Статті в журналах з теми "Food hypersensitivity – Techniques"

SummaryWe report a study of realimentation techniques in 9 unweaned infants with multiple food hypersensitivity. The patients had presented severe symptoms of cow's milk allergy and successive attempts using milk containing soy protein and/or a semielemental formula in their alimentation did not improve their clinical condition, due to the onset of hypersensitivity to these allergens as well. After a short period of parenteral alimentation the infants were refed per os with ass' milk (250 ml/kg/day) + medium chain triglycerides (40 ml/L milk). This food was well tolerated by all patients. No negative clinical reactions were recorded and during hospitalisation average weight increase was 39.8 g/day. The follow‐up of the patients showed that ass' milk was tolerated without any problems up to an age ranging from 15 to 20 months, when cow's milk was reintroduced in some patients.

This study aimed to estimate specific IgE by poly check technique against various allergens. In the present study 56 environmental allergens (food, fungal, agricultural, and aeroallergens) were tested against specific IgE. This study found a very high significant allergen – specific IgE reactions with a high degrees mediated a various forms of hypersensitivity is sever in 4 and 5 stage of age groups to males asthma patients, in allergens except Cat Ep. While in females recorded severe hypersensitivity in 2, 3 and 4 stage of age groups, in allergens except cat. Ep., Plantain, hazel pollen. And Alder pollen.

Antibiotic residue in food is a serious public health issue that demands much attention and has a harmful impact on consumer health. The presence of antibiotic residue in food of animal origin creates challenges in global trade in animals and animal products. Public health implications of antibiotic residue in food include the development and propagation of antimicrobial drug resistance, hypersensitivity reactions, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, bone marrow suppression, and disruption of normal intestinal flora. Improper use of antibiotics in animals results in the existence of residues beyond maximum limit levels and is associated with harmful health effects in humans. Supervision of antibiotics is required to ensure the safety of animal products. In this review, the use of antibiotics in food animals, antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin, and the effect of different cooking techniques on antibiotic residue levels are discussed.

Food spoilage makes foods undesirable and unacceptable for human use. The preservation of food is essential for human survival, and different techniques were initially used to limit the growth of spoiling microbes, e.g., drying, heating, salting, or fermentation. Water activity, temperature, redox potential, preservatives, and competitive microorganisms are the most important approaches used in the preservation of food products. Preservative agents are generally classified into antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-browning agents. On the other hand, artificial preservatives (sorbate, sulfite, or nitrite) may cause serious health hazards such as hypersensitivity, asthma, neurological damage, hyperactivity, and cancer. Thus, consumers prefer natural food preservatives to synthetic ones, as they are considered safer. Polyphenols have potential uses as biopreservatives in the food industry, because their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities can increase the storage life of food products. The antioxidant capacity of polyphenols is mainly due to the inhibition of free radical formation. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of plants and herbs is mainly attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds. Thus, incorporation of botanical extracts rich in polyphenols in perishable foods can be considered since no pure polyphenolic compounds are authorized as food preservatives. However, individual polyphenols can be screened in this regard. In conclusion, this review highlights the use of phenolic compounds or botanical extracts rich in polyphenols as preservative agents with special reference to meat and dairy products.

Food allergies have become a significant public health concern, affecting millions worldwide. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted nature of food allergies, shedding light on the intricate interplay of biological and chemical factors. We delve into the mechanisms of allergen recognition and sensitization, genetic predisposition, and the role of the gut microbiome. Moreover, we examine the influence of food processing techniques, additives, and cross-reactivity in the development and severity of food allergies. Food allergies, an adverse health condition triggered by the immune system's hypersensitivity to certain food proteins, have been rising globally, affecting millions of individuals and posing significant public health challenges. This comprehensive review explores the biological and chemical factors influencing the development, manifestation, and management of food allergies. Key biological factors include genetic predisposition, age, and immune system interactions, such as the roles of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and non-IgE mediated responses. Additionally, microbiota composition and environmental exposures during critical windows of immune development are examined. Chemical factors encompass the molecular structure of allergens, food processing methods, and the presence of food additives and contaminants. Advances in diagnostic techniques, such as component-resolved diagnostics and epitope mapping, along with emerging therapies like immunotherapy and biologics, are discussed. The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary approaches integrating molecular biology, immunology, and environmental science to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for reducing the burden of food allergies and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.

Veterinary medications are necessary for both contemporary animal husbandry and food production, but their residues can linger in foods obtained from animals and pose a dangerous human risk. In this review, we aim to highlight the sources, occurrence, human exposure pathways, and human health effects of drug residues in food-animal products. Following the usage of veterinary medications, pharmacologically active compounds known as drug residues can be found in food, the environment, or animals. They can cause major health concerns to people, including antibiotic resistance development, the development of cancer, teratogenic effects, hypersensitivity, and disruption of normal intestinal flora. Drug residues in animal products can originate from variety of sources, including water or food contamination, extra-label drug use, and ignoring drug withdrawal periods. This review also examines how humans can be exposed to drug residues through drinking water, food, air, and dust, and discusses various analytical techniques for identifying these residues in food. Furthermore, we suggest some potential solutions to prevent or reduce drug residues in animal products and human exposure pathways, such as implementing withdrawal periods, monitoring programs, education campaigns, and new technologies that are crucial for safeguarding public health. This review underscores the urgency of addressing veterinary drug residues as a significant and emerging public health threat, calling for collaborative efforts from researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to develop sustainable solutions that ensure the safety of the global food supply chain.

Bioaerosol containing fungal spores became public health hazards. The aerosols contain the fungal spores of different species of Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Penicillium, Wallemia, Stachybotrys etc. and caused various life-threatening respiratory diseases such as hypersensitivity, pneumonia, Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Mucormycosis, Cancer, etc. They are easily transmitted from one individual to another. They also cause extreme damage to crops and create problems in food security by producing mycotoxins. The transmissions of fungal spores depend upon the environmental factor, seasonal variation, growth surface, type of fungal spore, etc. There are various biophysical, biochemical and molecular techniques that are present to detect fungal spores in aerosol. There are numerous physical and chemical agents that can kill fungi. Good public health and food security can be achieved through the detection and management of fungal spores in aerosols.

The role of immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy in subjects with allergic disorders, especially in patients with rhinitis and sinusitis, is underestimated by clinicians because of the initial attribution of these disorders to immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. The difficulties of diagnosing food-related reactions have caused further delay in their recognition and incorporation into the daily practice of diagnosing food allergy. Two of the diagnostic methods for food allergy are the in vitro assay of total immunoglobulin E and the measurement of food-specific immunoglobulin E levels in serum with the radioallergosorbent test. Measurement of specific immunoglobulin E level is the most commonly used but also one of the most controversial techniques. We examined 123 patients with rhinitis who were referred to our otolaryngology/allergy clinic between January and April 1995. All patients received an initial radioallergosorbent test screen, which included milk. We determined the positive predictive value of this positive screen and, in particular, of a positive test for milk in the diagnosis of immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergies in these patients. Conclusions were based on comparison with the result of an additional radioallergosorbent test food panel consisting of eight common and two investigational food allergens. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996;115:312-8.)

l-asparaginase (ASNase, EC 3.5.1.1) is an aminohydrolase enzyme with important uses in the therapeutic/pharmaceutical and food industries. Its main applications are as an anticancer drug, mostly for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) treatment, and in acrylamide reduction when starch-rich foods are cooked at temperatures above 100 °C. Its use as a biosensor for asparagine in both industries has also been reported. However, there are certain challenges associated with ASNase applications. Depending on the ASNase source, the major challenges of its pharmaceutical application are the hypersensitivity reactions that it causes in ALL patients and its short half-life and fast plasma clearance in the blood system by native proteases. In addition, ASNase is generally unstable and it is a thermolabile enzyme, which also hinders its application in the food sector. These drawbacks have been overcome by the ASNase confinement in different (nano)materials through distinct techniques, such as physical adsorption, covalent attachment and entrapment. Overall, this review describes the most recent strategies reported for ASNase confinement in numerous (nano)materials, highlighting its improved properties, especially specificity, half-life enhancement and thermal and operational stability improvement, allowing its reuse, increased proteolysis resistance and immunogenicity elimination. The most recent applications of confined ASNase in nanomaterials are reviewed for the first time, simultaneously providing prospects in the described fields of application.

