Статті в журналах: "Forced diesels"

1

Kruchek, Viktor, and Pavel Dvorkin. "Perspectives of using the titanium alloys for heat stressed parts." Bulletin of scientific research results, no. 1 (March 20, 2016): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2223-9987-2016-1-66-71.

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Objective: To examine the perspectives of using the titanium alloys for diesel motors design and for development of new construction materials for improvement of reliability and life time of forced diesels. Methods: Metallography and X-ray microanalysis were used for titanium allows examination. Results: It was found, that using of titanium allows for train diesel motor piston design would increase the elasticity of the piston for 8%, and decreases the elongation under high temperatures (up to 700 °С). Practical importance: Using of titanium alloys improves the reliability of piston operation and allows to increase the grade of forced induction, that provides the diesel power increasing.

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2

Kovalov, Serhii. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER OF GAS ENGINE, CONVERTED ON THE BASIS OF DIESELS D-120 OR D-144 ENGINES TO WORK FOR ON LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 3 (259) ’ 2019 (October 17, 2019): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2019-3-259-2-8.

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The expediency of using vehicles of liquefied petroleum gas as a motor fuel, as com-pared with traditional liquid motor fuels, in particular with diesel fuel, is shown. The advantages of converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition with respect to conversion into gas diesel engines are substantiated. The analysis of methods for reducing the compression ratio in diesel engines when converting them into gas ICEs with forced ignition has been carried out. It is shown that for converting diesel engines into gas ICEs with forced ignition, it is advisable to use the Otto thermo-dynamic cycle with a decrease in the geometric degree of compression. The choice is grounded and an open combustion chamber in the form of an inverted axisymmetric “truncated cone” is developed. The proposed shape of the combustion chamber of a gas internal combustion engine for operation in the LPG reduces the geometric compression ratio of D-120 and D-144 diesel engines with an unseparated spherical combustion chamber, which reduces the geometric compression ratio from ε = 16,5 to ε = 9,4. The developed form of the combustion chamber allows the new diesel pistons or diesel pistons which are in operation to be in operation to be refined, instead of making special new gas pistons and to reduce the geometric compression ratio of diesel engines only by increasing the combustion chamber volume in the piston. This method of reducing the geometric degree of compression using conventional lathes is the most technologically advanced and cheap, as well as the least time consuming. Keywords: self-propelled chassis SSh-2540, wheeled tractors, diesel engines D-120 and D-144, gas engine with forced ignition, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), compression ratio of the internal com-bustion engine, vehicles operating in the LPG.

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3

Prokopenko, Mykola, and Olena Zinchenko. "ABOUT PREDICTION METHOD FOR WORK RESOURCE OF COMBUSTION CAMERAS SHIPS OF FORCED HIGH-SPEED DIESELS PISTONS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ENGINE OPERATION MODEL." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD, no. 2 (October 11, 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/doi:10.20998/2079-0775.2019.2.05.

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4

Prokopenko, Mykola, and Olena Zinchenko. "ANALYSIS AND CHOICE OF DESCRIPTION METHODS FOR PROCESSES OF FATIGUE, CREEP AND LONG TERM STRENGTH FORECASTING FOR HIGH-SPEED FORCED DIESELS PISTONS." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2019.1.06.

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5

Preisner, T., and W. Mathis. "Berechnung der auftretenden lokalen Kräfte auf der magnetischen Beschichtung eines magnetischen Rasterkraftmikroskops." Advances in Radio Science 7 (May 18, 2009): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-7-37-2009.

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Abstract. Die numerische Berechnung entstehender Kraftwirkungen auf Körper aufgrund magnetischer Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen, ist in Bezug auf die mechanische Deformation dieser Körper ein noch nicht vollständig gelöstes Problem. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Vergleich vorhandener Kraftberechnungsmethoden hinsichtlich der totalen Kraft anhand eines analytisch berechenbaren Beispiels vorgestellt, sowie Unterschiede der lokalen Kraftdichten dieser Methoden in Anwendung auf die magnetische Beschichtung eines magnetischen Rasterkraftmikroskops aufgezeigt. Due to magnetic interactions between magnetic field inducing bodies, force effects occur on the materials. The numerical computation of those occuring forces with respect to a subsequent structural analysis of a deformable material is still a topic of interest in research. In this paper a comparison between several existent force calculation methods regarding the total force is given for an example with two magnetic cubes. Furthermore, differences are shown concerning the local force densities on the magnetic coating of a magnetic force microscope.

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6

Проценко, Владислав Олександрович, and Володимир Олександрович Малащенко. "Marine diesels mechanical charging driving improvement through overrunning-safety clutch application." Automation of ship technical facilities 26, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31653/1819-3293-2020-1-26-58-71.

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Article deals with marine diesels mechanical charging driving protecting problem. On the base of marine diesel EMD 710G overrunning clutch construction analysis its disadvantages were highlighted. Main of them is the principle of working load transfer by friction forces. That is the reason of clutch skidding in operation and charging efficiency degradation. A new design of the safety-overrunning clutch for marine diesels mechanical charging driving, based on the principle of engagement is proposed. In new overrunning-safety clutch construction, which protected by patent, the overrunning and safety parts are mutually integrated. Clutch operations on the overrunning and overload modes are described. On the basis of ball acting forces on steady motion description expressions for its static balance are obtained. Those static balance expressions were the basis for coupling nominal working torque ratios receiving. On the next stage ball forces balance on the overload mode was analyzed. As a result of those stage studies expressions for calculating overload spring deformation, torques of the beginning and ending of its operation are obtained. On the basis of clutch nominal torque, torques of beginning and ending operation the ratios for assessing the main operational characteristics of the coupling when operating in overload mode are obtained - coefficients for exceeding the nominal torque, response accuracy and sensibility.

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7

Germes, Mélina. "Eine polizeiliche ‚Moral‘ der Demütigung. Nebeneffekte der ‚Kriminalitätsbekämpfung‘ in einem französischen Vorort." sub\urban. zeitschrift für kritische stadtforschung 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2014): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36900/suburban.v2i2.140.

