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1
Euteneuer, Jan, and Cornelius Courts. "Ten years of molecular ballistics—a review and a field guide." International Journal of Legal Medicine 135, no. 4 (February 16, 2021): 1121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02523-0.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMolecular ballistics combines molecular biological, forensic ballistic, and wound ballistic insights and approaches in the description, collection, objective investigation, and contextualization of the complex patterns of biological evidence that are generated by gunshots at biological targets. Setting out in 2010 with two seminal publications proving the principle that DNA from backspatter collected from inside surfaces of firearms can be retreived and successfully be analyzed, molecular ballistics covered a lot of ground until today. In this review, 10 years later, we begin with a comprehensive description and brief history of the field and lay out its intersections with other forensic disciplines like wound ballistics, forensic molecular biology, blood pattern analysis, and crime scene investigation. In an application guide section, we aim to raise consciousness to backspatter traces and the inside surfaces of firearms as sources of forensic evidence. Covering crime scene practical as well as forensic genetic aspects, we introduce operational requirements and lay out possible procedures, including forensic RNA analysis, when searching for, collecting, analyzing, and contextualizing such trace material. We discuss the intricacies and rationales of ballistic model building, employing different tissue, skin, and bone simulants and the advantages of the “triple-contrast” method in molecular ballistics and give advice on how to stage experimental shootings in molecular ballistic research. Finally, we take a look at future applications and prospects of molecular ballistics.
2
Wong, Song W. "Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques." Human Pathology 17, no. 5 (May 1986): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0046-8177(86)80052-1.
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3
Teal, Donald F. "Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 94, no. 1 (July 1994): 207–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-199407000-00028.
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4
Shadwick, Joshua T., William R. King, Yan Zhang, Matthew C. Matusiak, and Bradley A. Campbell. "Assessing best practices in crime labs structure, processes, and performance." Policing: An International Journal 42, no. 5 (October 10, 2019): 751–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-12-2018-0181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose Forensic crime labs play an important role in the criminal justice system’s response to violent gun crimes in the USA. The purpose of this paper is to describe the methods of firearms analysis including ballistics imaging and proposed best practices for investigating gun crimes. A separate line of research has begun to explore the structure of forensic labs and how structure impacts lab performance. Design/methodology/approach To date, however, proposed best practices in firearms investigation have not been empirically tested within crime labs. The authors address this gap in the literature by using a mediation model examining organizational correlates of a limited number of tasks (identified by Peter Gagliardi’s 13 Critical Tasks) believed to enhance our final dependent measures, forensic crime lab outcomes (NIBIN acquisitions and hits). The authors examine, therefore, the relationship between organizational correlates, collected from a sample of publicly funded labs in the USA, on several of Gagliardi’s tasks and then explore the relationship of those tasks on our outcome variables: NIBIN acquisitions and hits. Findings Results indicate agency size and number of agencies serviced by a lab are significant factors associated with our mediating variables (Gagliardi’s tasks). Communication was identified as a significant task associated with achieving NIBIN acquisitions and hits. In general, this study underscores the importance of communication between labs and other institutional constituents for increasing ballistics imaging outputs. Furthermore, findings provide partial support for Gagliard’s tasks, by highlighting the role of enhanced communication on organization-based performance outcomes. Originality/value This study is the first to examine the mediating effect of Gagliardi’s tasks on the organizational performance of ballistics imaging systems within crime labs. In addition, this study examines the influence of organizational correlates on these mediating tasks.
5
Emson, H. E. "Book Review: Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics and Forensic Techniques." Medicine, Science and the Law 26, no. 1 (January 1986): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248602600117.
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Froede, Richard C. "Gunshot Wounds-Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, 2nd edition." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 20, no. 4 (December 1999): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199912000-00015.
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7
Kudełka, Sławomir, and Tomasz Konopka. "Improvised firearms in the collection of the Forensic Laboratory, Voivodeship Police Headquarters in Kraków and the Department of Forensic Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University — towards a systematics." Issues of Forensic Science 297 (2017): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2017.297.3.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite a very large variety of improvised firearms, repeatability of certain actions of the manufacturers can be observed, reflecting the purpose to which such weapons are produced (e.g. poaching), and the availability of appropriate technologies. The aim of this article is to make an attempt to systematize improvised firearms on the basis of the expert opinions elaborated at the Weapon Research and Ballistics Department of the Voivodeship Police Headquarters in Kraków (LK KWP) as well as studies carried out on weapons belonging to the collection of the Department of Forensic Medicine (ZMS) in Kraków. Research material included both primitive devices made by using simple methods and without concern for accuracy or aesthetics, as well as fine-tuned pieces with individual design solutions or copies of factory-made weapons. Improvised firearms can generally be divided into conversions and own designs. The conversion most frequently applies to alarm, gas or pneumatic weapons. It consists in removing factory safety mechanisms or, in the case of pneumatic weapons, in introducing technical modifications, which enable to blast off the cartridge and discharge the projectile by means of gas pressure arising during combustion of the propellant. Own designs may contain certain factory elements, most frequently the barrel, however, in most cases, they are manufactured from scratch. Improvised firearms, even those without the original elements, typically use ammunition with projectiles or, in some cases, the so called blank ammunition converted into live ammunition by adding projectiles.
8
Yatsenko, I. V. "Subject of forensic veterinary examination and its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, no. 73 (December 15, 2022): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.73.55.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article covers the issue of the forensic veterinary examination subject and reveals its significance in the theory and practice of forensic examination. It has been established that the subject of forensic veterinary examination is a set of factual data and circumstances of the case (proceedings) related to the harm caused to the health and life of the animal, in particular, the nature, mechanism, order, sequence, severity, lifetime or postmortem and the longevity of the formation of bodily injuries, the occurrence and spread of animal diseases, the occurrence of their injury or the cause of death, defective provision of veterinary care, safety and quality of animal feed and feed additives established by a forensic veterinary expert on the basis of using special knowledge, by using appropriate means (methods) based on the results of a comprehensive study of material and materialized objects, as carriers of information, in order to solve identification, diagnostic and situational tasks of forensic veterinary examination.
