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1
Abugan, Eddie B. "Community-based forest management : prospects and difficulties in the Philippines /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17930.pdf.
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2
He, Jizheng, and n/a. "Molecular Biological Studies of Soil Microbial Communities Under Different Management Practices in Forest Ecosystems of Queensland." Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060309.095702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil microorganisms play important roles in maintaining soil quality and ecosystem health. Development of effective methods for studying the composition, diversity, and behavior of microorganisms in soil habitats is essential for a broader understanding of soil quality. Forest management strategies and practices are of vital significance for sustainable forest production. How the different forest management measures will influence soil microbial communities is a widespread concern of forest industry and scientific communities. Only a small proportion (~0.1%) of the bacteria from natural habitats can be cultured on laboratory growth media. Direct extraction of whole-community DNA from soil, followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other analysis circumvents the problems of the culture-dependent methods and may shed light on a broader range of microbial communities in the soil. DNA-based molecular methods rely on high quality soil microbial DNA as template, and thus extraction of good quality DNA from soil samples has been a challenge because of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the soil matrix. The objectives of this research were to establish a set of DNA-based molecular methods and to apply them to investigate forest soil microbial composition and diversity. Soil samples were collected from different forest ecosystems, i.e., the natural forest (YNF) and the first rotation (~ 50 years) (Y1R) and the second rotation (~ 1 year) (Y2R) of hoop pine plantations at Yarraman, and from different forest residue management practices (the experiments had established 6.4 years before the samples were collected) at Gympie, two long-term experimental sites of the Queensland Department of Primary Industry-Forestry in subtropical Queensland, Australia. Some DNA-based molecular techniques, including DNA extraction and purification, PCR amplification, DNA screening, cloning, sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, were explored using Yarraman soil samples, which were high in organic matter, clay and iron oxide contents. A set of methods was assembled based on the recommendations of the method development experiments and applied to the investigations of the microbial composition and diversity of the Yarraman and Gympie soil samples. Four soil DNA extraction methods, including the Zhou method (Zhou et al., 1996), the Holben method (Holben, 1994), the UltraClean (Mo Bio) and FastDNA (Bio 101) soil DNA extraction kits, were explored. It was necessary to modify these methods for Yarraman soil. I designed and introduced a pre-lysis buffer washing step, to partially remove soil humic substances and promote soil dispersion. This modification greatly improved the quality of the extracted DNA, decreasing co-extracted humic substances by 31% and increasing DNA yield by 24%. The improved Holben method was recommended for fungal community studies, and the improved Zhou method for bacterial community studies. The extracted DNA was good in quality, with a consistent size of ~20 kb and a yield of 48-87 g g-1 soil, and could be successfully used for 16S (Zhou method) and 18S (Holben method) rDNA amplifications. For less difficult environmental samples, UltraClean kits could be a good option, because they are simple and fast and the extracted DNA are also of good quality. Screening of the DNA PCR products using TGGE, Heteroduplex-TGGE and SSCP was also explored. These methods were not so effective for the screening of the soil DNA PCR products, owing to the difficulty in interpretation of the results. Cloning was a necessary step to obtain a single sequence at species level in soil microbial community studies. The screening of the clone library by TGGE, Heteroduplex-TGGE and SSCP could only separate the clones into several major bands, although SSCP gave better separation. Sequencing of selected clones directly from the clone library obtained ultimate results of microbial taxonomic composition and diversity through well-established sequence analysis software packages and the databases. It was recommended that, in this project with the target of microbial community composition and diversity, soil DNA PCR products were directly cloned to construct clone libraries and a sample of clones were sequenced to achieve an estimate of the taxonomic composition of the soil. Fungal communities of the Yarraman soil samples under the natural forest (YNF) and the hoop pine plantations (YHP) were investigated using 18S rDNA based cloning and sequencing approaches. Twenty-eight clone sequences were obtained and analysed. Three fungal orders, i.e., Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were detected from the YNF and YHP samples. By contrast, culture-based analyses of fungi in the literature were mostly Ascomycetes. YNF appeared to have more Ascomycota but less Zygomycota than YHP, and within the Zygomycota order, YHP had more unidentified species than YNF. Bacterial communities of Yarraman soil samples of YNF, Y1R and Y2R were investigated using 16S rDNA-based cloning and sequencing approaches. 305 16S rDNA clone sequences were analysed and showed an overall bacterial community composition of Unclassified bacteria (34.4%), Proteobacteria (22.0%), Verrucomicrobia (15.7%), Acidobacteria (10.2%), Chloroflexi (6.9%), Gemmatimonadetes (5.6%), and Actinobacteria (5.2%). There was a significant difference among YNF, Y1R and Y2R in the taxonomic group composition. YNF had a greater proportion of Acidobacteria (18.0%), Verrucomicrobia (23.0%) and Chloroflexi (9.0%) than Y1R and Y2R (corresponding to 6.3%, 12.1% and 5.9%, respectively), while Y1R and Y2R had a higher percentage of the Unclassified group (38.5% for Y1R and 46.5% for Y2R) than YNF (18.0%). For the Proteobacteria group, YNF had more Alpha-subdivision but Y1R and Y2R had more Delta-subdivision. From YNF to Y1R to Y2R, the clone sequence variable site ratios, 5% and 10% OTU numbers and Shannon's diversity index H' values tended to decrease, indicating the soil bacterial diversity decreased from the natural forest to the first and the second rotation hoop pine plantations. The large amount of unclassified clone sequences could imply a novel group of bacteria in the soil, particularly in the hoop pine soil samples. Alternatively they may result from artefacts during the PCR process. Bacterial communities of the Gympie soil under different residue management practices, i.e., residue (litter plus logging residue) removed (G0R), residue retained (G1R), and residue doubled (G2R), were also investigated using the 16S rDNA-based cloning and sequencing approaches. Acidobacteria (37.6%) and Proteobacteria (35.6%, including Alpha-subdivision of 29.9% and Gamma-subdivision of 5.7%) were dominant components of the communities, followed by Actinobacteria (14.7%), Verrucomicrobia (7.3%) and Unclassified bacteria. There was no significant difference among G0R, G1R and G2R in the bacterial community compositions and diversity. These findings provided an in-depth vision of the soil microbial communities under different forest management practices. Their combination with other soil analysis results, such as physical and chemical properties, and forest production data, could provide an improved understanding of sustainable forest management strategies.
3
Kelly, Dana. "Power and participation : participatory resource management in south-west Queensland /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20060912.165641/index.html.
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4
Hayama, Atsuko. "Land Use Transformation in tne Philippine Uplands : Rethinking of Local Forest Management." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149015.
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5
Majumdar, Indrajit Teeter Lawrence Dale. "Family forest landowner behavior in the Southeast." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Fall/Dissertations/MAJUMDAR_INDRAJIT_51.pdf.
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6
Kelly, Dana, and d. kelly@uq edu au. "Power and participation: participatory resource management in south-west Queensland." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2005. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060912.165641.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To develop a sustainable future for the rangelands, partnerships are needed partnerships between scientists, policy makers, visitors, and most significantly, the various communities of people who live and work in the rangelands. The views of these people are as variable as the country about which they care; rangeland communities are not homogeneous. The power relations between these people are at the base of many conflicts. How we handle the relationships between these groups, and manage these conflicts, are crucial for success in land management.