Contemporary dental medicine offers a wide range of materials and techniques for the rehabilitation of the dentomaxillofacial system, which in recent years has led to a dramatic increase in allergic reactions in sensitized patients after dental treatment. Once in the oral cavity, saliva and gastrointestinal tract, dental medication or dental material release products that, under certain conditions, can cause direct cell damage or induce an immunological/allergic reaction. The local and systemic reactivity in each individual is different and this explains why biocompatible materials that persist in the oral cavity elicit an immune/allergic response in some patients while none is evident in others. Dental medications, and especially materials that permanently remain in the oral cavity (composites, plastics, metal alloys, etc.), cause hypersensitivity reactions mainly of type IV (slow) and less often of type I (fast). It is very important to develop an individualized treatment plan for dental patients with accompanying sensitization to bacteria, food, pollen, and more. There is no doubt that the implementation of a holistic approach in the treatment of sensitised patients is a prerequisite for a much more successful treatment performed by the dentist. This imposes work in close collaboration with an interdisciplinary team using the possibilities of the modern achievements of immunology and allergology. Patients’ history data and the results from skin allergy tests are the basis of application of individualized treatment approach and personalized immunotherapy for each separate patient, as well as of treatment result control.

In this research communication we exploited the potential use of milk microRNAs (miRs) as biomarkers for bovine tuberculosis (bTB). bTB is a zoonotic disease caused by Mycobacterium bovis which affects animal health, influencing herd economic sustainability. Diagnosis is based on skin delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and quantification of interferon gamma but both techniques are influenced by several confounding factors. Thus, new methods for early diagnosis are required. In this context, microRNAs have been used as promising biomarkers for both infectious and non-infectious diseases. To determine the possible involvement of microRNAs in bTB, we analysed the expression of four immune-related miRs in 200 cows grouped in cases and controls with respect to positivity to tuberculosis. The analysis showed a different magnitude of expression in the groups indicating that active tuberculosis could influence miRs expression. We used expression values of miR-146a, the highest differentially expressed miR, for Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. In order to determine a test cut-off value for miR-146a expression that would differentiate cases and controls, a value for the miR-146a expression higher than 8 was selected as this gave a test specificity and sensitivity of 80·0% and 86·0% respectively. These values confirm the possibility of using miR-146a as a milk prognostic biomarker for bovine tuberculosis.

Responses to a range of doses of common contact dermatitis/producing allergens were measured using a novel scanning laser Doppler velocimeter and three commonly used conventional measurement techniques. The techniques were compared in terms of sensitivity, measurement error, range of the linear portion of the dose/response curve and ease of use. The detection thresholds of the objective methods did not differ significantly and did not detect responses at concentrations less than those required to produce a visible response. Of the objective methods the range of linearity was greatest when reactions were measured using change in skin fold thickness, erythema or area of inflammation. Measurement error was greatest with measurements made using the conventional laser Doppler velocimeter. Present instrumental methods are no more sensitive than visual assessment in the reading of patch test reactions. The conventional laser Doppler velocimeter was least suited for measurement of allergic contact hypersensitivity reactions as readings are time/consuming, show detectable changes over a more limited range of allergen concentration, and have a larger measurement error than the other methods. There is no single best method for measuring allergic contact hypersensitivity reactions. Useful data over a wide range of allergen concentrations can best be obtained by measurement of skin fold thickness, erythema or area of reaction using the scanning laser Doppler velocimeter. The scanning laser Doppler velocimeter has the added advantages of being able to measure area of reaction without contact with the skin surface and to measure reactions at all skin sites.