It is shown that the actual data and circumstances that constitute the subject of complex forensic veterinary-biological, veterinary-molecular-genetic, veterinary-ballistic, veterinary-art, etc., are carried out by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine, animal biology, molecular genetics, ballistics, art history are: species, group, age, sex and organic-tissue belonging of biological material of animal origin the presence or absence of poisons in the body of animals and their poisoning (mammals, animal hydrobionts, bees, etc.); damage and pestilence of animal hydrobionts caused by electro trauma, damage and death of animals from the action of firearms, explosive or projectiles.
It is argued that the criterion for distinguishing closely related types of forensic examinations, in particular: forensic-veterinary, forensic-biological, forensic molecular-genetic, etc. are the properties of material objects of research and the direct subject of forensic-expert research. It is shown that the exact definition of the subject of forensic veterinary examination allowed: to develop and formulate typical issues, which are both tasks made for solving the forensic expert; outline the range of evidence that can be established during forensic veterinary examination; determine the nature of special knowledge of the forensic veterinary expert, which follows from the subject of forensic veterinary examination; conduct forensic veterinary examination of only those material objects that are material carriers of information within the subject of this examination or complex forensic examination by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine and other sciences, in particular animal biology, toxicology, chemistry, ballistics, art criticism, etc.; to supplement part 2 of article 242 of the CPC with paragraph 6 on the obligatory appointment of a forensic veterinary examination to clarify the severity and nature of damage caused to the animal's health, as well as to determine the cause of death of animals; include recommendations on the appointment of a forensic veterinary examination in the content of methods for investigating certain types of offenses against animals; dissociate forensic veterinary examination from forensic examinations of related genera or species, in particular, forensic biological, forensic molecular genetics, etc.; develop methods and separate methods of forensic veterinary examination to study the properties of its specific material objects in order to obtain the information contained in them in order to solve typical expert tasks; initiate complex forensic veterinary and biological, veterinary-molecular-genetic, veterinary-ballistic, veterinary-art expertise, etc., by integrating special knowledge, in particular, in veterinary medicine, animal biology, molecular genetics, ballistics, art criticism, etc.; organize an effective forensic veterinary examination in a specialized expert institution; identify promising areas of research work in the field of forensic expertise in general and forensic veterinary expertise in particular.
9
Waddington, P. A. J. "Heard, Brian J. (2008). HANDBOOK OF FIREARMS AND BALLISTICS: EXAMINING AND INTERPRETING FORENSIC EVIDENCE * Davison, Neil (2009). 'NON-LETHAL' WEAPONS." Policing 6, no. 1 (February 16, 2011): 93–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/par016.
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Giverts, Р., and A. V. Kokin. "The Problem of Subclass Features in Forensic Firearms Identification." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science 15, no. 1 (April 19, 2020): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2020-1-109-117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Russian school of forensic firearms investigation traditionally recognizes common and individual features of traces on bullets and cartridge cases. The first are characteristics inherent in all weapons of the same model and describing their details in general: shape, size, location, relative position. The second type are individual characteristics, which are unique and present only in one firearm. The individual features are used for forensic identification, while the common can be used only for the identification of a firearm’s type and model. The Western (West Europe and the USA) methodology of forensic ballistic identification recognizes the third type of traits – subclass characteristics. These marks are the result of manufacturing processes and can be present in a group of sequentially produced parts. Conventionally they can be placed between class and individual characteristics. One of the problems in contemporary firearms identification is the wrong recognition of subclass marks as individual marks and, as a result, giving false-positive conclusions of identification. The article discusses the problem of subclass features, gives examples, presents a review of the literature. The influence of various technological processes on the possibility of showing up of these marks is described.
11
James, Zoe, and Peter Squires. "Review: Deadly Force: Firearms and American Law Enforcement, from the Wild West to the Streets of Today, Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence: Second Edition." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 83, no. 1 (March 2010): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/pojo.2010.83.1.504.
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Vanini, Gabriela, Caline A. Destefani, Bianca B. Merlo, Maria Tereza W. D. Carneiro, Paulo R. Filgueiras, Ronei J. Poppi, and Wanderson Romão. "Forensic ballistics by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy: Quantification of gunshot residues and prediction of the number of shots using different firearms." Microchemical Journal 118 (January 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2014.07.016.
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Komisarova, Angela, and Pavlo Pechorin. "FEATURES OF DETERMINATION OF COST OF RIFLE SHOOTING-IRON." Law Journal of Donbass 77, no. 4 (2021): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-77-4-149-156.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to the study of the issues of conducting a complex forensic commodity and forensic ballistic examination of small arms firearms of the range of specialized retail trade network. Attention is paid to the importance of providing a judicial opinion on a comprehensive investigation to determine the amount of damage caused by the crime, which will be used by pre-trial and judicial investigation authorities as a source of evidence in criminal, civil, commercial and administrative cases. The problem faced by commodity experts in the study of firearms and determining their value has been studied. Features of research of these objects are considered, the stages and sequence of complex research of the weapon are schematically represented. In particular, the ballistic stage of the study is described in detail. Forensic signs of belonging of the object to the firearm, constructive signs and the signs characterizing a condition of object and a way of its manufacturing that allows to reveal separate individual signs of the small arms and to carry out its exact identification are resulted. The problematic issues of ballistic research of firearms are illustrated by practical examples. The algorithm of carrying out of a stage of forensic research on an estimation of consumer properties of the weapon is stated; the expediency of using certain methodological approaches and methods of establishing the market value of weapons generally accepted in forensic science has been determined. The expediency of applying costly and comparative methodological approaches during the commodity research stage to determine the value of research objects is substantiated. Describes the feasibility of using a comparative methodological approach, when the secondary market for the sale of the object under study is quite developed and there is sufficient reliable information on the prices of offers for similar property; costly methodological approach - when the market of purchase and sale of these objects in use is significantly limited, there are no analogues of the investigated property in the secondary market, which denies the possibility of applying a comparative methodological approach, but it is possible to determine the cost of reproduction (replacement) estimates by a similar object.
