréal Process Indicator of Forest Fragmentation." Forests 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2021): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12060727.

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The United States’ implementation of the Montréal Process indicator of forest fragmentation presents a case study in the development and application of science within a criteria and indicator framework to evaluate forest sustainability. Here, we review the historical evolution and status of the indicator and summarize the latest empirical results. While forest cover fragmentation is increasing, the rate of increase has slowed since 2006. Most of the fragmentation in the western United States is associated with changes in semi-natural land cover (e.g., shrub and grass) while most of the eastern fragmentation is associated with changes in agriculture and developed (including roads) land covers. Research conducted pursuant to indicator implementation exemplifies the role of a criteria and indicator framework in identifying policy-relevant questions and then focusing research on those questions, and subsequent indicator reporting exemplifies the value of a common language and developed set of metrics to help bridge the gaps between science and policy at national and international scales.

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Carroll, Matthew S., Keith A. Blatner, Patricia J. Cohn, and Todd Morgan. "Managing Fire Danger in the Forests of the US Inland Northwest: A Classic “Wicked Problem„ in Public Land Policy." Journal of Forestry 105, no. 5 (July 1, 2007): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/105.5.239.

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Abstract In their classic article Allen and Gould (Allen, G.M., and E.M. Gould. 1986. Complexity, wickedness, and public forests. J. For. 84(4):20–24) stated that the most daunting problems associated with public forest management had a “wicked„ element: “Wickedproblems share characteristics. Each can be considered as simply a symptom of some higher order problem⋯. The definition is in the mind of the beholder⋯. Furthermore, there is no single correct formulation for a wicked problem, only more or less useful ones„ (p. 22). Thisdescription seems to fit the difficulties associated with managing the increasing risk of wildland fire in the United States. Using the Inland Northwest region of the United States as an example, we explore the dynamics of this issue as they relate to possible improvements and the inherentdilemmas. We conclude that any “solutions„ to the problems associated with fire danger are best thought of in terms of long-term system improvements rather than short-term fixes.

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26

Dimitrov, Radoslav S. "Hostage to Norms: States, Institutions and Global Forest Politics." Global Environmental Politics 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638005774785499.

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Global forest politics reveal surprising impacts of environmental norms on state behavior at the international level. Negotiations regarding deforestation have repeatedly failed to produce a policy agreement. Instead of abandoning the deadlocked talks, governments created the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), a hollow entity deliberately deprived of decision-making powers. Various theoretical perspectives fail to explain why states create blank international institutions without policy mandates. Several arguments are advanced here. First, a global norm of environmental multilateralism (NEM) helps explain the creation of the UNFF as well as universal state participation in it. Second, such “good” norms can have negative consequences in world politics. NEM prohibits states from disengaging from failed political initiatives, and fosters the creation of hollow institutions that nourish skepticism about the effectiveness of global governance. Finally, global forestry defies the widespread academic notion that norms, institutions and governance are coterminous. Sometimes states design “decoy” institutions whose function is to preempt governance.

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Prestemon, Jeffrey P., James A. Turner, Joseph Buongiorno, Shushuai Zhu, and Ruhong Li. "Some Timber Product Market and Trade Implications of an Invasive Defoliator: The Case of Asian Lymantria in the United States." Journal of Forestry 106, no. 8 (December 1, 2008): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/106.8.409.

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Abstract US policy and forest product industry decisionmakers need quantitative information about the magnitude of timber product market impacts from the possible introduction of an exotic and potentially dangerous defoliating forest pest. We applied the Global Forest Products Model to evaluate the effects on the United States of an invasion by the Asian gypsy (Lymantria dispar L.) and/or nun (Lymantria monacha L.) moths. Results suggest that the current ban on softwood log imports from the Russian Far East has little effect, beyond what market forces alone would do, on the likelihood of the introduction of the pests in the country. However, an introduction of the pests in the United States, by the timber trade or other means, could have severe impacts on the timber product market, particularly if the United States' trading partners responded by banning imports of US logs.

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Guldin, Richard W., and Perry Brown. "Forest education and research in the United States of America." Forest Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (December 2005): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2005.9656278.