¶
The first part of this thesis reviews the history of both community participation and power theory. While participatory approaches are part of the rhetoric in Australian land management, proponents are generally naïve about the complexities of power and power relations. The philosophical literature highlights that power is a contested concept; and these divisions are epitomised by the works of Habermas and Foucault. Their writings are compared and contrasted to provide a rich understanding of power relations in community participation.
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Power relations influence whose voices are heard: those who exercise power, and the sets of rules that define what is seen as true or false at any given time in history. Power relations also determine whose knowledge is incorporated in land management policy and practice. The model proposed in this thesis demonstrates that power relations interact with every dimension of community participation: context, goals, scale, stage, who is involved, the capacity of those involved, and the methods used.
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Research was undertaken within agricultural and natural resource management programs and projects in south-west Queensland. A variety of participatory approaches are used by government agencies to encourage grazier participation and the adoption of more sustainable practices, such as Landcare, Bestprac and the regional groups, such as the South West Strategy. While government staff in south-west Queensland purport to share decision-making power with landholders, landholders tend to have different perspectives about the level of power that is being shared.
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One of the key findings of this research is that power is not static within any project. Rather, power is ultradynamic, fluid, and highly dependent on context. In terms of land management programs, the levels of power sharing fluctuate over time and between actors. The micro-physics of power, or the power relations among individuals, are often invisible to, or neglected by, the facilitators of land management programs.
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Government agencies tend to focus on the processes used, and on finding the best participatory methods, rather than on the individuals who implement the process or the individuals who participate. Greater flexibility is needed in approaches to land management; correspondingly, greater responsibility is needed from all individuals who have a stake in it. To find sustainable solutions for the rangelands and its people, all involved in participatory land management projects need to better understand the dynamics of power, so as to manage any negative effects.
7
Sawathvong, Silavanh. "Participatory land management planning in biodiversity conservation areas of Lao PDR /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s267.pdf.
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8
Weir, Michael John Charlesworth. "Ensuring and maintaining data quality in geographical information systems for forest land management." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325336.
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9
Schweiss, Brian. "Landowner attitudes and perceptions of forest and wildlife management in rural northern Missouri." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on November 12, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
10
Naficy, Cameron Edwards. "Changes in forest structure and composition associated with unique land use histories:." [Missoula, Mont.] : The University of Montana, 2008. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-12012008-173306/unrestricted/Naficy_Cameron_Thesis.pdf.
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11
Songoro, Alexander Elias [Verfasser]. "Land scarcity, rural livelihoods and forest management in West Usambara, Tanzania / Alexander Elias Songoro." Gießen : Universitätsbibliothek, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1068589426/34.
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12
Matthews, Bonnie L. C. "Silvicultural Methods for Improving Hardwood Management on Non-Industrial Private Forest land in Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33708.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hardwood management has been discouraged because of long rotations, low stumpage values, expensive treatments, and an undependable market (Bechtold and Phillips 1983). Knowledge gaps on how various biological factors affect hardwood growth also exist. Stand improvement methods attempt to shift growth to desirable stems. Three different hardwood stand improvement treatments were evaluated. A pre-commercial chemical thin occurred in a twelve year old stand in 1990. In 1995, two of the treatments showed a significant increase in dbh over the control. However, the 2004 measurements of the stand did not find any significant differences between treatments. A case study examined paired plots throughout the state of Virginia where the crown touching crop tree release method was applied. In both the Piedmont and Ridge and Valley regions of the state an increase in dbh was observed. Finally, a timber stand improvement study examined different treatments in a 60-80 year old stand, but did not result in any significant increases in volume after three years.
When oaks are harvested or a major disturbance occurs, the number of oaks that regenerates is less than there were previously (Smith 1992). Therefore, oak regeneration is a problem and methods are needed to facilitate oak regeneration (Smith 1992). One method of oak regeneration was examined. Burning five years after a deferment cut did not result in significantly more stems of oak regeneration. Various reductions in basal area also did not result in an increase in oak regeneration under our 60-80 year old timber stand improvement study. These studies attempt to close knowledge gaps in hardwood management and provide useful information for non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners. It is so important to target NIPF landowners because the 350 million acres of timberland they own will play a large part in the future of the United States timber supply (Haynes 2002).Master of Science
13
Huff, Jeffrey Scott. "A Survey of Conservation Easement Restrictions on Private Forest Land to Determine their Effects on Forest Management and Timber Supply." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32906.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conservation easements are increasingly becoming a popular land use control for landowners, government agencies and non-profit conservation organizations. These legal documents restrict a landownerâ s development rights and constrain other property uses. The landowner (grantor) voluntarily places an easement on his or her property, while the government agency or qualified conservation organization (grantee) holds it in perpetuity.
While the Land Trust Allianceâ s (LTA) most recent estimate of easement-protected land amounts to nearly 2.6 million acres in 2000, an estimate of forestland protected is nonexistent. Additionally, no empirical studies address forest management on current easements nationwide, although a few studies address forestry at the state- or regional-level. As a result, this survey was designed to address three goals by sampling 1,527 conservation organizations and 63 state government agencies that may hold conservation easements. The first goal estimates total forestland protected. The second goal determines forestry restrictions commonly found in current easements. The third goal ascertains the impact of easements on forest management and timber supply.
Survey results show that over 536 conservation organizations and 20 state agencies hold over 16,025 conservation easements on 4.9 million acres of all land types. Of these totals, a minimum of 3,598 easements protect over 2.5 million forestland acres. Forest management restrictions tend to vary based on the protected propertyâ s forest resources. The desires of the grantee holding the easement also influence the type and level of forestry restrictions. To date, conservation easement restrictions do not appear to impact timber supply nationally, although local or regional timber supply may be impacted in the future, especially in the Northeast.
Several conclusions offer technical insights on forestland protection by conservation easements. First, grantees should complete a baseline forest inventory prior to placing an easement on a forested property. This inventory provides a basis for drafting effective easement provisions and permits future monitoring. Second, grantees should encourage professionally-written forest management plans on every working forest easement. Third, all conservation organizations need to work cooperatively with government agencies in locating potential conservation lands. GIS/GPS technology helps demonstrate the spatial relationship of conservation easements to other government-protected lands, promoting efficient location of properties that augment other protected lands.
Master of Science
14
Stull, Lauren Blair. "The Equal Access to Justice Act and Federal Land Management: Incentives to Litigate?" Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43910.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increasing use of litigation as a tool to influence land management decisions has been documented within the Forest Service. The Equal Access to Justice Act (EAJA), which allows successful litigants to recover attorney fees and other legal expenses from the federal government, has come under much scrutiny in discussions surrounding Forest Service litigation. In spite of increasing interest surrounding the relationship between litigation directed at land management agencies and the EAJA, no empirical research had ever attempted to examine this issue. This two part exploratory study used records obtained from land management agencies through the Freedom of Information Act and publicly available tax return records to examine several aspects of the Equal Access to Justice Act's role in land management litigation.
According to agency records, the Forest Service paid out over $6 million in EAJA awards from 1999 through 2005. Agency records also showed that the Bureau of Land Management paid over $2.5 million dollars in EAJA awards from 1991 through 2005. The National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service were unable to provide usable records regarding the amount of fees paid by each respective agency. The study also found that the entities receiving the largest number of EAJA awards were all tax-exempt environmental organizations. Interestingly, ten of the fourteen organizations that were examined for having received multiple EAJA awards also appear on Gambino et al.'s (under review) list of frequent Forest Service litigators. While this finding suggests that the EAJA may be providing a monetary incentive for these organizations to institute litigation against land management agencies, further research is needed to understand the degree to which this is happening.Master of Science
15
Holmgren, Lina. "Forest ownership and taxation in a Swedish boreal municipality context /." Umeå : Department of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200649.pdf.