14
Pathak, Manoj K., and Srishti Rai. "Autopsy as well as Nano-technological Study of a Suicide by Firearm." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS, TRAUMA & VICTIMOLOGY 6, no. 02 (December 25, 2020): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18099/ijetv.v6i02.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: The case brought to the department was of a 34 years old man, he had a history of alcohol and drug abuse. He had shot himself in the forehead with an unlicensed locally made firearm. The family members were reluctant in giving any further information and said they had no idea why he committed suicide. Case Report: A thorough post-mortem examination was conducted in the Mortuary of the Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University (IMS BHU). Ballistic findings as well as gunshot residue (GSR), were collected to support the claim of suicide. SEM-EDXA was performed on the collected hand swab. Conclusion: It is important to state the manner of death, in any case, to provide justice to the deceased and hold the indictable person accountable. To prevent such suicides by the use of improvised firearms, strict and stringent laws should be formulated on the manufacturing and sales of such firearms.
15
Tyshchenko, V. I., and O. V. Hretskykh. "Features Of Research Of Individual Samples Of Lighting Weapons." Actual problems of improving of current legislation of Ukraine, no. 49 (April 3, 2019): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/apiclu.49.89-99.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the research of individual samples of firearms cartridges (in particular, special bullets) in the course of forensic ballistic examination as a separate branch of forensic equipment in the conditions of dangerous tendency of mass distribution of illegal firearms in Ukraine. The main forensic features of special balls, their classification and dangerous factors are characterized. The backlog of approaches laid down in the current identification methodology has been identified and the practical need for its updating has been updated.
16
BRYANT, ROBIN. "Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence by 2nd edn B.J. Heard and Truth Machine: The Contentious History of DNA Fingerprinting by M. Lynch, S.A. Cole, R. McNally and K. Jordan." Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 49, no. 1 (February 2010): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2311.2009.00600_2.x.
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17
Komissarov, Mykola, and Oleksiу Sokolov. "STARTING PISTOLS AND REVOLVERS: LEGAL REGULATION OF CIRCULATION AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS." Law Journal of Donbass 74, no. 1 (2021): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-74-1-122-132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the problematic issues of circulation and expert research of products, which are classified by the manufacturer as alarming and signaling weapons, as well as starting pistols and revolvers. The history of origin, evolution and distribution of these objects of ballistic origin in Ukraine and in the world is reviewed. The experience of expert practice of forensic investigation of these devices in the units of the Expert Service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is analyzed and its comparison with the experience of expert evaluation of these products by employees of expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. A detailed study of the design features of the most common samples of firearms made by processing products classified by the manufacturer as alarms and alarms, as well as starting pistols and revolvers. Ways to make changes in their design of inverse and irreversible changes in order to bring into a state suitable for firing kinetic projectiles. The methods used by forensic experts in forensic investigation and testing of objects with firearms not classified by the manufacturer for household, sports and special purpose products are described in detail. Examples of illicit trafficking, distribution and use of these products as firearms during the commission of crimes are given. The normative documents that regulate the order of circulation in Ukraine of products with the characteristics of firearms, which the manufacturer classifies as devices of household, sports and special purpose, are analyzed. The basic requirements for alarming and signaling weapons, as well as starting pistols and revolvers by national standards and methods of ballistic examination are considered. The problematic aspects of the Ukrainian national legislation in the sphere of circulation of firearms objects and their consequences for the state are investigated. On the basis of the analysis of the European experience in regulating the circulation of alarm and signal weapons, ways of improving the national legal acts regulating the circulation of similar products in Ukraine have been proposed.
18
Chuan, Z. L., A. A. Jemain, C.-Y. Liong, N. A. M. Ghani, and L. K. Tan. "A robust firearm identification algorithm of forensic ballistics specimens." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 890 (September 2017): 012126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012126.
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Voronkov, Leonid Yu. "Identifying the distance of the shot on the shot spread, when shooting cartridges equipped with wad containers." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 22, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2022-22-2-210-215.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. Most often, in cases of crimes related to the use of firearms, in addition to establishing that an object belongs to a firearm and resolving the issue of its serviceability and suitability for shooting, it is necessary to solve other non-identification tasks, such as establishing the direction and distance of the shot. As a rule, these two tasks are set together and the identification of such significant data as the distance of the shot and the angle at which the gunshot damage was inflicted allows us to give a correct criminal-legal assessment of the events that occurred. In this work, the results obtained by the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram were compared with the real data obtained when shooting cartridges, factory equipment with wad containers. Experimental part. The experiment was conducted in a closed shooting range, targets made of 1 mm thick metal sheets, chipboard and wallpaper were selected. The shooting was carried out from three distances: 5, 10, 15 meters; half of the targets were located at an angle of 90 degrees, the second half was placed at an angle of 75 degrees. A total of 54 shots were fired: 18 shots at targets made of wallpaper, 18 shots at metal sheets and 18 shots at chipboard. The weapon used in the experiment was a copy of the IZH-27M 12-caliber hunting rifle. The shooting was carried out from the upper barrel with a muzzle narrowing “choke” with cartridges of the Russian company “NPF “AZOT” the model “Azot Russian Hunter B/K”. Discussion of results. The obtained results of the scattering diameters of shot spread were used to determine the distance of the shot using the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram. The calculated intervals of distances were compared with the actual shooting distances. The results of the comparison show that the values of the intervals of the shot distance obtained by the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram give a significant error – the actual values of the shot distance are about a third greater than the upper limit of the interval of the shot distance determined by the A. F. Lisitsyn nomogram. According to the results of the study, a proprietary nomogram was derived to determine the shot distance from the traces of shot spread. Conclusions. If there is a trace of the wad container, to determine the distance of the shot, it is better not to use the Lisitsyn nomogram, but to build an experimental dependence of the maximum and minimum values of the diameters of the shot spread at specific distances for a gun from the scene of the incident or a similar model of weapon. There is a need to improve and update currently existing methodological research, since the use of outdated information hinders the rational implementation of the tasks assigned to forensic ballistics. It is necessary to conduct research to establish the firing distance of a poly projectile when using a weapon with a specific drilling of the Lancaster barrel bore. The latest developments in the weapons industry – such models as the TR 366 TKM with a “Paradox” type barrel drill, in which a 366 TKM shotgun cartridge with an oval capsule for a police squad can be used, require further improvement of methods for establishing the distance of the shot.
