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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 8 червня 2024

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1

Sikka, Anmol, Ian DesJardin, Thomas Leps, and Christine Hartzell. "Development of an Empirical Model of the Force between Paramagnetic Particles in Uniform Magnetic Field on M-type Asteroids." Planetary Science Journal 4, no. 7 (July 1, 2023): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ace323.

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Abstract M-type asteroids may have remanent magnetic fields. Regolith particles on M-type asteroids are likely to have metallic components, causing them to be paramagnetic and respond to an external magnetic field. Paramagnetic particles placed in an external magnetic field are influenced by induced magnetic moments of neighboring particles. Therefore, the magnetic force between regolith particles on an M-type asteroid can change the net cohesion of the regolith. Previous works have shown the influence of cohesive forces in the evolution of rubble-pile asteroids. This work characterizes the magnetic force between regolith particles on M-type asteroids. We implement existing models of the magnetic force between paramagnetic particles placed in an external magnetic field and then present an empirical model of this force for two magnetic field orientations as an essential step toward a general semiempirical model that the wider planetary science community can more easily use to investigate the significance of this force.

2

Yamamoto, Tatsuya, and Yasuhiro Sugawara. "Development of low-temperature and ultrahigh-vacuum photoinduced force microscopy." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 033702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0132166.

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In this paper, we develop optical and electronic systems for photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM) that can measure photoinduced forces under low temperature and ultrahigh vacuum (LT-UHV) without artifacts. For our LT-UHV PiFM, light is irradiated from the side on the tip–sample junction, which can be adjusted through the combination of an objective lens inside the vacuum chamber and a 90° mirror outside the vacuum chamber. We measured photoinduced forces due to the electric field enhancement between the tip and the Ag surface, and confirmed that photoinduced force mapping and measurement of photoinduced force curves were possible using the PiFM that we developed. The Ag surface was used to measure the photoinduced force with high sensitivity, and it is effective in enhancing the electric field using the plasmon gap mode between the metal tip and the metal surface. Additionally, we confirmed the necessity of Kelvin feedback during the measurement of photoinduced forces, to avoid artifacts due to electrostatic forces, by measuring photoinduced forces on organic thin films. The PiFM, operating under low temperature and ultrahigh vacuum developed here, is a promising tool to investigate the optical properties of various materials with very high spatial resolution.

3

Fiorillo, Luca, Marco Cicciù, Cesare D’Amico, Rodolfo Mauceri, Giacomo Oteri, and Gabriele Cervino. "Finite Element Method and Von Mises Investigation on Bone Response to Dynamic Stress with a Novel Conical Dental Implant Connection." BioMed Research International 2020 (October 8, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2976067.

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The bioengineering and medical and biomedical fields are ever closer, and they manage to obtain surprising results for the development of new devices. The field of simulations and studies in silica has undergone considerable development in recent years, favoring the advancement of medicine. In this manuscript, a study was carried out to evaluate the force distribution on the implant components (In-Kone® Universal) and on the peri-implant tissues subjected to loading. With the finite element analysis and the Von Mises method, it was possible to evaluate this distribution of forces both at 0 degrees (occlusal force) and at 30 degrees; the applied force was 800 N. The obtained results on this new type of connection and on all the implant components are satisfactory; the distribution of forces appears optimal even on the peri-implant tissues. Surely, studies like this help to obtain ever more performing devices, improving both the clinic and the predictability of rehabilitations.

4

Kimura, Toshitaka, and Hiroaki Gomi. "Temporal Development of Anticipatory Reflex Modulation to Dynamical Interactions During Arm Movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 4 (October 2009): 2220–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90907.2008.

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It is known that somatosensory reflex during voluntary arm movement is modulated anticipatorily according to given tasks or environments. However, when and how reflex amplitude is set remains controversial. Is the reflex modulation completed preparatorily before movement execution or does it vary with the movement? Is the reflex amplitude coded in a temporal manner or in a spatial (or state-dependent) manner? Here we studied these issues while subjects performed planar reaching movements with upcoming opposite (rightward/leftward) directions of force fields. Somatosensory reflex responses of shoulder muscles induced by a small force perturbation were evaluated at several points before the arm encountered predictable force fields after movement start. We found that the shoulder flexor reflex responses were generally higher for the rightward than for the leftward upcoming force fields, whereas the extensor reflex responses were higher for the leftward force field. This reflex amplitude depending on the upcoming force field direction became prominent as the reflex was evoked closer to the force fields, indicating continuous changes in reflex modulation during movement. An additional experiment further showed that the reflex modulation developed as a function of the temporal distance to the force fields rather than the spatial distance. Taken together, the results suggest that, in the force field interaction task, somatosensory reflex amplitude during the course of movement is set anticipatorily on the basis of an estimate of the time-to-contact rather than the state-to-contact, to upcoming dynamical interaction during voluntary movement.