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Im Anschluss an eine langfristige ethnographische Beobachtung der Arbeit einer Brigade Anti-Criminalité (Einheit zur Kriminalitätsbekämpfung; im Folgenden: BAC) in einem Pariser Vorort zwischen 2005 und 2007 hat der Anthropologe Didier Fassin im Jahr 2011 das Buch La force de l'ordre. Une anthropologie de la police des quartiers veröffentlicht, das zu einem Meilenstein in der französischen Polizeiforschung geworden ist und einen wichtigen Beitrag auch zur öffentlichen Debatte geleistet hat. Diese Debatte um das Polizieren der ,Viertelʼ beschäftigt sich mit den diskursiven, organisatorischen und alltagsweltlichen Hintergründen der Polizeiarbeitum wiederholte Identitätskontrollen, ethnischen Diskriminierung und exzessiver Gewaltanwendung zu beschreiben und einzuordnen. Ziel der Untersuchung Fassins in Kontext dieser Debatte ist es, die Polizeiarbeit in den ,Viertelnʼ zu begleiten, zu hinterfragen sowie zu erklären, was diese Polizeiarbeit über die französische Gesellschaft aussagt. Der für dieses Heft von s u b \ u r b a n übersetzte Auszug aus dem vierten Kapitel seines Buches reflektiert den Begriff von ,Gewaltʼ (zu weiteren Begriffserläuterung vgl. den Textauszug von Fassin) in Bezug auf die Polizeiarbeit und unterscheidet zwischen physischer, körperlicher Gewalt und unsichtbaren Formen von psychischer und verbaler Gewalt.

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8

Becker, Dina, Clemens Maucher, and Hans-Christian Möhring. "Spanntechnik beim Absägen von AM-Bauteilen/Clamping system for sawing AM components." wt Werkstattstechnik online 112, no. 01-02 (2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2022-01-02-65.

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Im Laser Powder-Bed-Fusion (LPBF)-Prozess sind additiv hergestellte Bauteile (AM) nach dem Drucken fest mit der Bauplattform verbunden. Diese Bauteile gilt es von der Bauplattform zu lösen. Dabei kommen bevorzugt spanende Verfahren, vor allem das Sägen, zum Einsatz. Für dünnwandige Bauteile ist dieser Prozess aufgrund der auftretenden Prozesskräfte jedoch eine Herausforderung. In diesem Beitrag wird ein angepasstes Spannkonzept für das Sägen untersucht.   In the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) process, additively manufactured components (AM) are firmly connected to the build platform after the process. However, these components need to be removed from the build platform. Metal-cutting processes, in particular sawing, are preferred. For thin-walled components, however, this process poses a challenge due to the process forces that occur. In this article, an adapted clamping concept for sawing is examined.

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9

Rozhdestvensky, Yu, K. Gavrilov, and A. Doikin. "Forced Diesel Piston Tribological Parameters Improvement." Procedia Engineering 206 (2017): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.531.

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10

Vlahopoulos, Nickolas, Yury Kalish, and S. T. Raveendra. "Development of an Equivalent Force Method and an Application in Simulating the Radiated Noise from an Operating Diesel Engine." Shock and Vibration 6, no. 3 (1999): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1999/323427.

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In this paper a new methodology is presented for applying measured accelerations and forces as excitation on a structural finite element model in order to perform a forced frequency response analysis. The computed vibration constitutes the excitation for an acoustic boundary element analysis. The new developments presented in this paper are associated with: the equivalent force method that can prescribe the acceleration at certain parts of the structure; the integration within a single process of test data that define the excitation, with the vibration analysis, and the acoustic prediction; the utilization of the new technology in simulating the noise radiated from a running engine and determining the effects of design changes. Numerical results for noise radiated from a running engine are compared to test data for a baseline design. The effect of two structural design modifications on the radiated noise is computed, and conclusions are deduced.

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11

Klocke, F., R. Brocker, F. Vits, and P. Mattfeld. "Kontaktkräfte beim ungeführten Vibrationsgleitschleifen*/Contact forces in unguided vibratory finishing." wt Werkstattstechnik online 105, no. 06 (2015): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2015-06-29.

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Beim Vibrationsgleitschleifen wird der Werkstoffabtrag maßgeblich durch die vorherrschenden Kontaktkräfte zwischen dem Werkstück und den Schleifkörpern bestimmt. Dieser Fachartikel stellt ein Messsystem vor, mit dem die messtechnische Erfassung der Kontaktkräfte beim ungeführten Vibrationsgleitschleifen möglich ist. Ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal ist dabei die vollständig kabellose Ausführung des Messsystems. Somit wurden die Messergebnisse nicht durch Kabel beeinflusst, die üblicherweise für die Energieversorgung und Datenübertragung notwendig sind. Mithilfe dieses Messsystems wurde der Einfluss folgender Prozesseingangsgrößen systematisch untersucht: Schleifkörpergröße, Unwuchtmotordrehzahl, Versatzwinkel der Unwuchtgewichte sowie die Masse des unteren und oberen Unwuchtgewichts auf die Kontaktkräfte.   In vibratory finishing the material removal is influenced by the contact forces between work piece and media. In this paper a measurement system is presented which is able to measure contact forces between work piece and media in unguided vibratory finishing. The unique feature of the measurement system is its completely wireless construction so that the measurement results are not influenced by wires of the force sensor system including the electrical power supply and the data logging. By means of this measurement system, contact forces can be measured in unguided vibratory finishing processes for the first time. Furthermore, the influence of media size and adjustment of the unbalance motor like revolution speed, phase angle and mass distribution between the upper and the lower eccentric weight on the contact forces was investigated.

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12

Plotnikov, S. A., Sh V. Buzikov, and V. F. Atamanyuk. "Investigation of burning and heat generation in thermally forced diesel." Traktory i sel hozmashiny 81, no. 7 (July 15, 2014): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-65570.

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Indicator diagrams of 2Ч 10,5/12,0 diesel have been analyzed in accordance with the method of Central Research and Development Institute of Diesel Engines. Diagrams of heat generation in thermally forced diesel are obtained for two regimes, namely for nominal and maximal driving moments. It was found theoretically that thermal forcing shortens preliminary stage of the burning and decreases the operating severity. It opens a prospect for forcing of diesel on mean effective pressure.

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13

Chistyakov, A. Yu, G. B. Gorelik, and O. N. Mozolev. "Modeling the processes of fuel supply during the operation of marine diesel engine using water-fuel emulsion." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre S-I, no. 1 (December 8, 2021): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-1-s-i-152-154.

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The article presents the results of the mathematical modeling of marine diesel’s fuel supply processes during the screw characteristic while using diesel fuel and water-fuel emulsion with 30% water content as alternative fuel. As a result of the research, the features of the fuel supply processes and the effect of alternative fuel on the serial fuel equipment injection characteristics during operation in nominal and partial modes were identified. Considering the quality of fuel equipment operation the following features were taken into account, they are: changing fuel supply characteristics; features of fuel atomization in the initial and final phases of injection; increasing stability of the injection in sequential cycles by increasing plunger active stroke; residual pressure oscillations in the high pressure line during injection consecutive cycles. Using the water-fuel emulsion it is possible to significantly increase a quality of marine diesel engine operation, to extend the stable fuel supply range of the serial fuel equipment both from the possibility of speed modes reducing during fine fuel feed and providing forced fuel feed due to absence of repeating injections.

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14

Guo, Pei Pei, and Wen Zhi Gao. "FEM Analysis on Block Vibration of Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 155-156 (February 2012): 1086–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.155-156.1086.