20
Melnyk, R. V. "ON THE CRIMINALISTIC STUDY OF UNCONVENTIONAL FIREARMS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 15 (November 30, 2016): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2015.29.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article deals with the peculiarities of the study into unconventional firearms as well as the accompanying problems and the ways to solve them. Insufficient availability of training and reference materials on this topic creates a number of obstacles for forensic experts in their practice. The situation is also complicated by the limited access of specialists to specialized publications, along with outdated sources or absence of any sources on the subject. Investigation and expert practice deal with many types offirearms that differ from standard issues by the way of production, construction properties, technical and ballistic specifications. Criminalistic and legal sources use various names that differ from the names officially assigned to those firearms and differ by constitutional properties peculiar to certain groups of weapons. Because of this terminological confusion criminalists do not have a unified position regarding the objects to be studied, i.e. they face difficulties in deciding the question of classifying an item with a particular type or subtype of firearms.
21
Bondar, V. S. "FORENSIC BALLISTIC RESEARCH OF INDIVIDUAL MODELS OF SPECIAL PURPOSE FIREARMS AND THEIR AMMUNITION." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 11 (2022): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2022-11/150.
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Kuslii, Yurii, Nazarii Khomuk, Alla Bogdanova, Ihor Surko, and Yuliia Serheieva. "The current state of expert research of domestic firearms and cartridges for them in Ukraine." Forensic-medical examination, no. 2 (November 25, 2021): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.2.2021.4.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of the domestic engineering industry during the independence of Ukraine, in particular, led to the emergence of enterprises working in the field of development and production of firearms and ammunition for it. Experimental studies performed by forensic experts and criminologists to study the features of injuries and damage caused by modern models of domestic weapons need to be generalized and systematized.
Aim of the work. To review the literature sources related to the study of lethal and non-lethal pistols and ammunition for them of domestic production.
Materials and methods. In order to achieve this goal, we searched for literature sources within the scientometric databases of Google Scholar, Web of Science and Scopus by keywords, to a depth of 10 years using the criteria of selection of articles.
Results. A review of literature sources revealed that the direction of the study of pistols and ammunition for them of domestic production is still relevant and tends to increase in the last 5 years; the departments of forensic medicine at Higher Education Institutions and Research Forensic Centers are most interested in studying this topic; publications on models of pistols developed 10 or more years ago are found in large numbers in the scientific literature, but publications on "younger" models in the scientific literature are not found.
Conclusion. The vast majority of research on domestic firearms is devoted to the study of pistols produced by RPC «Fort». However, the available amount of research cannot meet the current needs of the expert service and, accordingly, the police. Research aimed at studying the ballistic properties of domestic weapons still remains a relevant and urgent area of forensic medicine and criminology.
23
Giverts, P. "THE PROBLEM OF SUBCLASS CHARACTERISTICS WHILE EXAMINATION OF REDESIGNED FLARE GUNS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.1.2020_22.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the process of cartridge case forensic identification common and separate (individual) characteristics are distinguished. Common characteristics are typical for a certain construction/model of firearms and are used for identifying the cartridge case group affiliation. Individual characteristics are random and are used for determining identity. Subclass characteristics appear at the stage of mechanical processing of the firearms’ parts. Therefore, the same marks can be observed on a few parts, which were consequently processed by the same tool. Lack of knowledge on the differences between individual and subclass characteristics may result in wrong conclusions as to identity.
The article purpose is to acquaint ballistic forensic experts with the problem of subclass characteristics, mechanism of their occurrence and the ways for their determination.
The mechanism of subclass characteristics occurrence and the characteristics on the basis of which we can determine that the examined characteristic is individual or subclass are discussed. The main examples of subclass characteristics, such as lands and grooves, arches, circles for which the width, depth and relative position of each element coincide, were given. The peculiarities of scene which allow to determine the individual characteristics among subclass characteristics are presented. Such features include the presence of irregularities along the lands and grooves, which make up the subclass feature, the cross section of the lands and grooves, etc. The possibility of identifying subclass characteristics is illustrated by the real case from forensic practice while redesigned flare gun examination.
The article highlights the need regarding the ability to determine subclass characteristics and the influence of such characteristics on the possibility of drawing up a conclusion as to identity.
24
Pannucci, Christopher J., Adam J. Cyr, Neal G. Moores, Jason B. Young, and Martin Szegedi. "A Ballistics Examination of Firearm Injuries Involving Breast Implants." Journal of Forensic Sciences 63, no. 2 (July 6, 2017): 571–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13589.
