Статті в журналах: "Forest benefit sharing approaches"

1

Magessa, K., S. Wynne-Jones, and N. Hockley. "Are policies for decentralised forest governance designed to achieve full devolution? Evidence from Eastern Africa." International Forestry Review 22, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554820828671544.

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Decentralised forest management approaches are ostensibly designed to increase community involvement in forest management, yet have had mixed success in practice. We present a comparative study across multiple countries in Eastern Africa of how far decentralised forest policies are designed to achieve devolution. We adopt the decentralisation framework developed by Agrawal and Ribot to explore whether, and how, devolution is specified in Tanzanian, Kenyan, Ugandan, Malawian and Ethiopian forest policies. We also compare them to the commitments of the Rio Declaration. In all five countries, the policies lack at least some of the critical elements required to achieve meaningful devolution, such as democratically elected, downwardly accountable local actors and equitable benefit sharing. Calling an approach 'community' or 'participatory', does not mean that it involves all residents: in Kenya, Uganda and Ethiopia, policies allow a small group of people in the community to manage the forest reserve, potentially excluding marginalised groups, and hence limiting devolution. This may lead to elite capture, and effective privatisation of forests, enclosing previously de facto common pool resources. Therefore, even without flaws in implementation, these decentralisation policies are unlikely to achieve true devolution in the study countries.

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Burgess, Neil D., Bruno Bahane, Tim Clairs, Finn Danielsen, Søren Dalsgaard, Mikkel Funder, Niklas Hagelberg, et al. "Getting ready for REDD+ in Tanzania: a case study of progress and challenges." Oryx 44, no. 3 (July 2010): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000554.

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AbstractThe proposed mechanism for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) offers significant potential for conserving forests to reduce negative impacts of climate change. Tanzania is one of nine pilot countries for the United Nations REDD Programme, receives significant funding from the Norwegian, Finnish and German governments and is a participant in the World Bank’s Forest Carbon Partnership Facility. In combination, these interventions aim to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, provide an income to rural communities and conserve biodiversity. The establishment of the UN-REDD Programme in Tanzania illustrates real-world challenges in a developing country. These include currently inadequate baseline forestry data sets (needed to calculate reference emission levels), inadequate government capacity and insufficient experience of implementing REDD+-type measures at operational levels. Additionally, for REDD+ to succeed, current users of forest resources must adopt new practices, including the equitable sharing of benefits that accrue from REDD+ implementation. These challenges are being addressed by combined donor support to implement a national forest inventory, remote sensing of forest cover, enhanced capacity for measuring, reporting and verification, and pilot projects to test REDD+ implementation linked to the existing Participatory Forest Management Programme. Our conclusion is that even in a country with considerable donor support, progressive forest policies, laws and regulations, an extensive network of managed forests and increasingly developed locally-based forest management approaches, implementing REDD+ presents many challenges. These are being met by coordinated, genuine partnerships between government, non-government and community-based agencies.

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3

Karki, G., B. Bhatta, N. R. Devkota, and R. M. Kunwar. "Climate change adaptation governance in Nepal: a framework for sustainable generation of adaptation services." Banko Janakari 31, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/banko.v31i2.41900.

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Poverty and high dependency of rural and mountainous households on the natural resources of Nepal have made the country more vulnerable to climate change. On the other hand, there is inadequacy of adaptation services provided to the vulnerable households and ecosystems. Responding to climate change necessitates amore consolidated effort and effective implementation interventions from both the government and non-government actors. To help achieve this very essence, this study has aimed to- (i) review the existing climate change adaptation (CCA) practices, processes and patterns of sustainable resource mobilization and benefit sharing, and (ii) develop a framework that ensures sustainability of resources and equitable sharing of services and benefits accrued from CCA. Consultations with the communities, key state and non-state stakeholders both at federal and provincial levels, reviews of national policies, strategies, periodic plans and programs and field visits were carried out to synthesize the information, document the knowledge, and highlight the gaps pertaining to CCA. Qualitative Content Analysis (QCA) was executed for analyzing qualitative information. Recently, the Government of Nepal has developed a priority framework on sustainable resource management and delivery of adaptation services. In line with the eight themes identified by the National Climate Change Policy (NCCP, 2019), the proposed framework has paid central attention on medium and long-term adaptation planning adhered with Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) and Community-based Adaptation (CbA). Building resilience, reducing vulnerability, increasing capacities, enabling environment, and integrating CCA in development planning have been the focus of the framework. It is found that the delivery of adaptation services to the climate vulnerable groups and poor communities is well reached out through CbA and EbA approaches. It is therefore, crucial in strengthening community- and locally-based mechanisms (such as forest-user groups, farmers groups, agricultural and fisheries cooperatives, and community networks) for sustainable management and delivery of services to facilitate effective adaptation.

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Peerzada, Ishtiyak Ahmad, James Chamberlain, Mohan Reddy, Shalini Dhyani, and Somidh Saha. "Policy and Governance Implications for Transition to NTFP-Based Bioeconomy in Kashmir Himalayas." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 11811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111811.

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Forests of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) have a rich diversity of valuable non-timber forest products (NTFP) that local communities extract for their sustenance and income. The region is home to over 60% of species recognized for novel bio-medicinal properties in the Indian Himalayas. There is significant national and international demand for these species, providing income and employment for more than 60% of the population of J&K. Despite this, NTFP are not adequately recognized for their contributions to rural livelihoods and the regional economy due to the lack of appropriate policy and governance mechanisms. In this study, we embrace a bioresource vision to examine challenges and opportunities for transition to a sustainable bioeconomy in J&K. Selected NTFP were considered for valuation to showcase their bioeconomy potential using two approaches. First, we used the ‘market price method’ to estimate the contribution of NTFP to the local economy. Second, the ‘maximum willingness to pay method’ was used to project the bioeconomy potential of NTFP in the region. The analysis reveals that local communities’ revenues could increase by as much as 18 times their current price with appropriate actions to include NTFP. However, to realize this potential, policies and governance frameworks based on increased access and benefit sharing with inclusive institutional models would support the transition of the local economy into a bioeconomy. Fostering public–community partnership by improving the local participation of producers and processors in NTFP value chains for overcoming the existing governance barriers is needed.