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In order to evaluate the vibration history of the engine block and predict its surface vibration status, a FEM model on 4102BZQ Diesel Engine block was constructed. Based on the cylinder pressure curve of 4102BZQ, some important exciting forces applied on the block were calculated. ANSYS software was used to compute and analyze dynamic response of the block. Simultaneously the node displacement history of the block model was obtained. The results of calculation and analysis showed that the vibration of the block skirts was more intense and the skirt was the main factor to influence the reliability of the engine. Cylinder head bolt force and piston slap force had significant effect on the top area of the block, and the surface vibration of the skirt was strongly influenced by the crank shaft load.

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15

Weinmann, H., F. Lang, J. Hofmann, and J. Fleischer. "Bahnzugkraftregelung in der Batteriezellfertigung*/Web tension control in battery cell production." wt Werkstattstechnik online 108, no. 07-08 (2018): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2018-07-08-37.

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Viele Maschinen- und Materialparameter sind für die Qualität eines Elektroden-Einzelblattes verantwortlich. Relevant für Vereinzelung und Stapelbildung ist etwa die Bahnzugkraft, mit der die Elektrodenbahn während des Stanzvorgangs beaufschlagt wird. Diese wurde in der Versuchsanlage des wbk Institut für Produktionstechnik regelbar ausgeführt, um Zusammenhänge bei der Einzelblattstapelbildung zu untersuchen. Dieser Artikel stellt Auswahl und Funktion sowie die Integration der Lösung in die Versuchsanlage und die Auswirkung verschiedener Bahnzugkräfte auf die Maßhaltigkeit der gestanzten Einzelblätter vor.   The quality of an electrode single-sheet is affected by a multitude of machine and material parameters, such as the web tension force for separating and stacking applied to the electrode web during die cutting. As an adjustable force it was analyzed in a demonstrator at the wbk Institute of Production Science to identify interdependencies during single-sheet-stacking. This article presents the selection, function and integration of the solution into a demonstrator and how different web tension forces affect the dimensional accuracy of die-cut sheets.

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16

Pavlov, D. V. "Starting the diesel engine 1H9.5/8.0 by forced preheated air charge supply." Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, no. 3 (744) (March 2022): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2022-3-53-59.

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The use of small-sized air-cooled diesel engines as part of mobile units for operation in the harsh climatic conditions of the Arctic is a rather difficult task. As the ambient temperature decreases, the temperature at the compression stroke end, which is necessary for the appearance of the first flashes in the diesel cylinder, decreases significantly. At the ambient temperature of minus 60°C, start of a diesel engine becomes impossible. The stage of the appearance of the first flashes is very important for the subsequent spin-up of the crankshaft and the onset of a diesel engine independent operation on fuel without the involvement of auxiliary starting devices. The article proposes a method and device for increasing the temperature in the combustion chamber at the compression stroke end. The results of a diesel engine start at various negative ambient temperatures are given. The regularities of the dynamics of starting a diesel engine 1Ch9.5/8.0 and the dependence of the crankshaft speed during start-up on the ambient temperature is established. The rational range of intake air temperature required for the diesel engine start-up by the proposed method at an ambient temperature from minus 50 to minus 60°C is determined. The proposed method and device can be applied in similar diesel engines with a smaller working volume.

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17

Шелестов, М. С. "DEVELOPMENT OF BOOST SYSTEMS FOR FORCED DIESEL ENGINES." Internal Combustion Engines, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/0419-8719.2020.2.04.

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18

Sato, Eisaku, Hideyuki Kobayashi, Isao Okamoto, Kazuhiko Tezuka, Hirohiko Kakinuma, and Toshiharu Tamaoki. "Lateral Force between Wheel and Rail during Curve Negotiation of Limited Express Diesel Car with Forced Steering Bogies." Vehicle System Dynamics 37, sup1 (January 2002): 678–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2002.11666272.

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19

Torres-Falcon, Maria, Omar Rodríguez-Abreo, Francisco Antonio Castillo-Velásquez, Alejandro Flores-Rangel, Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz, and José Manuel Álvarez-Alvarado. "Novel Mathematical Method to Obtain the Optimum Speed and Fuel Reduction in Heavy Diesel Trucks." Energies 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 8121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14238121.

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In Mexico and many parts of the world, land cargo transport units (UTTC) operate at high speeds, causing accidents, increased fuel costs, and high levels of polluting emissions in the atmosphere. The speed in road driving, by the carriers, has been a factor little studied; however, it causes serious damage. This problem is reflected in accidents, road damage, low efficiency in the life of the engine and tires, low fuel efficiency, and high polluting emissions, among others. The official Mexican standard NOM-012-SCT-2-2017 on the weight and maximum dimensions with which motor transport vehicles can circulate, which travel through the general communication routes of the federal jurisdiction, establishes the speed limit at the one to be driven by an operator. Because of the new reality, the uses and customs of truck operators have been affected, mainly in their operating expenses. In this work, a mathematical model is presented with which the optimum driving speed of a UTTC is obtained. The speed is obtained employing the equality between the forces required to move the motor unit and the force that the tractor has available. The required forces considered are the force on the slope, the aerodynamic force, and the friction force, and the force available was considered the engine torque. This mathematical method was tested in seven routes in Mexico, obtaining significant savings of fuel above 10%. However, the best performance route possesses 65% flat terrain and 35% hillocks without mountainous terrain, regular type of highway, and a load of 20,000 kg, where the savings increase up to 16.44%.

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20

Mönnich, Ernst. "Null-Zins-Politik und PPP: Ein Kaleidoskop zu Fallbeispielen von Markt- und Staatsversagen." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 87, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.87.3.195.