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Bachynskyy, V. T., Y. H. Zmiyevska, and I. H. Savka. "THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE GUNSHOT INJURIES IN THE PRACTICE OF FORENSIC MEDICINE." Modern medical technologies 43, no. 4 (December 2020): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34287/mmt.4(43).2019.8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract During the recent years the number of the wounded and killed due to firearms use both in Ukraine and in the majority of the world countries has increased. Therefore, examination of gunshot injuries is rather topical issue now in forensic medicine, and it is a considerable comprehensive question.Transience of incidences with the use of firearms in the majority of cases does not enable to find a real picture of circumstances when these incidences occur. Therefore, the issues of traumatic factor identification in these cases, especially with perforating and tangential injuries, are very important in forensic medicine, but remain elucidated insufficiently.At the same time, a dynamic development of up-to-date computer technologies enables to increase the level of visualization, forensic diagnostics of injuries and substantiation of expert conclusions in case of gunshot injuries. Purpose of the study. To study diagnostic possibilities of three-dimensional spatial reconstruction method for forensic identification of the main traumatic factor in case of gunshot injuries. Materials and methods. Ballistic plasticine and gel, fragments of pig skin with subcutaneous fat, fragments of biological tissues with gunshot injuries were used as the material for the study. The obtained experimental gunshot injuries (45 cases) and cases of injuries from the expert practice (30 cases) were subjected to photogrammetric with possibility to obtain a three-dimensional spatial model of every injury by means of the computer program Agisoft Photoscan. Results. The studies conducted differ from the existing ones by their novelty, higher inventive and scientific-practical level. Three-dimensional spatial digital models of the injured biological tissues and their imitators will be designed, examined and analyzed for the first time, and the diagnostic criteria for forensic identification of the main traumatic factor of gunshot body injuries will be developed. The obtained textured models of gunshot injuries in «Obj» format can be imported into the program 3dsMax, which enables to examine linear sizes of every fragment of a wound canal with higher accuracy (to 0,001 cm) in comparison with classical methods of examination.The results obtained while conducting the study enable not only to develop computer three-dimensional digital models of gunshot body injuries, but examine their character and morphologic peculiarities in forensic practice on an up-to-date scientific level. All the mentioned above enables to formulate and substantiate new, more accurate forensic diagnostic identification criteria of the main traumatic factor of gunshot body injuries. Conclusion. Introduction of up-to date computer technologies into the practice of forensic medicine will enable to determine identifying peculiarities of the main traumatic factor in case of gunshot injuries with a higher accuracy. Keywords: spatial reconstruction, 3D modelling, gunshot injuries, forensic medicine.
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Ghadage, Gautam N., and Ravindra K. Jagtap. "Forensic ballistics analysis of an unusual/unrifled/homemade firearm in the absence of the action." Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 50, no. 4 (October 2, 2017): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00085030.2017.1379704.
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Leonov, Sergey V., Natalya A. Mikheeva, Marina A. Suhareva та Juliya P. Shakiryanova. "Сharacteristics of the projectile trajectory after breaking through obstacles (biological material and triplex) fired from the «Horhe» non-lethal pistol and «Saiga» rifle". Russian Journal of Forensic Medicine 8, № 1 (14 квітня 2022): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/fm690.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BACKGROUND: When conducting forensic and medico-criminalistic examinations in cases of gunshot injury, when establishing the possible relative position of the shooter and the victim, the direction of the release of fragments of the obstacle, its particles and the projectile is of great expert importance. The effect of projectile trajectory normalization by forensic experts has not been previously described - in the literature available to us there are only indications of changes in the projectile trajectory when breaking through an obstacle. Little knowledge of the topic, the lack of scientific developments on this study for more than 50 years prompted us to conduct an experimental study.
AIMS: Study of the deviation of the emission of particles of obstacles, represented by biological material (pig skin) and laminated glass (triplex).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A series of experimental shots were carried out with projectiles fired from a traumatic pistol Jorge and a carbine Saiga (a semi-shell bimetallic bullet with a lead core of a 5.4539 mm cartridge), it was noted that when breaking through both biological material and triplex glass located under angles of 4060 with respect to the line of sight, with a pre-obstruction distance of 1002001000 cm. Shots were fired from a distance of 12 m into a biological barrier, from 10 m ― into a triplex. The resulting damage was studied using visual, measuring, macroscopic, photographic analysis.
RESULTS: The study showed that there is a discrepancy (change) in the trajectory of movement from the aiming line of secondary projectiles, which arose after the destruction of the barrier and the firearm, and its parts, formed as a result of the penetration of the barrier by a bullet. The deviation was fixed at a different value depending on the angle of inclination of the barrier.
CONCLUSION: The results obtained can be taken into account when setting up various ballistic experiments, as well as in reconstructing the circumstances of the incident during forensic, medical-forensic and forensic ballistic examinations.
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Zaitsev, Vladimir V. "Empirical study of morphological signs of traces of gunshots with shot poly projectile on woven materials." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 22, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2022-22-2-231-235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The theory of forensic examination highlights that an effective study of traces at the scene of an incident is possible only with a comprehensive study of all types of traces. Therefore, to objectively assess the circumstances in the conditions of detecting traces of firearms, one should apply an integrated approach to the method of working with traces and use methods of examination of substances, materials and products, alongside ballistic methods. Methods. The success of the investigation of a specific event largely depends on the objective establishment of the circumstances under which the shot was fired, which can be done as a result of an integrated approach to the research process and experimental research. Empirical analysis. The experiment was carried out in an open area. Experimental shooting was carried out on four types of fabrics most demanded by the garment industry: knitwear, polyester, woolen fabric, denim from a distance of 5, 10, 15 meters. The shots were fired from IZH18E 12-gauge smooth-bore hunting firearm, using a shot poly shell (shot with the number 0000 diameter – 5 mm). A total of 28 shots were fired – 7 shots at each type of fabric. Results. In the course of the studies carried out on woven materials, the author identified a number of morphological features that had not previously been noted by researchers and that help to display the situation at the scene of the incident with a higher degree of reliability and facilitate further expert research. The change in organoleptic and morphological characteristics on various types of tissues is analyzed depending on their physical and mechanical properties, color, structure and distance from which the shot was fired. Conclusion. The article is devoted to the analysis of morphological features that occur when shooting from a smoothbore hunting rifle on various types of woven materials with a shotgun from different distances. It is assumed that as a result of the study, data on the model of the weapon used, the type of cartridge, the direction and distance of the shot can be established.
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de la Grandmaison, Geoffroy Lorin, Christophe Fermanian, Philippe Aegerter, and Michel Durigon. "Influence of ballistic and autopsy parameters on the manner of death in case of long firearms fatalities." Forensic Science International 177, no. 2-3 (May 2008): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.01.002.
