Статті в журналах з теми "Food habits Vietnam"

The article analyses the impact of changes in the Vietnamese consumer market on the country’s foreign trade relations, based on data from the General Statistics Office of Vietnam and the International Trade Centre. The focus of the study is the vietnamese food market. The main part of the paper consecutively discusses Vietnam’s achievements in addressing hunger and food security, changes in eating habits caused by economic growth and globalization, consequent shifts in production and imports of certain types of food. It is concluded that consumption patterns in Viet Nam are characterised by a moderate westernisation with an increasing proportion of meat and dairy products and wheat in the diet. Due to natural climatic and geographical constraints, the identified changes stimulate imports and pose the risk of foreign trade dependence and loss of food security.

Research on consumer needs for safe foods under the willingness to pay (WTP) approach based on consumer behavior has been performed widely and has contributed greatly to the development of safe foods, assisted enterprises’ decision-making processes in improving agricultural and food products, and provided orientation to policymakers in improving public health as well as in fostering sustainable economic growth. Some of the methods used for measuring WTP for safe foods, such as contingent value (CV), choice experiment (CE), and auction experiment (AE), have made significant contributions to the evaluation of consumers’ WTP for food safety. Moreover, the application of these models has helped to estimate the effects of many factors such as demography, consumer habits, continuation of food safety, individual characteristics, promotion, and product attributes, etc., on the WTP for food safety. The trend of safe food consumption in Vietnam has distinct characteristics, some of which come from national cultural identities; therefore, Vietnamese researchers may approach the empirical studies on this issue all over the world in order to find proper methods for studying consumer needs for safe foods in Vietnam.

Consumers make buying decisions according to specific market conditions and also to various attribute of the product, namely, the specie, the form, and the place of purchasing, product size and its quality. The results of the consumption surveys reveal that consumers perceive fish as a rather safe food, and also as healthy and nutritious food product but seafood consumption varies quite a lot across Vietnam, not only in relation to frequency of consumption but also by types of fish products and types of species preferred in different provinces. Overall, little is known concerning the attitudes and knowledge among Vietnamese people regarding seafood consumption. Therefore, our research aim was to study the consumption habits and preferences of Vietnamese people regarding seafood on the example of the residents in HCM city. The rates of organic seafood consumption and the consumption frequency increase proportionally to the age of consumers. Most of the respondents (32.16%) consume seafood once a week and they believe they should consume seafood more often. If seafood were more available, many participants (39.45%) state they would consume more seafood

Purpose. The aim of this paper is to explain a consumers’ intention for traceable food in the context of the African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak, in order to provide scientific knowledge for the government’s intervention to mitigate the perceived risk and to promote the development of traceable food. Methodology. This research employed an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) model in predicting purchase intention/attitude toward traceable pork. The structural equation analysis (SEM) was used on a sample of 230 students in Vietnam. Findings. The current context of food safety issues, as well as animal disease outbreak, is beneficial to direct consumption toward traceable products. Heterogeneous impacts of trust were confirmed on how consumers perceived risks associated with the ASF outbreak. Consumers’ habits of shopping places and looking for the product origin incite the positive attitude toward traceable pork. Food safety concerns also promoted a positive purchase attitude. Originality/Value. The study’s objective is first to equip knowledge regarding the consumers’ intention toward traceable food under the impact of animal disease, particularly in the context of food safety issues in Vietnam. Extended knowledge promotes tailored policies to regain consumers’ confidence and facilitate the development of traceable food.

This article assesses performance of the agricultural sector in Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines (VIP countries) during the period 1980–2011, future prospects up to 2040 and food security in these countries and in the ASEAN region. Analysis of the past performance and likely future scenarios was carried out with the aid of the Centennial Group’s Global Growth Model after introducing several modifications to address the needs of the agricultural sector. Our modeling efforts were divided into two parts. The first part comprised a macro-economic analysis of future scenarios at the global level and for VIP countries. The second part included analysis at the country level of future total factor productivity (TFP), agricultural production and changes in national food consumption habits. As a countercheck use was also made of IFPRI’s updated IMPACT Model, and in the case of the Philippines, the AMPLE model.

<p>The purpose of this case study is to explore and study the determinants impacting Vietnamese students’ food choice and the pattern of consumption of fast food in university students. The objective set for this research was conduct with the following objectives respectively getting an insight of fast food market in Vietnam and explore the attributes that Vietnamese students in perceive to be important in the selection of fast food restaurants and the study results provide a better understanding about the industry and consumer food choice variables The model and the design of the questionnaire content in this study was based on the measures of previous related research and literatures and several constructs were measured by single item scale, E-S-QUAL scale (Parasuraman et al., 2005) that has been developed and used in the present study has been shown to be a valid instrument for the measurement with four main factors (Health Consciousness, Value Perceived, Food Safety and Price) toward with Purchase Intention. In this regard, other questions were also applied in the survey to get an insight about demographic information and consumption habits of students in this research. Moreover, we found significant positive relationship between the purchase intentions and food safety, subsequently price and value perceived with similar positive relationships. Hence we can say that managers have to keep these factors in mind to perform better.<strong> </strong></p>

This study researched the feeding habits of soldier croaker Dendrophysa russelii (Cuvier,1829) distributed in coastal areas of the Mekong Delta from May to December, 2021. Fish samples were randomly collected in different sizes by trawl-net. Fish stomachs were fixed in a 4% formalin solution to prevent contents in the stomach from being digested. The results showed that soldier croaker had a small mouth, the teeth on the jaw were short and pointed with no canine tooth, the gill rakers were sparse, the stomach was pouch-shaped, the caeca have 4-8 tubes, and the intestine was short. Relative between gut length and body length (RLG) < 1 indicated that soldier croaker is a carnivorous fish. The food spectrum of immature fish was narrower thanthat of mature fish. However, the feed ingredient was shrimp which always accounts for the highestpercentage in the two fish size groups, followed by fish and other foods that accounted for a low proportion.

This study was performed to clarify the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on high school children's living conditions, lifestyle, living and studying habits. Cross-sectional research was conducted on 2369 high school students, selected from several high schools in Hanoi, Thanh Hoa, Thai Binh, and Dak Lak provinces. The result showed that during the COVID-19 epidemic period, living conditions were changed, such as isolation in the living area (22.1% of participants), reduced family income (35.9% of participants’ fathers and 37.3% of participants’ mothers salary decreased). Most children must switch to online learning (67.6%), and children tended to sleep later and wake up later (16.7% and 11.2%). Children tended to eat more meals and much food each meal than before. The percentage of children who spent over 3 hours\day using electronic devices increased during the COVID-19 epidemic (54.8% compared to 33.8% before). Our findings indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic had adverse effects on children's living conditions, lifestyles, and habits.

Growing internet technology has incurred variations in customer way of life and online shopping habits. Originating from the integrated framework of technology acceptance model and health belief model, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of determinants, such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, trust, social influence, perceived susceptibility, and perceived severity on customers' intentions of using online food delivery (OFD) services. By employing a total of 459 usable responses in Vietnam, the research hypotheses were empirically validated using structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The results of this study exhibited that the constructs all have positive influences on the usage behavior of OFD services, while perceived ease of use is found to influence users' perceived usefulness. This study complements key insights into the literature on the acceptance of technology during the pandemic in general, the online food delivery technology in particular.

While the tourism and hospitality sectors in Vietnam have been rapidly developing, the increasing consumption of natural resources and production of associated waste, especially in coastal and island sites, threaten these marine areas with pollution. This study provides data on solid waste from 10 hotels in three coastal provinces of Vietnam, namely, Hai Phong, Quang Nam and Phu Yen. The results indicated significant percentages and volumes of organic waste especially from large-scale hotels with in-house food services like restaurants and bars. The proportions of organic and recyclable solid waste from all three surveyed cities ranged between 35-84% and 10-27%, respectively. Plastic waste accounted for a relatively high proportion of solid waste ranging from 27 to 60% total solid waste by volume and from 7 to 30% by weight. In particular, PET plastic made up the highest proportion of solid waste in Cat Ba town (52.41%) and Tuy Hoa city (39.81%) while single-layer plastic accounted for the highest proportion (29.55%) in Hoi An city. Plastic waste from food packaging, related to the cultural habits of guests that bring instant food items during their stay, was identified as an important issue, which reflects a valuable but presently wasted potential resource. These quantities of hotel solid waste can be recovered and provide additional environmental and health benefits to the community by not being dumped, landfilled, or openly burned.

Very few studies have reported the co-occurrence of poor dietary habits. We thus aimed to estimate the co-occurrence of poor dietary habits in adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). Data were obtained from the Global School-Based Student Health Surveys (GSHS) from 2009 to 2017. The suboptimal dietary factors included fast food consumption, carbonated soft drink consumption, and low fruit and vegetable intake, which were assessed with a questionnaire survey. We calculated the corresponding country-specific prevalence with the number of suboptimal dietary factors. We also calculated pooled estimates across countries using a meta-analysis with random-effects. Our study included 145,021 adolescents between 12 and 15 years of age from 52 LMICs. The prevalence of fast food consumption, carbonated soft drink consumption, and low fruit and vegetable intake ranged from 20.9% in Pakistan to 80.0% in Thailand, from 22.4% in Kiribati to 79.3% in Suriname, and from 45.9% in Vanuatu to 90.7% in Nepal, respectively. The prevalence of exposure to two or three suboptimal dietary factors varied greatly across countries, ranging from 31.8% in Pakistan to 53.8% in Nepal and from 8.6% in Vietnam to 36.4% in Suriname, respectively. The pooled prevalence of exposure to two or three suboptimal dietary factors was 41.8% and 20.0%, respectively. Our findings indicate that poor dietary habits are frequent and tend to co-occur in adolescents in LMICs. Country-specific policies and programs are needed to address these conditions.