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16
Hudson, Teresa Michelle. "Assessing and evaluating the Forest Stewardship Program : promoting and conducting sound wildlife management /." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01102009-063302/.
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17
Suzuki, Kohei. "Essays on Voluntary Mechanisms for Private Land Conservation and Management." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/225660.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第20435号
農博第2220号
新制||農||1049(附属図書館)
学位論文||H29||N5056(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科生物資源経済学専攻
(主査)教授 栗山 浩一, 教授 福井 清一, 教授 伊藤 順一
学位規則第4条第1項該当
18
Richert, David. "Public Understandings of Environmental Quality: A Case Study of Private Forest Land Management in Southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31962.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Environmental quality is a construct that has currency at the interface between science and policyâ it is used both to describe current conditions as well as prescribe desired future conditions. However, environmental quality has a multiplicity of definitions, owing to: a) the fact that there are a number of terms (or â sub constructsâ ) taken to be synonymous with environmental quality (i.e. environmental health, sustainability, biodiversity, integrity, and the like), and b) the fact that each of these sub constructs, in turn, have multiple meanings. Many in the field of natural sciences have been working on this problem of ambiguityâ attempting to develop precise and powerful definitions. Still others argue that environmental quality is a concept open to societal negotiation (in addition to scientific discovery). In this thesis, I argue that environmental quality can be understood and discussed by examining understandings of Nature and evaluations for Nature that seem to contribute to the ambiguity of meanings and outcomes for environmental quality.
To reach these conclusions, I interviewed 24 stakeholders who represented a broad range of concerns about and interests in environmental quality on private forest land in Southwest Virginia. I reviewed nearly 300 pages of interview text, looking for emerging themes and structures from their hour-long (on average) discussions of environmental quality. I found that among these 24 stakeholders, there were indeed, many ways of defining environmental quality (i.e. health, biodiversity, site productivity, et cetera). Additionally, I found that these different definitions for environmental quality seem to correlate with different understandings of Nature (what is Nature like?) and different values for Nature (how should Nature be used?) I conclude by discussing these implications, using examples from forestry outreach and extension.Master of Science
19
Osburn, Ernest Daniel. "Effects of land management and climate change on soil microbial communities in Appalachian forest ecosystems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102867.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In terrestrial ecosystems, microorganisms are the dominant drivers of virtually all ecosystem processes, particularly cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). These microbial functions are critical for promoting ecosystem services that support human well-being, such as provisioning of clean drinking water, nitrogen retention, and carbon storage. In forests of the Appalachian region of the eastern US, these ecosystem services are threatened by multiple anthropogenic influences, including present and past land use activities (e.g., logging, conversion to agriculture) and climate change (e.g., intensifying droughts). However, despite the central importance of microbial communities in promoting ecosystem functions, impacts of land management and climate change on soil microorganisms remain poorly understood in the region. This dissertation seeks to address the following questions: 1) How does a new forest management practice, Rhododendron understory removal, influence the ecosystem functions of soil microbial communities? 2) Do historical land management activities have long-term legacy effects on the structure and ecosystem functions of soil microbial communities? And 3) Does historical land use influence responses of soil microbial communities to intensifying drought? In chapter 2, I show that experimental Rhododendron understory removal increased soil C and N availability, thereby promoting increased total microbial biomass. This increased microbial biomass resulted in elevated production of microbial extracellular enzymes, which increased rates of C and N cycling in soils following Rhododendron removal. In chapter 3, I examined soils across several historically disturbed and adjacent undisturbed reference forests and show that historical management activities, e.g., logging, conversion to agriculture, have long-term effects on soil microbial communities 4-8 decades after management activities occurred. These effects included increased bacterial diversity, increased relative abundance of r-selected bacterial taxa, and increased abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In chapter 4, I show that key soil biogeochemical processes, i.e., C mineralization, N mineralization, and nitrification, exhibit generally higher rates in historically disturbed forests relative to adjacent reference forests. Further, I attributed these changes in ecosystem process rates to changes in key aspects of microbial communities, including microbial biomass, extracellular enzyme activities, and bacterial r- vs K-selection. In chapter 5, I conducted a drought-rewetting experiment and show wide-ranging effects of experimental drought on soil microbial communities, including altered diversity, community composition, and shifts in the relative abundances of several specific taxa. Further, drought responses were particularly evident in soils from historically disturbed forests, indicating influences of land management on responses of soil communities to climate change. Finally, in chapter 6, I show that the experimental drought also influenced several ecosystem-scale properties of soils, including increased soil N pools and increased respiratory C loss. Overall, my dissertation reveals wide-ranging effects of anthropogenic activities on soil microorganisms and shows that microbial communities will influence forest responses to global change at the ecosystem scale.Doctor of Philosophy
Forest ecosystems of the southern Appalachian region provide numerous services that support human well-being, including provisioning of clean drinking water and the retention of nutrients and carbon (C). These ecosystem services are dependent on several processes that occur in soil, including the C and nitrogen (N) cycles. These cycles, in turn, are carried out primarily by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that live in soil. The ecosystem services provided by these forests are being threatened in the Appalachian region by a variety of land use activities such as logging and conversion of forests to agriculture and are also being threatened by climate change. However, despite the critical role of microorganisms in supporting ecosystem services, effects of land use activities and climate change on soil microorganisms are largely unknown in the Appalachian region. The goal of this dissertation is to answer the following questions: 1) How does Rhododendron understory removal, a new land management practice, influence soil microbial communities? 2) What are the long-term effects of historical land use activities, such as logging and conversion to agriculture, on soil microbial communities? And 3) In what ways will intensifying droughts influence soil microorganisms in Appalachian forests? I used a variety of approaches to answer these questions, including experiments and observational approaches. In chapter 2, I show that experimental Rhododendron understory removal increased the overall size of microbial communities (i.e., more microbial biomass) due to greater availability of soil resources (i.e., C and N). These larger microbial communities produced more enzymes involved in C and N metabolism, thereby increasing rates of C and N cycling in soils. In chapter 3, I surveyed soils from several forests that were disturbed by humans ~40-80 years previously (i.e., logged, converted to agriculture) and showed that these historical human activities have many long-term effects on soil bacteria and fungi. Specifically, in historically disturbed soils, I observed higher diversity of bacteria, higher abundance of rapidly growing (i.e., r-selected) bacteria and higher abundance of some groups of fungi that associate with plant roots and aid in acquiring nutrients for plants (i.e., mycorrhizal fungi). In chapter 4, I show that these historically disturbed soils also had altered rates of C and N cycling and that these altered cycling rates were associated with changes in several properties of microbial communities, including microbial enzymes, microbial biomass, and growth rates of bacteria (i.e., r-selection). In chapter 5, I conducted an experimental drought in these soils and show that drought has wide-ranging effects on many aspects of microbial communities, including effects on diversity, species composition, and abundances of many specific microbial taxonomic groups. Further, responses of microbial communities were larger in soils from historically disturbed forests, showing that past management will influence microbial responses to future climate change. In chapter 6, I show that many aspects of the soil ecosystems as a whole were also impacted by the experimental drought. In particular, soils exposed to drought released more CO2 over the course of the experiment and had higher N concentrations than control soils. Overall, my dissertation identifies many influences of land management and climate change on soil microbial communities and shows that these microorganisms will influence forest responses to global change at the ecosystem scale.