Laryngeal stenosis is a partial or complete narrowing of the endolarynx and has many etiologies. Common causes of laryngeal stenosis are iatrogenic (prolonged intubation, laryngeal surgery), external neck trauma, congenital, burns, ingestions, infection, and inflammation (gastroesophageal reflux or Wegener’s). Laryngeal stenosis secondary to trauma usually affects the posterior endolaryngeal region in adults and the subglottic region in children.1 Patients with mild to moderate laryngeal stenosis are usually asymptomatic and if otherwise, majority of the presenting signs and symptoms are mainly related to the airway, feeding and voice resulting to marked respiratory distress, dysphagia/odynophagia and altered voice, respectively. We present a case of hypopharyngeal, supraglottic and subglottic stenosis occurring 1 week after intubation. CASE REPORT A 3-year old boy from Ormoc City was admitted in our institution for dysphagia of 2 months. Three months prior to admission, he was treated for hypersensitivity reaction after eating shrimp and crab. The boy experienced sudden onset perioral swelling with bluish discoloration, dyspnea, severe drooling and vomiting of previously ingested food immediately after taking a vitamin supplement syrup that had been preceded by the dinner of crustaceans. He was immediately brought to a primary hospital in Ormoc City but was not relieved by nebulization and unrecalled intravenous medications. The boy was eventually transferred to a tertiary hospital in Ormoc City. During this time, perioral swelling, dyspnea and cyanosis with associated severe drooling persisted. He was also noted to have stridor, was intubated and subsequently admitted to the intensive care unit for 7 days with an impression of severe hypersensitivity reaction secondary to crustacean ingestion. He was fed via a nasogastric tube (NGT). His condition eventually improved and the endotracheal tube was removed after 7 days. According to the relatives, there was significant increase in expectoration of saliva hours after removal of the endotracheal tube, allegedly occurring almost every minute, accompanied by drooling. There was no fever, no difficulty of breathing, no aspiration, no vomiting episodes and no easy fatigability noted at this time. However, the boy was noted to have dysphagia associated with frequent coughing and expectoration of saliva on intake of both fluids and solid food following removal of the NGT. His relatives denied any episodes of dyspnea, vomiting, cyanosis, easy fatigability or fever, and he was subsequently discharged after 1 month of confinement. One month and three weeks prior to admission, he still presented with dysphagia, frequent spitting of saliva and now with associated wheezing and weight loss on follow-up at the hospital. He was referred to a pediatric pulmonologist in Cebu City for further evaluation and management. One month before admission, a thickened epiglottis was seen on neck and chest CT-scan and “acquired subglottic stenosis, post intubation” was diagnosed, for which direct laryngoscopy was recommended. The relatives did not consent, and the boy was discharged on Betamethasone + Dexchlorpheniramine syrup for 5 days, Montelukast Na oral granules for 30 days, and Amoxicillin suspension and Salbutamol syrup for 7 days. Nineteen days prior to admission, with persistence of the previously-mentioned symptoms, the boy was brought to our outpatient service and subsequently admitted. On admission, he was ambulatory and not in cardiorespiratory distress. He still had symptoms of increased expectoration and drooling with associated dysphagia for both liquids and solid foods. Because of difficulty inserting a nasogastric tube, he had to subsist on small, frequent sips of fluids consisting mostly of milk and water. Fluid thickeners improved swallowing. Initial flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy revealed a thickened epiglottic area obscuring the vocal cords. A modified barium swallow and airway fluoroscopy showed aryepiglottic fold thickening and non-persistent episodes of narrowing at the supraglottic and glottic areas. A trace of nasopharyngeal regurgitation was also noted without any gross tracheal aspiration. Flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy by a laryngologist revealed a normal nasopharynx, absent epiglottis, absent pyriform sinuses, stenotic hypopharynx and supraglottis, normal vocal cord structure and mobility with grade 1 subglottic stenosis. (Figures 1 A-D) Possible laser surgical release of fibrosis and removal of strictures was recommended, with close observation until then. Meanwhile, due to persistent dysphagia and significant weight loss, he underwent gastrostomy and was started on supplements for nutritional build up. DISCUSSION Laryngeal stenosis is a partial or complete cicatricial narrowing of the endolarynx and may be congenital or acquired.1 Trauma is the most common cause of acquired laryngeal stenosis, both in children and in adults, and is classified as external laryngeal trauma or internal laryngeal trauma. The latter is more commonly due to iatrogenic causes, especially prolonged endotracheal intubation.2 Approximately 90% of cases of acquired chronic subglottic stenosis in infants and children occur secondary to endotracheal intubation. The reported incidence of stenosis after intubation ranges from less than 1% to 8.3%.1 In our case, the patient initially presented with persistent dysphagia with associated excessive drooling and increased expectoration after intubation for 1 week. A study by Gallo et al. of 70 patients with laryngeal stenosis revealed that the causes of stenosis may be numerous (including intubation, autoimmune disease, iatrogenic) and multiple areas of the airway can be involved.3 The reported incidence of tracheal stenosis following laryngotracheal intubation ranges from 6% to 21%.3 They further explained that erosion and mucosal necrosis occur within hours of endotracheal intubation and full thickness injury exposes cartilage with development of perichondritis if the tube is not withdrawn within a week. Re-epithelialization of the edges of the ulceration follows and healing is completed within 4 weeks. The previous site of the ulceration is usually marked with fibrosis and metaplastic squamous epithelium. The risk of tissue damage and development of laryngotracheal stenosis increases depending on the severity of the ulceration and if the healing process is delayed by secondary infection.3 Duration of intubation and size of the endotracheal tube are the most important factors in the development of laryngeal stenosis, but no definite safe time limit for endotracheal intubation has been established. Severe injury has been reported after 17 hours of intubation in adults and 1 week after intubation in neonates. The area most commonly injured in children is the subglottic region.1 Initial evaluation when suspecting laryngeal stenosis includes radiographic evaluation to aid in assessing the degree and length of stenosis. Computed tomography scanning (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning are not standard techniques to assess the laryngotracheal airway but may be used as an adjunctive diagnostic technique to help determine the length of the stenosis or concurrent vascular compression.4 Initial Computed Tomography (CT) scans prior to admission revealed only thickening of the epiglottis with narrowing of the subglottic region. The extent of involvement was not determined until flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy revealed absence of the epiglottis and pyriform sinuses, hypopharyngeal and supraglottic stenosis and grade 1 subglottic stenosis with normal vocal cord structure and mobility. Flexible and rigid endoscopy should be a part of assessment as they allow direct inspection of the dynamic laryngeal and hypopharyngeal airway.4 As illustrated in this case, fluoroscopy is also helpful in studying tracheal dynamics.1 The basic techniques for management of laryngeal stenosis include endoscopic and external methods. Wiatrak suggested that conservative management or a “wait-and-see” approach may be considered.4 The management of laryngeal stenosis in infants and young children should be conservative, since in the majority of cases, the stenosis will improve with laryngeal growth.5 While such management may be considered in our case, it is rarely successful for acquired laryngeal stenosis. Endoscopic methods including balloon dilatation and laser assisted excision are options, although the former is only beneficial in cases of early, soft stenosis, before mature, firm stenosis has developed.4 Open surgical methods include expansion and resection surgery. Open surgical procedures should only be recommended when it has been established by careful endoscopic assessment that the laryngeal lumen has not increased in size.5 According to Gallo et al., tracheal resection and anastomosis is considered the treatment of choice for tracheal stenosis.3 However, this approach may not be applicable when the glottis and/or the subglottis are also involved. Moreover, it may not be feasible due to the extent of the stenosis, underlying disease and general health of the patient.3 While grade 1 stenosis may be managed by open surgery, it may also be amenable to endoscopic techniques. The challenge for this case includes correction of the laryngeal area, ensuring stability of airway and improving general status and health with the least invasive management possible. The use of stents offers another management option for laryngeal stenosis. Alshammari and Monnier used laryngotracheal stents on 65 patients during open surgery and endoscopy to keep the airway expanded after surgical reconstruction or trauma. However, they also reiterate that stents should be avoided unless absolutely necessary since there are potential risks for mucosal injuries, ulcerations, granulation tissue formation and subsequent restenosis.6 According to Zanetta et al., there is no ideal stent for the treatment of subglottic stenosis in children and that it can act as a foreign body in the reconstructed airway causing difficulties for feeding and in voice production.7 Our proposed method for addressing the laryngeal stenosis is to attempt laser excision to correct the affected areas and hopefully improve the feeding status while ensuring stability of the airway. At present, nutritional build up is the initial target in preparation for the contemplated procedure. Laryngeal stenosis in the pediatric population is one of the most controversial topics in pediatric otolaryngology. There are various techniques available for management of laryngeal stenosis. Therapeutic procedures range from repeated dilatation, prolonged laryngeal stenting with or without the use of steroids, the use of carbon dioxide laser to create an airway with or without tracheostomy (through a laryngeal mask airway), to early tracheostomy and open surgery.5,8 However, feasibility of the technique, invasiveness, as well as possible outcome are some of the problems a physician may encounter. We should always consider individualizing our management according to pathologic findings, patient’s age, degree and consistency of stenosis and importantly, the general condition of the patient. Echoing Evans, one could at least give the parents of pediatric patients a reasonably accurate prognosis, and the hope that their child can be restored to normality.5

Abstract Introduction Children with sensory hypersensitivities have poorer subjective sleep health than their peers. However, traditional actigraphy variables (e.g., sleep efficiency, sleep duration) do not adequately capture these sleep deficits. In qualitative interviews, caregivers of children with sensory hypersensitivities identified the settling down period prior to sleep as a major family stressor, potentially indicating a novel target for intervention. We applied machine learning techniques to thoroughly characterize and discriminate differences in the settling down period for children with and without sensory hypersensitivities. Methods Children (ages 6-10) with sensory hypersensitivities (n=20) and children without sensory hypersensitivities (n=29) wore the GT9X Actigraph continuously for 2 weeks and caregivers completed daily sleep diaries. Settling down period (caregiver reported start of settling down until actigraphy indicated sleep onset) was isolated for each night and 7 features were extracted from the activity data (mean magnitude, maximum magnitude, kurtosis, skewness, Shannon entropy, standard deviation, interquantile range). Ten-fold cross-validation with random forests were used to determine the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of differentiating groups. Results We achieved an 83% accuracy in classifying children with sensory hypersensitivities versus those without hypersensitivities (sensitivity = 84%; specificity = 82%). Feature importance maps showed that the most important feature for differentiating groups was maximum activity count magnitude during the settling down period; children with sensory hypersensitivity had higher maximum bouts of activity during settling down. The hypersensitive group also showed a higher variance in activity during settling down, as demonstrated by greater interquartile range (variance within the time window), standard deviation of activity, and Shannon entropy (the amount of uncertainty in the time window). Conclusion Our novel machine learning analysis successfully uncovered objective features within the settling down period that differentiate children with sensory hypersensitivity from their peers. Our data highlights exciting new potential targets for intervention: children with sensory hypersensitivities have larger and sporadic bouts of activity during their settling down period that clearly set them apart from their peers without hypersensitivities. Support (if any) T32 HL082610, University of Pittsburgh School of Rehabilitation Science Doctoral Award (PI Hartman), Sensory Integration Education PhD Student Grant (PI Hartman).