5

Iwaoka, M., and D. Yosida. "Development and evaluation of the single amino acid potential force field (SAAP force field)." Seibutsu Butsuri 43, supplement (2003): S52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.43.s52_2.

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6

Krämer-Fuhrmann, Ottmar, Jens Neisius, Niklas Gehlen, Dirk Reith, and Karl N. Kirschner. "Wolf2Pack – Portal Based Atomistic Force-Field Development." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 53, no. 4 (March 21, 2013): 802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci300290g.

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7

Lyubartsev, Alexander P., and Alexander L. Rabinovich. "Force Field Development for Lipid Membrane Simulations." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1858, no. 10 (October 2016): 2483–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.12.033.

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8

Liivat, Anti, Alvo Aabloo, and John O. Thomas. "Development of a force field for Li2SiF6." Journal of Computational Chemistry 26, no. 7 (2005): 716–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20209.

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9

Abel, Stéphane, François-Yves Dupradeau, Beatrice de Foresta, and Massimo Marchi. "Development of a Force Field Topology Database for Detergents for Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the Amber Force Fields." Biophysical Journal 102, no. 3 (January 2012): 395a—396a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.2161.

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10

NISTORESCU, Claudiu Valer. "NEW CHALLENGES REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT AND CONFIGURATION OF THE ARMORED CAPABILITIES." STRATEGIES XXI - Command and Staff College 17, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-2028-21-03.

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Abstract: A new international security paradigm in the evolution of the international environment and modern battlefield requirements implies the reconsideration of the combat large-scale operations concept. Consequently, the need to reconsider this concept generates a number of imperatives in configuring and developing tactical force structures and formations. Flexibility, versatility, operational mobility, as well as the ability to survive in the tactical field are general but mandatory requirements for those forces. Armored forces, the main striking force of the tactical units must be versatile and adaptive in order to create the premises for gaining and maintaining initiative and ultimately generate the conditions to prevail on the battlefield. New technologies, peer enemy capabilities development, but also the need to create a responsive, credible and effective force represent the references that shapes today future armored capabilities.

11

Robustelli, Paul, Stefano Piana, and David E. Shaw. "Developing a molecular dynamics force field for both folded and disordered protein states." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 21 (May 7, 2018): E4758—E4766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800690115.

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Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a valuable tool for characterizing the structural dynamics of folded proteins and should be similarly applicable to disordered proteins and proteins with both folded and disordered regions. It has been unclear, however, whether any physical model (force field) used in MD simulations accurately describes both folded and disordered proteins. Here, we select a benchmark set of 21 systems, including folded and disordered proteins, simulate these systems with six state-of-the-art force fields, and compare the results to over 9,000 available experimental data points. We find that none of the tested force fields simultaneously provided accurate descriptions of folded proteins, of the dimensions of disordered proteins, and of the secondary structure propensities of disordered proteins. Guided by simulation results on a subset of our benchmark, however, we modified parameters of one force field, achieving excellent agreement with experiment for disordered proteins, while maintaining state-of-the-art accuracy for folded proteins. The resulting force field, a99SB-disp, should thus greatly expand the range of biological systems amenable to MD simulation. A similar approach could be taken to improve other force fields.

12

O'Sullivan, Patrick. "Geopolitical Force Fields." Geographical Analysis 27, no. 2 (September 3, 2010): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00342.x.

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13

Z. Rakhmonov, T. "Development of the high-performance separator based on a mathematical model of droplet deposition in centrifugal forces field." Applied Technologies and Innovations 10, no. 4 (November 24, 2014): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15208/ati.2014.19.

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14

Zu, Gongbo, and Kit Ming Lam. "Simultaneous measurement of wind velocity field and wind forces on a square tall building." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 15 (May 7, 2018): 2241–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218770822.

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Vortex shedding from a tall building is known to be responsible for the quasi-periodic across-wind force exerted on the building. This article unveils the exact relationship between the vortex shedding pattern and the fluctuating across-wind force. Simultaneous particle-image velocimetry and pressure measurements are carried out on a square-plan tall building model in the wind tunnel toward an understanding of the velocity–pressure–force relation for across-wind force generation on the building. A collection of instantaneous wind flow patterns and synchronized wind pressure distributions suggests the existence of full periods of vortex shedding from the building. The results are further analyzed using the conditional sampling method by which the roles of development and shedding of large-scale vortices in the building wake on the generation of peak across-wind forces are evidently found. Furthermore, quasi-periodicity of across-wind excitation is clearly confirmed with Hilbert transform of the across-wind force signal. The phase averaging technique is applied to the particle-image velocimetry flow fields and distinct vortex shedding patterns from the building are observed for most of the measurement time, together with an evident phase relationship with the across-wind forces.