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Zusammenfassung: Seit 2008 bedroht, ausgehend vom Finanzsektor, eine Wirtschaftskrise wie 1929 unser System. Nach kurzen koordinierten fiskalpolitischen Interventionen liegt seit Jahren die Stabilisierungslast allein bei den Zentralbanken. In der Eurozone hält die Null-Zins-Politik nun schon fünf Jahre an. Diese Situation bewirkt wiederum einen Lobbydruck des Finanzsektors für gleichzeitig risikoarme und renditestarke Anlagen zur Stabilisierung des tradierten Geschäftsmodells. Hierfür hat der Investitionsbedarf im Infrastrukturbereich zentrale Bedeutung. Um diesem Mangel Rechnung zu tragen, erscheinen Public Private Partnerships (PPP) eine Win-win-Lösung zu sein. Bevor man dieser Idee folgt, sollten allerdings Langfristerfahrungen zu PPP ausgewertet werden. In diesem Beitrag werden durch eine Aktualisierung von Fallstudien zu PPP im Wasser- und Abwasserbereich Ergebnisse zu den langfristigen finanzwirtschaftlichen Folgen dargestellt. Die Hypothese dieses Beitrages: Empirische Erfahrungen stehen im Gegensatz zur Erwartung einer Win-win-Lösung durch PPP. Summary: Induced by the financial sector in 2008, an economic crisis similar to that of 1929 is threatening our system. After a short period of cooperative fiscal policy, the task of stabilization now rests fully with the EZB. Zero Interest Rate Policies have marked the Euro zone for around five years. This in turn forces the finance sector to lobby for investments with low risks and high profits in order to stabilize traditional business models. The investment gap in infrastructure is hereby of central importance. Public Private Partnerships (PPP) seem to be the win-win solution to fill this gap. Before pursuing this idea, however, it might be wise to evaluate long term experience with PPP. This paper focusses on the long term financial results of PPP in the water and waste water sector. The analysis was made by actualization of broader case studies in this area. The hypothesis in this contribution: Empirical experience does not confirm the expectations of PPP as a win-win solution. The results in brief: Banks and operating agencies are the winners. Municipalities implementing infrastructural measures, along with their customers and fee payers, suffered losses. PPP led to an increase in shadow budgets and therefore these projects are quite the opposite of a sustainable fiscal policy. As such, the paper argues for regulation of PPP projects not only in the investigated area but also for the upcoming Federal Infrastructure Agency and the European Fund for Strategic Investments.

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Zhao, Jin, Zhi Ning, and Ming Lü. "Large Eddy Simulation of Two-Phase Flow Pattern and Transformation Characteristics of Flow Mixing Nozzle." Journal of Mechanics 35, no. 5 (July 29, 2019): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2018.51.

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ABSTRACTThe two-phase flow pattern of a flow mixing nozzle plays an important role in jet breakup and atomization. However, the flow pattern of this nozzle and its transformation characteristics are still unclear. A diesel-air injection simulation model of a flow mixing nozzle is established. Then the two-phase flow pattern and transformation characteristics of the flow mixing nozzle is studied using a numerical simulation method. The effect of the air-diesel velocity ratio, ratio of the distance between the tube orifice and nozzle hole and the tube diameter (H/D), and the diesel inlet velocity was studied in terms of the jet breakup diameter (jet diameter at the breakup position) and jet breakup length (length of the diesel jet from the breakup position to the nozzle outlet). The results show that the jet breakup diameter decreases with the decrease in H/D or the increase in the air-diesel velocity ratio and diesel inlet velocity. The jet breakup length increases first and then decreases with the increase in H/D and air-diesel velocity ratio; the trend of the diesel inlet velocity is complicated. In addition, a change in the working conditions also causes some morphological changes that cannot be quantitatively analyzed in the diesel-air flow pattern. The transition characteristics of the flow pattern are analyzed, and it is found that the main reason for the change in the flow pattern is the change in the inertial force of the air, surface tension force, and viscous force of diesel (non-dimensional Reynolds number and Weber number describe the transition characteristics in this paper). The surface tension force of diesel decreases and the viscous force of diesel and inertial force of air increase when the air-diesel velocity ratio increases or H/D decreases. However, the effects of the diesel surface tension force and viscous force effect are much smaller than that of the air inertial force, which changes the diesel-air flow pattern from a drop pattern to a vibration jet pattern, broken jet pattern, and then a chaotic jet pattern.

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SATO, Eisaku, Hideyuki KOBAYASHI, Isao OKAMOTO, Kazuhiko TEZUKA, Hirohiko KAKINUMA, and Syunji TAMAOKI. "Lateral Force between Wheel and Rail during Curve Negotiation of a Limited Express Diesel Car with Forced Steering Bogie." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 64, no. 625 (1998): 3563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.64.3563.

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23

Kazum, Alaulddin A., Osam H. Attia, Ali I. Mosa, and Nor Mariah. Adam. "INVESTIGATION ON THE AIR-GAS CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR-HYDROGEN MIXER DESIGNED FOR DUAL FUEL – ENGINES." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 2 (March 29, 2021): 66–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001722.

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High smoke emissions, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter typically produced by diesel engines. Diminishing the exhausted emissions without doing any significant changes in their mechanical configuration is a challenging subject. Thus, adding hydrogen to the traditional fuel would be the best practical choice to ameliorate diesel engines performance and reduce emissions. The air hydrogen mixer is an essential part of converting the diesel engine to work under dual fuel mode (hydrogen-diesel) without any engine modification. In this study, the Air-hydrogen mixer is developed to get a homogenous mixture for hydrogen with air and a stoichiometric air-fuel ratio according to the speed of the engine. The mixer depends on the balance between the force exerted on the head surface of the valve and the opposite forces (the spring and friction forces) and its relation to decrease and increase the fuel inlet. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis software was utilised to study the hydrogen and airflow behaviour inside the mixer, established by 3.2 L engine. The Air-hydrogen mixer is examined with different speeds of engine1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 RPM. Results showed air-hydrogen mixture was homogenous in the mixer. Furthermore, the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio was achieved according to the speed of the engine, the developed mixer of the AIR-Hydrogen mixing process provides high mixing homogeneity and engines with stoichiometric air-fuel ratios, which subsequently contributes to the high levels of efficiency in engine operation. In summary, the current study intends to reduce the emissions of gases and offer a wide range of new alternative fuels usage. While the performance of the diesel engine with the new air-hydrogen mixer needs to be tested practically.

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KOBAYASHI, Hideyuki, Isao OKAMOTO, and Yosio AKIYAMA. "The Forced Steering Tilt Truck for Diesel Limited Express." Quarterly Report of RTRI 41, no. 1 (2000): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2219/rtriqr.41.16.

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25

Rozhdestvensky, Yu, K. Gavrilov, and A. Doikin. "Development of Technical Solutions for Forced Diesel Main Tribosystems." Procedia Engineering 206 (2017): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.532.

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NAJJAR, YOUSEF S. H. "Forced Draft Cooling Tower Performance with Diesel Power Stations." Heat Transfer Engineering 9, no. 4 (November 1988): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01457638808939679.

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Vilkova, Natalya G., Svetlana I. Mishina, and Olga V. Dorchina. "STABILITY OF FOAMS CONTAINING DIESIL FUEL." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 61, no. 6 (June 6, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.20186106.5361.