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Latyshov, Igor V. "Some issues of evaluating the influence of silent shooting devices on the formation of traces on fired bullets and fired cases." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law 22, no. 2 (May 23, 2022): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2022-22-2-236-241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The growing number of military and civilian models of firearms equipped with muzzle devices actualizes the expert diagnostics of the facts of using silent shooting devices during committing crimes by their traces on the fired bullets and fired cases. Theoretical analysis. Science has identified a number of regularities of the effect of silent shooting devices on the mechanism of formation and characteristics of traces on bullets and cartridge cases. Among them are the abrasion and smoothing of traces of the barrel bore on bullets, the formation of traces of the body of homemade silent shooting devices when they are misaligned with the barrel bore, the malfunction of the weapon’s automation, which excludes the possibility of displaying traces of the reflector and the ejection port on the cartridge cases. Empirical analysis. In order to identify new regularities of influence of silent shooting devices on the formation of traces on bullets and cartridge cases, a model scientific experiment was conducted. Experimental shooting was conducted from .366 TKM smoothbore rifles models VPO-209 (Paradox) and AK-366 (Lancaster). The PBS-1 with a rubber obturator of a strong degree of wear was used as a silent shooting device. Cartridges of two types were equipped with lead bullets in a polymer shell, gunpowder “Sunar 7.62” and “Falcon”. Results. It is determined that lead bullets of cartridges undergo characteristic deformation when passing the rubber obturator of the silent shooting device. The body of the bullets stretches and bends, in some cases takes a spindle shape. Cases of partial destruction of bullets have been noted. It is proved that the smoothing of the relief of the traces of the barrel bore, characteristic of the contact interaction of a bullet with a rubber obturator, as well as the additional formation of obturator traces on the bullets do not prevent the identification of firearms. Conclusions. The identified regularities expand the possibilities of forensic ballistic examination in determining the facts of the use of silent shooting devices while committing crimes.
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Euteneuer, Jan, Annica Gosch, and Cornelius Courts. "Nothing but hot air?—On the molecular ballistic analysis of backspatter generated by and the hazard potential of blank guns." International Journal of Legal Medicine 135, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2061–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-021-02541-y.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractBlank cartridge guns are prevalent especially in countries with laws restricting access to conventional firearms, and it is a common misconception that these weapons are harmless and only used as toys or for intimidation. However, although their harming potential is well-documented by numerous reports of accidents, suicides, and homicides, a systematic molecular biological investigation of traces generated by shots from blank cartridges at biological targets has not been done so far. Herein, we investigate the occurrence and analyzability of backspatter generated by shots of different types of blank cartridge guns firing different types of blank ammunition at ballistic gelatin model cubes doped with human blood and radiological contrast agent soaked into a spongious matrix and covered with three different variants of skin simulants. All skin simulants were penetrated, and backspatter was created in 100% of the shots in amounts sufficient for forensic short tandem repeat (STR) typing that resulted in the correct identification of the respective blood donor. Visible backspatter was documented on the muzzle and/or inside the barrel in all cases, and in 75% of cases also on the outer surfaces and on the shooter’s hand(s). Wound cavities were measured and ranged between 1 and 4.5 cm in depth. Discussing our findings, we provide recommendations for finding, recovering, and analyzing trace material from blank guns, and we demonstrate the considerable hazard potential of these devices, which is further emphasized by the presentation of a comprehensive overview of the pertinent literature on injuries inflicted by blank guns.
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Sudibyo, Sudibyo. "Penentu Jarak Tembak Berdasarkan Kerusakan Proyektil Timah Tanpa Jacket untuk Senjata Api Genggam Jenis Revolver S&W Kaliber .38 Spesial pada Target Tulang." Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana 17, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbp.v17i3.2015.135-140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This study aims to predict the shooting range based on damage the type of lead a projectile without jacket caliber.38 special fired from handguns kinds brand Revolver S & W caliber .38 specials. Based on the phenomenon of criminal cases of abuse handguns types Revolver and the fact that real data it was found that 8% of the amount of lead projectiles without jacket as forensic evidence, the condition has broken the deformed moderate to severe. The study was conducted at the Police Forensic Laboratory experimental method test-fired in the shooting box at short throw distance range of 0.5 to 6 meters , where the bone is positioned at the target position changes location every 0.5 meters, so the total number of shots is 12 times shot on 12 position target location, and finally obtained 12 variations of deformation projectile shot results. Stages test firing conducted through three stages as follows: 1). Phase sample preparation equipment and materials firearms, bullets and target bone. 2). Phase shooting target accurately. 3). Stages of deformation measurements and weighing projectile, arranged in the form of table data. Material samples of bullet used was the type of lead bullets without jacket caliber .38 special with technical specifications diameter of projectile 9.09 mm (real 9.05 mm), length of projectile 17.90 mm (real 18.61 mm), projectile material lead antimony, projectile weight of 10.25 grams, muzzle velocity (initial) 265 m / sec, rounded nose shape, coefficient of form C = 2, the ballistic coefficient i = 0,9 effective range or the distance accurately of 25 meters. Material samples of bone were used as target is 1694 SR veal ribs with bone hardness values (87 ± 1.5) shore, is used for the calibration test firing, a human skull age adults (≥ 35 years) with a value of hardness (78 ± 6 ) shore, is used as the target subjects of research, human ribs (costal C-3 / C-6) adult (≥ 35 years) with a value of hardness (69 ± 19.5) shore, is used as the target subjects of research. Keywords : deformation; projectiles; bones
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Valle, Francesco, Michele Bianchi, Silvia Tortorella, Giovanni Pierini, Fabio Biscarini, and Marcello D’Elia. "Nanotechnology for forensic sciences: Analysis of PDMS replica of the case head of spent cartridges by optical microscopy, SEM and AFM for the ballistic identification of individual characteristic features of firearms." Forensic Science International 222, no. 1-3 (October 2012): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.07.005.
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S, Kaur. "Forensic Ballistic Studies of .32” Revolver and .22 Rifle Lead Bullets on Passage through Iron Sheets of Different Thicknesses." International Journal of Forensic Sciences 5, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ijfsc-16000185.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During criminal investigation, one may come across cases involving the passage of non-jacketed lead bullets through metal sheets. After these bullets have passed through the sheets, their forensic studies, holes or injuries caused may be of importance. In this paper, the authors have presented the results of passage of lead bullets fired from .32 revolver and .22 rifle through iron sheets of different thicknesses. Studies about their penetration, deformation, diameters of holes caused by them, formation of plug, maintenance of striations left by firearms on these bullets and their lethality etc. have been discussed. These studies revealed that striations left by firearms on their surfaces are maintained, holes caused in thicker sheets are of diameters larger than their calibres and these bullets are capable of penetration into human body.