Spinal Dorsal Ramus Mediated Back Pain is the second most frequently described condition (the first one being Lumbar Facet Syndrome) originating from pathology involving posterior branches of lumbar spinal nerves. Spinal Dorsal Ramus Mediated Back Pain was described as “thoracolumbar junction syndrome” by Maigne in 1989. As a rule, Spinal Dorsal Ramus Mediated Back Pain presents unilaterally within posterior branches at the levels Th11-12 and L1-2. The pain is triggered by extension and/or rotation. Typical symptoms include pain that may radiate towards the gluteal area and posterior iliac crest and does not cross the body midline. Clinical symptoms may correlate with the area supplied by the whole spinal nerve of the given segment, including both the posterior and anterior branch. For this reason, patients may report not only low back pain, but also pseudovisceral pain in the hypogastric area, false sciatic neuralgia, tenderness of the pubic symphysis and hypersensitivity of the intestines. The above symptoms may lead to diagnostic difficulties. Diagnostic work-up may benefit from performance of the Kibler Fold Test to determine sensitivity of the tissues surrounding the iliac crest. Patients with Spinal Dorsal Ramus Mediated Back Pain respond well to manual manipulative techniques if these are delivered in a technically correct manner and address the appropriate segment. A recommended approach for patients with absolute contraindications to manipulation, i.e. advanced osteoporosis or osteogenesis imperfecta, is a block of the po­sterior branch of the spinal nerve involved.

Several studies have shown that most condiments consumed in Nigeria today are fortified with chemicals that alter the nature and stripped the natural immunological adjuvants designed by nature to protect the body system. Several condiments have been developed from fermented foods in order to control this ugly situation but there is still controversial thought in the choice of microorganism to be used in order to produce a non-toxic condiment with an improved immunological function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity, nutritive value and immunological impact of fermented soybean condiments. Soybean (Glycine max) sample was fermented with indigenous microorganisms isolated from 7 days old fermented soybean sample; this was oven-dried, pulverized and packaged in a cleaned sterile screw capped container. The immunological impact, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory activities were determined using in vivo and instrumentation techniques. Lactobacillus plantarum strain ZS 2058 (L), Bacillus subtilis strain 168 (B) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YJM555 (Y) were the indigenous microbes used both singly and in consortium for the production of light to dark brown condiments with water activity ranging from 0.27 – 0.37 for the fermented soybean in the plate and 0.22 - 0.36 for the fermented soybean wrapped with Thaumatococcus danielli leaves (called Uma in Igbo and Ewe eran in Yoruba). There was pronounced delay type hypersensitivity (DTH) and significant (P<0.05) elevation of lymphocyte population, rosette counts, antibody titers, phagocytic indices, total lymphocytes and malondialdehyde (MDA) values, of which pronounced activities were mostly seen on those condiments prepared with consortium of the organisms (BLY). Therefore condiments produced from fermentation of soybean using indigenous B, L, Y, BL and BLY are recommended as this would enhance its immunological impact and also safe, and those fermented in plastic plates using BLY were most efficient, preferable and acceptable.