20
Osburn, Ernest D. "Effects of land management and climate change on soil microbial communities in Appalachian forest ecosystems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102867.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In terrestrial ecosystems, microorganisms are the dominant drivers of virtually all ecosystem processes, particularly cycling of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). These microbial functions are critical for promoting ecosystem services that support human well-being, such as provisioning of clean drinking water, nitrogen retention, and carbon storage. In forests of the Appalachian region of the eastern US, these ecosystem services are threatened by multiple anthropogenic influences, including present and past land use activities (e.g., logging, conversion to agriculture) and climate change (e.g., intensifying droughts). However, despite the central importance of microbial communities in promoting ecosystem functions, impacts of land management and climate change on soil microorganisms remain poorly understood in the region. This dissertation seeks to address the following questions: 1) How does a new forest management practice, Rhododendron understory removal, influence the ecosystem functions of soil microbial communities? 2) Do historical land management activities have long-term legacy effects on the structure and ecosystem functions of soil microbial communities? And 3) Does historical land use influence responses of soil microbial communities to intensifying drought? In chapter 2, I show that experimental Rhododendron understory removal increased soil C and N availability, thereby promoting increased total microbial biomass. This increased microbial biomass resulted in elevated production of microbial extracellular enzymes, which increased rates of C and N cycling in soils following Rhododendron removal. In chapter 3, I examined soils across several historically disturbed and adjacent undisturbed reference forests and show that historical management activities, e.g., logging, conversion to agriculture, have long-term effects on soil microbial communities 4-8 decades after management activities occurred. These effects included increased bacterial diversity, increased relative abundance of r-selected bacterial taxa, and increased abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In chapter 4, I show that key soil biogeochemical processes, i.e., C mineralization, N mineralization, and nitrification, exhibit generally higher rates in historically disturbed forests relative to adjacent reference forests. Further, I attributed these changes in ecosystem process rates to changes in key aspects of microbial communities, including microbial biomass, extracellular enzyme activities, and bacterial r- vs K-selection. In chapter 5, I conducted a drought-rewetting experiment and show wide-ranging effects of experimental drought on soil microbial communities, including altered diversity, community composition, and shifts in the relative abundances of several specific taxa. Further, drought responses were particularly evident in soils from historically disturbed forests, indicating influences of land management on responses of soil communities to climate change. Finally, in chapter 6, I show that the experimental drought also influenced several ecosystem-scale properties of soils, including increased soil N pools and increased respiratory C loss. Overall, my dissertation reveals wide-ranging effects of anthropogenic activities on soil microorganisms and shows that microbial communities will influence forest responses to global change at the ecosystem scale.Doctor of Philosophy
Forest ecosystems of the southern Appalachian region provide numerous services that support human well-being, including provisioning of clean drinking water and the retention of nutrients and carbon (C). These ecosystem services are dependent on several processes that occur in soil, including the C and nitrogen (N) cycles. These cycles, in turn, are carried out primarily by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that live in soil. The ecosystem services provided by these forests are being threatened in the Appalachian region by a variety of land use activities such as logging and conversion of forests to agriculture and are also being threatened by climate change. However, despite the critical role of microorganisms in supporting ecosystem services, effects of land use activities and climate change on soil microorganisms are largely unknown in the Appalachian region. The goal of this dissertation is to answer the following questions: 1) How does Rhododendron understory removal, a new land management practice, influence soil microbial communities? 2) What are the long-term effects of historical land use activities, such as logging and conversion to agriculture, on soil microbial communities? And 3) In what ways will intensifying droughts influence soil microorganisms in Appalachian forests? I used a variety of approaches to answer these questions, including experiments and observational approaches. In chapter 2, I show that experimental Rhododendron understory removal increased the overall size of microbial communities (i.e., more microbial biomass) due to greater availability of soil resources (i.e., C and N). These larger microbial communities produced more enzymes involved in C and N metabolism, thereby increasing rates of C and N cycling in soils. In chapter 3, I surveyed soils from several forests that were disturbed by humans ~40-80 years previously (i.e., logged, converted to agriculture) and showed that these historical human activities have many long-term effects on soil bacteria and fungi. Specifically, in historically disturbed soils, I observed higher diversity of bacteria, higher abundance of rapidly growing (i.e., r-selected) bacteria and higher abundance of some groups of fungi that associate with plant roots and aid in acquiring nutrients for plants (i.e., mycorrhizal fungi). In chapter 4, I show that these historically disturbed soils also had altered rates of C and N cycling and that these altered cycling rates were associated with changes in several properties of microbial communities, including microbial enzymes, microbial biomass, and growth rates of bacteria (i.e., r-selection). In chapter 5, I conducted an experimental drought in these soils and show that drought has wide-ranging effects on many aspects of microbial communities, including effects on diversity, species composition, and abundances of many specific microbial taxonomic groups. Further, responses of microbial communities were larger in soils from historically disturbed forests, showing that past management will influence microbial responses to future climate change. In chapter 6, I show that many aspects of the soil ecosystems as a whole were also impacted by the experimental drought. In particular, soils exposed to drought released more CO2 over the course of the experiment and had higher N concentrations than control soils. Overall, my dissertation identifies many influences of land management and climate change on soil microbial communities and shows that these microorganisms will influence forest responses to global change at the ecosystem scale.
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Gootee, Roje Stanis. "Merging public and private domains implications for the design and implementation of natural resource policy /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2009/r_gootee_031109.pdf.
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Hoang, Thi Sen. "Gains and losses: devolution of forestry land and natural forest a study of forest allocation in North Central coast, Vietnam /." Uppsala : Dept. of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200972.pdf.
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Edwards, Victoria Mary. "Managing the commons : a framework for the analysis of institutional change and its application to the management of the multiple use commons of the New Forest, Hampshire." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283376.
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Friedle, Christina Marie. "Forest Resource Use, Land-Use, and Ecotourism in the Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve, Honduras." PDXScholar, 2005. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2228.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Río Pláttano Biosphere Reserve, a tropical rainforest reserve in the northeastern corner of Honduras, is home to several subsistence-based indigenous groups, including the Miskito, Pech and Garifuna, as well as the non-indigenous Ladinos. Communities within the reserve depend on forest resources, swidden agriculture, marine resources and/or small-scale ranching as the foundations for local economies. Regulations placed on these subsistence practices, after establishment of the biosphere reserve in 1980, have created unique and new pressures and resulted in a blend of traditional and innovative resource use. A notable result is the promotion of ecotourism as a solution for meeting the economic needs of local populations while conserving local resources. This thesis documents current resource use in the Miskito and Ladino communities of Banaka, Brans, and Fuente de Jacob, in the Río Pláttano Biosphere Reserve and the potential of ecotourism to maintain both local economies and consumption of tropical rainforest resources in these communities. Analysis suggests that a community-based approach to ecotourism can result in economic benefits and maintain local culture. This thesis documents current resource use (agricultural crops and trees, gathered and cultivated plants, tree-use, and hunting), resident perspectives on ecotourism development and industry, and provides the foundation for long-term monitoring and analysis on the effects of ecotomism on forest resource and land-use in the greater Banaka region.
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Barik, Muhammad G. "Landslide susceptibility mapping to inform landuse management decisions in an altered climate." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/m_barik_042310.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, May 2010.Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 23, 2010). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-56).