Food waste has become a critical issue in modern society, especially in the urbanized and fast-growing cities of Asia. The increase in food waste has serious negative impacts on environmental sustainability, water and land resources, and food security, as well as climate and greenhouse gas emissions. Through a specific case study in Da Nang City, Vietnam, this paper examines the extent of food waste generation at the consumption stages, the eating habits of consumers, food waste from households and service establishments, as well as prospects for the reuse of food waste as pig feed. The results of this study indicate that per capita food waste generation in Da Nang has increased from 0.39 to 0.41kg in 2016, 0.46 in 2017, and reached 0.52kg in 2018. According to the results of our consumer survey, 20% of respondents stated that they often generate food waste, 67% stated they sometimes do, and 13% stated they rarely do. Furthermore, 66% of surveyed households stated that their food waste is collected and transported by pig farmers to be used as feed for pigs. The use of food waste as feed for pigs is a typical feature in Da Nang. The study also found that there is a high level of consumer awareness and willingness to participate in the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) program, which was being initiated by the city government. In service facilities such as resorts and hotels, daily food waste reached 100–200 kg in large facilities and 20–120 kg in small facilities. This waste was also collected for use in pig farming. However, there has been a fall in demand for pig feed in line with a decrease in the number of pig farms due to the African swine fever epidemic that occurred during the implementation of this study. This paper suggests that there is a strong need to take both consumer-oriented waste prevention and waste management measures, such as waste segregation at source and introduction of effective food waste recycling techniques, to ensure that food waste can be safely and sustainably used as a “valuable resource” rather than “wasted.”

Unhealthy diet behavior contributed to a risk factor for the reasons of non-comunicable diseases. Increasing in unhealthy eating habits among adolecenses such as skipping breakfast, consumption of soft drinks and fast food can cause for the situation of obesity in young people group that is a concerning problem nowadays. Objectives: the study aim to describe the situation of unhealthy diet behaviors and its related factors among adolecenses in Hanoi in 2019. Methods: a cross-sectional study design was conducted from July 2019 to May 2020. A total of 1770 adolescenses aged from 16 to 18 at 15 high schools in 5 districts in Hanoi were selected in this study. Results: The results showed that a half of participants in this study had a reasonable and healthy diet. Approximately one fouth of adolecenses had a behaviors of drinking milk 4 times per week, only 45% of adolecenses had a daily breakfast. Gender and smoking behaviour were found a significant related to healthy diet behaviour among adolecense. Conclusions: In order to maintain a healthy diet behaviour in young people group, it is necessary to enhance the IEC campaign for adolecenses to follow and keep a reasonable and health diet such as having a daily breakfast, eating vegetables, reducing salty and fatty in their meals. Keywords: Risk behaviour, healthy/unhealthy diet, adolecenses, Vietnam…

Nutrition is a well-known factor in the growth, health and development of children. It is also acknowledged that worldwide many people have dietary imbalances resulting in over- or undernutrition. In 2009, the multinational food company FrieslandCampina initiated the South East Asian Nutrition Survey (SEANUTS), a combination of surveys carried out in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, to get a better insight into these imbalances. The present study describes the general study design and methodology, as well as some problems and pitfalls encountered. In each of these countries, participants in the age range of 0·5–12 years were recruited according to a multistage cluster randomised or stratified random sampling methodology. Field teams took care of recruitment and data collection. For the health status of children, growth and body composition, physical activity, bone density, and development and cognition were measured. For nutrition, food intake and food habits were assessed by questionnaires, whereas in subpopulations blood and urine samples were collected to measure the biochemical status parameters of Fe, vitamins A and D, and DHA. In Thailand, the researchers additionally studied the lipid profile in blood, whereas in Indonesia iodine excretion in urine was analysed. Biochemical data were analysed in certified laboratories. Study protocols and methodology were aligned where practically possible. In December 2011, data collection was finalised. In total, 16 744 children participated in the present study. Information that will be very relevant for formulating nutritional health policies, as well as for designing innovative food and nutrition research and development programmes, has become available.

<div><p><em>Changing eating habits and lifestyle of consumers across the globe have fuelled the demand for healthy food products, which has significantly highlighted the use of natural flavors, most of which come from spices. Being the largest producer and exporter of spices, India has immense growth potential. Technological advancement and research &amp; development are supporting the Indian spice exporters to offer high grade products to consumers globally.</em></p><p><em>Spices form an important part of virtually all recipes in all cultures, not only for their flavor and seasoning of foods but also for their numerous medicinal values. India produces a wide variety of spices including cardamoms, chilies, black pepper, mustard, coriander. Indian cuisine is also known for its rich taste which it derives from numerous spices. The demand of Indian spices is high in the global market due to their rich aroma, texture, and taste. India has the largest domestic market for spices in the world. The major importers of Indian spices are the US, China, Vietnam, the UAE and Malaysia. The primary spices imported from India are pepper, chili, turmeric, coriander, cumin, and fennel.</em></p><p><em>Growth of the spices market in India has been triggered by the establishment of quality evaluation laboratories that ensure the quality of the final product and make them world renowned. These labs stay in direct touch with the importers association of importing countries. Other factors contributing to the growth of the spices market is the infrastructural facilities provided by the Spices Board of India, and the shifting consumer interest from artificial to natural flavors. However, the market still faces a number of challenges in the form of food safety issues, and insufficiency of legal provisions, among others.</em></p></div>

Strengthening the health care system at grassroots level is a top priority of the Vietnam Government agenda at the present. Recently, the overall system has been improved, however the capacity to deliver healthcare services, especially primary health care was still facing to many shortcomings. The study aimed to assess the current situation and capacity to deliver health care services at grassroots level. All health care facilities in the Minh Hoa district, Quang Binh province in 2018 were selected, included Minh Hoa District Hospital (DHs) and 16 Commune Health Center (CHCs). The results showed that the disease patterns tended to primarily concentrate on the illness which weres related to the human lifestyle and health behaviors such as living habits, eating unhealthy food, stress and also natural environment. Utilization of the curative services increased over the year, especially the laboratory testing and health examination services. However, the facility infrastructures did not meet the national standard. The function rooms in the facilities being degraded and damaged remained at high proportion which were required to renovate. The facilities lacked of large number of essential equipment and materials. In order to strengthen the capacity to deliver the health care services, the study recommended to invest to standardize infrastructure, provision of essential equipment, materials and drugs in correspondent to the disease pattern.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extend the methodology proposed in Majumder et al. (2012) for the estimation of the item-specific purchasing power parities (PPPs) within countries, to the cross-country context. It estimates item-specific intra-country PPPs (i.e. spatial prices) and inter-country PPPs in a unified framework using unit records of household food expenditures from three Asian countries: India, Indonesia and Vietnam, covering contemporaneous time periods. The study addresses a key limitation of the International Comparison Program (ICP) exercise, namely, that it treats all countries, large and small, as homogeneous entities. Moreover, it directly calculates bilateral PPPs between countries based on their expenditure patterns and prices alone and directly estimates the price-level indices (PLI) and their standard errors, allowing formal tests of the hypothesis of PLI being unity. The usefulness of the estimated PPPs is illustrated by applying them to comparisons of real food expenditures between the three countries, and benchmarking the comparisons with those using the ICP PPPs. Design/methodology/approach The methodology is based on the fact that a spatial price index can be viewed as a true cost of living index (TCLI). Using a general cost function underlying the Rank 3 quadratic logarithmic systems, the TCLI is calculated for a reference utility level. Findings The study provides formal statistical tests of the hypothesis of item invariance of the PPPs. The usefulness of the proposed methodology is illustrated by applying the estimated PPPs in comparisons of food expenditures between subgroups in the three countries. The sensitivity of the expenditure comparisons to the use of item-wise PPPs underlines the need to provide price information on highly disaggregated PPPs to a much greater extent than the ICP has done to date. Research limitations/implications The choice of these three Asian countries was dictated by the fact that, though comparability of items between them remains an issue as with all cross-country comparisons. Also, in the absence of price data, this study followed the practice in Majumder et al. (2012, 2015a, 2015b) in using as proxies the raw unit values of the food items, but adjusted for quality and demographic factors using the procedure introduced by Cox and Wohlgenant (1986) and extended by Hoang (2009). Practical implications It addresses some limitations of the ICP, namely, ICP treats all countries as single entities with the purchasing power of the country’s currency assumed to be the same in all regions within the country, ICP uses the US dollar as the numeraire (this ignores the fact that the PPPs required in bilateral welfare comparisons between developing countries with vastly different consumption habits from the “international norm” are quite different from the ICP PPPs) and ICP uses distribution invariant prices to calculate PPPs, which overlooks the fact that the poor pay different prices from the “representative” individual. Social implications This study highlights the importance of estimating and using item-specific PPPs in cross-country comparisons by formally testing and rejecting the assumption of item invariant PPPs and by providing empirical evidence that they do make a difference to the welfare comparisons between countries. This study provides PPPs based on food items only, which may be more relevant for poverty comparisons. Originality/value It introduces, for the first time, the concept of item-specific PPPs between countries as estimable parameters and operationalizes this concept by using them in cross-country welfare comparisons.