Nitrogen is a paramount important essential element for all living organisms. It has been found to bea crucial structural component of proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes and other cellular constituents which are inevitable for all forms of life. In the atmosphere, the percentage of nitrogen is very high (N2, 78%) compared to other inorganic gases. However, most organisms have practically no direct access to this nitrogen. While plants can not directly uptake nitrogen from atmosphere, they are capable of assimilating other forms of nitrogen, for example ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). For agricultural crop production, artificial fixation of nitrogen is heavily utilized and it is an expensive process that requires high temperatures (at least 400 °C) and pressures (around 200 atm). It has been conspicuously demonstrated that indiscriminate use of fertilizer hampers soil physical, chemical and micro biological properties and also a potential risk to environment e.g. water quality. Besides, chemically manufactured fertilizers are depleted from soils in various ways, for instance; denitrifying bacteria, volatilization, and leaching. Consequently, it results relatively poor availability of nitrogen to get into plants. On the flipside, only 1-2% of the nitrogen fixation in the world occurs through the natural process of lightening. Notably, microbial fixation is well characterized in diazotrophs for example; Rhizobia and Frankia, and blue-green algae. Against the backdrop, we are accentuated on an environmentally friendlyand themost sustainable approach to increase productivity for legume and non-legume crops. Till today, the term biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) has received much attention as a sustainable alternative; this process facilitates atmospheric nitrogen to convert into ammonia by rhizobia in specialized plan organs termed “root nodules”. This review article seeks to better understand plant mechanisms involved in the development of root nodules in soybean. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important oil crops and a source of animal feed protein in the world. It has a salient feature to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbioses with compatible rhizobia that yields to determinate type nodule (Oldroyd, Murray et al. 2011). Biological nitrogen fixation in soybean nodules reduces the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers resulting in cost-savings to producers and minimizes environmental damage due to nitrogen run-off. A better understanding of how nodules form and function is important for selection or generation of soybean genotypes with better nitrogen fixation capacity. Soybean nodules originate from root cortex via de novo cell differentiation (Oldroyd 2013). Consequently, two major nodule development zones are formed for instance; the nodule primordium (Npr) in the middle and it is encircled by nodule parenchyma (Npa). At later time point, the Npr gives rise to N-fixation zone and the Npa holds vascular bundles. It is not clear what early signaling pathways driving the conspicuous development of the nodule zones. My research is aimed at filling this knowledge gap by illustrating the molecular signatures that paves the way to cellular differentiation in root nodule development in soybean. Based on initial evidence obtained by the Subramanian lab, we hypothesize that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in spatio-temporal expression of their target genes during nodule developmental in soybean. For instance, the regulation of auxin sensitivity by miR160 has been found to be crucial for formation of nodule primordia and vasculature in the parenchyma (Marie Turner 2013). Against this backdrop, this review article focused on nuclear and cytoplasmic transcriptome as well as miRNA profiles of parenchyma and primordial tissues and determine the relative abundance and differentially expressed mRNAs and regulatory role of miRNAs in cell differentiation and nodule development. Root nodule a sustainable alternative to fix atmospheric nitrogen Atmospheric nitrogen percentage is very high (N2, 78%) compared to other inorganic gases (Mary Elvira 1932). However, most of the organisms have practically no direct access to this nitrogen. Nevertheless, plants can not directly uptake nitrogen from atmosphere but they are capable of assimilating only very specific forms of nitrogen, for example ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) (Bytnerowicz and Fenn 1996, Peter M. Vitousek 1997) (Sponseller, Gundale et al. 2016). Virtually, nitrogen has been found to be a crucial structural component of proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and other cellular constituents which are inevitable for all forms of life (O'Brien, Vega et al. 2016). For agricultural crop production, artificial fixation of nitrogen is heavily utilized. It is an expensive process that requires high temperatures (approx. 400 °C) and pressures (approx. 200 atm) (Witschi 2000). It has been conspicuously demonstrated that indiscriminate use of N fertilizer hampers the diversity of the bacterial community and decreases soil C and N concentrations (Verzeaux, Alahmad et al. 2016). Notably, it has been demonstrated as a potential risk to environment e.g. water quality (Zhao, Sha et al. 2016) (Sponseller, Gundale et al. 2016). Besides, chemically manufactured fertilizers are depleted from soils in various ways, for instance; denitrifying bacteria, volatilization, and leaching (Johnson 1996, Peter M. Vitousek 1997). Consequently, it results relatively poor availability of nitrogen to get into plants. On the flipside, over 90 % of the nitrogen fixation in the world occurs through the natural process of lightening and microorganisms. Furthermore, microbial fixation is well characterized in diazotrophs for example; Rhizobia and Frankia, and blue-green algae (Cheng 2008). It has been demonstrated that Bradyrhizobium strains substantially escalated soybean grain yield, and protein content up to 57% and 26%, respectively (Zimmer, Messmer et al. 2016). Against the backdrop, we are accentuated on an environmentally friendly and a sustainable approach to increase the productivity for legume and non-legume crops. Literature mining depicted that biological nitrogen fixation in soybean nodules reduces the use of chemical nitrogen fertilizers resulting in cost-savings to producers and minimizes environmental damage due to nitrogen run-off. Rhizobia infection leads to the root nodule development In the natural environment, plants are continuously confronted with pathogenic and symbiotic microbes. Symbioses involves mutual exchange of diffusible signal molecules, first endophytic bacteria (rhizobia) are attracted by the plant root exudates flavonoids which are perceived and triggered the bacterial nodulation (nod) genes. Consequently, the bacteria synthesize specific lipochito-oligosaccharides, called nodulation (Nod) factors. This signal is perceived by the LysM receptor like kinase of host plant, it induces the root hair curling, and bacteria get access into the host epidermis through infection threads (ITs) and initiate cell division within the root cortex, leading to the progression of the root nodule meristem. In later stages of the interaction, bacteria are released from the infection threads into the plant cells, surrounded by membrane of plant origin. These bacteria multiply within the host cells and differentiate into the nitrogen fixing bacteroids (Udvardi and Day 1997) (Oldroyd 2013). Till now, integration of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed twenty-six genes to be involved in nodule development of Medicago truncatualaand Lotus japonicum (Kouchi, Imaizumi-Anraku et al. 2010). In addition, deep sequencing of the Medicago truncatularoot transcriptome has uncovered thousands of genes to be induced during Nod factor signaling and its resulting ethylene (ET) biosynthesis throughout the multiple development stages of indeterminate nodule (Larrainzar, Riely et al. 2015). Albeit the molecular mechanism of such regulation is not well understood. There has been a large-scale transcriptome analysis of B. japonicum-inoculated and mock-inoculated soybean root hairs. It has showed that a total of 1,973 soybean genes differentially expressed during root hair infection, particularly NFR5 and NIN genes (Libault, Farmer et al. 2010). Nevertheless, the signaling mechanisms directing the cellular differentiation of nodule are not known. Soybean root nodule organogenesis Soybean (Glycine max) has a genome size of 1.1 to1.5 Gb, it is partially diploidized tetraploid. It is one of the most important oil crops and a source of animal feed protein in the world (soybase.org/sb_about.php). It has a salient feature to fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbioses with compatible rhizobia that yields to determinate type nodule (Udvardi and Day 1997) (Oldroyd, Murray et al. 2011). Notwithstanding of the economic and environmental importance, there has been very few studies about quantitative trait loci (QTL) that controlling BNF traits, for instance nodule number, ration of nodule dry weight with nodule number, and shoot dry weight (SDW). It has been reported via composite interval mapping that approximately six QTLs bears very small effect on BNF traits (Santos, Geraldi et al. 2013). Besides, it has been demonstrated in earlier studies that nodules originate from root cortex via de novo cell differentiation into two different cell types, parenchymal and primordium (Celine Charon 1997) (Oldroyd&Downie 2008; Oldroyd 2013). In addition, early nodulin genes in legume for instance; Enod 40 gene reported to be expressed in root pericycle during the rhizobia infection and later it occupied in the dividing cortical cells (H. Kouchi and S. Hata 1993). Among the two major nodule development zones, the nodule primordium (Npr) in the middle which is encircled by nodule parenchyma (Npa). At later time point, the Npr gives rise to N-fixation zone and the Npa holds vascular bundles. Lately, a β- expansin gene, GmEXPB2 fused with GUS reporter gene which was observed to be preferentially expressed in nodule vascular trace and nodule vascular bundles. It indicated that GmEXPB2 might be crucial for nodule organogenesis. Over expression of GmEXPB2 contrast to suppressed GmEXPB2 transgenic lines found to be escalated nodule number, nodule mass and nitrogenase activity. It further suggested that GmEXPB2 might have influenced over root architecture, nodule formation and development, and profoundly yielding to biological N2 fixation (Li, Zhao et al. 2015). Even though, it is not clear what early signaling pathways driving the conspicuous development of the nodule zones. Against the back drop, to understand the regulation of auxin sensitivity by miR160 which is believed to be crucial for the formation of nodule primordia (Marie Turner 2013). Figure 1 a. Illustrating the progression of root nodule development through Rhizobial bacterial infection in the plant root leading to the determinate nodule (Oldroyd 2013). b. Nodule development zones A. Nodule primordial zone (Enod 40 gene) in the middle B. surrounding parenchyma (Enod 2 gene), differentiated from cortex (collected from Sen Subramanian lab). Regulatory small RNAs biogenesis and its molecular functions Regulatory small RNAs are ranged between 20 to 24 nucleotides which are ubiquitous elements of endogenous plant transcriptomics, a common response to exogenous viral infections and introduced double-stranded RNA (Axtell 2013). Three core enzymes families, for instance; RNAdependent RNA polymerase (RDR), Dicer like (DCL), and Argonaute (AGO) proteins paves the way of small RNA biogenesis and function in plants. Firstly, ribonuclease type III or DICERLIKE1 involves in the yield of a fold-back precursor RNA or primary miRNA (primiRNA) transcripts using an RNA templates in the nuclei. Later, the resulting miRNA-miRNA duplex which is originated in nucleus then translocated into cytoplasm. The guided miRNAmolecule is incorporated into ARGONAUTE (AGO) to form an active RISC complex to specific target RNAs that are complementary to the miRNA, and this process eventually follows up mRNA cleavage, represses the translation of the mRNAs or Chromatin modification. This phenomenon accentuated as an inhibition or silencing of the gene expression, which play a crucial role in the developmental process in plant and animal (Chapman and Carrington 2007) (Axtell 2013). Fig. 2 Regulation of gene expression events via RISC complex (modified from https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=mirna+picture+in+plants accessed on 7th February, 2016) Fig. 3 Gene expression events occurring in typical plant cell (modified https://www.google.com/search?q=transcription+and+translation accessed on 7th February, 2016) It has been found in several studies that most plant miRNAs are non-coding RNA, and small 21-24 nucleotide long (Cuperus, Fahlgren et al. 2011). It requires DCL1-clade DCL for their biogenesis and AGO1-clade AGO for their function (Wu, Zhou et al. 2010, Manavella, Koenig et al. 2012). In rice (Oryza sativa), DCL3 has been reported in the biogenesis of 24nt long miRNA that incorporated in AGO4 to regulate the target gene expression primarily through mRNA cleavage (Wu, Zhou et al. 2010). Argonaute proteins (AGO) form RNA inducing silencing complexes (RISC) with small RNAswhich is known as post-transcriptional gene silencing. It has typically four domains, for instance:N-terminal, PAZ, MID and PIWI domains. The MID-PIWI lobes are belongs to the C-terminus. It has been studied that MID-domains contains the specificity loop to recognize and bind to the 5’-phosphate of smRNAs. The PIWI domains contained the catalytic active site D-E-D-H/D. PAZ domain anchored the 2-nt overhang at the 3’ end of miRNAs. The N-terminal domain involved in the separation of miRNA-miRNA duplex and the slicer activity of the mRNA (Song, Smith et al.2004). There has been an expansion and duplications of AGO family members during plantevolution (Singh, Gase et al. 2015). The functional diversification of AGOs is indicating sRNAdirected regulatory pathways. The binding preference of AGO and sRNA is mainly assigned by the sequence of sRNA. In Arabidopsis, 10 AGO have been extensively studied (Liu et al. 2014). It has been demonstrated that AtAGO10 like AtAGO1, it recognized distinct structural features in miR165/miR166 duplex than involved by AtGO1. AtAGO10 found to regulate shoot apical meristem by decoying miR165/miR166 and subsequent repression of homeodomain-leucinezipper (HD-ZIP) gene