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The comparative characteristic of the stability of foams formed by sodium dodecylsulfate and gelatin at their various concentrations at the presence of the diesel fuel under the action of an applied pressure drop was carried out in this work. It was shown that the change in the gelatin/ surfactant ratio in the initial solution changed the stability of such foams at the presence of an organic liquid. The surfactant and protein concentrations when these dispersions are more stable at the presence of the organic phase were determined. The isolated foam films obtained from a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate + gelatin / diesel fuel were studied. It was shown that there was no correlation between the stability of the isolated film and the foam under the action of applied pressure drops: the films in contact with diesel fuel retained considerable stability, unlike the foams obtained from this aqueous solution of gelatin and surfactant in the presence of said organic substance. The coefficients of initial spreading of diesel fuel on the surface of an aqueous solution containing gelatin and surfactant were calculated. The change in the interfacial energy at the interface of the aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate + gelatin/ diesel fuel with time when changing of the surfactant: protein ratio in the initial solution and different concentrations of the organic liquid was investigated. The change in the interfacial tension at the interface of the aqueous solution of sodium dodecylsulfate + gelatin/ diesel fuel over time was accompanied by a significant decrease in the stability of foams obtained from aqueous solutions containing gelatin and an ionic surfactant. If the interfacial tension did not change or slightly decreased, the foams containing diesel fuel remained stable.Forcitation:Vilkova N.G., Mishina S.I., Dorchina O.V. Stability of foams containing diesil fuel. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2018. V. 61. N 6. P. 48-53

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Hoffman, D. M. W., and D. R. Dowling. "Limitations of Rigid Body Descriptions for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Vibration." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 121, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817105.

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Internal combustion engine vibration modeling commonly relies on assuming the engine is a linearly reacting rigid body, thereby ignoring rotating, reciprocating, and nonsolid engine components. Limitations of this approach are identified from a series of experiments on a heavy-duty in-line six-cylinder Diesel engine typical of Class VIII trucks. Measurement of all three orthogonal vibration force components were made at each of three engine mounts during standard impact-excitation modal identification tests on the quiescent engine and during engine operation. The running-engine vibration forces, measured throughout the test engine load and speed operating envelope, were projected onto the quiescent-engine rigid body modes to determine the modal content and residual vibration as a function of frequency. Modal decomposition results for the running engine show that the quiescent-engine rigid body modes, with modal frequencies between 5.6 and 26.3 Hz, account for 80 percent or more of the measured engine vibration forces for all engine speeds and loads in a bandwidth from zero to 200 Hz. The likely origins of the residual vibration within this bandwidth are discussed.

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29

Agbasi, Okechukwu E. "Comparison of Electrical Resistivity of Soots Formed by Combustion of Kerosene, Diesel, Aviation Fuel and their Mixtures." BEN Vol:2 Issue:3 2021 2, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/ben.2021.003.002.

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This research paper presents analysis of electrical resistivity values of soots formed by combustion of kerosene, diesel fuel, aviation fuel (Jet A.1), that of kerosene -diesel mixtures at different proportions and that of aviation fuel (Jet A.1)-diesel mixtures at various percentages. The results of the analysis reveal that soots formed by combusting kerosene, diesel, aviation fuel (Jet A.1) and their respective mixtures have electrical resistivity values ranging from 3.516 x 10-1Ωm to 1.836 x 10-1 Ωm . Soot from diesel fuel has the lowest value whereas soot from kerosene has the highest value of electrical resistivity. The obtained values are within the range of electrical resistivity values for materials classified as semiconductors. Electrical resistivity varies non-linearly with percentage composition of mixture constituents for soot formed by combusting kerosene-diesel mixture or aviation fuel (Jet A.1)-diesel mixture. Soot produced by combustion of pure diesel fuel has less resistivity value, indicating higher conductivity than soot obtained from the burning of aviation fuel whereas soot got from the combustion of kerosene exhibits higher electrical resistivity value than the former. This work has provided a database on the electrical resistivity values of soot (kerosene, diesel fuel, aviation fuel (Jet A.1)) formed as a result of combustion of some fuels and their mixtures for probable utilization by electrical, electronics and petroleum industries. Such database is being reported for the first time, hence making this research work a novel.

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30

Srikwanjai, Pheeraphak, Watcharin Ngampuengpis, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Removal of Saturated Monoglyceride in Biodiesel Using Adsorption and Its Effect on Low-Temperature Properties of Biodiesel Blends." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133309004.

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Saturated monoglyceride (SMG) is a main cause of precipitate formed above cloud point of biodiesel (B100), which leads to filter plugging in diesel engine. In this work, we studied the effect of SMG content (0.1–0.7 wt%) of palm biodiesel (PO-B100) on the cloud point (CP) of diesel fuels blended with PO-B100 at different concentrations (B0, B7, B10 and B20). Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesels with a high and low aromatic content were used, respectively. The effect of SMG concentration on CP of biodiesel blends was more pronounced in case of a low aromatic Euro 5 diesel. An extent of CP change was also affected by the initial SMG concentration of PO-B100 and biodiesel blending ratios since they determined the SMG content of the final biodiesel blends. An adsorptive removal of SMG in PO-B100 was investigated by using natural zeolite as much cheaper adsorbents than commercial magnesium silicate (MS) and silica gel. The crystalline structure of natural zeolite and MS was studied by X-ray diffraction. Both MS and silica gel exhibited higher performance than natural zeolite in the SMG removal at 45 °C. To improve the SMG adsorption capacity, the natural zeolite was treated with 1 M nitric acid solution at 60 °C. The resulting modified zeolite had an increased SiO2 content, as measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, due to dealumination effect. Moreover, it showed an improved adsorption performance: the capacity of SMG adsorption was 31.5 mgSMG g-1, corresponding to a decrease of SMG content of PO-B100 from 0.7 wt% to 0.35 wt%, when using 10 wt% adsorbent loading at 45 oC for 50 min. As a result, an increase in the cloud point of biodiesel blends was significantly retarded.

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31

Srikwanjai, Pheeraphak, Watcharin Ngampuengpis, and Chawalit Ngamcharussrivichai. "Removal of Saturated Monoglyceride in Biodiesel Using Adsorption and Its Effect on Low-Temperature Properties of Biodiesel Blends." MATEC Web of Conferences 333 (2021): 09004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133309004.

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Saturated monoglyceride (SMG) is a main cause of precipitate formed above cloud point of biodiesel (B100), which leads to filter plugging in diesel engine. In this work, we studied the effect of SMG content (0.1–0.7 wt%) of palm biodiesel (PO-B100) on the cloud point (CP) of diesel fuels blended with PO-B100 at different concentrations (B0, B7, B10 and B20). Euro 4 and Euro 5 diesels with a high and low aromatic content were used, respectively. The effect of SMG concentration on CP of biodiesel blends was more pronounced in case of a low aromatic Euro 5 diesel. An extent of CP change was also affected by the initial SMG concentration of PO-B100 and biodiesel blending ratios since they determined the SMG content of the final biodiesel blends. An adsorptive removal of SMG in PO-B100 was investigated by using natural zeolite as much cheaper adsorbents than commercial magnesium silicate (MS) and silica gel. The crystalline structure of natural zeolite and MS was studied by X-ray diffraction. Both MS and silica gel exhibited higher performance than natural zeolite in the SMG removal at 45 °C. To improve the SMG adsorption capacity, the natural zeolite was treated with 1 M nitric acid solution at 60 °C. The resulting modified zeolite had an increased SiO2 content, as measured by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, due to dealumination effect. Moreover, it showed an improved adsorption performance: the capacity of SMG adsorption was 31.5 mgSMG g-1, corresponding to a decrease of SMG content of PO-B100 from 0.7 wt% to 0.35 wt%, when using 10 wt% adsorbent loading at 45 oC for 50 min. As a result, an increase in the cloud point of biodiesel blends was significantly retarded.