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Huynh, Ha Thi Ngan, Lisa Lobry de Bruyn, Julian Prior, and Paul Kristiansen. "Community Participation and Harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Products in Benefit-Sharing Pilot Scheme in Bach Ma National Park, Central Vietnam." Tropical Conservation Science 9, no. 2 (June 2016): 877–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194008291600900218.

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Benefit-sharing mechanisms between forest-based communities and governments are a way to meet conservation goals in developing countries, while still allowing forest-based income for local people. In Vietnam, the government implemented a pilot Benefit Sharing Mechanism (BSM) in Special Use Forests (SUFs), to develop a legal framework for sharing the benefits, rights, and responsibilities of forest conservation and management with local communities. One of the pilot areas is in Bach Ma National Park. We examined community involvement in the BSM pilot scheme in SUFs in the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park located in Thuong Nhat commune, Nam Dong District. Sixty household surveys from two villages were undertaken in 2014. Most households agreed there were benefits, but some reported difficulties. Analysis of harvested non-timber forest products (NTFPs) showed a nearly 30% increase in average household income, based on regulated access to harvesting NTFPs by registered forest users. The difficulties experienced by those involved in the BSM pilot scheme included declining meeting attendance, infrequent meetings, harvested amounts of some NTFPs exceeding those allowed by the Benefit Sharing Arrangement, and forest protection teams failing to detect such irregularities. Finally, we suggest a number of improvements to BSM policies, such as incentives for forest protection team members to be more actively involved in harvest monitoring.

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6

Gautam, Ambika P., Krishna B. Bhujel, and Raju Chhetri. "Political Economy of Forest Tenure Reform Implementation in Nepal: The Case of Protected Forests." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 15, no. 1 (September 4, 2017): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v15i1.23089.

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Protected forest is a new approach to forest management in Nepal. The programme targets natural forest areas that have high biodiversity, scientific and cultural values but are not covered by the country’s protected area network. So far, eight biodiversity-rich natural forest areas and biological corridors, covering a total area of 133,754.8 hectares (ha) are being managed under this regime, and eight other forests, covering a total area of 194,907.9 ha are in the process of being declared as protected forests in the near future. By reviewing existing literature, policy, legislation and management plans, this paper makes a critical analysis of the protected forest management regime from political economy perspective with special focus on the rights offered to local communities, benefit sharing arrangements and tenure security. Mismatch among the law, policy, and practice; lack of legal clarity on the role, responsibility and authority of stakeholders; unclear benefit sharing arrangement; non-clarity about the rights of non-state right holders; and difference in perceptions of tenure arrangements among the stakeholders are some of the specific issues and challenges related to the management of protected forest. Some other contestations relate to division of authority, and benefits sharing between the government and local communities. There is a need to amend the Forest Act 1993 and Forest Regulations 1995, especially to clarify the legal status of the protected forest council, and address the issues of benefit sharing between the central government and local stakeholders. Another important need relates to adopting a flexible policy and implementation approach to address the contextual differences among different protected forest sites located in different physiographic zones across Nepal.

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7

Pham, T. T., M. Moeliono, B. Dwisatrio, J. Yuwono, and S. Atmadja. "REDD+ benefit sharing in Ethiopia: policy and stakeholder perceptions analysis." International Forestry Review 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 476–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777170.

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Current Ethiopian policies and laws recognize the importance of equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms for natural resource management. The question of 'what is fair' is often unclear in practice. We pursue this question in the context of benefit sharing for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Ethiopia. We present findings from interviews conducted in 2017 with 33 national REDD+ actors, and a review of national policies and laws until 2020 to understand Ethiopia's policy and legal framework, and vision for a REDD+ benefit-sharing mechanism. Our findings show that Ethiopia is progressing in developing a benefit-sharing mechanism (BSM) for REDD+. Government policies on benefit sharing are pro-poor with an emphasis on legal rights. Among the various concepts of fairness, more stakeholders agreed that benefits should be shared according to efforts made to reduce deforestation and forest degradation rather than being based on poverty or legal rights. Left unattended, we believe this divergence of opinion on 'what is fair' opens the potential for questions regarding the legitimacy of the REDD+ BSM among stakeholders in general and can pose practical implementation challenges. We suggest that establishing open dialogue, learning mechanisms and inclusive processes can lead to regulations, policies and procedures that clarify and harmonize the different views on fairness over time.

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8

Arya, S., and Pankaj Panwar. "Evaluating repercussion of new benefit sharing mechanism in Joint Forest Management: A case study of Haryana." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-b2rl0w.

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Haryana Forest Department (HFD) was pioneer in implementing Joint Forest Management (JFM) in 1990. Benefit sharing under JFM was key for which people participated in the programme. In a span of eight years number of Hill Resource Management Societies (HRMS) were established and became self-sustaining through the income generated by sale of Bhabbar (Eulaliopsis binata) and other activities. However, in 1998 HFD came out with a new sharing system of the produce obtained from JFM activities. In the new system HRMS had a share of only 45% of the total revenue generated. Most of the HRMS collapsed post 1998 due to lack of sufficient income. Repercussion of introduction of new sharing system on existence of HRMS and on forest resources was analysed. It was found that the new sharing system is detrimental for the existence of HRMS. Forests established with the cooperation of people are no more managed by the people as a result fire incidences have increased in the Bhabbar yielding forest post 1998 JFM resolution

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9

Bhattarai, B. P., R. M. Kunwar, and R. Kc. "Forest certification and FSC standard initiatives in collaborative forest management system in Nepal." International Forestry Review 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554819827906852.