expression (Zhu, Hu et al. 2011). Notably, 22 AGO proteins have been reported in Soybean (Glycine max). It has been found that genome duplication in Soybean resulted such a proliferation of AGOs. For example: its genome encodes two copies of AGO1, AGO2, AGO5, AGO4/9, AGO6 and AGO7 (Xiang Liu 2014). However, the molecular function of the plant AGO genes yet not very clear. There are several miRNA families that are conserved across the vast evolutionary distances from flowering plants to mosses (Cuperus, Fahlgren et al. 2011). It has been observed in another study that miRNA, and its target pairing found to be stable for a prolonged periods of plant evolution. On the flip side, another group demonstrated that conserved plant miRNAs and their targets are to somehow flexible. For instance; miR159 is a highly conserved miRNA that targets not only a subset of MYB mRNAs but also observed to target a non MYB mRNA, SGN-U567133 (Buxdorf, Hendelman et al. 2010). A mutant tomato transgenic line (miR159-resistant line) showed higher level of the SGN-U567133 transcript and exhibited defects in leaf and flower development. This result suggests that miR159 involves in a post-transcriptional regulation. Additionally, it is found to be crucial for the normal tomato development. Recently, the identification of miRNAs in the regulation of photoperiodic pathways in soybean have been reported through high throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR. Six libraries were constructed using Illumina Solexa, for instance; 0, 8, and 16 h under short day treatment, similar time points considered for the long the long day treatment. A total of 163 miRNAs families were reported which covered 318 plant miRNAs, and unclassified 81 novel predicted miRNAs. As expected, significant differences in abundance between short day and long day treatment was observed (Wenbin Li 2015). These findings provided evidence of miRNA in the regulation of flowering time that ultimately affects the seed yield and quality of soybean. The complex regulatory network of miRNA-mRNA interactions during viral infection has been revealed via small RNA seq (sRNA), degradome seq, and genome-wide transcriptome analysis. There has been a total of 253 soybean miRNAs found to be two-folds abundance compared with mock-inoculated control demonstrated through sRNA seq analysis. Among them 105 miRNAs were identified as potential targets of 125 transcripts that has been validated by degradome seq analyses. In addition, 2679 genes were detected via genome wide transcriptomic analysis. These genes have been differentially expressed during infection of soybean mosaic virus and among them 71 genes projected to induce in defense response (Hui Chen 2016). These findings suggested the regulatory role miRNA that governed the target gene expression during viral infection. Furthermore, the regulatory role of microRNAs (miRNAs) during Soybean- Bradyrhizobium japonicum mutualistic association was studied first by Subramanian et al. 2008. They sequenced approximately 350000 small RNAs of soybean root sample which were inoculated with B. japonicum. It helps to detect 20 conserved miRNAs loci based on the similarity to miRNAs in another plant species. In addition, 35 novel miRNAs were identified based on potential hairpin forming precursors in Soybean EST as well as shotgun genomic sequences (Subramanian, Fu et al. 2008). These findings advocated the potential role of miRNAs in the regulation of legumerhizobiumsymbiosis. In another study, 120 hairpin-forming precursor genes have been identified in soybean by Turner et al. In addition, they reported three novel miRNAs for instance; miR160, miR164 and miR393 found to be involved in auxin signaling (Turner, Yu et al. 2012). Moreover, the plant hormone auxin is thought to have a pivotal role in nodule organogenesis in determinate and indeterminate type of nodule. It indicates a redundancy and diversity of miRNAs family members that governs the formation of root nodule. It has been illustrated that auxin receptor gene family hushed by over expressed microRNA393. These plant roots found to be hypersensitive to auxin and yielded normal nodule. This observation advocated that only minimal/reduced auxin signaling is required for determinate nodule development. Likewise, overexpressed microRNA160 hushed a set of repressor auxin response transcription factor. These plant roots were hypersensitive to auxin and observed not to be reluctant in epidermal responses to rhizobia. Notably, it yielded to lower sized nodule primordium (Marie Turner 2013). This observation indicated that auxin hypersensitivity inhibits nodule organogenesis Organ specific expression of profile of miRNA and the potential targets were also studied. Two genes (Glyma10g10240 and Glyma17g05920) which were the target of miR169 but detected to be highly expressed in soybean nodule. Likewise, three potential targets of gma-new-miR13587 demonstrated to be highly expressed in the nodules than in the roots. As expected, gma-newmiR13587 found to be poorly expressed in the nodules than in the roots (Turner, Yu et al. 2012). There was an inverse expression pattern observed in between roots and nodules. Li et al., studied the transgene expression of three novel miRNAs namely, miR482, miR1512, and miR1515 in Soybean. They noticed a significant increase of nodule numbers while root length and later root density were normal in all tested miRNA lines. As expected, there were differential expression of these miRNAs in supernodulating and nonnodulating soybean mutants. They reported that 6 novel miRNAs decoyed 22 predicted target genes. And it was estimated via real time polymerase chain reaction and qRT-PCR (Li, Deng et al. 2010). It advocates that miRNAs have the signatory roles in soybean nodule development. Sequencing of small RNAs and Parallel analysis of RNA ends (PARE) libraries revealed to identify 284 nodule miRNAs, more than 500 target genes, and including 178 novel soybean miRNAs. It has been reported that ENOD93 only found to be expressed in nodule tissue not in other plant parts of Soybean. Ectopic expression of miR393j-3p and RNAi silencing approach to ENOD93 expression showed a significant reduction in nodule formation (Zhe Yan 2015). Therefore, this study showed a list of miRNAs and their potential target of nodulation genes. In the model legume (Medicago truncatula), 25 conserved miRNA families and 100 novel miRNA reads were detected by high-throughput sequencing. The expression of MtHAP2-1 (encodes a CCAAT binding transcription factor) to meristematic zones was restricted by miR169a which is found to be critical for the development of indeterminate type of nodule (Combier, Frugier et al. 2006). In another study, HDZIPIII transcripts were inhibited by overexpression of miR166, it dropped the number of symbiotic nodule and lateral root (Boualem, Laporte et al. 2008). To get insights into key genes of nodule zones, transcript profiles of specific cells/tissues were investigated at different time points from indeterminate nodules of M. truncatulausing laser capture micro dissection. It has been demonstrated from the comprehensive gene expression map that selected genes enriched in different cell/tissue types (Limpens, Moling et al. 2013). These findings indicated that organ specific gene expression could be controlled by the presence or absence of miRNAs. Recently, Agrobacterium rhizogenesmediated hairy root transformation has been applied as tool for exploring cell type specific gene expression in tomato. Cell type or tissue specific promoter introduced into INTACT and TRAP constructs via gateway cloning technology to develop binary vectors. INTACT method used to capture biotin tagged nuceli from specific cell types and TRAP method used for profiling of mRNAs or foot printing of individual ribosomes (Ron 2014). TRAP methodology is not required tissue fixation or single cell suspension. It has been successfully used to date in organisms ranging from D. melanogaster to mice and human cultured cells. Multiple ribosomes or Polyribosomes (polysomes) are engaged in translation on a single mRNA. To evaluate the translation state of an mRNA, ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, and polysomes can be isolated from detergent-treated cell extracts (Heiman, Kulicke et al. 2014). In this study, we would perform polysome isolation deploying gene cassettes ENOD40p:HF-GFP-RPL18 for primordial tissues, and ENOD2p:HF-GFP-RPL18 for parenchymal tissues in Glycine max root nodules that express an epitope tagged version of ribosomal protein L18. Over the last one decade, there has been several microarrays-based studies which characterized transcriptional variations deployed in nodule formation. It has been embedded with couple of shortcomings, for instance; relative late time points study, incomplete representation of plant genes,discrimination of close paralogs, and reduced sensitivity. Lately, next generation sequencingtechnology have widened the horizon of transcription analyses in different legume species to detectsymbiosis induced changes in late nodule developmental stages. Against this backdrop, we areaccentuated to reveal early transcriptional changes induced in determinate type of soybean noduleby Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In determinate type of nodule, two major nodule development zones are formed for instance, the nodule primordium (Npr) in the middle and it is encircled by nodule parenchyma (Npa). At later time point, the Npr converted to N-fixation zone and the Npa contained vascular bundles. Of these facts, it is not clear what early signaling pathways driving the conspicuous development of thenodule zones. In this context, mechanisms regulate the distinct gene expression profiles in Npr andNpa cell types has not understood clearly. The proposed research study is aimed at filling this knowledge gap byillustrating the molecular signatures that paves the way to cellular differentiation in root noduledevelopment in soybean considering four different time points (5 dai, 7 dai, 10 dai& 14 dai). The hypothesisis microRNAs(miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in spatio-temporal expression of their target genesduring nodule developmental in soybean. For example, a gradient of microRNA localizationbetween nodule primordium and parenchyma cells could result in distinct differentiation of thesecell types. To test this hypothesis, one has to obtain both cell type-specific miRNA andtranscriptome (miRNA target) profiles. Since, the majority of miRNA regulation occurs in thecytoplasm, we reasoned that comparison of nuclear and ribosomal transcriptome profiles wouldreveal genes whose expression is potentially regulated by post transcriptional mechanisms such asmiRNA cleavage. Combining this information with cell type-specific miRNA profiles, andto test the above hypothesis and identify key miRNA-target pairs important for nodule celldifferentiation. The use of translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) of nodule zonecells, namely from parenchyma and primordial tissues, to obtain cytoplasmic transcriptomes data. Techniques to determine cell type specific expression profiles: TRAP methods TRAP is termed translating ribosome affinity purification, combines cell-type-specific transgene expression with affinity purification of translating ribosomes. It supersedes the need for tissue fixation, and facilitates to study the cell type-specific mRNA profiles of any genetically defined cell type. It has been successfully used to date in organisms ranging from D. melanogaster to mice, and human cultured cells. Multiple ribosomes or Polyribosomes (polysomes) are engaged in translation on a single mRNA. To evaluate the translation state of an mRNA, ribosomal subunits, ribosomes, and polysomes can be isolated from detergent-treated cell extracts. In this study, the polysome isolation using gene cassettes ENOD40p:HF-GFP-RPL18 for primordial tissues, and ENOD2p:HF-GFP-RPL18 for parenchymal tissues in Glycine max root nodules that express an epitope tagged version of ribosomal protein L18 RPL18(Heiman, Kulicke et al. 2014, Ron 2014). Relative abundance and differentially expressed mRNAs profile in two different tissue specific zones would help to understand the effect of regulatory role of miRNAs in cell differentiation and nodule development. References: Axtell, M. J. (2013). "Classification and comparison of small RNAs from plants." Annu Rev PlantBiol 64: 137-159. 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Plant Cell 23(2): 431-442. Hiroshi Kouchi1, K.-i. T., Rollando B. So2, Jagdish K. Ladha2 and Pallavolu M. Reddy2 (1999). "Rice ENOD40: isolation and expression analysis in rice and transgenic soybean root nodules." The Plant Journal 18(2): 121-129. Johnson, D. S. O. a. G. V. (1996). "Fertilizer Nutrient Leaching and Nutrient Mobility: A Simple Laboratory Exercise." Nat. Resour. L. ife Sci. Educ 25(2): 128-131. Kouchi, H. and Hata, S. (1993) Isolation and characterization of novel nodulin cDNAs representing genes expressed at early stages of soybean nodule development. Gen. Genet. 238, 106–119. Li, H., et al. (2010). "Misexpression of miR482, miR1512, and miR1515 increases soybean nodulation." Plant Physiol 153(4): 1759-1770. Manavella, P. A., et al. (2012). "Plant secondary siRNA production determined by microRNAduplexstructure." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109(7): 2461-2466. Marie Turner, e. a. (2013). 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In various pharmaceutical and food industries, sulfite is utilized for the inhibition of nonenzymatic and enzymatic browning. Also, in brewing industries, it acts as an antioxidizing and antibacterial agent. Several toxic and adverse reactions, including vitamin deficiency, hypersensitivity, and allergic diseases, have been attributed to sulfite ingestion that may cause dysbiotic oral and gut microbiota events. Thus, the content of sulfite in foods must be controlled and monitored, and it is essential to find a specific, reproducible, and sensitive method to detect sulfite. Some analytical solutions are being tested to quantify sulfite. However, due to their advantage over traditional techniques, electroanalytical techniques are attracting much attention because they are simple, fast, affordable, and sensitive to implement. In addition, by the electrode modification, the morphology and size can be controlled, resulting in the miniaturization to be used in portable electrochemical devices. Therefore, the present review addressed some articles on the electrooxidation of sulfite from real samples using various electrochemical sensors.