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Guarnera, Luca, Oliver Giudice, Salvatore Livatino, Antonino Barbaro Paratore, Angelo Salici, and Sebastiano Battiato. "Assessing forensic ballistics three-dimensionally through graphical reconstruction and immersive VR observation." Multimedia Tools and Applications, October 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-14037-x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA crime scene can provide valuable evidence critical to explain reason and modality of the occurred crime, and it can also lead to the arrest of criminals. The type of evidence collected by crime scene investigators or by law enforcement may accordingly effective involved cases. Bullets and cartridge cases examination is of paramount importance in forensic science because they may contain traces of microscopic striations, impressions and markings, which are unique and reproducible as “ballistic fingerprints”. The analysis of bullets and cartridge cases is a complicated and challenging process, typically based on optical comparison, leading to the identification of the employed firearm. New methods have recently been proposed for more accurate comparisons, which rely on three-dimensionally reconstructed data. This paper aims at further advancing recent methods by introducing a novel immersive technique for ballistics comparison by means of Virtual Reality. Users can three-dimensionally examine the cartridge cases shapes through intuitive natural gestures, from any vantage viewpoint (including internal iper-magnified views), while having at their disposal sets of visual aids which could not be easily implemented in desktop-based applications. A user study was conducted to assess viability and performance of our solution, which involved fourteen individuals acquainted with the standard procedures used by law enforcement agencies. Results clearly indicated that our approach lead to faster adaptation of users to the UI/UX and more accurate and explainable ballistics examination results.
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Passalacqua, Pierluigi, Margherita Pallocci, Lucilla De Luca, Claudia Zanovello, Giulio Sacchetti, and Michele Treglia. "Tandem bullets: case report and ballistic analysis." Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 12, no. 1 (September 22, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41935-022-00297-z.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background In forensic ballistics, the phenomenon of tandem bullets occurs when two or more bullets are ejected from the barrel of a firearm in a single shot. The injuries caused by these bullets have been described in the literature and include several possibilities, whose severity seems to be especially related to the mass increase of the exploded cartridges and to the distance at which the shots are fired, as a result of the sudden drop in kinetic energy that occurs. Case presentation We report the case of a subject hit by a tandem bullet, during an attempted robbery, describing the injury reported in relation to the ballistic analysis of the case and examining the dynamics in which this circumstance occurred. Conclusions The ballistic analysis conducted in our case confirmed that the harmful potential of “tandem bullets” is inversely correlated to the mass of the fired bullets. In our case, the exploded shot, consisting of two 38 Special caliber bullets fused together, hit the body of the subject involved with minimal kinetic energy and penetrating potential. We believe that further ballistic studies should be conducted on a cadaveric model by exploiting cadaveric donation programs for scientific research purposes, in order to investigate the wide spectrum of possible injuries that can occur, also simulating the effects of unjacketed tandem bullets.
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Zain, Zainiharyati Mohd, Siti Nurhazlin Jaluddin, Mohamed Izzharif Abdul Halim, and Mohamed Sazif Mohamed Subri. "The effect of type of firearm and shooting distance on pattern distribution, particle dispersion and amount of gunshot residue." Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences 11, no. 1 (May 21, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41935-021-00225-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Background Evidence can be defined as the object’s availability and/or information that indicates whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. Gunshot residue (GSR) is an important evidence that can serve many roles in ballistic investigation such as shooting distance, type of firearm and ammunition used in shooting related to GSR. However, due to minimal amount of GSR that can be found in crime scene, suitable methods and technique are required in order to obtain the information from the evidence. This action is also known as evidence recovery. When a firearm is fired, soot or particles are discharged from any opening of the firearm and deposited at the vicinity of point of shooting. Results This study emphasized on the examination of the soot/particles produced and pattern distribution of GSR deposited on white cotton cloth target at varying shooting distances (from 3 to 50 cm) using a video spectral comparator. Pattern distribution and GSR particle density are the main factors in determining the shooting distances in clothing. Principle component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were used to classify firearms; the differences in the GSR pattern distribution are highly recognizable. This study showed that the relationship between the GSR particle dispersion and shooting distance was proportionally linear. The results obtained from the shooting test showed that the diameter of GSR distribution and the amount of residues being deposited from shots fired decreased at distances greater than 21 cm. Conclusion This study will help the investigators in determining the shooting distances and evaluating the firearms used. There is a promising method for examination of GSR pattern on the target material which is also important for firing distance estimation.
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Suresh, R. "Forensic Investigation of Unusual Firearms, Ballistic and Medico-Legal Evidence." Foresic Research & Criminology International Journal 5, no. 4 (September 21, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2017.05.00160.
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Shcherbak, V. V., V. V. Sapielkin, O. V. Lavrynenko, and S. V. Melnyk. "FEATURES OF FATAL INJURIES WHEN SHOOTING FROM CONVERTED AND REACTIVATED WEAPONS (TWO CASES FROM EXPERT PRACTICE)." Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32345/2664-4738.4.2021.16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Relevance. Gunshot injuries from converted and re-activated (remanufactured) weapons are increasingly common in expert practice. This is due to the free circulation of such weapons, which are not controlled by authorized bodies, no documents or registration are required for their acquisition, and their transfer to a combat state is a technologically simple and fast process.
Objective: analysis of the nature and characteristics of injuries caused by shots from converted and reactivated weapons, based on data obtained in forensic medical expert practice in the study of corpses of victims with gunshot wounds to the head, as well as on the results of forensic ballistic examinations of firearms and ammunition for them.
Materials and methods. Cases of forensic medical examination of gunshot wounds to the head when fired from converted and reactivated (recovered) hand-held firearms, resulting in the death of the victims.