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29

Kellison, Robert C., and Michael J. Young. "The bottomland hardwood forest of the southern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 90, no. 2-3 (February 1997): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(96)03905-9.

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30

Riitters, Kurt H., John W. Coulston, and James D. Wickham. "Fragmentation of forest communities in the eastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 263 (January 2012): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.09.022.

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Knott, Jonathan A., Johanna M. Desprez, Christopher M. Oswalt, and Songlin Fei. "Shifts in forest composition in the eastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 433 (February 2019): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.061.

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32

Udawatta, Ranjith P., Dusty Walter, and Shibu Jose. "Carbon sequestration by forests and agroforests: a reality check for the United States." Carbon Footprints 1 (2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2022.06.

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Climate change is a major global threat affecting food security and sustainability. Land use systems involving trees have the potential to positively impact climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and providing long-term carbon (C) storage. This review evaluated the C sequestration potential of two major land use systems of the United States (US) involving trees, forests and agroforests, which can also provide other ecosystem services.The estimated total forest C stock on forest land in the US in 1990 was 50,913 Tg and another 1885 Tg remained in harvested wood and discarded wood products. From 1990 to 1995, total C stock rose by 2%, and from 2000 to 2005, it rose by 1.7%. The US forests collectively lose (flux) about 200 Mg C y-1 from disturbance and harvesting. Currently, about 12% of the conterminous US forest land is at high or very high risk of wildfire. Annually, insects and diseases could transfer ~ 21 Tg of live aboveground biomass to litter and woody debris pools. A scenario that targets an afforestation policy for rural landowners in the eastern US and a reforestation policy targeting understocked federal forest lands in the western would improve US annual sequestration compared to the baseline of 323 Tg CO2 eq yr-1 in 2015 to 469 Tg CO2 eq yr-1 in 2050.Agroforestry offers greater potential to increase C sequestration of predominantly agriculture-dominated landscapes than monocrop agriculture by storing C in above- and belowground biomass, soil, and living and dead organisms and further extending the duration of C in soils. The estimated total C sequestration of current alley cropping (211,938 ha), riparian buffers (640,732 ha), silvopasture (34 Mha), and windbreak (2.37 Mha) practices is 219 Tg C yr-1. The total C sequestration would be 240 Tg C yr-1 with 5% of the US cropland converted to alley cropping (3.7 Tg yr-1), 15-m wide riparian buffers on both sides of 5% of the total stream length (4.75 Tg yr-1), 34 Mha converted to silvopasture (207 Tg yr-1), and windbreaks on 5% (7.45 Mha) of the cropland (25 Tg yr-1). Despite many limitations including uncertainty of land areas under agroforestry, lack of standardized estimation protocols, and lack of accountability on various C stocks (source-sink services, detritus C, insect/pest damages, etc.), we believe these new accrual rates and the land areas under each practice are much more realistic as new information became available over the last decade.The total C sequestration by forests (776) and agroforests (219) is 995 Tg yr-1 and represents approximately 15% of the US CO2 emissions. This review highlights the importance of sustainable management of forests and integration of agroforestry on agricultural lands to mitigate climate challenges further while meeting society’s need for food and a healthy environment.

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Peinhardt, Clint, Alisha A. Kim, and Viveca Pavon-Harr. "Deforestation and the United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement." Global Environmental Politics 19, no. 1 (February 2019): 53–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00498.

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Do environmental provisions in trade agreements make a difference? In part to coopt environmental criticisms, the United States has included environmental components to trade agreements since NAFTA side agreements in the mid-1990s. Environmental components are increasingly more integrated and more specific, as illustrated by the 2009 United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA). In exchange for increased market access to the United States, the Peruvian government agreed to reduce illegal logging and improve forest sector governance. Recent qualitative assessments of deforestation highlight difficulties in implementing the specific requirements of the PTPA’s Annex on Forest Sector Governance, but tests with Peruvian data on logging appear unreliable. We circumvent this difficulty by using satellite imagery of deforestation across Peruvian border regions and by engaging multiple methods to estimate the PTPA’s impact. All results suggest that deforestation has actually increased since the PTPA entered force, although no more than in other Amazonian countries. We conclude by emphasizing the limits of external imposition of environmental rules, which appear prone to failure unless domestic interests mobilize in their support.