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The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) principles and criteria have been implemented in over 80 community forests in Nepal over the last decade. However, the total size of community forests certified under the FSC certification is relatively small (0.1% of the total area of the country), which limits the overall benefits they can provide to the surrounding communities. The national government has instituted the Collaborative Forest Management (CFM) initiative to maintain forest connectivity and give local communities jurisdiction over the nearby forests that they and their ancestor have lived with and managed for many generations. The CFM policies strive to ensure the restoration of large and continuous patches of forest, equitable benefit sharing of forest products and good governance, yet these policies do not certify the forests as sustainably managed, and thus cannot provide increased prices on the international market for products from these forests. Two collaborative forests were assessed in the Tarai region of Nepal to understand how well these community managed forests already follow the FSC principles and where changes must be made for these forests to be certified in the future. Field observations were undertaken, focus group discussions held, and semi-structured interviews carried out in order to understand current management practices in these two collaborative managed forests. Findings showed that the CFM helped improve biodiversity and benefit sharing from the forest amongst the wide range of communities. Collaboratively managed forests and FSC principles were shown to have complementary objectives: to sustain forests, strengthen forest governance and conserve indigenous species and knowledge, and it is argued that these plans can be synchronized for the benefit of both forests and people.

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10

Shrestha, Shusan, Gyan Bandhu Sharma, and Subodh Bhattarai. "People's Participation in Community Forest Management." International Journal of Science and Society 4, no. 2 (June 16, 2022): 456–578. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v4i2.468.

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The proposed study introduced the "People's Participation in Community Forest Management". This study was conducted on community forest of the central part of Nepal in Sindhuli district. The main objective of this study was to assess the participation of users group in forest management activities, decision making, benefit sharing mechanism and finding the factors that effect on people's participation. Primary data was collected through preliminary survey, questionnaire survey, focus group discussion and key informant survey. Secondary data was collected from concerned Division Forest Office (DFO), CFUGs operational plan, constitution of CFUGs, minutes, and documents from local government and non-government organizations. The qualitative and quantitative data was analysed using statistical packages SPSS, MS Excel. For qualitative analysis descriptive methods were used and the result was presented in different charts, tables and graphs. From the study, participation of forest users' group was high on forest product collection and distribution and low in plantation in forest management activities, decision making process satisfactory and benefit sharing mechanism was transparent and factors affecting for the participation of users' group was illiteracy and busy in farming. Therefore, this study is supportive for all who work for the improvement of users’ group participation in the community forest management.

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11

Pak, Mariya, and Kai Wegerich. "Competition and Benefit Sharing in the Ferghana Valley." Central Asian Affairs 1, no. 2 (September 12, 2014): 225–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22142290-00102004.

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While there has been a regional and international focus on large reservoirs in Central Asia, smaller transboundary reservoirs within the Ferghana Valley have been overlooked. The valley is shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, three riparian countries of the upstream Syr Darya. Located within the valley are many small transboundary tributaries and reservoirs. An analysis of the initial proposals and documented negotiations for four of these reservoirs reveals a changing pattern of benefit sharing. These past approaches call into question the argument that the boundaries set by the Soviets did not matter, as well as the assumption that Moscow as a hegemon planned infrastructure in order to divide and rule Central Asia.

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12

Ameha, Aklilu, Oystein Juul Nielsen, and Helle Overgard Larsen. "Impacts of access and benefit sharing on livelihoods and forest: Case of participatory forest management in Ethiopia." Ecological Economics 97 (January 2014): 162–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.11.011.

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13

Wong, Grace Yee, Cecilia Luttrell, Lasse Loft, Anastasia Yang, Thuy Thu Pham, Daisuke Naito, Samuel Assembe-Mvondo, and Maria Brockhaus. "Narratives in REDD+ benefit sharing: examining evidence within and beyond the forest sector." Climate Policy 19, no. 8 (May 24, 2019): 1038–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1618786.

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14

Meli, Paula, José María Rey-Benayas, and Pedro H. S. Brancalion. "Balancing land sharing and sparing approaches to promote forest and landscape restoration in agricultural landscapes: Land approaches for forest landscape restoration." Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation 17, no. 4 (October 2019): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2019.09.002.

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15

Olson, Bridget M. "Approaches to pharmacy benefit management and the impact of consumer cost sharing." Clinical Therapeutics 25, no. 1 (January 2003): 250–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-2918(03)90035-x.

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16

Effendi, R., T. Puspitojati, and D. Poedjowadi. "Community-based forest management in the forest District of Kediri: cultivation of pineapple and turmeric under forest stands." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 917, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/917/1/012002.

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Abstract Community-based forest management (CBFM) is a forest management system that is carried out by communities and forest companies with a mutual benefit principle.One of them is to bring benefits to the community from the plants cultivated. Each combination of plants yields a different income.The research aims (a) to calculate the profit of pineapple and turmeric cultivation under forest stands in the Forest District of Kediri, (b) to calculate the profit sharing between communities and companies, and (c) the value of forest product fees of pineapple and turmeric. Data were collected through observation and interviews and employ benefit-cost analysis. Shared profit was calculated based on cooperation agreements and the fee was calculated based on the prevailing tariff. The results of the study showed (1) the profit of the pineapple business was IDR 18,800,000 per ha per season, of which IDR 12,635,000 was for the community, IDR 5,415,000 was for the company’s profit share IDR 750,000 was for forest product fees. (2) the profit of the turmeric business was IDR 13.600.000 per ha per season, of which IDR 9,205,000 was for the community, IDR 3,945,000 was for the company profit share, and IDR 450,000 was for forest product fees.

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Marwa, Jonni, Mustofa Agung Sardjono, Afif Ruchaemi, Simon Devung, and Reinardus Liborius Cabuy. "Benefit Sharing Schema from the Forest: Identifying Potential Distributions to Customary Communities in Teluk Bintuni District, Indonesia." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 4 (2019): 963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967040963.

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This study identifies the benefits that traditional communities receive from the tropical rain forest in New Guinea, Indonesia. In this study, various benefit sharing schema developed by forest concession holder are assessed to understand the precise outcome compared to traditional welfare solutions. It further aims to identify benefit sharing schemas applied by concession investors in the forest sector and assesses these schema based on equitable principles. A questionnaire and semi‑structured interviews were used to collect data from traditional communities, concession holders, and the government. Interviews and field observations were randomly conducted and then analyzed for both quantitative and qualitative descriptions. The results indicate that there were five benefits sharing schemas i.e., those based on financial schema, based on the market, based on infrastructure, based on social management, and based on the transfer of knowledge and technology. Overall, all the schemas that were developed did not fulfil the same criteria. However, there were only two schemas that were considered to be equal and efficient: the financial based‑schema and infrastructure based‑schema. This is indicated by the larger number of criteria and requirements that they fulfil. Yet, all the schemas still present various conflicts either between customary communities and the government or between the communities and investors.