15

Deng, Kui, Wei Hu, Liang Ge, Ze Hu, Qing Yang, and Xiaoting Xiao. "Study of Downhole Lateral Force Measurement Modelling and Devices in Petroleum Exploration." Energies 15, no. 15 (August 6, 2022): 5724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155724.

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Measurement while drilling (MWD) technology is important for obtaining downhole parameters. As an essential parameter in drilling engineering, lateral force provides a powerful reference basis for judging the downhole drilling direction. Although stress measurement technology has matured, research on downhole lateral forces, especially near-bit lateral forces during the drilling process in petroleum exploration, is lacking. Based on the force analysis of a short measurement circuit, the lateral force measurement value of a drill bit and centralizer was converted to a drill string’s radial-bending-force measurement. Two perpendicular lateral force components were measured using strain gauge technology, a lateral force measurement theory model was established, and a set of MWD systems was designed according to the model. The systems’ function was verified through laboratory and field tests, and the field-test data were successfully obtained in the field application. The test results showed that the tested MWD system had acceptable accuracy, stability, and reliability and had the application potential to measure lateral force in the drilling industry. This article provides a new idea to study lateral force while drilling, which is of great significance to oil-drilling exploration and development.

16

Nicholson, Michelle S. A., and Michelle V. Eastman-Jarrott. "The Impact of COVID-19 on the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force: A Command Perspective." Journal of Developing Societies 39, no. 4 (December 2023): 490–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x231209085.

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In Trinidad and Tobago, military commanders were forced to deploy personnel on the frontlines alongside police officers during the COVID-19 pandemic in an attempt to contain the spread of the virus. The armed forces were used to provide drivers to transport returning residents to quarantine facilities and nurses and paramedics to assist with the critically ill at the field hospitals. The military was also utilized to enforce lockdown regulations. The use of the military in these ways exposed personnel to the added risk of contracting the virus, all the while increasing the burdens of their service demands. While there is available scholarship on this phenomenon in Western countries, there is a dearth of similar research in the Caribbean. In light of this gap, a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews was conducted with key military personnel of the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 virus on the operations of the organization. This essay provides first-hand accounts of the military of Trinidad and Tobago during the pandemic.

17

Ding, Weiye, Congfang Ai, Sheng Jin, and Jinbo Lin. "3D Numerical Investigation of Forces and Flow Field around the Semi-Submersible Platform in An Internal Solitary Wave." Water 12, no. 1 (January 11, 2020): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010208.

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Characteristics of hydrodynamic forces and flow fields around the semi-submersible platform induced by the internal solitary wave (ISW) propagation were investigated in a 3D numerical wave tank. Good agreements between numerical results and experimental data of forces and torque on the platform were achieved. The hydrodynamic loads increased and decreased with the increases in the ISW amplitude and fluid depth ratio, respectively. The pressure mainly contributed to the force on the platform. The horizontal forces on bracings were negligible. Almost all the vertical forces on the platform were derived from those on pontoons. The horizontal force and torque on the platform increased with the increases in the angle between the platform symmetrical axis and the ISW propagation direction. The platform subjected the maximum vertical force when the angle was 0°. There were obvious velocity reductions around the platform during the ISW propagation, as visible vortexes shedding around the platform could be observed. Complexities of the distributions of flow fields around the platforms located at the 30°- and 60°-direction were greater than those around the platforms located at the 0°- and 90°-direction. Flow fields around the same kind components of each platform located at different angles were similar.

18

Pan, Jiasheng, Leigang Zhang, and Qing Sun. "Development of a force-field-based control strategy for an upper-limb rehabilitation robot." Mechanical Sciences 13, no. 2 (November 17, 2022): 949–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-949-2022.

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Abstract. Robot-assisted rehabilitation has proven to be effective for improving the motor performance of patients with neuromuscular injuries. The effectiveness of robot-assisted training directly depends on the control strategy applied in the therapy training. This paper presents an end-effector upper-limb rehabilitation robot for the functional recovery training of disabled patients. A force-field-based rehabilitation control strategy is then developed to induce active patient participation during training tasks. The proposed control strategy divides the 3D space around the rehabilitation training path into a human-dominated area and a robot-dominated area. It encodes the space around the training path and endows the corresponding normal and tangential force; the tangential component assists with movement along the target path, and the normal component pushes the patient's hand towards the target path using a real-time adjustable controller. Compared with a common force-field controller, the human–robot interaction in this strategy is easy and can be quickly adjusted by changing the force field's range or the variation characteristics of two forces, and the intervention in two directions can change continuously and smoothly despite the patient's hand crossing the two areas. Visual guidance based on the Unity-3D environment is introduced to provide visual training instructions. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed control scheme is validated via training experiments using five healthy subjects.