This article draws on Bourdieu’s concept of habitus as a means to analyse social distinction and change in terms of class and gender through the lens of food consumption. By focusing on urban Vietnam, this qualitative study looks into the daily practices of food consumption, dieting and working on the body as specific means to enact ideal body types. Economically booming Vietnam has attracted growing investment capital in the fields of body and beauty industries and food retail. After decades of food insecurity, urban consumers find themselves manoeuvring in between growing food and lifestyle options, a nutrition transition, and contradicting demands on the consumer to both indulge and restrain themselves. Taking this dynamic urban context as its point of departure and adopting an intersectional perspective, this article assesses how eating, dieting and body performance are applied in terms of making class and doing gender. It shows that the growing urban landscape of food and body-centric industries facilitates new possibilities for distinction, dependent not only on economic capital but on bodily and cultural capital also, and furthermore, how social habitus regarding food–body relationships are gendered and interlaced with class privilege.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a highly hepatotoxic compound and classified as group 2A according to IARC, which is probably carcinogenic to humans. The habit of consumption of grilled meat-based foods may lead to a health risk, especially in children. In this study, a food consumption survey was conducted in 4 districts (2 in urban and 2 in suburban areas) in Hanoi, Vietnam. Food samples in the diet of children from 6 to 36 months was collected and tested for NDMA by GC-MS/MS method. Total exposure dose was calculated and compared to the proposed tolerable daily intake (TDI) to characterize the risk. Among the food tested, NDMA was detected in canned puree, grilled meat and sausage. The average contents of NDMA were 1.50 μg/kg, 1.18 μg/kg and 0.20 μg/kg in grilled meat, sausage and puree, respectively. The average total daily exposure dose of NDMA was 8.23 ng/kg bw/day in all studied group, which were within the upper recommended TDI (9.3 ng/kg bw/day). With a certain assumption, the cancer risk caused by exposure to NDMA were higher than the recommended value of WHO.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a highly hepatotoxic compound and classified as group 2A according to IARC, which is probably carcinogenic to humans. The habit of consumption of grilled meat-based foods may lead to a health risk, especially in children. In this study, a food consumption survey was conducted in 4 districts (2 in urban and 2 in suburban areas) in Hanoi, Vietnam. Food samples in the diet of children from 6 to 36 months was collected and tested for NDMA by GC-MS/MS method. Total exposure dose was calculated and compared to the proposed tolerable daily intake (TDI) to characterize the risk. Among the food tested, NDMA was detected in canned puree, grilled meat and sausage. The average contents of NDMA were 1.50 μg/kg, 1.18 μg/kg and 0.20 μg/kg in grilled meat, sausage and puree, respectively. The average total daily exposure dose of NDMA was 8.23 ng/kg bw/day in all studied group, which were within the upper recommended TDI (9.3 ng/kg bw/day). With a certain assumption, the cancer risk caused by exposure to NDMA were higher than the recommended value of WHO.

Objective: To investigate caries prevalence and examine its relationship with socioeconomic status and oral health behavior of Vietnamese kindergarten children. Study design: The study was carried out on 1,028 children aged 2–5 years in six kindergartens in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Information about socioeconomics and oral health behaviors was collected through a self-administered questionnaire, and oral health status by clinical dental examination. Results: Clinical dental examination found that overall caries prevalence and mean dmft were 89.1% and 9.32. Caries prevalence and mean dmft increased greatly from two years to three years old, and gradually developed from three years to five years old. A logistic regression revealed that caries had an inverse relationship with mothers' educational level and a positive relationship with the habit of retaining food in the mouth for a long time in two-year-old children. Prolonged breastfeeding, more frequent sweets consumption, no thumb sucking habit, and higher modified debris index score were the risk factors for caries among three-to-five-year-old children. Conclusions: This study indicated a high prevalence of caries and related risk factors such as low mother's educational level and inappropriate oral health behavior among kindergarten children in Vietnam.

Different forest vegetations provide herbivorous small mammals with different resources, forcing adaptation since food habits depend on available resources. We expect differences in vegetation to be reflected in the size and shape of the skull and mandible as a result of potentially different feeding resources. Therefore, we analyzed the craniomandibular characteristics of Pallas’s squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus) in Vietnam. This species commonly occurs in different vegetations in Vietnam, making it a good model for examining morphological adaptation to vegetation type. We analyzed morphologically the skulls and mandibles of 156 specimens collected from 31 localities in Vietnam from 1960 to the present. Principal component analysis showed that females occurring in the tropical lowland evergreen rain forest were clearly separated from those in other vegetations.

This preliminary study examined differences in dietary perceptions and beliefs of a staple food product and a health focused modification of that food product in a focus groups study of native Vietnamese in Vietnam (VNV) and Vietnamese immigrants to the United States (USV). The concepts investigated were rice product awareness and beliefs, use and preparation of rice, and overall interest in value-added brown rice product concepts incorporating health related language. While white rice was well accepted and daily consumed by both USV and VNV, the brown rice product concept, despite its numerous health benefits, was not readily accepted by Vietnamese consumers, either from US or Vietnam. Both sets of consumers had culturally negative associations of brown rice with poverty, aging, and illness in Vietnam and those perceptions had not changed with immigration. Neither USV nor VNV consumers considered health benefits as key factors for rice consumption, a staple food in all of their diets, a difference from Caucasian US participants studied earlier. Exposure to US culture seemed to have little impact on US-Vietnamese’s rice eating habits. Thus, for a staple food product it appears that it would take time and considerable effort to impact the Vietnamese immigrants’ cultural foodways.

Introduction: Many people are currently interested in improving and maintaining their health status by changing their dietary habits, like eating more natural foods; thus sprout products are becoming increasingly popular. In this context, sprouted brown rice grains are an excellent example of functional food, because besides their nutritive value, they also lower the risk of various diseases and/or exert healthpromoting effects. In this paper, we focused on the bioactive compound γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in germinated brown rice. GABA is known as an important amino acid that can help reduce hypertension and inhibit cancer cells development. Methods: We investigated the hydration characteristics of brown rice by drying them in a moisture analyser at 130°C until reaching a constant weight. The effects of soaking (duration and pH of soaking solution), as well as incubation conditions (temperature and time) on GABA biosynthesis in MangBuk brown rice of Vietnam were measured. Quantification of GABA was measured using a spectrophotometer. Results: GABA content in MangBuk type 1 brown rice was higher than in type 2. GABA content reached its highest value at 691.88 µg/g for type 1 rice and 596.48 µg/g for type 2 rice when MangBuk brown rice was soaked in a pH 7 water at 30°C for 12 hours, and then incubated at 35°C for 30 hours in aerobic condition. Conclusion: Germination conditions modified the content of biologically active compounds in MangBuk soft and hard rice varieties. GABA was synthesised during germination based on three factors, namely time of incubation, temperature of incubation, and pH of solution.