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Ko, Dong Wook. "Evaluation of the Private Forestland Ownership Paracelization and its effects on the forest landscape in the southeastern Missouri Ozarks." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4144.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (November 8, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Richter, K. Julie. "Using attitutudes and motivations to segment the landowner audience a typology of family forest owners in the Missouri Ozarks and description of management and information behaviors /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4116.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (November 13, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Dolisca, Frito Teeter Lawrence Dale. "Population pressure, land tenure, deforestation, and farming systems in Haiti : the case of Forét des Pins Reserve." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/doctoral/DOLISCA_FRITO_25.pdf.
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Kefa, Christopher Amutabi. "Assessing the Impacts of Bioenergy Extraction and Human Land Use of the Biodiversity of Kakamega Tropical Rainforest, Kenya." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1465254368.
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Nordberg, Mats. "State forest management reforms in three ex-Soviet republics : reforms, reasons and differences /." Uppsala : Dept. of forest products, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200767.pdf.
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Petrakis, Roy Edward. "River Management Impacts on Riparian Forest Vegetation Along the Middle Rio Grande: 1935 - 2014." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/594628.
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Riparian ecosystems of the southwestern United States are highly valuable to both the ecological and human communities which surround them. Over the past century, they have been subject to shifting management practices to maximize human use, control, ecosystem service, and conservation. This creates a complex relationship between water policy, management, and the natural ecosystem necessitating research on spatial and temporal dynamics of riparian vegetation. The San Acacia Reach of the Middle Rio Grande, a 60 mile stretch from the San Acacia Diversion Dam to San Marcial, has experienced multiple management and river flow fluctuations over the past 80 years, resulting in threats to riparian and aquatic ecosystems. This research was completed through the use and analysis of multi-source remote sensing data, GIS, and a review of the on-the-ground management decisions to better understand how the location and composition of the riparian vegetation has been affected by these shifting practices. This research focused on four phases, each highlighting different management practices and river flow patterns during the last 80-years. Each of these periods provides a unique opportunity to observe a direct relationship between river management and riparian land cover response and change. Overall, management practices reduced surface river flows and limited overbank flooding and resulted in changes in the composition, density, and spatial patterns of the vegetation, including increased non-native vegetation growth. Restoration efforts over the past few decades have begun to reduce the presence of non-native species. Despite these changes, this ecosystem was shown to be extremely resilient in maintaining its function/service throughout the entire study time frame.
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Shakya, Keshab M. "Land use planning with multiobjective programming: a model for forest development in the hills of Nepal." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49893.
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A land use planning model was developed for long term planning of renewable natural resources development in the Hills of Nepal. Considerable emphasis was placed upon identifying land use planning problems for the prevalent limited market economy and subsistence farming system.
A multiobjective programming model was chosen for modeling the land use planning problem. The model accommodated five objectives: namely, increasing food, fodder, and fuelwood production and decreasing soil loss and cost. A weighting technique within the multiobjective framework was developed to facilitate land use planning as a socio-political decision making process. The application of the model was demonstrated with data from Phewatal watershed.
The model generated technically efficient alternative land use plans. It also generated information on time flow of achievement levels of the objectives and their trade-offs in each alternative plan. Very few alternative plans were generated when the periodic growth rates on achievement levels of the objectives were tightly constrained. The model also provided information on periodic deficit and surplus achievements of the objectives. This information provided the guidelines for evaluating the plans.
The model provided a useful mathematical structure for analyzing land use planning as an integrated planning process coordinating multi-sectoral objectives in time and space. A foundation has been laid for constructing comprehensive land use planning models in subsistence farming economy in developing nations. The model was run on a commercially available software package and a portable personal computer. Therefore, the model can be applied in the field situation in many developing countries.Ph. D.
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Pachomski, Amanda L. "Foraging Habitat Characteristics, Prey Availability, and Detectability of Rusty Blackbirds| Implications for Land and Wildlife Management in the Northern Forest." Thesis, State University of New York Col. of Environmental Science & Forestry, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10284445.
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The Rusty Blackbird (Euphagus carolinus) is a migratory songbird that breeds in and near the boreal wetlands of northern New England and Canada. Although the Rusty Blackbird was once common, the species has declined by an estimated 90% since the 1960’s (Greenberg et al. 2010). I used single-season occupancy analysis to model breeding Rusty Blackbirds’ use of 60 beaver (Castor canadensis) influenced wetlands in Coos County, New Hampshire and Oxford County, Maine. I conducted three 30 minute detected/ not detected surveys, surveyed food availability and foraging habitat, and digitized each survey wetland. Rusty Blackbirds’ use of wetlands was best predicted by the site covariates mud and invertebrate abundance and detectability was best predicted by survey period. Probability of wetland use decreased with increasing mud cover and increased with increasing aquatic invertebrate abundance. I recommend that future researchers survey for Rusty Blackbirds for 30 minute periods to maximize survey coverage.
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Ango, Tola Gemechu. "Ecosystem Services and Disservices in an Agriculture–Forest Mosaic : A Study of Forest and Tree Management and Landscape Transformation in Southwestern Ethiopia." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128537.
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The intertwined challenges of food insecurity, deforestation, and biodiversity loss remain perennial challenges in Ethiopia, despite increasing policy interventions. This thesis investigates smallholding farmers’ tree- and forest-based livelihoods and management practices, in the context of national development and conservation policies, and examines how these local management practices and policies transform the agriculture–forest mosaic landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia. The thesis is guided by a political ecology perspective, and focuses on an analytical framework of ecosystem services (ESs) and disservices (EDs). It uses a mixed research design with data from participatory field mapping, a tree ‘inventory’, interviews, focus group discussions, population censuses, and analysis of satellite images and aerial photos. The thesis presents four papers. Paper I investigates how smallholding farmers in an agriculture–forest mosaic landscape manage trees and forests in relation to a few selected ESs and EDs that they consider particularly beneficial or problematic. The farmers’ management practices were geared towards mitigating tree- and forest-related EDs such as wild mammal crop raiders, while at the same time augmenting ESs such as shaded coffee production, resulting in a restructuring of the agriculture–forest mosaic. Paper II builds further on the EDs introduced in paper I, to assess the effects of crop raids by forest-dwelling wild mammals on farmers’ livelihoods. The EDs of wild mammals and human–wildlife conflict are shown to constitute a problem that goes well beyond a narrow focus on yield loss. The paper illustrates the broader impacts of crop-raiding wild mammals on local agricultural and livelihood development (e.g. the effects on food security and children’s schooling), and how state forest and wildlife control and related conservation policy undermined farmers’ coping strategies. Paper III examines local forest-based livelihood sources and how smallholders’ access to forests is reduced by state transfer of forestland to private companies for coffee investment. This paper highlights how relatively small land areas appropriated for investment in relatively densely inhabited areas can harm the livelihoods of many farmers, and also negatively affect forest conservation. Paper IV investigates the patterns and drivers of forest cover change from 1958 to 2010. Between 1973 and 2010, 25% of the total forest was lost, and forest cover changes varied both spatially and temporally. State development and conservation policies spanning various political economies (feudal, socialist, and ‘free market-oriented’) directly or indirectly affected local ecosystem use, ecosystem management practices, and migration processes. These factors (policies, local practices, and migration) have thus together shaped the spatial patterns of forest cover change in the last 50 years. The thesis concludes that national development and conservation policies and the associated power relations and inequality have often undermined local livelihood security and forest conservation efforts. It also highlights how a conceptualization of a local ecosystem as a provider of both ESs and EDs can generate an understanding of local practices and decisions that shape development and conservation trajectories in mosaic landscapes. The thesis draws attention to the need to make development and conservation policies relevant and adaptable to local conditions as a means to promote local livelihood and food security, forest and biodiversity conservation, and ESs generated by agricultural mosaic landscapes.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Cavill, Jacqueline. "Application of a land use planning decision support tool in a public participatory process for sustainable forest management." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/333.