19

Liang, David, Ziji Zhang, Miriam Rafailovich, Marcia Simon, Yuefan Deng, and Peng Zhang. "Coarse-Grained Modeling of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein by Physics-Informed Machine Learning." Computation 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computation11020024.

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Coarse-grained (CG) modeling has defined a well-established approach to accessing greater space and time scales inaccessible to the computationally expensive all-atomic (AA) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Popular methods of CG follow a bottom-up architecture to match properties of fine-grained or experimental data whose development is a daunting challenge for requiring the derivation of a new set of parameters in potential calculation. We proposed a novel physics-informed machine learning (PIML) framework for a CG model and applied it, as a verification, for modeling the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. The PIML in the proposed framework employs a force-matching scheme with which we determined the force-field parameters. Our PIML framework defines its trainable parameters as the CG force-field parameters and predicts the instantaneous forces on each CG bead, learning the force field parameters to best match the predicted forces with the reference forces. Using the learned interaction parameters, CGMD validation simulations reach the microsecond time scale with stability, at a simulation speed 40,000 times faster than the conventional AAMD. Compared with the traditional iterative approach, our framework matches the AA reference structure with better accuracy. The improved efficiency enhances the timeliness of research and development in producing long-term simulations of SARS-CoV-2 and opens avenues to help illuminate protein mechanisms and predict its environmental changes.

20

Pastor, R. W., and A. D. MacKerell. "Development of the CHARMM Force Field for Lipids." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 2, no. 13 (June 7, 2011): 1526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jz200167q.

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21

Zhang, Ling, and J. Ilja Siepmann. "Development of the trappe force field for ammonia." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 75, no. 5 (2010): 577–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2009540.

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The transferable potentials for phase equilibria (TraPPE) force field is extended through the development of a non-polarizable five-site ammonia model. In this model, the electrostatic interactions are represented by three positive partial charges placed at the hydrogen position and a compensating partial charge placed on an M site that is located on the C3 molecular axis and displaced from the nitrogen atom toward the hydrogen atoms. The repulsive and dispersive interactions are represented by placing a single Lennard–Jones site at the position of the nitrogen atom. Starting from the five-site model by Impey and Klein (Chem. Phys. Lett. 1984, 104, 579), this work optimizes the Lennard–Jones parameters and the magnitude of the partial charges for three values of the M site displacement. This parameterization is done by fitting to the vapor–liquid coexistence curve of neat ammonia. The accuracy of the three resulting models (differing in the displacement of the M site) is assessed through computation of the binary vapor–liquid equilibria with methane, the structure and the dielectric constant of liquid ammonia. The five-site model with an intermediate displacement of 0.08 Å for the M site yields a much better value for the dielectric constant, whereas differences in the other properties are quite small.

22

DuBay, Kateri H., Michelle Lynn Hall, Thomas F. Hughes, Chuanjie Wu, David R. Reichman, and Richard A. Friesner. "Accurate Force Field Development for Modeling Conjugated Polymers." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8, no. 11 (October 10, 2012): 4556–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct300175w.

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23

Ahmed, S., S. A. Bidstrup, P. A. Kohl, and P. J. Ludovice. "Development of a New Force Field for Polynorbornene." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102, no. 49 (December 1998): 9783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp9814294.

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24

Guvench, Olgun, and Alexander D. MacKerell. "Automated conformational energy fitting for force-field development." Journal of Molecular Modeling 14, no. 8 (May 6, 2008): 667–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00894-008-0305-0.

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25

Ding, Ye, Kuang Yu, and Jing Huang. "Data science techniques in biomolecular force field development." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 78 (February 2023): 102502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102502.

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26

Liang, Guanqun, Yan Wang, Mario A. Garcia, Tong Zhao, Zhe Liu, Michael Kaliske, and Yintao Wei. "A Universal Approach to Tire Forces Estimation by Accelerometer-Based Intelligent Tire: Analytical Model and Experimental Validation." Tire Science and Technology 50, no. 1 (October 19, 2021): 2–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.21.21001.