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Lovett, Gary M., Marissa Weiss, Andrew M. Liebhold, Thomas P. Holmes, Brian Leung, Kathy Fallon Lambert, David A. Orwig, et al. "Nonnative forest insects and pathogens in the United States: Impacts and policy options." Ecological Applications 26, no. 5 (May 10, 2016): 1437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/15-1176.

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35

Nadeau, Solange, Bruce Shindler, and Christina Kakoyannis. "Forest communities: New frameworks for assessing sustainability." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75747-5.

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In both Canada and the United States, there has been a growing interest in the sustainability of forests and forest communities. Policy makers and scientists have attempted to understand how forest management practices can enhance or harm the future of such communities. Although many studies have historically used economic indicators as measures of community stability, more recently researchers have demonstrated that the relationship between communities and forests goes far beyond simple economic dependency. Thus, recent frameworks for assessing forest communities have also addressed the need for broader social and institutional components. In this article, we briefly review three of these recent concepts — community capacity, community well-being and community resiliency — and examine what each of these terms has to contribute to the assessment of forest communities. Key words: forest community, community stability, community capacity, community well-being, community resilience

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36

Abrams, Jesse, Dennis Becker, Jordan Kudrna, and Cassandra Moseley. "Does policy matter? The role of policy systems in forest bioenergy development in the United States." Forest Policy and Economics 75 (February 2017): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2016.12.007.

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37

Huo, Lian-Zhi, Luigi Boschetti, and Aaron Sparks. "Object-Based Classification of Forest Disturbance Types in the Conterminous United States." Remote Sensing 11, no. 5 (February 26, 2019): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11050477.

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Forest ecosystems provide critical ecosystem goods and services, and any disturbance-induced changes can have cascading impacts on natural processes and human socioeconomic systems. Forest disturbance frequency, intensity, and spatial and temporal scale can be altered by changes in climate and human activity, but without baseline forest disturbance data, it is impossible to quantify the magnitude and extent of these changes. Methodologies for quantifying forest cover change have been developed at the regional-to-global scale via several approaches that utilize data from high (e.g., IKONOS, Quickbird), moderate (e.g., Landsat) and coarse (e.g., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)) spatial resolution satellite imagery. While detection and quantification of forest cover change is an important first step, attribution of disturbance type is critical missing information for establishing baseline data and effective land management policy. The objective here was to prototype and test a semi-automated methodology for characterizing high-magnitude (>50% forest cover loss) forest disturbance agents (stress, fire, stem removal) across the conterminous United States (CONUS) from 2003–2011 using the existing University of Maryland Landsat-based Global Forest Change Product and Web-Enabled Landsat Data (WELD). The Forest Cover Change maps were segmented into objects based on temporal and spatial adjacency, and object-level spectral metrics were calculated based on WELD reflectance time series. A training set of objects with known disturbance type was developed via high-resolution imagery and expert interpretation, ingested into a Random Forest classifier, which was then used to attribute disturbance type to all 15,179,430 forest loss objects across CONUS. Accuracy assessments of the resulting classification was conducted with an independent dataset consisting of 4156 forest loss objects. Overall accuracy was 88.1%, with the highest omission and commission errors observed for fire (32.8%) and stress (31.9%) disturbances, respectively. Of the total 172,686 km2 of forest loss, 83.75% was attributed to stem removal, 10.92% to fire and 5.33% to stress. The semi-automated approach described in this paper provides a promising framework for the systematic characterization and monitoring of forest disturbance regimes.

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Mook, Anne, and Puneet Dwivedi. "Satisfaction of family forest landowners with forest-management services in Georgia, United States." Trees, Forests and People 7 (March 2022): 100179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100179.

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39

Akinola, Omolola, and Jimmy Adegoke. "Wildfire Policy Challenge in the United States: Implications for Wildfire Risk Reduction in Missouri." Journal of Sustainable Development 13, no. 3 (May 31, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v13n3p144.