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Persistent conflicts between stakeholders and complex trade offs among forest values have created a difficult decision environment for sustainable forest management. Tools developed for decision support in land use planning are essential for managing these challenges. This research study is an interactive assessment of a land use planning Decision Support Tool (DST) in the Invermere Timber Supply Area (TSA), located in the East Kootenay area of British Columbia. The aim of this study is to explore whether stakeholders' initial stated preferences change and whether trade-offs are made between various forest values upon observation of a long-term forecast of these values using a DST. Representatives from various stakeholder groups in the area were assembled for individual sessions to interact with the multi-criteria DST. Participants were required to state their preferences for six forest values using a weighting scheme. The DST developed an output for each forest value based on the participants' preferences. Upon review of the DST output, the participant had the opportunity to alter their initial preferences iteratively until a desirable output was found. The results indicate that participants' preferences changed after reviewing the DST outputs and that participants are willing to make trade-offs between various forest values using a DST to find a desirable solution. However, the preference order of the forest values changed only slightly from the participants' initial to preferred scenarios; instead participants made drastic changes to the weighting of each value to find a desirable output. Participants also stated their willingness to use DSTs for land use planning decision-making, although underlying assumptions built into the model must be improved before stakeholders can trust the tool as an aid for decision-making. Studies such as this can further the development of DSTs to help find desirable decisions for sustainable resource management and to help create a productive and engaging process.
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Zin, Min Thant. "Developing a Scientific Basis for Sustainable Management of Tropical Forest Watersheds." Doctoral thesis, Göttingen Univ.-Verl, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-B0FD-0.
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Leung, Chi-hong. "Multiple use vegetation management in the country parks of Hong Kong /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1993. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13498514.
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Olofsson, Erika. "Supporting management of the risk of wind damage in south Swedish forestry /." Alnarp : Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200646.pdf.
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Cramer, Gary Clark. "Analysis of the implementation of noxious weed policy on Bureau of Land Management and Forest Service lands in Arizona." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187237.
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Noxious weeds are harmful plants that are regulated by law. It is their regulation that makes them unique from other weeds. At least 14 noxious weed species are known to occur in Arizona. The Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974, as amended in 1990, directs all federal agencies to develop, coordinate, fund, and implement noxious weed programs on land that they manage. This dissertation describes and evaluates the implementation of federal noxious weed policy by the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management in Arizona. Policy design methodology is used to construct a model of federal policy. Policy elements evaluated include statutes, implementing agents, target audiences, and the policy rules and tools that link these players to policy outcomes. Interviews with agents and targets revealed that there are no noxious weed programs being conducted on Forest Service or BLM lands in Arizona. Also, there is an insignificant amount of funding being provided for such programs. Policy design methods are used to assess the context of the implementation problem. Policy tools are recommended to address the lack of knowledge about infestation levels and management options. Additional support building tools are recommended to address the adaption of integrated weed management techniques.
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Freitas, Flavio L. M. "Brazilian land use policies and the development of ecosystem services." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-206844.
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Concerns related to global environmental changes due to land use changes have been driving international communities towards more sustainable land use systems. Brazil is a country of global strategic importance in this matter considering that it is the nation with the largest extension of preserved tropical native vegetation, recognised for its ecosystem services and high and unique biodiversity. Expansion of forestry and agriculture is taking place rapidly in Brazil, partly over degraded pastureland, but also over native vegetation. Regulating policies to govern and limit this expansion is crucial to ensure the preservation of the ecosystems services provided by native vegetation. This thesis aims at improving the understanding of the potential impacts of prevailing public and private policies in the conservation of nature in Brazil. For this end, the Land Use Policy Assessment (LUPA) model was employed to evaluate potential pathways of implementation of the land use policies. Paper 1 evaluated the effects of current private and public command and control regulations in the protection of above-ground carbon stocks, identifying the most relevant stakeholders holding carbon stocks. The findings suggest that about 10% of carbon stocks are unprotected, where other policy instruments based on the market will be mostly required. Paper 2 performed an assessment of the mechanism for offsetting the legal deficit of native vegetation among landholders, evaluating the different offsetting implementation practices and their impacts on nature protection and socio-economic development. The results indicate that the offsetting mechanism may have little or no additional effects on protection of native vegetation and its ecosystem services because most of the offsetting is likely to take place where native vegetation is already protected by current legislations. However, it is viable to maximise environmental and socio-economic returns from the offsetting mechanism.QC 20170510
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Neimonaite, Aušra. "Žemės naudojimo pagrindimas Utenos apskrityje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130621_143354-21734.
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Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas žemės naudojimas Utenos apskrityje, atliekant fondo kitimo 2002 – 2012 metais tyrimą. Buvo analizuojami literatūros šaltiniai, norminiai bei teritorijų planavimo dokumentai, statistiniai duomenys, kuriuos apdorojant prognozuojamas teritorijos ploto kitimas iki 2020m. GIS programa sudaryti žemėlapiai, kuriuose numatoma viena iš žemės naudojimo alternatyvų- miško plėtra. Tyrimo metu paaiškėjo, jog analizuojamu laikotarpiu žemės ūkio paskirties žemė sudarė didžiausią teritorijos dalį, tačiau turėjo tendenciją mažėti. Žemės naudmenų kaitą lėmė intensyvus miškų didėjimas žemės ūkio naudmenų ir kitos žemės plotų sąskaita. Miškingumo rodiklis didėjo dėl vyraujančių nederlingų žemių, kadangi vidutinis našumo balas Utenos apskrityje tesiekia 32,9. Dabartinis apskrities teritorijos miškingumas yra 33 proc. Apskrities teritorijoje žemės ūkio naudmenų įvertintų 32 ir mažiau žemės našumo balų bei pažeistų žemių, kuriose galėtų augti miškas yra daugiau nei 150 tūkst. ha. Prognozuojamos galimybės padidinti apskrities miškingumą apie 20 proc. Utenos apskrities teritorijos miškingumas būtų didesnis nei 50 proc., tai turėtų teigiamą poveikį aplinkai ir didžiausią miškingumo rodiklį Respublikoje.Master's thesis analyzes the use of land in Utena county variation in fund 2002 - 2012, a survey. Were analyzed references, regulations, and planning documents, statistical data, the processing of the projected surface area change up to the year 2020. GIS program create maps, which provide one of the land-use alternatives to forest development. The study showed that over the period of agricultural land accounted for the largest part of the territory, but had a tendency to decrease. Land use change due to heavy forest growth of agricultural land and other land expense. Forested treritorijoje had trendsetting increase of barren lands, because the average productivity score Utena County is only 32.9. Current county forest cover is 33 percent. County area of farmland assessed 32 and less land productivity scores of damaged lands, where they can grow in the forest is more than 150 thousand. hectares. Projected potential to increase the county's forest cover of about 20 percent. Utena forest cover of more than 50 percent., This would have a positive impact on the environment and the highest rate of forest Republic.
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Ward, David Jefford. "People, fire, forest and water in Wungong: the landscape ecology of a West Australian water catchment." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2006.