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32

Wu, Ji, Shu Lin Duan, Zhan Hua Wu, Hui Xing, and Wen Chun Zhang. "Analysis on Sealing and Deformation of Exhaust Valve Housing of Marine Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 1887–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.1887.

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MAN Diesels 6S50MC-C disel is a two-stroke marine diesel engine. Preload of the exhaust valve component is applied in four bolts. The preload of bolts can improve the fatigue strength of the exhaust component. In addition, the bolt pretension ensure the sealing in the maximum firing pressure. Using of simulation method, the displacement and deformation of exhaust valve component are analyzed when the maximum firing pressure and preload are applied. By analysis of the deformation of the exhaust valve housing under different preload force, the deformation of exhaust valve housing increase with the increaseing of preload. The maximum total deformation is 0.40mm in the preload of 720KN. The maximum deformation occurs in the region near the bolt in the side of exhaust gas outlet. The deformation in the direction of Y-axis of exhaust valve housing is along the Y-axis opposite direction when the preload is greater than 540KN. This indicates that the exhaust valve seal well. The sealing and deformation of the exhaust valve component meets the desgin requirement.

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33

Ebel, Jens, Carolin Schilling, and Holger Fritze. "Optimization of soot deposition by high-temperature prepolarization of a resistive particulate matter sensor." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 9, no. 2 (August 20, 2020): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-263-2020.

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Abstract. For the purposes of the onboard diagnosis (OBD) of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) in diesel exhaust treatment systems, a particulate matter (PM) sensor is applied downstream from the DPFs to detect small amounts of diesel soot that passed through the filter. The state-of-the-art technology is a sensor based on the resistive measurement principle, i.e., charged soot particles are attracted by electrophoretic forces, deposited on an interdigital electrode (IDE) structure and conductive soot bridges that reduce the overall resistance are formed. This paper reports how the response time of a resistively working particulate matter sensor can be shortened up to 30 % by the optimization of soot deposition that is initiated by a change in the sensor operation strategy. The measurement voltage is applied for prepolarization during the sensor regeneration phase rather than during the cooling phase before the measurement is commonly done. Experiments were performed at diesel engine test benches to examine this context and simulations of the electric field above and below the IDE structure. The data are used to deduct a model, including the solid state chemistry of the sensor's ceramic materials, the effect of impurities on the electric field properties and the interconnection with the soot deposition, which defines the sensor's response.

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34

Dobbins, Richard A. "Hydrocarbon Nanoparticles Formed in Flames and Diesel Engines." Aerosol Science and Technology 41, no. 5 (April 5, 2007): 485–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02786820701225820.

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35

Heizmann, Jochen, Tobias Walter, Giovanni Corbinelli, and Myriam Rossier. "Liebherr Diesel Engine D976 with Forged Common Rail." ATZheavy duty worldwide 13, no. 1 (March 2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41321-020-0065-z.

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36

Oh, Kwang Chul, Chun Beom Lee, and Eui Ju Lee. "Characteristics of soot particles formed by diesel pyrolysis." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 92, no. 2 (November 2011): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2011.08.009.

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37

Bruckberger, Melanie C., Trevor P. Bastow, Matthew J. Morgan, Deirdre Gleeson, Natasha Banning, Greg Davis, and Geoffrey J. Puzon. "Biodegradability of polar compounds formed from weathered diesel." Biodegradation 29, no. 5 (July 23, 2018): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-018-9841-1.

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38

Yin, Bi Feng, Jiang Guang He, Yi Xu, and Yong Qiang Li. "The Novel Design of Full-Balancing Mechanism for Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 1520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.1520.

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One new sliding-block balancing mechanism is proposed for the single-cylinder diesel engine. In the new mechanism, the sliding block is installed against the engine piston. The reciprocation trajectory of sliding block is collinear with the piston trajectory, while sliding block and piston move in the opposite direction, just like two opposite crank connecting rods. The new mechanism includes the crankshaft, connecting rod ring, the slider and the guide components. Through the bearing, connecting rod is installed in the eccentric journal of the crankshaft. The circular connecting rod is in the accurate guiding surface of the slider; and the guide pins are in the guide groove. Guide rod connects with supporting shaft through the guide hole of the slide. The optimized parameters for the sliding block show that the ratio of eccentric distance of the eccentric journal to the length of the connecting rod is equal to the ratio of crank radius to connecting rod length. The appropriate results can balance both the centrifugal inertia force and the reciprocating inertia force generated by piston group. Even the complete balance of the first and second-order reciprocating inertia forces can be obtained, which can reduce the vibration and noise of diesel engine.

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39

Rakshit, Utsab, Bidhan Malakar, and Binoy Krishna Roy. "Effect of different types of wagon connectors on longitudinal forces of a heavy freight train." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (April 20, 2018): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.11841.

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Indian Railway operates full rake freight trains of 2200t which consist of BOXN wagons having payload 58.08t and tare weight 23.2tfor each wagon. Longitudinal forces of a freight train have significant effects on safety parameters like derailment coefficient, comfort index and these forces are transmitted through the wagon connectors. For this reason, longitudinal forces are different for different types of wagon connectors. In this paper, the effect of different combination of wagon connectors on the longitudinal forces of a heavy freight train is studied. Nine combinations of the connectors are considered using three types of wagon connector, namely Sh-1-T, Sh-2-T, and Sh-2-V. The train model has one diesel locomotive and thirty open freight wagons each having 81.28t gross mass. The train movesona 1520mm gauge track of S-type curve having 300m radius. All simulations are performed in Universal Mechanism UM 8.1 software. The simulation results reveal that Sh-2-T wagon connector when used across the train generates the least longitudinal force.

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40

Li, Yan Zhou, Gan Wei Cai, Wei Wang, Cai Gui Huang, and Chang Jian Luo. "Study on Dynamic Characteristics of the YC6108-G Hypocycloid Internal Combustion Engine Crankshaft Based on ADAMS." Advanced Materials Research 703 (June 2013): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.703.195.