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The study examines the crisis of wildfire destruction in the United States and the various wildfire policies in place to mitigate the risk of wildfire. It also considers the factors affecting the incidence of wildfire in Missouri and finally it analyses the reasons for wildfire policy failure in the United States and suggestion on how to approach the challenge. The study concludes by examining the implication of social and demographic characteristics of forest landowners, land use change, wildland urban interface and climate change on wildfire risk reduction in Missouri.

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40

Bull, Lyndall, and Derek Thompson. "Developing forest sinks in Australia and the United States — A forest owner's prerogative." Forest Policy and Economics 13, no. 5 (June 2011): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.03.005.

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41

Woodall, C. W., A. G. Kamoske, G. D. Hayward, T. M. Schuler, C. A. Hiemstra, M. Palmer, and A. N. Gray. "Classifying mature federal forests in the United States: The forest inventory growth stage system." Forest Ecology and Management 546 (October 2023): 121361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121361.

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42

Sears, Robin R., Liliana M. Dávalos, and Gonçalo Ferraz. "Missing the Forest for the Profits: The Role of Multinational Corporations in the International Forest Regime." Journal of Environment & Development 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 345–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10704965-0101004-03.

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The international community has placed great hope and invested considerable time in exploring a global forest convention through the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development's Intergovernmental Forum on Forests and the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests process under the Commission on Sustainable Development. Multinational corporations control almost 40% of the world market in forest products, constituting a major stakeholder in global forest policy. The few cases of direct intervention by multinational corporations at international fora suggest their interests are expressed elsewhere. The authors identify and discuss three types of intervention in the existing forest regime: avoidance, enforcement-driven compliance, and performance-driven compliance. The regime has not achieved performance-driven compliance from multinational corporations because the regime itself is weak and has little support from states internationally and domestically. The authors suggest that multinational corporations have been so effective at avoiding or conditioning compliance that incentives for complying fully with the regime are nil.

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43

Restivo, Michael, John M. Shandra, and Jamie M. Sommer. "Exporting Forest Loss? A Cross-National Analysis of the United States Export–Import Bank Financing in Low- and Middle-Income Nations." Journal of Environment & Development 29, no. 2 (March 9, 2020): 245–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496520908310.

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Dependency theory argues that due to unequal economic relationships, including exports, multinational corporations, and loans from multilateral lending institutions, high-income nations exploit the labor and resources of low- and middle-income nations. We extend this line of reasoning to the United States Export–Import Bank, as it has recently come under scrutiny for its lending in the forestry sector of low- and middle-income nations. Although this concern has been raised, we are not aware of any cross-national research that empirically evaluates if their investments adversely impact forests. Therefore, we examine the impact of the United States Export–Import Bank lending in the forestry sector on forest loss. Using a two-stage instrumental variable regression model to account for possible donor selection bias as well as ordinary least squares regression to analyze data for 78 low- and middle-income nations, we find that export credit agency financing is related to increased forest loss from 2001 to 2014. Our findings are consistent with dependency theory ideas that economic linkages with high-income nations increase forest loss in low- and middle-income nations.

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44

Salka, William M. "Mission Evolution: The United States Forest Service's Response to Crisis." Review of Policy Research 21, no. 2 (March 2004): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2004.00070.x.

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45

Friedman, S. T., and G. S. Foster. "Forest genetics on federal lands in the United States: public concerns and policy responses." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x96-198.

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46

Sun, Changyou, and Daowei Zhang. "Forest Resources, Government Policy, and Investment Location Decisions of the Forest Products Industry in the Southern United States." Forest Science 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/47.2.169.

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Abstract In this article, the results of an initial attempt to estimate the effects of state attributes on plant location and investment expenditure were presented for the forest products industry in the southern United States. A conditional logit model was used to analyze new plant births, and a time-series cross-section model to assess the total capital expenditure. Significant positive effects were found for personal income and forest inventory, and negative effects were found for population density. In the short run, tax and energy costs had negative impacts on new plant births in a state, while in the long run, stumpage price and environmental stringency had negative effects on the capital expenditure. Sensitivity of model specification was documented, and policy implications were discussed. For. Sci. 47(2):169–177.