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Bushfire is, in terms of human lives lost, property destroyed, and damage to natural systems, by far the most urgent environmental problem in Australia. This thesis tries to answer a number of questions about bushfire behaviour, history, effects, and management, in the Wungong Catchment of Western Australia. It does so by an overtly cross-disciplinary approach, involving a mixture of the three main streams of human knowledge, namely the humanities, natural science, and social science.First, I offer a literature review of several hundred books and papers drawn from the three main streams of knowledge mentioned above. The review includes some discussion of ‘bushfire epistemology’, a currently vague and neglected matter.The concept of ‘place’ is important to humans, so I then give a straightforward geographical description of Wungong Catchment, with some mention of the history of bushfire. To describe the vegetation, I use inductive statistics, and a method developed by me from the ideas of Delaunay (1929) and Dirichlet (1850). Given that there are hundreds of plant species within the catchment, I use a landscape approach, and only sketch the main tree species, and two iconic plants, the balga and the djiridji, both of which are important to the original custodians of the catchment, the Nyoongar people. There is discussion of other people’s research into the effect of bushfire on seed banks, and the flowering intervals of some plants of the jarrah forest.To see if Western Australia is anomalous, or fits into the worldwide pattern of humans using fire as a landscape management tool, I then examine some records of bushfire in other lands, including Africa, Madagascar, India, and Europe. The thesis then looks at the history of fire in the jarrah forest of Western Australia, based on observations by early European explorers and settlers from 1826 onward, the views of various foresters, and some opinions of current Nyoongar Elders.Using a mixture of natural science, applied mathematics, and archaeology, I give the results of cleaning the stems of those ancient plants called grasstrees, or balga (Xanthorrhoea spp.). These carry the marks of former bushfires, stretching back to 1750. They confirm historical reports of frequent fire in the jarrah forest, at 2-4 year intervals, and a recent decline in fire frequency. This contradicts the view, held by some, that European arrival increased the frequency of fire.As support for the balga findings, I present a simple mathematical model of self-organization in bushfire mosaics. It shows how lengthy bushfire exclusion can lead to disastrous situations, in which large areas of landscape become flammable and unstable. It shows how frequent, patchy burning can maintain a stable bushfire mosaic, with mild, beneficial fires. In the next chapter, I offer mathematical suggestions on how current unstable mosaics can be restabilized, by careful reintroduction of such burning.In dry, south-western Australia, water supply is an important topic, and a better understanding of the hydrological effects of bushfire may help with both bushfire and water management. I draw upon the natural science of forest hydrology, and the effects of fire in catchments. The evidence comes not only from Australia, but also from the United States, and South Africa.Turning to social science, I introduce Professor Peter Checkland’s ‘Soft Systems Methodology’, and suggest how it could be applied in resolving complicated conflict about bushfire management. I finish in legal style, with a summing up, and a verdict on the use of bushfire as a land management tool in Wungong Catchment, and possibly in other flammable landscapes.
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Markovienė, Lina. "Miško plotų kaita Lietuvos respublikoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110614_114324-64753.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lietuva yra miškų zonoje, kur natūrali teritorijos būsena yra miškas. Todėl nėra jokios abejonės, kad Lietuvos miškingumas laikui bėgant dėl ūkinės žmogaus veiklos mažėjo. Prieš 200 metų miškai užėmė beveik 40% teritorijos, 1914m. – vos 20%, o 1939 m. – tik 17%. Daug miškų buvo iškirsta antrojo pasaulinio karo metais. Todėl pokario metais iškilo itin svarbus uždavinys plėsti miškų plotus, didinti medžių našumą. Jau 1984 m sausio 1 d. Lietuvos miškingumas buvo 27,9%. Miškuose vyrauja spygliuočiai, jie sudaro 64% visų medynų. Kietųjų lapuočių medynų yra 3,2%, minkštųjų lapuočių – 32,8%. Rajonų miškingumas labai nevienodas. Tai susiję su žemių derlingumu.
Miškai yra vienas svarbiausių Lietuvos gamtos turtų, turinčių didelę ekonominę, socialinę ir ekologinę reikšmę. Šiuo metu miškai užima daugiau kaip 2 milijonus hektarų arba 32,6 procentus Lietuvos Respublikos teritorijos. Pagal Lietuvos miškingumo programą yra numatyta per ateinančius 10 – 11 metų miškingumą Respublikoje padidinti dar bent 3 procentais.
Norint įgyvendinti šį tikslą mišku reikia apželdinti apie 196 tūkst. ha žemės ūkiui ir kitiems tikslams naudotų žemių, t.y. kasmet miškas turi būti įveisiamas arba savaime apželti turi vidutiniškai apie 11 tūkst. ha. Remiantis valstybinės miškų apskaitos, kurią atlieka Valstybinis miškotvarkos institutas, duomenimis, kasmet mišku savaime apželia apie 4-5 tūkst. ha ne miško žemių, todėl iki 2021 m. mišku savaime gali apaugti apie 70 – 90 tūkst. ha žemės ūkio paskirties žemės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Lithuania is in a forest area, where the natural state of the territory is forest. Therefore, there is no doubt that over time the Lithuanian forest coverage has been declining for the economic activity of people. 200 years ago forests occupied almost 40% of the area, in 1914 - only 20%, while in 1939 - only 17%. Many areas were disforested during World War II. Therefore, the post-war period faced a crucial challenge to develop forest areas, to increase productivity of trees. Already on January 1st, 1984 Lithuanian forest coverage was 27.9%. Forests are dominated by conifers, they represent 64% of the stands. Solid hardwood stand makes 3.2%, soft deciduous - 32.8%. Districts greatly differ in forest coverage. This is related to the fertility of lands. Forest is one of Lithuania's most important natural resources with significant economic, social and ecological implications. At present, in Lithuania forests take more than 2 million hectares, or 32.6 percent of the country territory. The program of Lithuanian forest provides the increase of forest cover by at least 3 percent in the next 10-11 year period. To achieve this goal forest should be planted on about 196 thousand hectares of farm land and land used for other purposes, namely, each year about 11 thousand ha should be planted or naturally overgrown with forest. According to state forestry records, made by the State Forest Institute, about 4-5 thousand ha of non-forest land overgrow with forest of itself annually, so... [to full text]
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Jay, Grace Mairi McIntyre. "Symbolic order and material agency a cultural ecology of native forest remnants on Waikato dairy farms /." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20060125.120921/.
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Hoffmann, Kristen Andrea. "Land Use History and Stand Development on Long Island in Blue Hill Bay, Maine." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/HoffmannKA2007.pdf.