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Morgan, Edward A., Andrew Buckwell, Caterina Guidi, Beatriz Garcia, Lawrence Rimmer, Tim Cadman, and Brendan Mackey. "Capturing multiple forest ecosystem services for just benefit sharing: The Basket of Benefits Approach." Ecosystem Services 55 (June 2022): 101421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2022.101421.

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Makame, Makame Kitwana, and Emmanuel Kwesi Boon. "Sustainable Tourism and Benefit-Sharing in Zanzibar: The Case of Kiwengwa-Pongwe Forest Reserve." Journal of Human Ecology 24, no. 2 (October 2008): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2008.11906105.

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Buse, L. J., R. G. Wagner, and B. Perrin. "Public attitudes towards forest herbicide use and the implications for public involvement." Forestry Chronicle 71, no. 5 (October 1, 1995): 596–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71596-5.

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Public opposition to herbicide use in forest vegetation management has been an important issue for forest managers for more than a decade. Despite severe restrictions or elimination of herbicide use in many regions of North America, there have been limited attempts to understand public concerns and develop approaches for gaining public support of forest vegetation management programs. A three-part study was conducted in Ontario consisting of a comprehensive literature review of the herbicide issue, guided discussions with 12 focus groups, and development of a strategy for public involvement. A strategy for public involvement on forest vegetation management issues is proposed that includes: 1) information sharing, 2) resource sharing, 3) cooperative planning, and 4) collaborative action. Many of the ideas are applicable to other areas of natural resource management. Key words: public involvement, herbicides, forest vegetation management

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Thammanu, Siriluck, Hee Han, E. M. B. P. Ekanayake, Yoonkoo Jung, and Joosang Chung. "The Impact on Ecosystem Services and the Satisfaction Therewith of Community Forest Management in Northern Thailand." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 13474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313474.

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Forest ecosystems provide myriad services that are beneficial to local livelihoods. Successful community forest management (CFM) enhances the provision, overall benefit, and effectiveness of the regulation of ecosystem services and contributes to forest conservation efforts. The study area was a deciduous forest in the Ban Mae Chiang Rai Lum Community Forest, which is located in Pa Mae Phrik National Forest Reserve in Thailand’s northern province of Lampang. A systematic sampling of the forest area was conducted, and survey plots were established. A field survey documented 197 plant species from 62 families. A questionnaire that focused on CFM engagement behavior and ecosystem service satisfaction levels was used to interview household representatives. The study found that levels of engagement and the effectiveness of forest management were directly related; increased CFM effectiveness leads to improved ecosystem services. Participation in CFM can improve ecosystem services and enhance livelihoods. Specifically, participation in decision making, forest fire management, check dam construction, benefit sharing, and in forming effective forest regulations positively impacted ecosystem services. In contrast, employing forest patrols adversely affected those services. This knowledge is useful for identifying policies and practices that can maximize ecosystem services to enhance livelihoods and safeguard the forest’s vitality.

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Shen, Bingqing, Jingzhi Guo, and Yilong Yang. "MedChain: Efficient Healthcare Data Sharing via Blockchain." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 22, 2019): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061207.

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Healthcare information exchange is an important research topic, which can benefit both healthcare providers and patients. In healthcare data sharing, many cloud-based solutions have been proposed, but the trustworthiness of a third-party cloud service is questionable. Recently, blockchain has been introduced in healthcare record sharing, which does not rely on trusting a third party. However, existing approaches only focus on the records collected from medical examination. They are not efficient in sharing data streams continuously generated from sensors and other monitoring devices. Today, IoT devices have been widely deployed and sensors and mobile applications can monitor patients’ body conditions. The collected data are shared to laboratories and institutions for diagnosis and further study. Moreover, existing approaches are too rigid to efficiently support metadata change. In this paper, an efficient data-sharing scheme is proposed, called MedChain, which combines blockchain, digest chain, and structured P2P network techniques to overcome the above efficiency issues in the existing approaches for sharing both types of healthcare data. Based on MedChain, a session-based healthcare data-sharing scheme is devised, which brings flexibility in data sharing. The evaluation results show that MedChain can achieve higher efficiency and satisfy the security requirements in data sharing.

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LOFT, LASSE, THUY THU PHAM, GRACE YEE WONG, MARIA BROCKHAUS, DUNG NGOC LE, JANUARTI SINARRA TJAJADI, and CECILIA LUTTRELL. "Risks to REDD+: potential pitfalls for policy design and implementation." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 1 (November 2, 2016): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892916000412.

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SUMMARYInternational negotiations for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+) under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were finally concluded in 2015. However, due to the complex design and implementation processes of REDD+ policies and measures, including benefit sharing at national and subnational levels, several challenges exist for sustainably reducing emissions while simultaneously managing the provision of social and environmental side-objectives. We review the realities of REDD+ implementation in 13 REDD+ candidate countries and the risks related to REDD+ policies and benefit sharing based upon a synthesis of the findings presented in ‘country profiles’ that were developed between 2009 and 2013 as part of the Center for International Forestry Research's (CIFOR) Global Comparative Study on REDD+. We find that REDD+ policies in all countries studied are at high risk of ineffectiveness, inequity and inefficiency. By classifying these risks and understanding not only their impacts on different stakeholder groups, but also the consequences for achieving specific objectives, countries can identify solutions in order to address these shortcomings in their implementation of REDD+.

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Tshidzumba, Ratsodo Phillip, Paxie W. Chirwa, and Folaranmi D. Babalola. "Communities’ perceptions of benefit-sharing mechanisms for forest-based land reform models in South Africa." Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science 80, no. 4 (June 11, 2018): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2018.1463190.

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Wong, Grace Yee, Lasse Loft, Maria Brockhaus, Anastasia Lucy Yang, Thu Thuy Pham, Samuel Assembe-Mvondo, and Cecilia Luttrell. "An Assessment Framework for Benefit Sharing Mechanisms to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation within a Forest Policy Mix." Environmental Policy and Governance 27, no. 5 (September 2017): 436–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.1771.