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ABSTRACT Efforts to improve the performance and safety of vehicles include placing active sensing components (e.g., embedded microsensors) within tires result in intelligent tires. One application of intelligent tire is tire force estimation based on accelerometers. However, its development is limited due to the difficulty of relating the tire force to kinematical information by model-based theory. In this manuscript, a universal approach to tire forces estimation by the accelerometer-based intelligent tire is formulated and experimentally validated. First, a microelectromechanical system accelerometer-based intelligent tire prototype is established with the function of on-board monitoring of tire forces. Then, a theoretical rolling kinematics model is proposed for illustrating the mechanisms of acceleration fields, resulting from the coupling effect of rigid body motion and elastic deformation. An analytical model is formulated to estimate the vertical force in real time. Furthermore, the beam model is adopted to describe lateral deformations of the tire belt, directly linking lateral acceleration and lateral force. Finally, the lateral force can be estimated by lateral acceleration and vertical force already estimated. Based on a universal analytical model, the lateral force estimation method realizes high accuracy under different circumstances, even with unified coefficients, by clarifying and eliminating the influence of ply steer. A field test and two bench experiments have been conducted to fully validate the developed model. It can be concluded that the theoretical-analysis-based estimation model realizes an encouraging tire force estimation application with an intelligent tire hardware system.

27

BERŠNAK, KRISTIAN. "RAZVOJ SPECIALNIH SIL SV IN IZKUŠNJE IZ AFGANISTANA." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2015/ ISSUE 17/1 (May 30, 2016): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.17.1.3.

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Slovenska vojska je od osamosvojitve do danes dosegla velik napredek pri razvoju zmogljivosti specialnih sil, kar s svojo vrhunsko usposobljenostjo in pripravljenostjo ter interoperabilnostjo s sorodnimi enotami Nata v praksi nenehno potrjuje njena Enota za specialno delovanje (ESD). Potencial enote se kaže predvsem pri izpolnjevanju obveznosti RS v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah. Članek na primeru delovanja ESD ponuja razmislek o povezanosti med razvojnim konceptom specialnih sil SV ter njihovo resnično »in field« uporabo. Najvidnejši primer delovanja ESD v mirovnih operacijah in na misijah je bila napotitev v sklopu dvajsetega slovenskega kontingenta v operacijo Isafa. Element ESD je kot del Desete skupne bojne skupine za specialno delovanje pod vodstvom komponentnega poveljstva specialnih sil Isafa prvič v zgodovini SV sodeloval v operacijah specialnih sil Nata, in sicer v smislu nekonvencionalnega delovanja, s temeljno nalogo vojaške pomoči afganistanskim varnostnim silam. SV je z delovanjem elementa ESD v sklopu specialnih sil Isafa potrdila svoje zmogljivosti v praksi in tako v zahtevnem mednarodnem okolju dokazala, da je strateški koncept RS, povezan z razvojem specialnih sil SV, pravilen in predvsem uresničljiv. Since Slovenia’s independence to date, the Slovenian Armed Forces (SAF) achieved significant progress in developing the capabilities of special forces. This is being continuously confirmed by SAF Special Operations Unit (SOU) in practice with its superior competence and readiness as well as the interoperability with similar NATO units. The unit’s potential is mainly reflected in the fulfilment of the obligations of the Republic of Slovenia in international operations and missions. Using the example of SOU operations, the article provides a reflection on the relationship between the development concept of SAF Special Operations Unit and its actual in field use. The most visible example of SOU activities in peacekeeping operations and missions was the deployment of the 20th Slovenian contingent to the ISAF operation. For the first time in the history of the SAF, the SOU element which was subordinated to the Combined Special Operations Task Force 10 led by Combined Forces Special Operations Component Command - Afghanistan participated in NATO special operations forces in terms of unconventional operations. Its basic task was to provide military assistance to the Afghan security forces. With the engagement of SOU element within ISAF special forces the SAF confirmed its capabilities in practice and proved in the international environment that the strategic concept of the Republic of Slovenia associated with the development of SAF special forces was accurate and fully implementable.

28

HU, GANG, LE SONG, FENG MENG, WEI ZHANG, ZHIMIN ZHANG, YUE ZHANG, and YELONG ZHENG. "RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL FORCE STANDARDS AT NIM." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 24 (January 2013): 1360020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513600203.