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Damping and denoising of diesel engine is on the premise that we acquire the accurate excitation source information, and the main bearing force is major excitation source of diesel engine body vibration. When crankshaft rotating, elements of the diesel engine colliding each other, which resulted in slight deformation of the element and complicated applied force one another. It is difficult to meet the needs of calculation accuracy in structural dynamics analysis method of classical mechanics and trail analysis method is infeasible, so many-body dynamics method was put forward, the method could increase efficiently calculation accuracy, and the diesel engine excitation source of vibration and noise could be accurate predicted.

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41

Xu, Fanghui, Dawei Dong, Bing Yan, Shizhe Song, Rui Zhang, and Yan Huang. "An abnormal vibration diagnosis and control method for internal combustion power plant." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2184, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2184/1/012012.

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Abstract Focusing on the difficulty in vibration control of internal combustion power plant because of its diverse substructures and complex excitation, an abnormal vibration diagnosis and attenuation method based on the system’s whole-body vibration signals is proposed. The characteristics of the exciting forces, such as toppling torque, inertia force (or moment) and coupling centrifugal force, are analyzed. The resonance frequency distribution of the power unit is obtained by modal analysis. Then an expression that could reveal the relationship between the whole-body vibration intensity and the exciting force amplitude is established, and conclusion is drawn that different excitations would drive the system to vibrate at different frequencies. Based on this basic relation, a fault diagnosis method relying on comprehensive analysis of vibration signals in both time and frequency domain is proposed. Vibration attenuation methods targeted at specific faults are also put forward. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is verified by applying it to a 12V280 diesel generator set.

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42

Brecher, Christian, David Jasper, Simo Schmidt, and Marcel Fey. "Methodik zur Ermittlung der Schrauben- zusatzkräfte von Schraubenverbindungen/Methodology for the Determination of Additional Screw Forces of Screw Connections." Konstruktion 68, no. 06 (2016): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/0720-5953-2016-06-78.

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Inhalt: Zur Verbesserung der dynamischen Eigenschaften und zur Reduzierung der Materialkosten von Werkzeugmaschinen gibt es die Bestrebung, neue Werkstoffe, die sich durch hohe Dämpfung und einen guten dichtebezogenen E-Modul auszeichnen, im Werkzeugmaschinenbau einzusetzen. Zementbetone bieten hier hohe Potenziale, haben jedoch den Nachteil einer geringen Zugfestigkeit. Daher müssen die auftretenden Zugkräfte, insbesondere in den örtlichen Bereichen der Krafteinleitung (Schraubenverbindungen) der einzelnen Gestellbauteile von Werkzeugmaschinen, bekannt sein. Dieser Artikel stellt zwei Methoden zur in-situ-Ermittlung der dynamischen Schraubenzusatzkräfte vor und zeigt dessen Vor- und Nachteile sowie die sich daraus ergebenden Einsatzgebiete auf. Diese Methoden können auf eine Vielzahl von Schraubenverbindungen übertragen werden.

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43

Qin, Li Li, and Xiao Hui Cao. "Balance Analysis of Reciprocating Inertia Force Based on Multi-Body System Simulation." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.709.

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In signal cylinder diesel engine we often use dual shaft balance mechanism to balance reciprocating inertia force produced by the piston and moving parts, and reduce vibration of diesel engine. For this paper, the model crank -connecting rod and balance mechanism of a signal cylinder diesel engine were built in simulation software ADAMS. Piston’s movement law and its force curve have got through multi-body dynamics simulation to the model .By further processing to the simulation results, we got curves of piston’s reciprocating inertia force and balance shaft’s balance force. Comparing the two curves, we got the following conclusions: the difference between positive and negative peak for reciprocating inertia force that haven’t balanced was about 5500 Newton, which was equal to around 34% of the difference between the positive and negative peak for reciprocating inertia force, and the main reason for this is the dual shaft balance mechanism only balanced one step reciprocating inertia force; Though the balance effect was quite obvious, for ideal conditions there is a difference, and further improve can be done.

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44

Lü, M., Z. Ning, K. Yan, J. Fu, and C. H. Sun. "Numerical Simulation of Cavitation Bubble Growth within a Droplet." Journal of Mechanics 32, no. 2 (July 15, 2015): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2015.57.

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ABSTRACTCavitation bubbles, which always exist in the diesel jet leaving the nozzle and in diesel droplets breaking up from the jet as a result of supercavitation of the diesel within the injection nozzle, increase the instability of jet and droplets in part due to the two-phase mixture, while the mechanism of this effect is still unclear. Cavitation bubble expansion within the diesel droplet has been simulated numerically based on the volume of fluid (VOF) method, and the control mechanism of bubble growth process is analyzed by Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The process of bubble growth is divided into three parts, including surface tension controlled domain, comprehensive competition controlled domain and inertial force controlled domain. During the first stage, cavitation bubble growth is controlled by the surface tension, and the decrease of the surface tension leads to the increase of the bubble growth rate. During the second stage, the bubble growth rate is controlled by the comprehensive competition of the surface tension, the inertial force and the viscous force. During the third stage, the process of bubble growth is majorly controlled by the inertial force.

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45

Dolata, Tomasz. "Działalność Urzędu Patentowego w zakresie ochrony znaków towarowych na podstawie rozporządzenia o ochronie wynalazków, wzorów i znaków towarowych z 1928 roku — zarys problematyki." Prawo 325 (December 31, 2018): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.325.8.

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The Patent Office and the protection of trade marks under the 1928 Regulation on the Protection of Inventions, Designs and Trademarks — an outlineThe aim of the paper is to discuss the work of the Patent Office with regard to the protection of trademarks under the 1928 Regulation on the Protection of Inventions, Designs and Trademarks. Given the long period it remained in force, the Regulation is the most reliable basis for investigating the matter. What remains outside the scope of the paper is a detailed discussion of the theoretical constructs used by the legislator to protect trademarks. Although these questions are obviously connected with the subject matter in question, they constitute a separate research problem.Die Tätigkeit des Patentamtes im Bereich des Schutzes der Warenzeichen auf Grund der Verordnung über den Schutz von Erfindungen, der Muster und Warenzeichen aus dem Jahre 1928 — Umriss der ProblematikZiel dieser Bearbeitung ist die Besprechung der Tätigkeit des Patentamtes im Bereich des Schutzes der Warenzeichen unter der Verordnung betreffend den Schutz von Erfindungen, der Muster und Warenzeichen aus dem Jahre 1928. Diese Verordnung in Anbetracht der längsten Geltungszeit stellt die maßgebliche Grundlage für die Untersuchung dieser Problematik. Außerhalb dieser Bearbeitung bleibt die detaillierte Besprechung der Angelegenheiten betreffend die theoretischen Konstruktionen, die vom Gesetzgeber für den Schutz der Warenzeichen genutzt werden. Zwar verbinden sich diese Angelegenheiten offensichtlich mit der besprochenen Problematik, sie stellen jedoch ein abgetrenntes Forschungsthema dar.