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Mello, Kaline de. "Forest cover and water quality in tropical agricultural watersheds." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-03082017-101658/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tropical forests are under continual threat due to deforestation and forest fragmentation processes which are driven by the economic activities growth, mainly agriculture. Replacing forest with other land uses can cause severe impacts on river water quality, altering its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The Atlantic Forest, in particular, had its original vegetation cover reduced to about 11%, wherein the crop lands expansion and urban sprawl still threatening this important ecosystem and the ecosystem services that it provides. In this sense, the main objective of this study was to investigate the relation between forest cover and water quality of tropical agricultural watersheds. For that, six experimental watersheds with different percentage of forest cover were selected in the Sarapuí River watershed, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Water samples were collected during a hydrologic year to obtain water quality parameters that represent impacts induced by anthropic activities. According to the percentage of forest cover, the watersheds were denominated as \"forested\", when they presented more than 55% of forest cover, and \"degraded\", with less than 35%. Multivariate statistical models were applied to identify differences between these two groups. In a second moment, the relation of land use/land cover within the watershed and within its respective riparian zone, represented in this study by the Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA), with water quality was compared through mixed models and redundancy analysis to identify the main factors that influenced water quality variability. Lastly, a watershed simulation modeling was applied to verify the impact of riparian forest restoration on water quality of the Sarapuí River watershed, wherein each experimental watershed was represented by a sub-watershed in the model. The results showed that the degraded watersheds presented higher values of solids, turbidity, nutrients and coliforms, besides presenting greater temporal data variability compared to forested watersheds. This variation is associated with the stream flow changes during the year. In general, forest cover was related to good water quality, while agriculture and urban areas were responsible for the water quality degradation. Pasture presented mixed impacts, but it was not generally correlated with poor water quality. The water quality parameters responded differently to the influence of land-use/land-cover patterns in the watershed and riparian zone, but the overall water quality is better explained by the landscape composition within the watershed. Nevertheless, the watershed simulation indicated that PPA restoration reduces the sediment and nutrients loading into the river. Thus, it is possible to conclude that tropical forest plays a fundamental role in the water resources conservation, reducing impacts of human activities in watersheds and the watershed management with forest restoration strategies for the entire watershed is critical for the maintenance of water quality to water supply, despite the importance of the riparian zone.As florestas tropicais estão sob constante ameaça devido ao processo de desmatamento e fragmentação florestal impulsionado pelo crescimento das atividades econômicas, em especial, a agricultura. A substituição de áreas florestadas por outros usos do solo pode causar impactos severos na qualidade da água de rios, alterando suas características físicas, químicas e biológicas. A Mata Atlântica, em especial, teve sua cobertura original reduzida a cerca de 11%, sendo que a expansão de terras cultiváveis e urbanização ainda ameaçam esse importante ecossistema e os serviços ecossistêmicos prestados por ele. Nesse sentido, este estudo propôs investigar a relação da cobertura florestal com a qualidade da água de microbacias agrícolas tropicais. Para tanto, foram selecionadas seis microbacias experimentais com diferentes porcentagens de cobertura florestal na bacia do rio Sarapuí, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, onde foram feitas coletas de amostras de água por um ano hidrológico para a obtenção de parâmetros que representassem alterações na água induzidas por atividades antrópicas. Inicialmente as microbacias foram classificadas em \"florestadas\" e \"degradadas\", e modelos estatísticos multivariados foram aplicados para identificar diferenças entre os grupos. Em um segundo momento comparou-se a relação do uso e cobertura do solo na microbacia e na Área de Preservação Permanente (APP) com a qualidade da água utilizando-se modelos mistos e análise de redundância para identificar os principais fatores que influenciam a variabilidade da qualidade da água. Por último foi gerado um modelo hidrológico para simular o impacto da restauração da floresta ripária na qualidade da água da bacia do rio Sarapuí onde cada microbacia experimental desse estudo foi representada por uma sub-bacia do modelo. Os resultados mostram que as microbacias degradadas apresentam valores maiores de sólidos, turbidez, nutrientes e coliformes. Além disso, apresentam maior variabilidade temporal dos dados em relação às microbacias florestadas associada às alterações da vazão do rio. Em geral, a cobertura florestal foi relacionada à boa qualidade da água, enquanto que agricultura e ocupação urbana foram os usos do solo responsáveis pela degradação da qualidade da água. O uso pastagem apresentou impactos mistos, porém no geral não foi correlacionado à qualidade da água ruim. Os parâmetros de qualidade da água responderam de forma diferente quanto à influência dos padrões de uso e cobertura do solo na microbacia e na APP, porém, considerando-se todos parâmetros em conjunto, a qualidade da água é melhor explicada pela composição da paisagem da microbacia. Ainda assim, a simulação do modelo indicou que a restauração das APPs reduz a carga de sedimentos e nutrientes para o rio. Com isso, conclui-se que a floresta tropical tem papel fundamental na conservação dos recursos hídricos, reduzindo impactos das atividades humanas exercidas nas microbacias e que, apesar da importância das APPs na redução de poluentes para o rio, o manejo de bacias com estratégias de restauração florestal para toda a microbacia é extremamente importante para a manutenção da qualidade da água para abastecimento.
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Urbano, Andrea Rose. "Long-term forest carbon storage and structural development as influenced by land-use history and reforestation approach." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/448.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Temperate forests are an important carbon sink, yet there is uncertainty regarding land-use history effects on biomass accumulation and carbon storage potential in secondary forests. Understanding long-term biomass dynamics is important for managing forests as carbon sinks and for co-benefits such as watershed protection and biodiversity. However there are many unanswered questions regarding these dynamics in northeastern U.S. forests: How have secondary forests of the U.S. Northeast recovered post nineteenth century agricultural abandonment? How has the region's extensive land-use history influenced long-term structural development and aboveground carbon storage? To answer these questions, we employed a longitudinal study based on twelve years of empirical data (2001-2013) from the Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller (MBR) National Historical Park in Woodstock, VT. MBR Park was the first parcel of land to actively be reforested in the eastern U.S., and as such, its diverse forest mosaic reflects a history of alternate reforestation approaches and varied successional trajectories indicative of secondary forest recovery occurring across the broader northeastern forest landscape. We also used 150 years of documentary data from park management records. This research evaluates the effects of reforestation approaches (planting vs. natural regeneration), management regimes (long-term low-to-intermediate harvest intensities at varied harvest frequencies), and stand development pathways on biomass outcomes. We generated biometrics representative of stand structural complexity, including the H' structural diversity index, and aboveground biomass (live trees, snags, and downed coarse woody debris pools) estimates. Multivariate analyses evaluated the predictive strength of reforestation approach, management history, and site characteristics relative to aboveground carbon pools and stand structural complexity.
Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis ranked reforestation approach (plantation or natural regeneration) as the strongest predictor of long-term mean total aboveground carbon storage, while harvest frequency, and stand age were selected as secondary variables. CART ranked forest percent conifer (a metric closely associated with reforestation approach) as the strongest predictor of H' index, while harvest intensity, and harvest frequency were selected as secondary variables. Increases in harvest intensity can significantly reduce aboveground carbon storage. Our results suggest that a variety of long-term recovery pathways converge on high levels of aboveground carbon storage, including both conifer plantations and naturally regenerated hardwood stands, but choice of silvicultural management approach can dramatically alter those trajectories. Importantly, total aboveground biomass (i.e., carbon) co-varied with H' (r2 = 0.25), and thus, our dataset showed a positive relationship between forest carbon storage and structural complexity, supporting the concept of multifunctional forestry emphasizing late-successional habitats.
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Maguire, Rowena. "The international regulation of sustainable forest management : doctrinal concepts, governing institutions and implementation." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41688/1/Rowena_Maguire_Thesis.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The overarching objective of the research was to identify the existence and nature of international legal principles governing sustainable forest use and management. This research intended to uncover a set of forest legal considerations that are relevant for consideration across the globe. The purpose behind this, is to create a theoretical base of international forest law literature which be drawn upon to inform future international forestry research. This research will be of relevance to those undertaking examination of a particular forest issue or those focusing on forests in a particular region. The thesis explains the underlying legal issues in forest regulation, the dominant international regulatory approaches and makes suggestions as to how international and national forest policy could be improved.
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Cook, Frank Chase. "An empirical analysis of hunting leases by timber firms." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/cook/CookF0507.pdf.
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Widmark, Camilla. "Management of multiple-use commons : focusing on land use for forestry and reindeer husbandry in northern Sweden /." Umeå : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00001953/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009.Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Includes appendix with reprints of two published papers and two manuscripts, three of which are co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Issued also electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.