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Barizah, Nurul. "REVIEWING INTERNATIONAL PATENT POLICY ON BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INVENTIONS AND THE ADEQUACY OF EQUITABLE BENEFIT SHARING PRINCIPLE." UUM Journal of Legal Studies 11 (July 31, 2020): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/uumjls.11.2.2020.8696.

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The purpose of this study is to review international patent policy related to biotechnological inventions, particularly from the Venetian Patent Law to the TRIPs Agreement. It closely examines whether such inventions fulfill the patentability thresholds and analyses the reason why such patents are regarded as having the potential to cause facility misappropriation of biodiversity, which is considered unfair. The most important part of this study is the adequacy analysis of the principles of equitable benefit sharing of the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), including disclosure requirements and prior informed consent (PIC), to prevent misappropriation of biological resources in this era of fourth industrial revolution. This study is based on normative legal research method and uses primary and secondary legal resources. The analysis conducted for this study employed several approaches, which are: statute, conceptual, and historical approaches. This study found that patent protection for biotechnological inventions has received justification since the Paris Convention. However, the current international patent policy has a potential to facilitate misappropriation of biodiversity and it is regarded as unfair. On the other hand, equitable benefit sharing principle is still inadequate in dealing with such misappropriation. It advises the requirement of mandatory disclosure of origin to be regulated under national law as a legal basis for implementing equitable benefit sharing principle.

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Ruder, Sebastian, Joachim Bingel, Isabelle Augenstein, and Anders Søgaard. "Latent Multi-Task Architecture Learning." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 4822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014822.

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Multi-task learning (MTL) allows deep neural networks to learn from related tasks by sharing parameters with other networks. In practice, however, MTL involves searching an enormous space of possible parameter sharing architectures to find (a) the layers or subspaces that benefit from sharing, (b) the appropriate amount of sharing, and (c) the appropriate relative weights of the different task losses. Recent work has addressed each of the above problems in isolation. In this work we present an approach that learns a latent multi-task architecture that jointly addresses (a)–(c). We present experiments on synthetic data and data from OntoNotes 5.0, including four different tasks and seven different domains. Our extension consistently outperforms previous approaches to learning latent architectures for multi-task problems and achieves up to 15% average error reductions over common approaches to MTL.

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NEUDERT, REGINA, JÖRG U. GANZHORN, and FRANK WÄTZOLD. "Global benefits and local costs – The dilemma of tropical forest conservation: A review of the situation in Madagascar." Environmental Conservation 44, no. 1 (December 29, 2016): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892916000552.

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SUMMARYDeforestation is one of the most important conservation problems in tropical developing countries, even though cost–benefit analyses consistently show that forest conservation is economically beneficial. In Madagascar, deforestation continues at alarming rates despite numerous initiatives of international donors to increase incentives for local households to support forest conservation. In this literature review, we contrast cost–benefit analyses for forest conservation with: (1) the actual burdens and (2) the actual gains of forest conservation for rural households, generated mainly in the context of conservation projects. We show that approaches to generating direct benefits deliver less value than expected for rural communities; the benefit transfer mechanisms are insufficient as the majority of benefits are captured by other stakeholders, and increased benefit transfer is limited by structural and institutional limitations in local communities, valuation chains and in terms of governance failure at higher levels.

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Guerra, Raissa, and Paulo Moutinho. "Challenges of Sharing REDD+ Benefits in the Amazon Region." Forests 11, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11091012.

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The success of jurisdictional reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) initiatives is entirely dependent on how the REDD+ benefits are distributed among the stakeholders seeking to preserve the native vegetation and is considered one of the main challenges of REDD+. Among the existing benefit-sharing options, the adoption of the stock-and-flow approach to share REDD+ benefits has afforded fair jurisdictional systems in the states of Acre and Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon. This innovative perspective is also the dividing line between inequitable and socially balanced jurisdictional REDD+ initiatives. However, these jurisdictions present challenges to fully implementing a robust benefit-sharing mechanism including the stock-and-flow approach and guaranteeing that resources will be accessible to the relevant beneficiaries. To better understand these challenges, we applied the Options Assessment Framework (OAF), a methodology proposed by the World Bank to evaluate the capacity to implement an effective benefit-sharing mechanism for REDD+, in Acre and Mato Grosso. The results indicated that these jurisdictions need to strengthen their conditions to guarantee the multi-faceted functionality of this mechanism and determine what aspects need more attention and where resources should be invested. Additionally, the results indicated that an equitable benefit-sharing mechanism is, by far, the main challenge faced by jurisdictions. Despite being a more evolved state in its REDD+ policies, Acre still needs to improve its institutional capacities, particularly in its local civil society organizations, to help communities access these benefits. The state of Mato Grosso, on the other hand, is still engaging in its REDD+ initiative and needs its institutional capacities to further mature to better organize its monitoring mechanisms and governance.

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Kashwan, Prakash. "Forest Policy, Institutions, and REDD+ in India, Tanzania, and Mexico." Global Environmental Politics 15, no. 3 (August 2015): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00313.

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This article investigates forest policies and institutions surrounding REDD+ in three heavily forested countries: India, Tanzania, and Mexico. The comparative analysis leads to three key insights. First, each of the case study countries has multiple land tenure statutes that result in different distributions of the costs and benefits of forest protection for key stakeholders. Second, land tenure regimes that offer local communities the most secure forest rights are not necessarily those associated with benefit-sharing mechanisms outlined in national REDD+ policy proposals. Third, a credible commitment by government to share REDD+ benefits with forest-dependent people is contingent on the interests of key actors involved in the policy process. Political and administrative structures that limit the power and authority of forest government bodies lead to more responsive and accountable policy outcomes.

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Soliev, Ilkhom, Insa Theesfeld, Eileen Abert, and Wiebke Schramm. "Benefit sharing and conflict transformation: Insights for and from REDD+ forest governance in sub-Saharan Africa." Forest Policy and Economics 133 (December 2021): 102623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2021.102623.

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Mitchell, A. K., and C. Lee. "The Forest Ecosystem Research Network of Sites (FERNS)." Forestry Chronicle 75, no. 3 (June 1, 1999): 481–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc75481-3.