Results. The study found that the use of signal weapons (pistol "Stalker-M906" converted for firing pistol cartridges of 9 mm RA caliber) and recovered neutralized weapons (mass-dimensional model of a 7.62 mm Nagant revolver equipped with non-standard ammunition) when fired at point-blank and at close range led to fatal penetrating gunshot wounds, accompanied by perforated fractures of the skull bones, destruction of the brain substance and intracranial hemorrhages.
Conclusions. The analyzed cases of gunshot wounds when fired from converted and reactivated weapons indicate the potential danger of causing fatal injuries to a person. Consequently, an important issue is to strengthen control over the circulation, use and storage of signal and neutralized weapons.
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Zhang, Nien Fan. "The Use of Correlated Binomial Distribution in Estimating Error Rates for Firearm Evidence Identification." Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 124 (October 2, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the branch of forensic science known as firearm evidence identification, estimating error rates is a fundamental challenge. Recently, a new quantitative approach known as the congruent matching cells (CMC) method was developed to improve the accuracy of ballistic identifications and provide a basis for estimating error rates. To estimate error rates, the key is to find an appropriate probability distribution for the relative frequency distribution of observed CMCs overlaid on a relevant measured firearm surface such as the breech face of a cartridge case. Several probability models based on the assumption of independence between cell pair comparisons have been proposed, but the assumption of independence among the cell pair comparisons from the CMC method may not be valid. This article proposes statistical models based on dependent Bernoulli trials, along with corresponding methodology for parameter estimation. To demonstrate the potential improvement from the use of the dependent Bernoulli trial model, the methodology is applied to an actual data set of fired cartridge cases.
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Ruggieri, James A. "Forensic Engineering Analysis Of Electro-Shock Weapon Safety." Journal of the National Academy of Forensic Engineers 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.51501/jotnafe.v22i2.646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electro-Shock Weapons Have Become Increasingly Popular With Law Enforcement Agencies In Recent Years As Alternatives To Firearms. In Particular, The Taser Brand Of Electro-Shock Weapons Are Characterized By A Distinctive Product Feature That Propels Electrode Barbs At The Subject Allowing The Officer To Exert Control Over The Subject While Maintaining Some Safe Distance. These Model Weapons Offers Two Modes Of Operation: The Projectile Or Ballistic Mode, Where The Electrode Barbs Can Reach Out To The Subject At A 15-Foot Or Greater Distance, And A Backup, Touch Or Drive Stun Mode, That Requires The Officer To Drive The Weapon Into The Subject. This Latter Mode Of Operation Is An Alternative Mode Of Operation Should The Electrode Barbs Miss The Subject, Or For Use In Close Quarters Situations. The Manufacturer Of These Weapons, Taser International Inc., Claims The Devices To Be Safe, Citing Many Independent Technical And Medical Safety Studies. However, Following Over One Hundred Deaths Involving Use Of The Weapon, The Company Has Received Much Criticism, And Consequently, Named As A Defendant In A Large Number Of Lawsuits Under Theories Of Defective Product, Wrongful Death, And Willful Misrepresentation Of Product Performance And Product Safety. This Paper Reports The Findings Of Independent Electrical Tests Performed On A Civilian Model Version...
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Kolomiytsev, A., V. Nikitiuk, O. Herman, and O. Pashkova. "PECULIARITIES OF THE ORIGIN OF LEAD TRACES IN A BORE OF SMOOTHBORE FIREARM." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 22, no. 2 (October 8, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2.2020.24.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article is devoted to review of the problem of studying traces of metallizing in a smoothbore firearm bore when firing various types of kinetic projectiles. The features of the mechanism of formation of lead traces in a bore as well as conditions contributing to lead plating are considered. The main cases of detecting traces of lead on bore surface in the course of corresponding multidisciplinary forensic ballistic and chemistry analysis are considered. The main methods for detecting traces of lead in the bore of the studied sample of weapon are described, as well as signs on the basis of which it is possible to establish the type of projectile that was fired in cases when a bore has not been thoroughly cleaned. In the course of the survey on the study of traces of metallization, it was found that the contact-diffusion method is suitable only for qualitative analysis of lead traces, it can be used to determine only the presence of lead and visualize the degree of concentration of the studied metal in the contact zone based on the intensity of color display of chemical reaction. To establish quantitative indicators of the chemical elements that make up the traces of metallization, this method is unpromising. Particular attention is paid to the study of traces of metallization in a bore of traumatic guns. The possible problematic aspects of this kind of research are indicated. It is obvious that research in this direction requires the introduction into practice of more advanced equipment and new approaches aimed at identifying individualizing signs of the nature of traces origin.
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Pekedis, Mahmut, Firat Ozan, Semmi Koyuncu, and Hasan Yildiz. "The finite element method-based pattern recognition approach for the classification of patient-specific gunshot injury." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, March 18, 2022, 095441192210863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09544119221086397.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Violence related injuries and deaths mostly caused by firearms are a major problem throughout the world. Understanding the factors that control the extent of hard-soft tissue wound patterns using computer imaging techniques, numerical methods, and machine learning algorithms may help physicians to diagnose and treat those injuries more properly. Here, we investigate the use of computational results coupled with the pattern recognition algorithms to develop an approach for forensic applications. Initially, computer tomography (CT) images of the patient whose leg was shot by a 9 × 19 parabellum bullet are used to construct the FE models of that patient’s femoral bone and the surrounding soft tissues. Then, Hounsfield units-based material properties are assigned to elements of the bone. To simulate the full range of loading conditions encountered in ballistic events, a constitutive model that captures the strain-rate dependent response is implemented. The entrance pathway vector of the bullet is directed in accordance with the patient’s wound and the simulations are deployed for the cases having various inlet velocities such as 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 m/s. Once the FE results for each case are obtained, they are processed with supervised machine learning algorithms to classify the wound and inlet velocity correspondence. The results demonstrate that they can be diagnosed with a percent accuracy of 97.3, 97.5, and 98.3 for the decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (kNN) and support vector machine (SVM) classifier, respectively. This approach may provide a useful framework in classifying the wound type, predicting the bullet impact velocity and its firing distance.