Eating habits appears to be an important determinant of dietary intake and may consequently influence overweight and obesity. Understanding the relationship between the nutritional status and eating habits is necessary for effective prophylaxis and intervention of overweight/obesity in adolescents. The purpose of this study is to analyze the association of some eating habits with overweight and obesity among adolescents at the age of 11-14 from 9 junior high schools in Hanoi city to help design a model for predicting overweight and obesity from eating habits. A case-control study was conducted on 222 overweight/obese adolescents and 616 normal-weight adolescents (according to International Obesity Taskforce standards, IOTF). Research results indicated that protective factors of overweight and obesity include snacking; snacking at least 2 hours before or after a main meal; consumption of milk and dairy products in snacks; sensory liking for fruit. Risk factors include sensory liking for fat, sensory liking for sweet, sensory liking for fast food, sensory liking for carbonated soft drinks, skipping breakfast, and snacking before bed. The best predictive model of overweight and obesity s built from logistic regression analysis including 8 of the above eating habits with AUC (Area Under the Curve) value of 0.931. Thus, eating habits are closely related to overweight and obesity among 11-14 year-old adolescents in Hanoi. Keywords Eating habits, overweight, obesity, adolescence, risk factor. References [1] A.S. French, M. Story and C.L. Perry, Self-esteem and obesity in children and adolescents: a literature review, Obesity Research 3 (1995) 479-490. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00179.x[2] E.A. Finkelstein, C.J. Ruhm, and K.M. Kosa, Economic causes and consequences of obesity, Annual Review of Public Health 26 (2005) 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144628 [3] N.T.H. Hanh, L.T. 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Miller, The role of dairy products in healthy weight and body composition in children and adolescents, Current Nutrition & Food Science 7 (2011) 40-49. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340111794941111[16] R.E. Black, S.M. Williams, I.E. Jones, and A. Goulding, Children who avoid drinking cow milk have low dietary calcium intakes and poor bone health, The American journal of clinical nutrition 76 (2002) 675-680. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.3.675[17] I.F.F. Júnior, D.G. Christofaro, J.S. Codogno, P.A. Monteiro, L.S. Silveira, and R.A. Fernandes, The association between skipping breakfast and biochemical variables in sedentary obese children and adolescents, The Journal of pediatrics 161 (2012) 871-874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.04.055[18] R. Rosenheck, Fast food consumption and increased caloric intake: a systematic review of a trajectory towards weight gain and obesity risk, Obesity reviews 9 (2008) 535-547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2008.00477.x[19] A. Lampuré, K. 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Abstract: The study aims to provide evidence of double nutritional burden (including malnutrition and overweight/obesity) as well as the impact of eating habits on nutritional status of preschool children at Nam Hong commune, Dong Anh district, Hanoi. Subjects of study: children aged from 24 to 60 months old at 2 preschools of Nam Hong commune. The study is divided into 2 phases: at the phase 1: a cross sectional study was applied to 1593 children; at the phase 2: a matched case-control study was applied in order to analyze effects of eating habits to nutritional status of children (1 malnourished child / 5 normal children and 1 obese overweight child / 5 normal children, matched pairs in age, sex, class). Research results: the percentage of children with normal nutritional status is 86.8%, however, Nam Hong still suffer a double burden of nutrition when the rate of malnourished children is still high (accounting for 4.2%) and overweight/obesity children is 9.0%, in which the rate of overweight and obesity children in boys is higher than girls (10.9% compared with 6.7%, respectively). Eating characteristics affect malnutrition status of children including: loss appetite (OR=4.3), slowness in eating (OR=2.23), enjoyment of food score (OR=0.69), desire to drink score (OR=0.82). Eating characteristics affect the overweight/obesity child’s include: appetite characteristics (OR=4.24), loss appetite (OR=0.43), fast eating (OR=2.56), slowness eating (OR=0.43), eating more (OR=6.78), eating less (OR=0.31), prefer fat (OR=2.18), food responsiveness score (OR=1.59), enjoyment of food score (OR=1.8), satiety responsiveness score (OR=0.51), slowness in eating score (OR=0.05), emotional under eating score (OR=0.67), food fussioness score (OR=0.72). Keywords Double burdens, malnutrition, overweight/obesity, Nam Hong commune, Dong Anh. References [1] L.T. Huong, N.T. Linh, N.T.T. Ha, Nutritional status and cognitive development of children under 6 in urban, rural and mountainous area of the north in 2012, Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences 10 (2014) 67-74 (in Vietnamese). http://viendinhduong.vn/research/detail?id=620&catName=cac-de-tai-va-xuat-ban-pham&lang=vi[2] N.T.T. Thu, L.T. Tuyet, Anthropometric characteristics and nutritional status in 24 - 59 months children in Hanoi city, Thanh Hoa province and Phu Tho province in 2018, HNUE Journal of Science, Natural Sciences 3 (2018) 150-157. (in Vietnamese). https://doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2018-0016. http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn/portal/journals.php?articleid=5149.[3] N.T.T. Thu, L.T.T. Dung, L.T Tuyet, Nutritional status: the trends of preschool children aged 10–60 months in the north of Vietnam, Health Risk Analysis 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2018.4.06.eng[4] N.H. Trang, T.K. Hong, M.J. Dibley, Cohort profile: Ho Chi Minh City Youth Cohortdchanges in diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviour and relationship with overweight/obesity in adolescents, BMJ Open 2 (2012) e000362. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000362[5] WHO, fact sheet, 2019. Infant and young child feeding, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs342/en/ (accessed 6/2019). [6] WHO, Childhood overweight and obesity, 2019. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/ (accessed 6/2019).[7] J.M. Braun, H.J. Kalkwarf, G.D. Papandonatos, A. Chen, B.P. Lanphear, Patterns of early life body mass index and childhood overweight and obesity status at eight years of age, BMC Pediatr 18 (2018) 161. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1124-9.[8] L.T. Tuyet, B.T. Nhung, T.Q. Binh, Association of neonatal, breastfeeding, eating behavior characteristics with obesity in primary school children in Hanoi urban areas, VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 30 (2014) 275-281. (in Vietnamese). [9] L. Webber, C. Hill, J. Saxton, C.H. Van Jaarsveld, J. Wardle, Eating behaviour and weight in children, Int J Obes (Lond). 33 (2009) 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.219.[10] A. Meule, A.P. Lutz, C. Vogele, A. Kubler, Impulsive reactions to food-cues predict subsequent food craving. Eat Behav 14 (2014) 99-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.10.023.[11] WHO, Anthro Plus for Personal Computers Manual: Software for Assessing Growth of the World’s Children and Adolescents. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/growthref/tools/en/ (accessed 3/2019).[12] J. Wardle, C.A. Guthrie, S. Sanderson, L. Rapopor, Development of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 42 (2001) 963-970. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00792.[13] Vietnam National Institute of Nutrition, UNICEF, Alive and Thrive, Nutrition monitoring information 2013, Hanoi, Vietnam (2014).[14] UNICEF. Undernutrition contributes to nearly half of all deaths in children under 5 and is widespread in Asia and Africa 2019. 2019. https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/# (accessed 3/2019).[15] M. de Onis, E. Borghi, M. Arimond, P. Webb, T. Croft, K. Saha, et al., Prevalence thresholds for wasting, overweight and stunting in children under 5 years, Public Health Nutr 22 (2019) 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018002434.[16] A. Ek, K. Sorjonen, K. Eli, L. Lindberg, J. Nyman, C. Marcus, P. Nowicka, Associations between Parental Concerns about Preschoolers' Weight and Eating and Parental Feeding Practices: Results from Analyses of the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, the Child Feeding Questionnaire, and the Lifestyle Behavior Checklist, PLoS One 22 (2016) e0147257. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147257.[17] J. Zhang, Y. Zhai, X.Q. Feng, W.R. Li, Y.B. Lyu, T. Astell-Burt, P.Y. Zhao, X.M. Shi, Gender differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity, associated behaviors, and weight-related perceptions in a National Survey of Primary School Children in China, Biomed Environ Sci 31 (2018) 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3967/bes2018.001.[18] V.H.C. Wang, J. Min, H. Xue, S. Du, F. Xu, H. Wang, Y. Wang, Factors contributing to sex differences in childhood obesity prevalence in China, Public Health Nutr 21 (2018) 2056-2064. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018000290.[19] H. Ochiai, T. Shirasawa, R. Nishimura, A. Morimoto, N. Shimada, T. Ohtsu, M. Hashimoto, H. Hoshino, N. Tajima, A. Kokaze, Eating behavior and childhood overweight among population-based elementary school children in Japan, Int J Environ Res Public Health 9 (2012) 1398-1410. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041398.[20] L.T. Tuyet, B.T Nhung, T.Q Binh, Association of some eating behaviour characteristics and sedentary lifestyle with obesity among Hanoi primary school boy in 2012, VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology 31 (2), 60-66 (in Vietnamese). https://js.vnu.edu.vn/NST/article/view/76.[21] W. Labree W., D. van de Mheen, F. Rutten, G. Rodenburg, G. Koopmans, M. Foets, Differences in Overweight and Obesity among Children from Migrant and Native Origin: The Role of Physical Activity, Dietary Intake, and Sleep Duration, PLoS One 10 (2015) e0123672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0123672.[22] S. Kar, B. Khandelwal, Fast foods and physical inactivity are risk factors for obesity and hypertension among adolescent school children in east district of Sikkim, India, J Nat Sci Biol Med 6 (2015) 356-359. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.160004.[23] J.L. Santos, J.A. Ho-Urriola, A. Gonzalez, S.V. Smalley, P. Dominguez-Vasquez, R. Cataldo, Association between eating behavior scores and obesity in Chilean children, Nutr J. 10 (2011) 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-108.[24] J.C. Spence, V. Carson, L. Casey, N. Boule, Examining behavioural susceptibility to obesity among Canadian pre-school children: the role of eating behaviours, Int J Pediatr Obes 6 (2011) e501–7. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2010.512087.[25] Y.T. Cao, V. Svensson, C. Marcus, J. Zhang, J.D. Zhang, T. Sobko, Eating behaviour patterns in Chinese children aged 12-18 months and association with relative weight - factorial validation of the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire, Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 9 (2012) 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-5.[26] A.T.N. Nguyen, M. Nishijo, T.T. Pham, N.N. Tran, A.H. Tran, L.V. Hoang, H. Boda, Y. Morikawa, Y. Nishino, H. Nishijo, Sex-specific effects of perinatal dioxin exposure on eating behavior in 3-year-old Vietnamese children, BMC Pediatr. 18 (2018) 213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1171-2.

The giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770) is a commercial fish and distributes in estuaries and coastline in Mekong Delta, but until now there is only a study on the growth pattern and condition factor variation of this species in Vietnam. This study was conducted in the coastline at Tran De, Soc Trang from January 2018 to December 2018 with 486 individuals were analysed to provide data on gastrointestinal morphology, food and feeding habits of this species. This species is a carnivorous fish due to RLG = 0.697 ± 0.008 SE and feeds mainly on carbs (Uca sp., 76.06%). Besides crabs, small fish (17.63%), shrimps (3.85%), detritus (1.85%) and mollusca (0.61%) are also found in fish stomach. Moreover, we found that 4 individuals that eat ants. The food composition of P. schlosseri does not vary with genders but by season. There is not different in the fullness index (FI) between genders. The FI of the immature fish is higher than that of the mature one and in the rainy season is higher than that in the dry season. The Clark index of giant mudskipper does not be significantly different between genders and seasons. The results offer scientific data on the nutritional characteristics of this species, which is the basis for research on aquaculture and sustainable exploitation of this goby. Keywords Clark index, food composition, fullness index, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, RLG. References [1] E.O. Murdy, A taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the oxudercine gobies (Gobiidae, Oxudercinae), Records of the Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia, 1989, Supplement 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0812-7387.11.1989.93 [2] D. A. Clayton, Mudskippers, Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 31 (1993) 507-577. [3] R. Froese & D. Pauly, FishBase, World Wide Web electronic publication, https://www.fishbase.in/ summary/Periophthalmodon-schlosseri.html, 2019 (Truy cập: 13/03/2019). [4] T.X. Tám, P.V. Ngọt, N.T. Hà, Góp phần nghiên cứu về đa dạng thành phần loài cá ở hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn Cần Giờ, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Tạp chí khoa học Đại học Sư phạm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, 40 (2012) 91-104. [5] T.Đ. Định, S. Koichi, N.T. Phương, H.P. Hùng, T.X. Lợi, M.V. Hiếu, U. Kenzo, Mô tả định loại cá Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, Việt Nam, Nxb Đại học Cần Thơ, Cần Thơ, 2013. [6] A. Ishimatsu, Y. Hishida, T. Takita, T. Kanda, S. Oikawa, T. Takeda, K. K. Huat, Mudskippers store air in their burrows, Nature, 391 (1998) 237-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/34560. [7] A. Ishimatsu, N.M. Aguilar, K. Ogawa, Y. Hishida, T. Takeda, S. Oikawa, T. Kanda, K.K. Huat, Arterial blood gas levels and cardiovascular function during varying environmental conditions in a mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Journal of Experimental Biology, 202 (1999) 1753-1762. [8] Ishimatsu, A., Takeda, T., Tsuhako, Y., Gonzales, T. T., K. H. Khoo, Direct evidence for aerial egg deposition in the burrows of the Malaysian mudskipper, Periophthalmodon schlosseri, Ichthyological Research, 56 (2009) 417-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-009-0113-2 [9] J. Zhang, T. Taniguchi, T. Takita, B.A. Ali, A study on the epidermal structure of Periophthalmodon and Periophthalmus mudskippers with reference to their terrestrial adaptation, Ichthyological Research, 50 (2003) 310-317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-003-00173-7. [10] Y. K. Ip, S. F. Chew, S. F., A. L. L. Lim, W. P. Low, The mudskipper, In “Essays in Zoology, Papers Commemorating the 40th Anniversary of Department of Zoology” National University of Singapore Press, Singapore, 83-95, 1990. [11] M. A. Ghaffar, F. Yakob, S. M. Nor, A. Arshad, Foraging behavior and food selection of giant mudskipper (Periophthalmodon schlosseri) at Kuala Gula, Matang Mangrove Reserve, Perak, Malaysia, Coastal Marine Science, 30 (2006) 263-267. https://doi.org/10.15083/00040787 [12] S. Z. Zulkifli, F. Mohamat-Yusuff, A. Ismail, N. Miyazaki, Food preference of the giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Teleostei: Gobiidae), Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems, (2012) 07p00-07p10. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2012013. [13] V. T. Toàn, T. Đ. Định, Nghiên cứu đặc điểm dinh dưỡng cá bống dừa (Oxyeleotris urophthalmus) phân bố dọc theo sông Hậu, Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Cần Thơ, Thủy sản (2014) 192-197. [14] D. M. Quang, Preliminary study on dietary composition, feeding activity and fullness index of Boleophthalmus boddarti in Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Tap chi Sinh hoc, 37 (2015) 252-257. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v37n2.6599. [15] D. M. Quang, J. G. Qin, S. Dittmann, T. D. Dinh, Seasonal variation of food and feeding in burrowing goby Parapocryptes serperaster (Gobiidae) at different body sizes, Ichthyological Research, 64 (2017) 179-189. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s10228-016-0553-4. [16] Đ. M. Quang, N. T. Duy, D. Sóc, Tính ăn và phổ thức ăn của cá bống trứng Eleotris melanosoma ở ven biển tỉnh Sóc Trăng, Hội nghị Khoa học toàn quốc về Sinh thái và Tài nguyên Sinh vật lần thứ 7, NXB Khoa học Tự nhiên và Công nghệ, 1873-1879, 2017. [17] D. M. Quang, T. T. Lam, N. T. K. Tien, The relative gut length and gastro-somatic indices of the mudskipper Periophthalmodon septemradiatus (Hamilton, 1822) from the Hau River, VNU Journal of Science: Natural Sciences and Technology, 34 (2018) 75-83. https:// doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4775. [18] D. M. Quang, Growth and body condition variation of the giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri in dry and wet seasons, Tap chi Sinh hoc, 38 (2016) 352-358. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v38n3.7425. [19] G. V. Nikolsky, Ecology of fishes, Academic Press, London, United Kingdom, 1963. [20] N. V. hanh, N. N. Châu, N. Đ. Tứ, N. T. Hiền, A. Vanreusel, N. Smol, Động vật đáy hệ sinh thái rừng ngập mặn Cần Giờ, Nxb Khoa học Tự nhiên và Công nghệ, Hà Nội, 2013. [21] S. P. Biswas, Manual of Methods in Fish Biology, South Asian Publishers, New Delhi, 1993. [22] A. A. Shorygin, Feeding and trophic relations of fishes of the Caspian Sea, Pishchepromizdat, Moscow, 1952. [23] F.N. Clark, The weight-length relationship of the California Sardine (Sardina cærulea) at San Pedro, Division of fish and game of California, California, 1928. [24] Đ.M. Quang, T.T. D. My, Hình thái ống tiêu hóa, tính ăn và phổ thức ăn của cá bống mít Stigmatogobius pleurostigma (Bleeker, 1849) phân bố ven biển Sóc Trăng, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN: Khoa học Tự nhiên và Công nghệ, 34 (2018) 46-55. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4740. [25] N.M. Tuấn, T.Đ. Định, Nghiên cứu tính ăn và phổ thức ăn cá bống cát Glossogobius aureus Akihito & Meguro, 1975, Tạp chí khoa học Trường Đại học Trà Vinh, 29 (2018) 63-70.

Environmental factors and meiofauna communities in the organic shrimp farms located in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can District, Ca Mau province were investigated in March (dry season), July (transfer season) and November (wet season) of 2015. The results recorded that the environmental factors were not quite optimal for shrimp farming such as the high percentage of TN and TOC and anaerobic condition in sediment. The results were also indicated that DO, TOC and TN showed significant correlation with characteristics of meiofauna communities. Following results were indicated that the meiofauna communities were expressed as the high abundance and slightly biodiversity that is a rich natural food sources for shrimp in the organic shrimp farms ponds. Further more, nematoda dominate numerically in the meiofauna communities. Keywords Biodiversity, Ca Mau, mangroves, meiofauna, organic shrimp farms References [1]. S. Trent, J. Williams, C. Thornton, M. Shanahan, Farming the sea, costing the earth: why we must green the blue revolution (2004).[2]. P. N. Hong, H. T. San, Mangroves of Vietnam 7 (1993) IUCN.[3]. B. T. Nga, Hệ thống rừng-tôm trong phát triển bền vững vùng ven biển đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ 10 (2008) 6. [4]. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development, 2016. https://tongcucthuysan.gov.vn/en-us/aquaculture/doc-tin/006222/2016-10-28/ca-mau-set-outs-to-become-viet-nams-largest-shrimp-hub. Truy cập ngày 14/8/2017.[5]. Thai agricutural standard (TAS), Organic marine shrimp farming, Royal Gazette 124 (2007)[6]. T. T. Thai, N. T. My Yen, N. Tho, N. X. Quang, Meiofauna in the mangrove–shrimp farms ponds, ca mau province. Journal of Science and Technology, 55 (2017) 271.[7]. N. Tho, V. N. Ut, R. Merckx, Physico‐chemical characteristics of the improved extensive shrimp farming system in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, Aquaculture Research 42 (2011) 1600.[8]. R. P. Higgins, H. Thiel, Introduction to the Study of Meiofauna, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington DC, 1988.[9]. B. C. Coull, Role of meiofauna in estuarine soft‐bottom habitats, Austral Ecology 24 (1999) 327.[10]. N. Majdi, W. Traunspurger, Free-living nematodes in the freshwater food web: a review, Journal of nematology, 47(2015) 28.[11]. C. L. Marte, The Food and Feeding Habit of Penaeus Monodon Fabricius Collected From Makato River, Aklan, Philippines (Decapoda Natantia) 1, Crustaceana 38 (1980) 225.[12]. M. Vincx, Meiofauna in marine and freshwater sediments, In G. S. Hall (Ed.), Methods for the examination of organismal diversity in soils and sediments Wallinfort, UK, 1996[13]. S. Porrello, P. Tomassetti, L. Manzueto, M. G. Finoia, E. Persia, I. Mercatali, P. Stipa, The influence of marine cages on the sediment chemistry in the Western Mediterranean Sea, Aquaculture, 249 (2005) 145.[14]. P. Munsiri, C. E. Boyd, D. Teichert-Coddington, B. F. Hajek, Texture and chemical composition of soils from shrimp ponds near Choluteca, Honduras, Aquaculture International 4 (1996) 157.[15]. C.E. Boyd, Best management practices for water and soil management in shrimp farming. Workshop (2003) in MazatlaŁn, Mexico.[16]. X. N. Quang, A. Vanreusel, N. V. Thanh, N. Smol, Biodiversity of meiofauna in the intertidal Khe Nhan mudflat, Can Gio mangrove forest, Vietnam with special emphasis on free living nematodes, Ocean Science Journal 42 (2007) 135.[17]. X. N. Quang , A. Vanreusel, N. Smol, N. N. Chau, Meiobenthos assemblages in the mekong estuarine system with special focus on free-living marine nematodes, Ocean Science Journal 45 (2010) 213.[18]. S. Vanhove, M. Vincx, D.V. Gansbeke, W. Gijselinck, D. Schram, The meiobenthos of five mangrove vegetation types in Gazi Bay, Kenya, Hydrobiologia 247 (1992) 99.[19]. B. Kondalarao, Distribution of meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods in Gautami-Godavari estuarine system, Indian Journal of Marine Sciences 13 (1984) 80.[20]. A.M.A. Sultan, K. Krishnamurthy, M.J.P. Jeyaseelan,. Energy flows through the benthic ecosystem of the mangroves with special reference to nematodes. Mahasagar Bull. Nat. Inst. Oceanogr., 16 (1983) 317.[21]. A.H. Dye, Vertical and horizontal distribution of meiofauna in mangrove sediments in Transkei, Southern Africa, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 16 (1983) 591.[22]. D.M. Alongi, Intertidal zonation and seasonality of meiobenthos in tropical mangrove estuaries, Marine Biology 95 (1987) 447.[23]. N. K. Panikkar, Possibilities of further expansion of fish and prawn cultural practices in India, Current Science 21 (1952) 29.[24]. V. C. Chong, A. Sasekumar, Food and feeding habits of the white prawn Penaeus merguiensis, Marine ecology progress series 5 (1981) 185.[25]. Z. A. Ansari, B. S. Ingole, A. H. Abidi, Organic enrichment and benthic fauna–Some ecological consideration, Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences 43 (2014) 554.