AbstractMangoes (Mangifera indica) are widely prized for their abundant nutritional content and variety of beneficial bioactive compounds and are popularly utilized in various foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics industries. However, it is important to note that certain proteins present in mango can trigger various allergic reactions, ranging from mild oral allergy syndrome to severe life‐threatening anaphylaxis. The immunoglobulin E‐mediated hypersensitivity of mango is mainly associated with three major allergenic proteins: Man i 1 (class IV chitinase), Man i 2 (pathogenesis‐related‐10 protein; Bet v 1‐related protein), and Man i 4 (profilin). Food processing techniques can significantly affect the structure of mango allergens, reducing their potential to cause allergies. However, it is worth mentioning that complete elimination of mango allergen immunoreactivity has not been achieved. The protection of individuals sensitized to mango should be carefully managed through an avoidance diet, immediate medical care, and long‐term oral immunotherapy. This review covers various aspects related to mango allergy, including prevalence, pathogenesis, symptoms, and diagnosis. Furthermore, the characterization of mango allergens and their potential cross‐reactivity with other fruits, vegetables, plant pollen, and seeds were discussed. The review also highlights the effects of food processing on mango and emphasizes the available strategies for managing mango allergy.

Abstract At present, both the incidence and mortality rates of colorectal cancer are on the rise, making early screening a crucial tool in reducing the fatality rate. Although colonoscopy is the recommended method according to the guidelines, compliance tends to be poor. The fecal immunochemical test (FIT), a new technology that uses latex immunoturbidimetry to detect fecal blood, offers high specificity and sensitivity. Additionally, it is low-cost, easy to operate, and less likely to be affected by food and drugs, thus improving the compliance rate for population screening. Compared to other screening techniques, FIT represents a safer and more accurate option. This article reviews the application of FIT in early colorectal cancer screening.