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With the development and industrialization of micro- and nano- technology, small force measurements are widely applied in many fields such as advanced materials, bio-technology, aerospace and so on. For realizing traceable small forces and founding small force metrology hierarchy in China, NIM has launched a research project on small force metrology in 2011. 2 methods for small force realization at the scale of nano-Newton to micro-Newton are applied: electrical force based method and mass based method. The initial prototype of small force standard, which is based on the electrostatic force realization and adopts a coaxial cylindrical capacitor, has been developed and experimented. 2 kinds of micro force transmission mechanism are applied to the prototype: a parallelogram mechanism with 4 flexure hinges, and a lever-type force measurement system based on an elastic torsion bar. The structure and key units of 2 schemes are described in detail, the experiment results are demonstrated. The system stiffness of torsion bar scheme is smaller than that of flexure hinges scheme. In addition, structure of the initial prototype will be improved, and the environment conditions will be controlled strictly in our further experiments to minimize the creep of our system.

29

Balogh, Gábor, Tamás Gyöngyösi, István Timári, Mihály Herczeg, Anikó Borbás, Krisztina Fehér, and Katalin E. Kövér. "Comparison of Carbohydrate Force Fields Using Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Development of Force Field Parameters for Heparin-Analogue Pentasaccharides." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 59, no. 11 (October 8, 2019): 4855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00666.

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30

Fleuridas, Colette, and Drew Krafcik. "Beyond Four Forces: The Evolution of Psychotherapy." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401882449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018824492.

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One framework for studying the evolution or development of personality theory and psychotherapy is the concept of forces—theoretical models, paradigms, dimensions, movements, or worldviews—that have made significant contributions to and shaped the field. This article describes and documents the rise of this evolutionary construct, the identification of the first three forces of psychotherapy (psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistic-existential), and the naming of the fourth force given to several, significant theoretical paradigms (transpersonal psychology, family systems, feminist psychology, multicultural psychology, ecopsychology, and social constructivism and postmodernism). In the past decade, a fifth force (social justice and advocacy) has been widely acknowledged. An integrative, inclusive, and holistic conceptualization of psychotherapy is presented as an emerging sixth force. These evolutionary milestones of the field demonstrate an expanding process that has become increasingly more integrative; a more comprehensive, systemic, and holistic approach is needed to better address diverse individual, community, and global needs.

31

Roeber, James BW, Santosh K. Pitla, Roger M. Hoy, Joe D. Luck, and Michael F. Kocher. "Development and Validation of a Tractor Drawbar Force Measurement and Data Acquisition System (DAQ)." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 33, no. 6 (2017): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aea.12489.

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Abstract. Matching agricultural tractors to implements towed by the drawbar is one of the important aspects of machinery management for ensuring optimum performance and fuel cost savings. A field deployable tractor draft force measurement and data acquisition system was developed and evaluated as part of this research project. A drawbar instrumented to measure draft force in field operating conditions was developed and statically calibrated. The drawbar was calibrated by applying loads from 4.45 to 134 kN using a hydraulic cylinder connected to a 444.8 kN load cell. Testing was conducted with the drawbar installed on a tractor on a concrete track. The Nebraska Tractor Test Laboratory (NTTL) load car was used for applying draft loads to evaluate the instrumented drawbar. The track test consisted of seven loads corresponding to maximum power in seven gears. The draft forces as measured by the drawbar were compared to the draft measurements recorded by the load car. The error between draft force measurements of the instrumented drawbar and the load car measurements ranged from 0.21 kN (0.27%) to 0.99 kN (2.88%).There were no statistically significant differences between drawbar and load car measurements confirming that the drawbar force measurement and data acquisition (DAQ) system developed as part of this research can be used for field use. Keywords: Data acquisition, Draft load, Drawbar, LabVIEW, Strain gages, Tractor.

32

Klauda, Jeffery B. "Considerations of Recent All-Atom Lipid Force Field Development." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 125, no. 22 (May 28, 2021): 5676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02417.

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33

Markiewicz, M., J. Grochowski, P. Serda, T. Librowski, H. Marona, C. Baehtz, M. Knapp, and M. Pasenkiewicz-Gierula. "Xanthone derivatives: conformational study and development of force field." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305088240.

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34

Chaban, Vitaly V. "Force field development and simulations of senior dialkyl sulfoxides." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 15 (2016): 10507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp08006a.

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Thermodynamics, structure, and dynamics of diethyl sulfoxide (DESO) and ethyl methyl sulfoxide (EMSO) were investigated using ab initio calculations and non-polarizable potential based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.

35

Kondoh, Junji, Kansuke Fujii, Kazuhiro Nomoto, Takahiro Harada, Shunji Tsuji-Iio, and Ryuichi Shimada. "Development of high field Tokamak with force-balanced coil." Fusion Engineering and Design 42, no. 1-4 (September 1998): 417–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(97)00171-3.