This study determined the seasonal variability of free-living nematode communities structure (genus/family level) in organic shrimp farms ponds in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can district, Ca Mau province. Based on the result of SIMPER analysis, the average similarity in nematode communities at genus level was low with 30.75% and 30.81% (in dry and rainy season, respectively). However, the average dissimilarity between seasons was considerably high with 71.75%. Terschellingia, Daptonema, and Parodontophora were main genera contributing to similarity/dissimilarity between seasons. At the family level, results of SIMPER analysis showed that the average similarity was low with 37.12% and 39.02% (dry and rainy, respectively). Additionally, the average dissimilarity between dry and rainy season was fairly high with 64.06%. Specifically, four families such as Linhomoeidae, Xyalidae, Axonolaimidae, and Chromadoridae were the main families contributing to similarity/dissimilarity between seasons. Differences in sediment environmental characteristics between dry and rainy season are the reason for dissimilarity in the nematode communities structure. The high abundance of genus Terschellingia, Daptonema, Parodontophora may be indicative of organic enrichment conditions in shrimp pond sediment in both seasons. Nematodes with their rapid adaptation to changing environments can be used as a potential tool for bio-indicator. Keywords Bio-indicator, Ca Mau province, nematode communities, organic shrimp farms ponds, simper analysis References [1] Lin, F. Y., Vo, A. H., Phan, V. B., Nguyen, T. T., Bryla, D., Tran, C. T., ... & Robbins, J. B., The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam, The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 62(5) (2000) 644-648.[2] Semprucci F, Moreno M, Sbrocca S, Rocchi M, AlbertelliG, Balsamo, M., The nematode assemblage as a tool for the assessment of marine ecological quality status: a case-study in the Central Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Marine Science 14(1) (2013) 48-57.[3] Ngo, Q. X., Nguyen, N. C., Nguyen, D. T., & Vanreusel, A., Distribution pattern of free living nematode communities in the eight Mekong estuaries by seasonal factor, Journal of Vietnamese Environment 4(1) (2013) 28-33.[4] Heip, C., Vincx, M., Vranken G., The ecology of marine nematodes, Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 23 (1985) 399-489.[5] Hodda, M., Nicholas, W.L., Nematode diversity and industrial pollution in the Hunter River Estuary, NSW, Australia, Marine Pollution Bulletin 17 (1986) 251-255.[6] Alongi D.M., Intertidal zonation and seasonality of meiobenthos in tropical mangrove estuaries, Marine Biology 95 (1987) 447-458.[7] Tudorancea, C., & Zullini, A., Associations and distribution of benthic nematodes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley lakes, Hydrobiologia, 179(1) (1989) 81-96.[8] Hodda M., Nicholas W.L., Production of meiofauna in an Australian estuary, Wetland 9 (1990) 41-48.[9] Beier, S., & Traunspurger, W., Seasonal distribution of free-living nematodes in the Körsch, a coarse-grained submountain carbonate stream in southwest Germany, Nematology 5(4) (2003) 481-504.[10] Hourston, M., Potter, I. C., Warwick, R. M., Valesini, F. J., & Clarke, K. R., Spatial and seasonal variations in the ecological characteristics of the free-living nematode assemblages in a large microtidal estuary, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 82(2) (2009) 309-322.[11] Tran, T.T., Pham, T.L., Nguyen, T., Ngo, X. Q., Relationship of free-lingving nematode communities to some environmental characteristics in the organic shrimp farms, Ca Mau province, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 56(5) (2018).[12] Tran, T. T., Nguyen, T. M. Y., Nguyen, T., Ngo, X. Q., Meiofauna in the mangrove–shrimp farms ponds, Ca Mau province, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55(3) (2017) 271.[13] El Hag E. A., Food and food selection of the Penaeid prawn Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), In Limnology and Marine Biology in the Sudan, Springer Netherlands, (1984) 213-217.[14] Chong V. C., Sasekumar A., Food and feeding habits of the white prawn Penaeus merguiensis, Marine ecology progress series 5 (20) (1981) 185-191.[15] Nguyen Thi My Yen, Tran Thanh Thai, Nguyen Tan Duc, Ngo Xuan Quang, Free living nematode communities as fundamental food for shrimps in the ecological - model of mangrove - shrimp farming ponds, Nam Can district, Ca Mau province, Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology, 16(3) (2018), 581 -588.[16] Clarke, K.R. and Gorley, R.N., PRIMER v6: User Manual/Tutorial PRIMER-E: Plymouth (2006).[17] Ingels, J., Tchesunov, A. V. and Vanreusel, A., Meiofauna in the Gollum Channels and the Whittard Canyon, Celtic Margin—how local environmental conditions shape nematode structure and function, PLoS One 6(5) (2011) e20094.[18] Cai, L., Fu, S., Yang, J. and Zhou, X., Distribution of meiofaunal abundance in relation to environmental factors in Beibu Gulf, South China Sea, Acta Oceanologica Sinica 31(6) (2012) 92-103.[19] Ngo, X. Q., Smol, N. and Vanreusel, A., The meiofauna distribution in correlation with environmental characteristics in 5 Mekong estuaries, Vietnam, Cahiers de Biologie Marine 54 (2013) 71 -83.[20] Górska, B., Grzelak, K., Kotwicki, L., Hasemann, C., Schewe, I., Soltwedel, T. and W łodarska-Kowalczuk, M., Bathymetric variations in vertical distribution patterns of meiofauna in the surface sediments of the deep Arctic ocean (HAUSGARTEN, Fram strait), Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research 91 (2014) 36-49.[21] Mueller, M., Pander, J., & Geist, J., The effects of weirs on structural stream habitat and biological communities, Journal of Applied Ecology 48(6) (2011) 1450-1461.[22] Schratzberger, M., Warr, K., Rogers, S. I., Patterns of nematode populations in the southwestern North Sea and their link to other components of the benthic fauna, Journal of Sea Research 55 (2006) 113–127.[23] Moreno, M., Albertelli, G., and Fabiano, M., Nematode response to metal, PAHs and organic enrichment in tourist marinas of the mediterranean sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin 58(8) (2009) 1192-1201.[24] Alves, A. S., Adão, H., Ferrero, T. J., Marques, J. C., Costa, M. J., & Patrício, J., Benthic meiofauna as indicator of ecological changes in estuarine ecosystems: the use of nematodes in ecological quality assessment, Ecological Indicators 24 (2013) 462-475.[25] Moreno, M., Semprucci, F., Vezzulli, L., Balsamo, M., Fabiano, M., & Albertelli, G., The use of nematodes in assessing ecological quality status in the Mediterranean (2) (2011) 328-336.

TÓM TẮT Đặt vấn đề: Hội chứng chuyển hóa (HCCH) là rối loạn thường gặp ở người cao tuổi, tuy nhiên số liệu về đặc điểm HCCH ở người sống ở miền núi Việt Nam còn ít. Mục tiêu: Tìm hiểu đặc điểm HCCH ở người đến khám tại bệnh viện đa khoa Kon Tum (2018 - 2019). Phương pháp: Nghiên cứu mô tả ngang 226 Bệnh nhân (BN) mắc HCCH dựa trên đồng thuận của IDF, NHLBI, WHF, IAS và Hiệp hội nghiên cứu về béo phì quốc tế. Kết quả: BN HCCH có thói quen liên quan HCCH (ăn mặn, ăn nhiều mỡ, ăn ít xơ, hút thuốc lá, uống rượu bia, ít hoạt động thể lực đều trên 50%). Nam giới có tỉ lệ hút thuốc lá cao hơn nữ (91,67% so với 22,34% ở nữ). Tỉ lệ gặp các thành phần HCCH là tăng vòng bụng 94,69%, tăng triglyceride 92,48%, tăng glucose máu 87,17%, tăng huyết áp 78,32%, giảm HDL-C 51,33%. Tuổi trung bình BN nam (53,29 ± 16,20) thấp hơn BN nữ (58,56 ± 13,91). Kết luận: HCCH thường gặp ở thành phố Kon Tum (28,3%), ít gặp ở huyện Ia HDrai (1,3%). Nam giới có tỉ lệ tăng triglyceride, tăng huyết áp máu cao hơn và giảm HDL-C thấp hơn so với nữ. Giá trị trung bình huyết áp tối đa, huyết áp trung bình, nồng độ triglyceride ở nam cao hơn ở nữ. Sự khác biệt giá trị trung bình của huyết áp tối thiểu, HDL-C và glucose máu giữa hai giới chưa có ý nghĩa thống kê. ABSTRACT CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME AT KONTUM GENERAL HOSPITAL (APRIL 2018 - APRIL 2019) Background: Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a common disorder in the elderly, however, data on the characteristics of Mets in people living in mountainous areas of Vietnam are still limited. Objective: To find out the characteristics of Metsin people consulting at Kon Tum General Hospital (2018 - 2019). Methods: Cross - sectional description of 226 patients with Mets were diagnosed according to Joint Interim Statement of the IDF, NHLBI, WHF, IAS; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Results: The frequency of habits relating to Mets was high with more than 50% of the participants eating salty food, a lot of fat, less fibre, being a smoker, drinker or physical inactivity. Men had a higher smoking rate than women (91.67% compared to 22.34% in women). Raised waist circumference was the most prominent Mets component (94.69%), followed by increased triglyceride (92.48%), hyperglycemia (87,17%), hypertension (78,32%) and reduced high - density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (51,33%). The mean age of male patients (53.29 ± 16.20) was lower than that of female patients (58.56 ± 13.91). Conclusions: Mets patients was common in Kon Tum city (28.3%), rare in Ia HDrai district (1.3%). Men had higher rates of elevated triglycerides, hypertension but a lower rate of decreased HDL-C than women. Mean values of systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, and triglyceride levels in men higher than women. The difference in mean values of diastolic blood pressure, HDL-C and blood glucose between man and women were not statistically significant.