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46

Sauer, Martina. "Faszination und Schrecken." Zeitschrift für Ästhetik und Allgemeine Kunstwissenschaft Band 51. Heft 2 51, no. 2 (2006): 24–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000107602.

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Faszination und Schrecken sind zwei Schlüsselerfahrungen, die sich insbesondere mit dem Frühwerk Anselm Kiefers verbinden lassen. Gerade in Deutschland haben sie eine Virulenz, die überrascht. Wie kommt es, daß gerade hier seine Arbeiten, in denen er sich mit dem Nationalsozialismus auseinandersetzt, so ambivalent aufgenommen werden? Methodische Basis zur Beantwortung dieser Frage bildet die Analyse der Wirkkraft der Bilder. Dabei zeigt sich grundsätzlich, daß der Wahrnehmungsvorgang als Grundlage für eine Entscheidung ausgelegt werden kann. Deutlich wird dies durch den Zusammenhang von Wirkung und Reaktion auf Bilder in Abhängigkeit von den kulturellen Voraussetzungen jedes Einzelnen. Die Offenlegung dieses Zusammenhangs, zu der Anselm Kiefer mit seinem Werk provozieren kann, erlaubt es die Macht von Bildern als solche zu erkennen und damit in Frage zu stellen. Daß es zu dieser Offenlegung kommt, veranlasst zudem, dieses Phänomen als ein spezifisches Moment nach der Moderne, der Postmoderne, zu beschreiben. Fascination and horror are two key experiences that are present particularly in the early work of Anselm Kiefer. Particularly in Germany these have prompted surprisingly strong reactions. Why is it, that his work dealing with the National Socialism has been received so ambivalently? The answer to this question, the text attempts, is based on the analysis of the pictures’ conditions of impact, their „Wirkkraft“. It can be shown that the process of perception can be understood as forming the basis of a decision. This becomes apparent in the picture’s effects and people’s varying reactions to them, depending on their cultural background. Disclosing this connection makes recognizable the force of the pictures, thus opening a path to questioning it. Moreover, this disclosure leads to a description of the phenomenon as a specifically post-modern.

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47

Dong, Zhi Feng, Yin Song, Yong Zheng Gu, and Wei Fu. "Flow Field Numerical Simulation of Diesel Engine Working Process." Advanced Materials Research 468-471 (February 2012): 1781–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.468-471.1781.

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The spatial fluid model in diesel engine was built, and multiphase flow transient numerical simulation of working process of diesel engine was done based on computational fluid dynamics. The visualized result of simulation shows the distribution of flow field, press and particle trajectory which can hardly tested direct under the actual working condition. Swirl formed during the intake process and accompanied the whole working process of diesel engine. Keywords: Diesel engine; Numerical simulation; Flow field; Particle trajectory

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48

Dong, Rui, Zhiqing Zhang, Yanshuai Ye, Huiqiong Huang, and Chao Cao. "Review of Particle Filters for Internal Combustion Engines." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050993.

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Diesel engines have gradually become one of the main forces in the human transportation industry because of their high efficiency, good durability, and stable operation. However, compared with gasoline vehicles, the high emission of diesel vehicles forces manufacturers to introduce new pollutant control technologies. Although the particulate matter emissions of gasoline vehicles are lower than that of diesel vehicles, with the popularity of gasoline vehicles and the continuous rise of power, the impact of these particles on the environment cannot be ignored. Therefore, diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters have been invented to collect the fine particles in the exhaust gas to protect the environment and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper summarizes the research progress on diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters at present and comprehensively introduces the diesel particulate filter and gasoline particulate filter from the mechanism, composition, and operation processes. Additionally, the laws and regulations of various countries and the impact of gas waste particulates on the human body are described. In addition, the mechanisms of the diesel particulate filter, gasoline particulate filter, and regeneration were studied. Finally, the prospects and future directions for the development of particle filters for internal combustion engines are presented.

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49

Bender, Ina. "Diskriminierung am Arbeitsplatz und Gleichbehandlung." Der Betriebswirt 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.55.3.32.

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Vor einigen Jahren ist das allgemeine Gleichbehandlungsgesetz in Kraft getreten und bildete zugleich den vorläufigen Höhepunkt in der Diskussion um die Rechte von Minderheiten und benachteiligten Bevölkerungsgruppen. Dabei nehmen die arbeitsrechtlichen Vorschriften einen großen Teil ein, um Diskriminierung aufgrund der Rasse, der ethnischen Herkunft, des Geschlechts, des Alters, der Religion oder Weltanschauung, Behinderung oder der sexuellen Identität zu bekämpfen. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es jedem Arbeitgeber dringend zu empfehlen, sich für dieses Thema zu sensibilisieren und einen Überblick über die Anforderungen und den Umgang der Gerichte mit diesem Gesetz in den vergangenen Jahren zu verschaffen. A few years ago, at the height of a discussion about the rights of minorities and disadvantaged groups, a law against discrimination came into force. The regulations of this labor law are very important in order to prevent discrimination on grounds of racial or ethnic origin, disability, gender, age, religion or belief, or sexual identity. The employer has a lot of obligations to prevent discrimination in the workplace. Legal claims for damages, compensation for pain and suffering, as well as procedural facilitation (reversal of the burden of proof) make this law a very efficient instrument. Indeed, a lot of employers have felt the full force of it. For this reason, it is strongly recommended that all employers familiarize themselves with the requirements of this law, and be aware of how the court has been dealing with its implications over the last few years. Keywords: sensibilisierung, religion, herkunft, gleichbehandlung, geschlecht, diskriminierung

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Gao, Feng, Lin Zhao, Frank Shaffer, Roozbeh Golshan, Michel Boufadel, Thomas King, Brian Robinson, and Kenneth Lee. "PREDICTION OF OIL DROPLET MOVEMENT AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION: LAGRANGIAN METHOD AND VDROP-J MODEL." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (May 1, 2017): 1194–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.1194.

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ABSTRACT (2017-306): During subsurface oil releases, oil disperses into droplets whose trajectories depend on the droplet size. We report the measurements of the droplet size distribution (DSD) obtained from the release of diesel at 135 GPM from a horizontal pipe in the Ohmsett tank. The DSD was predicted using the model VDROP-J and matched the observation. Subsequently, the movement of the droplets was tracked using a Lagrangian Particle Tracking (LPT) approach. Various forces affecting the migration of the droplets were considered, these include drag, buoyancy, lift, and added mass force. It was found that the lift force is negligible. The added mass force was negligible for droplets smaller than 500 μm. Visual observation and modeling indicated that large droplets (larger than 300 μm) tend to separate from the plume and migrate upward independently, which affects, not only the DSD of large droplets but also the resulting daughter droplets. This is an issue that has not been addressed in the literature. Our findings indicate that the DSD is needed to better predict the trajectory of oil blowouts.

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