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The Canadian Forest Service (CFS) has organized a National Forest Ecosystem Research Network of Sites (FERNS). These sites are focussed on the study of sustainable forest management practices and ecosystem processes at the stand level. Network objectives are to promote this research nationally and internationally, provide linkages among sites, preserve the long-term research investments already made on these sites and provide a forum for information exchange and data sharing. The 17 individual sites are representative of six ecozones across Canada and address the common issue of silvicultural solutions to problems of sustainable forest management. While the CFS coordinates and promotes FERNS, the network consists of local autonomous partners nationwide who benefit from the FERNS affiliation through increased publicity for their sites. Key words: long-term, silviculture, network, interdisciplinary, ecozone, ecosystem processes

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Waridin, Waridin, Rizky Karunia Dhea Safira, Indah Susilowati, Kesi Wijajanti, and Evi Yulia Purwanti. "Economic Evaluation on the Application of Collaborative Forest Management (CFM)." Economics Development Analysis Journal 8, no. 4 (January 23, 2020): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v8i4.36124.

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This study aims to analyze the collaborative forest management as well as the economic benefits obtained by forest village communities through intercropping of maize plants and cattle productive business. 80 respondents were selected through non probability sampling techniques with saturated sample methods. The research data was collected by conducting observations, in-depth interviews and distributing questionnaires to respondents and key informants. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis with quantitative methods consisting of income analysis, R/C ratio, co-management analysis and stakeholder analysis and productive business of cattle. The results show that the economic benefit of maize cropping obtained by Sumberejo village and Padaan Village has given them profit with an R/C ratio of 1.4 and 1.7. For cattle productive business, Sumberejo Village has gotten a profit with the R/C ratio over the total cost of 1.07 and Padaan Village has an R/C ratio of 1.00 (Break Even Point). Through the Mann Whitney statistical test there are differences in income between the sharing forest village (Sumberejo Village) and the non-sharing forest village (Padaan Village). Cattle productive businesses are found to have no difference in income values. Collaborative based forest management at the research location through the concept of co management analysis showed good results with a total score of 3.5 (close to 4). A co management approach is needed for better future forest management.

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Harshaw, H. W. "Public participation in British Columbia forest management." Forestry Chronicle 86, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 697–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc86697-6.

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Conceptions and challenges of public participation in British Columbia are reviewed to identify those characteristicsof planning processes that serve to benefit or constrain the interests and needs of public stakeholders. Perspectives onpublic participation, including representative and participatory democracies, and approaches to incorporating publicperspectives in decision-making (i.e., shared decision-making, consensus-building, and interest-based negotiation) arepresented to demonstrate the different approaches (and their benefits and challenges) available for providing opportunitiesfor public participation. Lessons from other natural resource management contexts are distilled and used to evaluatethe BC context. Three principal forest planning and management frameworks (the Commission on Resources and theEnvironment, Land and Resource Management Plans, and sustainable forest management certification) are examinedin light of whether meaningful opportunities for public participation were provided.Key words: public participation, British Columbia, Commission on Resources and the Environment, Land and ResourceManagement Plans, sustainable forest management certification

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Balderas Torres, Arturo, and Margaret Skutsch. "Splitting the Difference: A Proposal for Benefit Sharing in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)." Forests 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2012): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f3010137.

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Khatun, Kaysara, Nicole Gross-Camp, Esteve Corbera, Adrian Martin, Steve Ball, and Glory Massao. "When Participatory Forest Management makes money: insights from Tanzania on governance, benefit sharing, and implications for REDD+." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 47, no. 10 (August 5, 2015): 2097–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x15595899.

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Ota, Masahiko, Misa Masuda, and Yukako Tani. "The Institutional Design and Effectiveness of Timber Benefit Sharing under Joint Forest Management in Madhya Pradesh, India." Small-scale Forestry 12, no. 2 (April 10, 2012): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11842-012-9208-0.

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McGregor, Deborah. "Indigenous knowledge in sustainable forest management: Community-based approaches achieve greater success." Forestry Chronicle 78, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc78833-6.

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Forests continue to play a critical part in the spiritual and cultural life of Aboriginal people. In turn, Aboriginal people are striving to revitalize their role in maintaining a healthy relationship with these ecosystems. In Canada, the past two centuries have seen Aboriginal people largely excluded from forest management activities. This has begun to gradually change due to ongoing Aboriginal efforts in the courts as well as to national and international recognition of the potential contribution of Indigenous Knowledge to sustainable forest management. Such change is bringing about new opportunities for the meaningful involvement of Aboriginal people and Indigenous Knowledge in sustainable forest management activities. The increasing participation of Aboriginal people in sustainable forest management is both called for and reflected in various forest policies, practices and programs in Canada. While this represents a positive development, the degree and type of Aboriginal involvement called for have thus far generally been unsatisfactory from an Aboriginal perspective. Interviews conducted with both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants in Ontario's new forest management planning process indicate that this recently developed process has nonetheless yielded some hopeful results in terms of Aboriginal involvement in certain instances. It was found that both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal interview respondents most often described the Aboriginal consultation process to be a success where control over the nature and methods of sharing of information was relinquished to the participating Aboriginal communities. Contexts and implications of these findings are briefly discussed. Key words: Traditional ecological knowledge, native values mapping, Aboriginal forestry, sustainable communities

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Gotame, Bharat. "Sustainable Resin Collection and trade Practices in Mid Hills of Nepal." Initiation 5 (April 19, 2014): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10262.

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Non Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in mountains are one of the enormously valued ecosystem services due to their contribution to the livelihood of people. Pine resin is one of the viable NTFP in middle mountain of Nepal which is tapped from Pinus roxbhurghii tree and can be used in paints, varnishes, stimulant, anti-spasmodic, astringent, diuretic and anti-pathogenic and so on. This piece of work is an attempt to review the current status of pine resin collection enterprise in Nepalese Community Forests and its contribution to the livelihood of Community forest users in mid-hill region. Typically, existing legislations and guidelines have high potential to endure the sustainable livelihood promotion by resin tapping enterprise but the endeavors of revitalizing the financial benefit sharing and governance system is still far. The valued contribution of resin enterprise to sustainable livelihood of users is not impossible but it needs greater effort of all stakeholders. For example, partial intervention to market, involvement of poorer households, improve the local and regional governance and so on. Participatory monitoring of collection work and proper enforcement of sustainable harvesting procedure both have to be improved in state of arts that could finally recognize the rational benefit sharing mechanism among various value chain actors from collector to international traders which is indispensable. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/init.v5i0.10262 The Initiation 2013 Vol.5; 128-137

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Oliva, Jonàs, Miguel Ángel Redondo, and Jan Stenlid. "Functional Ecology of Forest Disease." Annual Review of Phytopathology 58, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 343–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-050028.