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36

Smith, Dayle M. A., Yijia Xiong, T. P. Straatsma, Kevin M. Rosso, and Thomas C. Squier. "Force-Field Development and Molecular Dynamics of [NiFe] Hydrogenase." Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation 8, no. 6 (May 21, 2012): 2103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ct300185u.

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37

Huang, Jing, and Alexander D. MacKerell. "Force field development and simulations of intrinsically disordered proteins." Current Opinion in Structural Biology 48 (February 2018): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbi.2017.10.008.

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38

LaBrosse, Matthew R., J. Karl Johnson, and Adri C. T. van Duin. "Development of a Transferable Reactive Force Field for Cobalt." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 114, no. 18 (May 13, 2010): 5855–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp911867r.

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39

Cho, Soo Gyeong, Rayomand J. Unwalla, Frank K. Cartledge, and Salvatore Profeta. "Chlorosilanes: Development and application of MM2 force field parameters." Journal of Computational Chemistry 10, no. 6 (September 1989): 832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.540100606.

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40

Kirschner, K. N., A. H. Lewin, and J. P. Bowen. "Molecular mechanics force-field development for amino acid zwitterions." Journal of Computational Chemistry 24, no. 1 (January 15, 2003): 111–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.10174.

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41

Wang, Junmei, Romain M. Wolf, James W. Caldwell, Peter A. Kollman, and David A. Case. "Development and testing of a general amber force field." Journal of Computational Chemistry 25, no. 9 (2004): 1157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.20035.

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42

Zhang, Lu, Daniel-Adriano Silva, YiJing Yan, and Xuhui Huang. "Force field development for cofactors in the photosystem II." Journal of Computational Chemistry 33, no. 25 (June 8, 2012): 1969–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcc.23016.

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43

Durier, Viviane, Frankie Tristram та Gérard Vergoten. "Molecular force field development for saccharides using the SPASIBA spectroscopic potential. Force field parameters for α-d-glucose". Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 395-396 (травень 1997): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-1280(97)00002-x.

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44

Cavender, Chapin E., Pavan K. Behara, David L. Dotson, Anika J. Friedman, Trevor Gokey, Joshua T. Horton, Ivan Pulido, et al. "Development and benchmarking of a self-consistent force field for proteins and small molecules from open force field." Biophysical Journal 123, no. 3 (February 2024): 421a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2023.11.2562.

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45

Liang, Wenqi, Fanjie Wang, Ao Fan, Wenrui Zhao, Wei Yao, and Pengfei Yang. "Extended Application of Inertial Measurement Units in Biomechanics: From Activity Recognition to Force Estimation." Sensors 23, no. 9 (April 24, 2023): 4229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094229.

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Abnormal posture or movement is generally the indicator of musculoskeletal injuries or diseases. Mechanical forces dominate the injury and recovery processes of musculoskeletal tissue. Using kinematic data collected from wearable sensors (notably IMUs) as input, activity recognition and musculoskeletal force (typically represented by ground reaction force, joint force/torque, and muscle activity/force) estimation approaches based on machine learning models have demonstrated their superior accuracy. The purpose of the present study is to summarize recent achievements in the application of IMUs in biomechanics, with an emphasis on activity recognition and mechanical force estimation. The methodology adopted in such applications, including data pre-processing, noise suppression, classification models, force/torque estimation models, and the corresponding application effects, are reviewed. The extent of the applications of IMUs in daily activity assessment, posture assessment, disease diagnosis, rehabilitation, and exoskeleton control strategy development are illustrated and discussed. More importantly, the technical feasibility and application opportunities of musculoskeletal force prediction using IMU-based wearable devices are indicated and highlighted. With the development and application of novel adaptive networks and deep learning models, the accurate estimation of musculoskeletal forces can become a research field worthy of further attention.

46

Zhang, Jing, Li-Dong Gong, and Zhong-Zhi Yang. "Recent Development and Applications of the ABEEM/MM Polarizable Force Field." Journal of Computational Biophysics and Chemistry 21, no. 04 (May 16, 2022): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2737416521420084.

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In this paper, we review both development and applications of the atom-bond electronegativity equalization method fused into molecular mechanics, i.e., ABEEM/MM polarizable force field (FF). We will focus on the applications of the ABEEM/MM in pure water systems, chemical and biomolecular ion-containing systems, small molecules and biomolecules, etc. The results show that the performance of ABEEM/MM is generally better than that of the commonly used nonpolarizable force fields.

47

Karpat, Fatih, Celalettin Yuce, Oguz Dogan, Mehmet Onur Genç, and Necmettin Kaya. "Design and development of tractor clutch using combined field and bench tests." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2017-0032.