Internet banking (IB) is believed to bring a lot of banefits to customers and is provided by most of the banks in Vietnam, but the number of users is still limited. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons and consumption-decision structure why not many people in Vietnam is willing to use the service. The study is based on Mean Means-End Chain theory (MEC) and uses laddering interview to collect data. Data from a sample of 71 respondents are analysed by employing Association Pattern Technique (APT) and then are demonstrated on Hierarchical Value Map (HVM). The research findings show that there are 06 attributes, leading to 05 consequences, driving to Unsafety and Inconvenience as 02 crucial values which prevent customers from using IB. Some recommendations are proposed accordingly to improve IS usage. Keywords Internet banking, Means-end chain theory, soft/hard laddering interview References [1] Phương, M. (2017, December 01). Việt Nam có tiềm năng lớn về phát triển ngân hàng số. Bnews. Retrieved from: http://bnews.vn/viet-nam-co-tiem-nang-lon-ve-phat-trien-ngan-hang-so/29815.html[2] Internet Users, Facebook Subscribers & Population Statistics for 35 countries and regions in Asia. (2017, December 31). Internet World Stats. Retrieved from: https://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm[3] Đăng, H. (2017, May 17). Tỷ lệ người dùng Internet Banking tại Việt Nam ít một cách bất ngờ. Báo Mới. Retrieved from: https://baomoi.com/ty-le-nguoi-dung-internet-banking-tai-viet-nam-it-mot-cach-bat-ngo/c/22384122.epi[4] Mbrokoh, A. S. (2015). Factors that influence internet banking adoption in Ghana. University thesis, University of Ghana.[5] Gerrard, P.& Cunningham J.,B. (2003). The diffusion of Internet banking among Singapore consumers, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 21 (1), pp.16-28, https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320310457776[6] Hanafizadeh, P., Keating, B, W., & Khedmatgozar, H, R. (2013). A systematic review of Internet banking adoption. Telematics and Informatics, 31(3), 492-510, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2013.04.003[7] Laura, B., & Kate, S. (2002). A Delphi study of the drivers and inhibitors of Internet banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 20(6), 250-260, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320210446715[8] Lee, E., Kwon. K., & Schumann, D. W. (2005). Segmenting the non-adopter category in the diffusion of Internet banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 23(5), 414 – 437, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/02652320510612483[9] Kuisma, T., Laukkanen, T., & Hiltunen, M. (2007). Mapping the reasons for resistance to Internet banking: A means-end approach. Information Management, 27(2), 77-85, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2006.08.006[10] Costa, A. I. A., Dekkerb, M., & Jongen,W.M.F. (2004). An overview of means-end theory: potential application in consumer-oriented food product design. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 15(7-8), 403-415, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2004.02.005[11] Gutman, J. (1982). A means-end chain model based on consumer categorization processes. Journal of Marketing, 46(2), 60-72, doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3203341[12] Hofstede, F., Audenaert, A., Steenkamp, J-B. E. M., & Wedel, M. (1998). An investigation into the association pattern technique as a quantitative approach to measuring means-end chains. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 15(1), 37-50, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8116(97)00029-3[13] Reynolds, J. T., James, P.J., & John, W. L. (1988). Application of the Means-End Theoretic for Understanding the Cognitive Bases of Performance Appraisal. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 41(2), 153-179, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(88)90024-6[14] Olson, J. C., Renolds, T. J., & Partners, R. (2001). The means-end approach to understanding consumer decision-making. in T. J. Reynolds & J. C. Olson (eds.), Understanding consumer decision-making: The Means-end approach to marketing and advertising strategy (pp. 3-20) Mahwah, N.J.: Psychology Press. 2000.[15] Russell, C. G., Busson, A., Flight, I., Bryan, J., van Lawick van Pabst, J. A., & Cox, D. N. (2004). A comparison of three laddering techniques applied to an example of a complex food choice. Food Quality and Preference, 15(6), 569-583. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2003.11.007[16] Reynolds, T. J., & Gutman, J. (1988). Laddering theory, method, analysis, and interpretation. Journal of Advertising Research, 28(1), 11-31.[17] Grunert, K. G., & Grunert, S. C. (1995). Measuring subjective meaning structures by the laddering method: Theoretical considerations and methodological problems. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(3), 209-225. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(95)00022-T[18] Hyunsoo, K., Mincheol, K., Sora, Y., & Kang, D. (2013). A consumer value analysis of mobile internet protocol television based on a means-end chain theory. Emprical Article, 8(4), 587-613, doi: 10.1007/s11628-013-0208-8[19] Yassaman, M. (2009). Reasons Barring Customers from using Internet Banking in Iran: An Integrated Approach Based on Means-End Chains and Segmentation. Master’s thesis. Lulea University of Technology[20] Lee, M-C. (2009). Factors influencing the adoption of internet banking: An integration of TAM and TPB with perceived risk and perceived benefit. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 8(3), 130 – 141, doi: 10.1016/j.elerap.2008.11.006[21] Martin, C., Oliveira, T., Popovic, A. (2014). Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application, International Journal of Information Management, 34 (1), 1-13.[22] Hoang, H. M. (2015). The Adoption of Personal Internet Banking in Vietnam. Silpakorn University Journal of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, 15(2), 173-201.[23] Alalwan, A., Dwivedi, Y., Rana, N. et al. (2015) Consumer adoption of Internet banking in Jordan: Examining the role of hedonic motivation, habit, self-efficacy and trust, Journal of Financial and Service Marketing, 20(2), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1057/fsm.2015.5[24] Hoàng, P. T (2016). Báo cáo Tổng quan tình hình an ninh mạng Việt Nam 2016. Retrieved from: http://security.org.vn/Docs/2017/K1%20Mr.%20Hoang%20Phuoc%20 Thuan_CANM.pdf[25] Thúc đẩy phát triển Internet Banking. (2015, July 1). Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam Retrieved from: https://www.sbv.gov.vn/webcenter/portal/vi/menu/trangchu/hdk/cntt/udptcntt/udptcntt[26] Ram, S., & Sheth, J.N. (1989). Cosumer resistance to innovations: The marketing proplem and its solutions. The Journal of Cosumer Marketing, 6(2), 5-13, doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000002542[27] Marr, E.N., & Prendergast, P.J. (1993). 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Dissolved oxygen (DO), total biomass and oxygen demand of nematode communities in the organic shrimp farms located in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can District, Ca Mau province were investigated in three seasons (March-dry, July-transfer and November-wet season) of 2015. The results showed that most of DO values were within permissible limits. However, the frequency distributions of DO values are very compressed at the lower limit of their scale. Total dry biomass varied from 24.77 to 937.04 µgC/10cm2 while oxygen demand ranged from 3467.39 to 64288.50 nlO2/day/10cm2. These values were slightly high when compared to other studies in the world. The following results recorded that the negatively correlation between DO and oxygen demand of nematode communities in the organic shrimp farms. This may well suggest that respiration and metabolic of nematode communities was high and their impact on oxygen dissolved in surface water. Keywords Biomass, dissolved oxygen, Ca Mau, nematode communities, organic shrimp farms, oxgen demand References [1]. P. N. Hong, H. T. San, Mangroves of Vietnam 7 (1993) IUCN.[2]. T. Nga, Hệ thống rừng-tôm trong phát triển bền vững vùng ven biển đồng bằng sông Cửu Long. Tạp chí Khoa học Trường Đại học Cần Thơ 10 (2008) 6.[3]. Thai agricutural standard (TAS), Organic marine shrimp farming, Royal Gazette 124 (2007) Section 78E.[4]. T. T. Thai, N. T. My Yen, N. Tho, N. X. Quang, Meiofauna in the mangrove–shrimp farms ponds, Ca Mau province. Journal of Science and Technology 55(2017) 271.[5]. L. Marte, The Food and Feeding Habit of Penaeus Monodon Fabricius Collected From Makato River, Aklan, Philippines (Decapoda Natantia) 1, Crustaceana 38(1980) 225.[6]. N. Majdi, W. Traunspurger, Free-living nematodes in the freshwater food web: a review, Journal of nematology 47 (2015) 28.[7]. M. C. 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Stokes, Opportunities and constraints in marine shrimp farming, South Regional Aquaculture Center 2002.