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Global change is pressing forest pathologists to solve increasingly complex problems. We argue that understanding interactive effects between forest pathogens and global warming, globalization, and land-use changes may benefit from a functional ecology mindset. Traits can be more informative about ecological functions than species inventories and may deliver a more mechanistic description of forest disease. Myriad microbes with pathogenic potential interact with forest ecosystems at different organizational levels. Elucidation of functional traits may enable the microbial complexity to be reduced into manageable categories with predictive power. In this review, we propose guidelines that allow the research community to develop a functional forest pathology approach. We suggest new angles by which functional questions can be used to resolve burning issues on tree disease. Building up functional databases for pathogenicity is key to implementing these approaches.

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Eskerod, Pernille, and Eva Riis. "Value Creation by Building an Intraorganizational Common Frame of Reference concerning Project Management." Project Management Journal 40, no. 3 (September 2009): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20123.

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In this article, we suggest that organizations should not focus on selecting between various project management approaches, tools, or behaviors. Instead, we claim that the real benefit from project management implementations comes from the mere creation of a common frame of reference. Based on four case studies, we identify elements that enhance such a common frame of reference: (1) a common project management model, (2) common project management training, (3) common project management examinations/certifications, and (4) activities for knowledge sharing. Values created, especially when the application of the elements was mandatory, were better communication, better customer satisfaction, and easier knowledge sharing.

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Sherpa, Doma Tshering, and Ann Brower. "Equity in Sharing the Potential Benefits of REDD+ in." Journal of Forest and Livelihood 13, no. 1 (July 27, 2016): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v13i1.15363.

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Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) is an incentive based climate change mitigation measure that focuses on reducing carbon emissions by rewarding communities’ efforts in the conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of carbon stocks. Assuming REDD+ revenues are generated, there is a question about how the benefits should be distributed. This paper uses the 3Es (Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity) criteria in sharing the benefits of REDD+ to examine a case study in one of Nepal’s REDD+ pilot projects implemented in community forests. While concerns about equity in REDD+ are getting attention worldwide, the literature is not clear on which principle of 3Es should be given priority to achieve overall effectiveness in reducing the carbon emissions. Our research finds that equity should be prioritised to achieve efficiency and effectiveness of REDD+. Further, we find distributive equity to be the most important. Distributive equity is understood in three different ways in Nepal: rights, needs, and performance. But there is a debate on which equity should be given priority. The issues of needs vs. performance in determining what is equitable should be solved by the formulation of guidelines for how benefits should be shared at two levels in Nepal. First, the vertical distribution of benefits should be based on the ownership of carbon benefits and performance criteria. Second, at the community level, the community itself should determine the form of horizontal benefit-distribution, based on its definition of needs.Journal of Forest and Livelihood 13(1) May, 2015, Page : 20-29

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Korhonen, Jaana, Alexandru Giurca, Maria Brockhaus, and Anne Toppinen. "Actors and Politics in Finland’s Forest-Based Bioeconomy Network." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 3785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103785.

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To foster innovativeness for supporting (forest-based) bioeconomy development, participation in decision-making and interaction between diverse actors become a necessary precondition for designing and implementing transition policies. However, who forms the emerging policy networks, and which policy beliefs are promoted? Based on data from a national online survey, we performed a quantitative social network analysis to investigate emerging social structures and policy beliefs in the context of the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy. Our explorative analysis shows that research, governmental, and industrial organizations mainly constitute the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy network. Actors primarily exchange information, and most key organizations report high levels of trust among each other. However, the network structure is rather closed. This raises concerns about equal benefit sharing and the inclusiveness of concerned actors. We discuss the implication of this network structure for enabling new innovations. Finally, we present the key aspects and drivers of “business as usual”, and suggest an option for or a more transformative change in the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy.

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Clarke, Fiona J., Yasuhiro Kotera, and Kirsten McEwan. "A Qualitative Study Comparing Mindfulness and Shinrin-Yoku (Forest Bathing): Practitioners’ Perspectives." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126761.

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The boundary between mindfulness and forest bathing, two conceptually related therapies, is unclear. Accordingly, this study reports the strengths and challenges, similarities and differences, and barriers and facilitators for both. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven trained and experienced practitioners of both mindfulness and forest bathing. Reflexive thematic analysis revealed four main themes: (i) differences between the approaches; (ii) the benefits of forest bathing; (iii) biophilia through forest bathing; and (iv) inward versus outward attentional focus as a distinction between the approaches. Both practices were found to benefit well-being, but practitioners revealed key barriers to mindfulness. For vulnerable groups experiencing mental health challenges or difficulties achieving a meditative state, mindfulness may introduce well-being risks. By offering a gentler, more intuitive approach that encourages outward attentional focus, forest bathing was found to overcome this barrier. Forest bathing is suitable for all groups, but adaptations are recommended for those expressing fear or discomfort in forested environments. The findings inform how to position both approaches in practice, as a first step towards social prescribing recommendations. Wider implications concern forest bathing’s potential to impact environmental well-being. Future research must garner comparative data, involve young people, and explore the feasibility of a forest bathing social prescription.

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Ghimire, Pramod, and Uchita Lamichhane. "Community Based Forest Management in Nepal: Current Status, Successes and Challenges." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 3, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.03022.