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Tractors, the primary component of agricultural mechanization, are actively used for maintaining agricultural activities and carrying burdens on agricultural fields under challenging conditions. Tractors are not only required to possess a high tractive force at low operating speeds but also to produce the power necessary for operating the equipment attached to them when used for agricultural purposes. It is of great importance to determine the degree of force that powertrains, especially the clutch, of the tractors are exposed to on agricultural fields and to use the data obtained in this process concerning their guarantee periods. This study measured the motor rotation speed, clutch surface temperature, and frequency and force of pushing the clutch pedal of a tractor used under five different agricultural field conditions. Furthermore, torque and transfer of the dynamometer and power take-off (PTO) were measured. Based on the data obtained from field tests, the tractor clutch development and validation processes were revised. The prototype clutch was produced and tested by completing the required 1 million rotations safely under new boundary conditions within the guarantee period.

48

Kim, Kyung Suk. "Nano and Micro Mechanical Measurement of Interaction Forces Between Solid Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1.

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Two different types of experimental methods have beeen developed for measuring lateral interaction forces between two solid surfaces for nano- and micro-meter scale contacts. One is the type of direct measurement methods which typically utilize AFM instrumentations. In the direct lateral force measurements some size-scale effects are commonly observed due to the effects of adhesion and surface roughness. A recent development of a fine AFM lateral force calibration method, a diamagnetic lateral force calibrator, has made it possible to study such size-scale effects systematically. The other type is the field projection method which requires a high resolution measurement of a deformation field near the edge of a contact. For such measurements a comprehensive map of deformation measurement techniques is introduced in a domain of spatial and strain resolutions. This technique provides a way of assessing the non-uniform distribution of the surface interaction forces for nano and micro-meter scale contacts.

49

Zhang, Yuanxiang, Jiantao Zeng, Yong Wang, and Guoquan Jiang. "Flexible Three-Dimensional Force Tactile Sensor Based on Velostat Piezoresistive Films." Micromachines 15, no. 4 (March 31, 2024): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15040486.

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The development of a high-performance, low-cost, and simply fabricated flexible three-dimensional (3D) force sensor is essential for the future development of electronic skins suitable for the detection of normal and shear forces for several human motions. In this study, a sandwich-structured flexible 3D force tactile sensor based on a polyethylene-carbon composite material (velostat) is presented. The sensor has a large measuring range, namely, 0–12 N in the direction of the normal force and 0–2.6 N in the direction of the shear force. For normal forces, the sensitivity is 0.775 N−1 at 0–1 N, 0.107 N−1 between 1 and 3 N, and 0.003 N−1 at 3 N and above. For shear forces, the measured sensitivity is 0.122 and 0.12 N−1 in x- and y-directions, respectively. Additionally, the sensor exhibits good repeatability and stability after 2500 cycles of loading and releasing. The response and recovery times of the sensor are as fast as 40 and 80 ms, respectively. Furthermore, we prepared a glove-like sensor array. When grasping the object using the tactile glove, the information about the force applied to the sensing unit can be transmitted through a wireless system in real-time and displayed on a personal computer (PC). The prepared flexible 3D force sensor shows broad application prospects in the field of smart wearable devices.

50

Yang, Chang, Rong Yu, and Shanglei Jiang. "A Cyclic Calibration Method of Milling Force Coefficients Considering Elastic Tool Deformation." Machines 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2023): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11080821.

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In metal-cutting technology, milling plays an important role in the product development cycle. The accurate modeling and prediction of milling forces have always been research hotspots in this field. The mechanical model based on unit-cutting force coefficients has a high prediction accuracy of cutting forces, and it is therefore widely used in the modeling of milling forces. The calibration of the cutting force coefficients can be realized by linear regression analysis of the measured average milling forces, but it needs to carry out multiple groups of variable feed slot milling experiments with full radial depth of cut, and it cannot well represent the interaction condition in peripheral milling with a non-full radial depth of cut. In peripheral milling, the tool will inevitably deform under the influence of cutting force in the direction perpendicular to the machining surface. If the force-induced deformation is ignored, the calibration of the cutting force coefficients will be out of alignment. For this non-slot milling condition where one side of the tool is mainly stressed, a cyclic calibration method for milling force coefficients considering elastic deformation along the axial contact range is proposed. Firstly, the cutting force coefficients are preliminarily calibrated by the experimental data, and, secondly, tool deformation is calculated through a preliminarily calibrated cutting force model cycle until convergence, before cutting boundaries are updated. The cutting force coefficient is then calibrated again, and it is brought back to the cantilever beam model in order to calculate the tool deformation again. The above process is repeated until the cutting force coefficient is convergent. Finally, the cutting force coefficients are obtained in order to predict and model the milling forces.