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47

Crook, Stephen ES, Arielle Levine, and David Lopez-Carr. "Perceptions and Application of the Ecosystem Services Approach among Pacific Northwest National Forest Managers." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031259.

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The ecosystem services concept has emerged as a guiding principle in natural resource management over the past two decades, and an ecosystem services approach to management is currently mandated as a core element of United States National Forest planning. However, the concept of ecosystem services has been interpreted and operationalized in a variety of ways, leaving a pronounced knowledge gap regarding how it is understood and implemented in different contexts. To better understand the conceptualization and implementation of the concept within United States National Forests, semi-structured interviews with planners and managers of the Pacific Northwest Region were conducted at the region, forest, and ranger district levels, addressing the following topics: (1) how has the ecosystem services concept been perceived by managers and planners?; (2) what are the perceived key ecosystem services offered by National Forest lands?; (3) how has the concept been applied at multiple spatial scales?; and (4) what are perceived challenges or opportunities related to applying the concept in the National Forest context? Results indicate that although participants had a high level of understanding of the ecosystem services concept, there was not a clear, widely adopted approach to considering ecosystem services in management. Through qualitative analysis, three general perspectives arose: one employed the concept to fulfill regulatory requirements at the National Forest scale, a second engaged with ecosystem services to improve participatory planning at the project scale, and a third, business as usual perspective, considered ecosystem services as new language for describing longstanding National Forest priorities. These results draw attention to the challenges of implementing an ecosystem services-based approach in the United States National Forest context and the continued need for the development of management-relevant methods for describing and quantifying ecosystem services.

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48

Bothwell, Karin, Mindy S. Crandall, and Amber M. Roth. "Silviculture for Deer and Timber: A Multiple-Use Policy Analysis Reveals Important Implementation Barriers." Forests 12, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12111436.

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Policies that attempt to balance timber production with non-market values that forests provide are common across the United States. Such is the case in northern Maine, USA, where management of critical areas of mature softwood-dominated forest are regulated through the State’s primary wildlife management agency. We use a case study approach with qualitative and quantitative analyses to understand the persistent difficulties encountered by both forest and wildlife managers when implementing this policy. Interviews with foresters and wildlife biologists established the management parameters, and simulated management scenarios compared forest management outcomes with respect to both financial and wildlife habitat provision goals. The model results indicated that there are opportunities for comparable revenues within regulated habitat areas as without, although the returns varied due to legacy of previous management and species composition. More importantly, the interviews revealed that differing habitat metrics used by foresters and biologists are a barrier to communication and management planning, and thus also a barrier to effective policy implementation. We close with thoughts on the applicability of both the methods and results to other situations where an understanding of multiple-use forest policy implementation is desired.

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Chamberlain, James, Christine Small, and Michelle Baumflek. "Sustainable Forest Management for Nontimber Products." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 2670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092670.

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Many of the plants and fungi that are harvested for nontimber products (e.g., foods, medicines, crafts) are critical to healthy forest ecosystems. These products also are essential to rural societies, contributing to the material and nonmaterial composition of communities and cultures. Product sales make important contributions at all economic scales, from household to national economies. Nontimber forest products (NTFPs) have been harvested for generations, sometimes centuries, yet they are seldom integrated into forest management. Few methods exist for inventory and assessment, and there is little evidence that harvests are sustainable. This article examines three elements of sustainable forest management for nontimber products: sociocultural, economic, and ecological, and elaborates with detailed examples of edible and medicinal species from United States (U.S.) forests. We synthesize the state of knowledge and emerging issues, and identify research priorities that are needed to advance sustainable management of NTFPs in the United States. Despite their social, economic, and ecological values, many of these species and resources are threatened by the overuse and lack of management and market integration. Sustainable management for nontimber products is attainable, but much research and development is needed to ensure the long-term sustainability of these resources and their cultural values, and to realize their economic potentials.

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Bendixsen, Devin P., Stephen W. Hallgren, and Amy E. Frazier. "Stress factors associated with forest decline in xeric oak forests of south-central United States." Forest Ecology and Management 347 (July 2015): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.03.015.

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