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Community based forest management in Nepal has been widely acclaimed as the most successful approach for participatory forest management and its governance. So far, about 2,831,707 hectares of forests of Nepal have been managed under the regime of community-based forest management. During four decades of its implementation, the program has undergone a considerable shift from state dominated top-down approach to community-based participatory approach to forest management through organizational and policy reform in Nepal. The success of community-based forest management approach is described in terms of improving the supply of forest products, generating green employment, improving rural livelihood, empowering women, poor and disadvantage groups, rehabilitating degraded land and habitat and also increasing biodiversity. Yet, community-based forest management approach continues to face some organizational and policy challenges during its implementation, and this cannot be overlooked. Social exclusion, inequitable benefit sharing, elite dominance in decision making are the major challenges that are to be resolved in the years to come. Furthermore, this paper intends to illustrate the lessons learnt and the current challenges in making the decentralized forest governance more successful in the changing context.

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San, S. M., Y. O. Adam, and J. Pretzsch. "A comparative institutional analysis of two community forests managed under different governance structures in the dry zone area of Myanmar." International Forestry Review 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 90–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/146554821832140367.

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The study focuses on the importance of institutional factors for the different governance structures of community forestry in Myanmar. The village forest management (VFM) model and sub-village forest management (SVFM) model were characterised using the Institutional Analysis and Development framework of Ostrom (2011) and analysed for how the governance structures influenced the action situation (actors and actions related to management) and the outcomes. The VFM model, despite its bigger group size and smaller forest area, performed better than the SVFM model due to its well-established local institutional arrangements. The inclusion of all villagers in collective actions and equitable benefit sharing in the VFM model reduced conflicts and improved outcomes. In contrast, individual utilisation of community forest patches by only small number of user group members in the SVFM model, in combination with unclear social and physical boundary rules, reduced its sustainability. Further research relating to the governance models as well as other factors is recommended.

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Fui, Lim Hin, Norini Haron, Norshakila Yusof, Intan Nurulhani Baharuddin, Nik Musaadah Mustapha, Tan Ai Lee, Nurul Husna Zaidi, Fadzureena Jamaludin, and Mastura Mohtar. "Documenting Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge of Medicinal Plants in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Approach." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 3, no. 1 (May 4, 2015): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v3i1.693.

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Before United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) 1993, documentation of traditional forest related knowledge on medicinal plants did not consider much the issue of sustainable development and sharing of benefits with knowledge holders. While some academicians obtained their higher degrees from research on local knowledge, the indigenous and local communities providing the knowledge gained little. With the signing of CBD, countries have taken efforts to document the traditional knowledge to achieve CBD’s triple objective on conserving biological diversity, using natural resources sustainably and fairly and equitably sharing benefits deriving from the use of genetic resources. As a party to CBD, Malaysian government implemented a traditional knowledge (TK) documentation project on medicinal and aromatic plants of the aborigines (Orang Asli) in Peninsular Malaysia since 2007. In line with CBD and Malaysia’s National Policy on Biological Diversity (1998), the process of TK documentation among 15 Orang Asli sub-ethnic groups involved a comprehensive approach. A wide range of activities were carried out, namely conducting rapid rural appraisal, holding workshop on awareness raising, obtaining prior informed consent, carrying out socio-economic household survey, capacity building on documentation among the Orang Asli communities, database development, lab analysis of selected potential medicinal plants, developing prototype products and development of benefit sharing mechanism. Malaysia’s comprehensive model of TK documentation has attracted national and world attention. In 2013-2014, FRIM receives funding to conduct TK related R&D and training projects from (a) the Ministry of Agriculture (RM5.56 million), (b) international Islamic Development Bank (US$30,000), (c) United Nations Development Program and Global Environment Fund (US$533,000), and (d) Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions (APAFRI) (US$1,500).

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Lee, Dong-Ho, Dong-Hwan Kim, and Seong-il Kim. "The Investment and Benefit Sharing Characteristics of Forest Carbon Projects in the International and Domestic Voluntary Carbon Markets." Journal of Environmental Policy and Administration 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15301/jepa.2015.23.4.1.

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Kang, So-Yeon, Ge Bai, Michael J. DiStefano, Mariana P. Socal, Farah Yehia, and Gerard F. Anderson. "Comparative Approaches to Drug Pricing." Annual Review of Public Health 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094305.

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The United States relies primarily on market forces to determine prices for drugs, whereas most other industrialized countries use a variety of approaches to determine drug prices. Branded drug companies have patents and market exclusivity periods in most industrialized countries. During this period, pharmaceutical companies are allowed to set their list price as high as they prefer in the United States owing to the absence of government price control mechanisms that exist in other countries. Insured patients often pay a percentage of the list price, and cost sharing creates some pressure to lower the list price. Pharmacy benefit managers negotiate with drug companies for lower prices by offering the drug company favorable formulary placement and fewer utilization controls. However, these approaches appear to be less effective, compared with other countries’ approaches to containing branded drug prices, because prices are substantially higher in the United States. Other industrialized countries employ various forms of rate setting and price regulation, such as external reference pricing, therapeutic valuation, and health technology assessment to determine the appropriate price.

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Sherpa, Doma Tshering. "Using the “3Es” Method to Evaluate REDD+ Project in Nepal." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000679.

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This case demonstrates the utility of the 3Es (effectiveness, efficiency, and equity) in examining Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) project in Nepal. REDD+ offers results-based payments for conserving and managing forests sustainably and enhancing forest carbon stocks. This will benefit communities’ efforts to conserve forest resources and prevent deforestation; conserving integrity of forests in turn benefits the global carbon budget. This case uses the 3Es to examine one case in Nepal of distributing the REDD+ funds among local participants. Of the 3Es, equity is getting attention worldwide but there is still debate on which principle of 3Es should be given priority to achieve overall effectiveness of REDD+. This case finds that equity is a fundamental requirement to achieve the other Es (efficiency and effectiveness) in REDD+ implementation. Further, I find that distributive equity is the most important and understood in three different ways in Nepal: rights, needs, and performance. There is an argument between communities and experts on which equity should be given priority. I recommend that the issue of needs based equity vs. performance-based equity should be solved by formation of guidelines of sharing benefits at two levels. First, the benefit distribution from international sources/markets to community forest user groups should be based on the ownership of carbon and performance of communities participating in REDD+. Second, at community level, communities should decide on the form of benefit distribution according to their needs. The primacy of equity in this case will likely find international echoes in other environmental policies and in other countries.

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