AbstractBioactive glasses are a group of bioceramic materials that have extensive clinical applications. Their properties such as high biocompatibility, antimicrobial features, and bioactivity in the internal environment of the body have made them useful biomaterials in various fields of medicine and dentistry. There is a great variation in the main composition of these glasses and some of them whose medical usage has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are called Bioglass. Bioactive glasses have appropriate biocompatibility with the body and they are similar to bone hydroxyapatite in terms of calcium and phosphate contents. Bioactive glasses are applied in different branches of dentistry like periodontics, orthodontics, endodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, esthetic and restorative dentistry. Also, some dental and oral care products have bioactive glasses in their compositions. Bioactive glasses have been used as dental implants in the human body in order to repair and replace damaged bones. Other applications of bioactive glasses in dentistry include their usage in periodontal disease, root canal treatments, maxillofacial surgeries, dental restorations, air abrasions, dental adhesives, enamel remineralization, and dentin hypersensitivity. Since the use of bioactive glasses in dentistry is widespread, there is a need to find methods and extensive resources to supply the required bioactive glasses. Various techniques have been identified for the production of bioactive glasses, and marine sponges have recently been considered as a rich source of it. Marine sponges are widely available and many species have been identified around the world, including the Persian Gulf. Marine sponges, as the simplest group of animals, produce different bioactive compounds that are used in a wide range of medical sciences. Numerous studies have shown the anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic effects of these compounds. Furthermore, some species of marine sponges due to the mineral contents of their structural skeletons, which are made of biosilica, have been used for extracting bioactive glasses.

This case study presents an abnormal complication after routine injection augmentation using calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA) vocal fold filler in-office on a 73-year-old female. The patient presented initially with severe dysphonia, hypophonia, and a past surgical history of total thyroidectomy, bilateral neck dissection, and a right lateral neck dissection for history of metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. She also had a past medical history of hypothyroidism. Post-injection of CaHA, the patient developed severe laryngeal edema, limited vocal cord mobility, obliteration of the pyriform, and a significantly reduced airway aperture requiring intensive care monitoring. Although uncommon, injectable fillers can result in complications which can be severe. Careful technique, the volume of injectate, and hypersensitivity should be considered in reducing complications following injection augmentation. There are multiple injection techniques to consider. The most direct approach is with direct laryngoscopy to allow for visualization of glottic incompetence. A smaller slotted laryngoscope can be considered for vocal fold injection as an alternative and without endotracheal intubation. Although these techniques allow for injection, real-time assessment of vocal fold closure is done in an awake patient. Therefore, laryngeal injection can be considered via percutaneous, per-oral, and trans-nasal approaches.

Introduction: Dentinal hypersensitivity is a prevalent and distressing dental condition characterised by acute, transient pain or discomfort arising from exposed dentin in response to external stimuli, such as variations in temperature, mechanical stimuli, or consumption of acidic or sweet foods. Dentinal Hypersensitivity (DH) impacts daily activities, such as eating, drinking, and oral hygiene practices. Dentifrices are commonly used in the treatment of hypersensitivity, as they relieve sensitivity by obstructing nerve pathways through the formation of compounds. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of two types of desensitising toothpastes, Vantej and Dente 91, in treating DH. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled clinical trial was conducted with 40 patients who had a minimum of two hypersensitive teeth. The clinical investigation took place in a dental set-up in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, from July to August 2022. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups (20 in each group) in a 1:1 ratio for the Vantej and Dente 91 groups. Over a four-week period, the patients were instructed to use the prescribed toothpaste twice daily. DH assessment techniques included a Verbal Response Scale (VRS), air blast stimulation, and cold stimulation, both at baseline and after the four-week duration. Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with the significance level set at p<0.05. Results: The fourth-week scores compared to baseline scores for the verbal scale, air blast stimulus, and cold sensitivity methods in both groups showed a reduction in DH. In the inter group comparison, the Dente 91 group exhibited greater effectiveness compared to the Vantej group, with a significant reduction in VRS (p=0.02) and air blast stimulus (p=0.01), but not in cold sensitivity (p=0.09). Conclusion: Both Vantej and Dente 91 toothpastes significantly reduced dentinal hypersensitivity. However, the percentage reduction was higher in the latter group, suggesting more effective management of DH. Dente 91 could be considered a promising alternative to the existing over-the-counter desensitising toothpastes.

Introduction:Ex vivo and in vitro diagnostics, such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) release enzyme linked ImmunoSpot (ELISpot) and flow cytometry, are increasingly employed in the research and diagnostic setting for severe T-cell mediated hypersensitivity. Despite an increasing use of IFN-γ release ELISpot for drug causality assessment and utilization of a range of antimicrobial concentrations ex vivo, data regarding antimicrobial-associated cellular cytotoxicity and implications for assay performance remain scarcely described in the literature. Using the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the 7-AAD cell viability staining, we aimed via an exploratory study, to determine the maximal antimicrobial concentrations required to preserve cell viability for commonly implicated antimicrobials in severe T-cell mediated hypersensitivity.Method: After an 18-h incubation of patient peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) and antimicrobials at varying drug concentrations, the cell cytotoxicity was measured in two ways. A colorimetric based assay that detects LDH activity and by flow cytometry using the 7-AAD cell viability staining. We used the PBMCs collected from three healthy control participants with no known history of adverse drug reaction and two patients with a rifampicin-associated drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), confirmed on IFN-γ ELISpot assay. The PBMCs were stimulated for the investigated drugs at the previously published drug maximum concentration (Cmax), and concentrations 10- and 100-fold above.Results: In a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative and a positive rifampicin-associated DRESS with positive ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot assay, use of 10- and 100-fold Cmax drug concentrations decreased spot forming units/million cells by 32–100%, and this corresponded to cell cytotoxicity of more than 40 and 20% using an LDH assay and 7-AAD cell viability staining, respectively. The other antimicrobials (ceftriaxone, flucloxacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and isoniazid) tested in healthy controls showed similar dose-dependent increased cytotoxicity using the LDH assay, but cytotoxicity remained lower than 40% for all Cmax and 10-fold Cmax drug concentrations except flucloxacillin. All 100-fold Cmax concentrations resulted in cell death &gt;40% (median 57%), except for isoniazid. 7-AAD cell viability staining also confirmed an increase in lymphocyte death in PBMCs incubated with 10-fold and 100-fold above Cmax for ceftriaxone, and flucloxacillin; however, piperacillin/tazobactam and isoniazid indicated no differences in percentages of viable lymphocytes across concentrations tested.Conclusion: The LDH cytotoxicity and 7-AAD cell viability staining techniques both demonstrate increased cell death corresponding to a loss in ELISpot sensitivity, with use of higher antimicrobial drug concentrations for ex vivo diagnostic IFN-γ ELISpot assays. For all the antimicrobials evaluated, the use of Cmax and 10-fold Cmax concentrations impacts cell viability and potentially affects ELISpot performance. These findings inform future approaches for ex vivo diagnostics such as IFN-γ release ELISpot.