We take as our subject what many would deem a waste of good celluloid: the degraded cultural form of the stoner film. Stoner films plot the experiences of the wasted (those intoxicated on marijuana) as they exhibit wastefulness—excessiveness, improvidence, decay—on a number of fronts. Stoners waste time in constantly hunting for pot and in failing to pursue more productive activity whilst wasted. Stoners waste their minds, both literally, if we believe contested studies that indicate marijuana smoking kills brains cells, and figuratively, in rendering themselves cognitively impaired. Stoners waste their bodies through the dangerous practice of smoking and through the tendency toward physical inertia. Stoners waste money on marijuana firstly, but also on such sophomoric accoutrements as the stoner film itself. Stoners lay waste to convention in excessively seeking pleasure and in dressing and acting outrageously. And stoners, if the scatological humour of so many stoner films is any index, are preoccupied with bodily waste. Stoners, we argue here, waste whiteness as well. As the likes of Jesse and Chester (Dude, Where’s My Car?), Wayne and Garth (Wayne’s World), Bill and Ted (Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure) and Jay and Silent Bob (Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back) make clear, whiteness looms large in stoner films. Yet the genre, we argue, disavows its own whiteness, in favour of a post-white hybridity that lavishly squanders white privilege. For all its focus on whiteness, filmic wastedness has always been an ethnically diverse and ambiguous category. The genre’s origins in the work of Cheech Marin, a Chicano, and Tommy Chong, a Chinese-European Canadian, have been buttressed in this regard by many African American contributions to the stoner oeuvre, including How High, Half Baked and Friday, as well as by Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle, and its Korean-American and Indian-American protagonists. Cheech and Chong initiated the genre with the release of Up in Smoke in 1978. A host of films have followed featuring protagonists who spend much of their time smoking and seeking marijuana (or—in the case of stoner films such as Dude, Where’s My Car? released during the height of the War on Drugs—acting stoned without ever being seen to get stoned). Inspired in part by the 1938 anti-marijuana film Reefer Madness, and the unintended humour such propaganda films begat amongst marijuana smokers, stoner films are comedies that satirise both marijuana culture and its prohibition. Self-consciously slapstick, the stoner genre excludes more serious films about drugs, from Easy Rider to Shaft, as well as films such as The Wizard of Oz, Yellow Submarine, the Muppet movies, and others popular amongst marijuana smokers because of surreal content. Likewise, a host of films that include secondary stoner characters, such as Jeff Spicoli in Fast Times at Ridgemont High and Wooderson in Dazed and Confused, are commonly excluded from the genre on the grounds that the stoner film, first and foremost, celebrates stonerism, that is “serious commitment to smoking and acquiring marijuana as a lifestyle choice.” (Meltzer). Often taking the form of the “buddy film,” stoner flicks generally feature male leads and frequently exhibit a decidedly masculinist orientation, with women, for the most part reduced to little more than the object of the white male gaze.The plot, such as it is, of the typical stoner film concerns the search for marijuana (or an accessory, such as junk food) and the improbable misadventures that ensue. While frequently represented as resourceful and energetic in their quest for marijuana, filmic stoners otherwise exhibit ambivalent attitudes toward enterprise that involves significant effort. Typically represented as happy and peaceable, filmic stoners rarely engage in conflict beyond regular clashes with authority figures determined to enforce anti-drug laws, and other measures that stoners take to be infringements upon happiness. While Hollywood’s stoners thus share a sense of entitlement to pleasure, they do not otherwise exhibit a coherent ideological orthodoxy beyond a certain libertarian and relativistic open-mindedness. More likely to take inspiration from comic book heroes than Aldous Huxley or Timothy Leary, stoners are most often portrayed as ‘dazed and confused,’ and could be said to waste the intellectual tradition of mind expansion that Leary represents. That stoner films are, at times, misunderstood to be quintessentially white is hardly suprising. As a social construct that creates, maintains and legitimates white domination, whiteness manifests, as one of its most defining features, an ability to swallow up difference and to insist upon, at critical junctures, a universal subjectivity that disallows for difference (hooks 167). Such universalising not only sanctions co-optation of ethnic cultural expression, it also functions to mask whiteness’s existence, thus reinforcing its very power. Whiteness, as Richard Dyer argues, is simultaneously everywhere and nowhere. It obfuscates itself and its relationship to the particular traits it is said to embody—disinterest, prudence, temperance, rationality, bodily restraint, industriousness (3). Whiteness is thus constructed as neither an ethnic nor racial particularity, but rather the transcendence of such positionality (Wiegman 139). While non-whites are raced, to be white is to be “just human” and thus to possess the power to “claim to speak for the commonality of humanity” whilst denying the accrual of any particular racial privilege (Dyer 2). In refuting its own advantages—which are so wide ranging (from preferential treatment in housing loans, to the freedom to fail without fear of reflecting badly on other whites) that they are, like whiteness itself, both assumed and unproblematic—whiteness instantiates individualism, allowing whites to believe that their successes are in no way the outcome of systematic racial advantage, but rather the product of individual toil (McIntosh; Lipsitz). An examination of the 1978 stoner film Up in Smoke suggests that whatever the ethnic ambiguity of the figure of the stoner, the genre of the stoner film is all about the wasting of whiteness. Up in Smoke opens with two alternating domestic scenes. We first encounter Pedro De Pacas (Cheech Marin) in a cluttered and shadowy room as his siblings romp affectionately upon his back, waking him from his slumber on the couch. Pedro rises, stepping into a bowl of cereal on the floor. He stumbles to the bathroom, where, sleepy and disoriented, he urinates into the laundry hamper. The chaos of Pedro’s disrupted sleep is followed in the film by a more metaphoric awakening as Anthony Stoner (Tommy Chong) determines to leave home. The scene takes place in a far more orderly, light and lavish room. The space’s overpowering whiteness is breached only by the figure of Anthony and his unruly black hair, bushy black beard, and loud Hawaiian shirt, which vibrates with colour against the white walls, white furnishings and white curtains. We watch as Anthony, behind an elaborate bar, prepares a banana protein shake, impassively ignoring his parents, both clothed in all-white, as they clutch martini glasses and berate their son for his lack of ambition. Arnold Stoner [father]: Son, your mother and me would like for you to cozy up to the Finkelstein boy. He's a bright kid, and, uh... he's going to military school, and remember, he was an Eagle Scout. Tempest Stoner [mother]: Arnold…Arnold Stoner: [shouts over/to his wife] Will you shut up? We’re not going to have a family brawl!Tempest Stoner: [continues talking as her husband shouts]…. Retard.Arnold Stoner: [to Anthony] We've put up with a hell of a lot.[Anthony starts blender] Can this wait? ... Build your goddamn muscles, huh? You know, you could build your muscles picking strawberries.You know, bend and scoop... like the Mexicans. Shit, maybe I could get you a job with United Fruit. I got a buddy with United Fruit. ... Get you started. Start with strawberries, you might work your way up to these goddamn bananas! When, boy? When...are you going to get your act together?Anthony: [Burps]Tempest Stoner: Gross.Arnold Stoner: Oh, good God Almighty me. I think he's the Antichrist. Anthony, I want to talk to you. [Anthony gathers his smoothie supplements and begins to walk out of the room.] Now, listen! Don't walk away from me when I'm talking to you! You get a goddamn job before sundown, or we're shipping you off to military school with that goddamn Finkelstein shit kid! Son of a bitch!The whiteness of Anthony’s parents is signified so pervasively and so strikingly in this scene—in their improbable white outfits and in the room’s insufferably white décor—that we come to understand it as causative. The rage and racism of Mr. Stoner’s tirade, the scene suggests, is a product of whiteness itself. Given that whiteness achieves and maintains its domination via both ubiquity and invisibility, what Up in Smoke accomplishes in this scene is notable. Arnold Stoner’s tortured syntax (“that goddamn Finkelstein shit kid”) works to “mak[e] whiteness strange” (Dyer 4), while the scene’s exaggerated staging delineates whiteness as “a particular – even peculiar – identity, rather than a presumed norm” (Roediger, Colored White 21). The belligerence of the senior Stoners toward not only their son and each other, but the world at large, in turn, functions to render whiteness intrinsically ruthless and destructive. Anthony’s parents, in all their whiteness, enact David Roediger’s assertion that “it is not merely that ‘Whiteness’s is oppressive and false; it is that ‘Whiteness’s is nothing but oppressive and false” (Toward the Abolition 13).Anthony speaks not a word during the scene. He communicates only by belching and giving his parents the finger as he leaves the room and the home. This departure is significant in that it marks the moment when Anthony, hereafter known only as “Man,” flees the world of whiteness. He winds up taking refuge in the multi-hued world of stonerism, as embodied in the scene that follows, which features Pedro emerging from his home to interact with his Chicano neighbours and to lovingly inspect his car. As a lowrider, a customised vehicle that “begin[s] with the abandoned materials of one tradition (that of mainstream America), … [and is] … then transformed and recycled . . . into new and fresh objects of art which are distinctly Chicano,” Pedro’s car serves as a symbol of the cultural hybridisation that Man is about to undergo (quoted in Ondine 141).As Man’s muteness in the presence of his parents suggests, his racial status seems tentative from the start. Within the world of whiteness, Man is the subaltern, silenced and denigrated, finding voice only after he befriends Pedro. Even as the film identifies Man as white through his parental lineage, it renders indeterminate its own assertion, destabilising any such fixed or naturalised schema of identity. When Man is first introduced to Pedro’s band as their newest member, James, the band’s African American bass player, looks at Man, dressed in the uniform of the band, and asks: “Hey Pedro, where’s the white dude you said was playing the drums?” Clearly, from James’s point of view, the room contains no white dudes, just stoners. Man’s presumed whiteness becomes one of the film’s countless gags, the provocative ambiguity of the casting of a Chinese-European to play a white part underscored in the film by the equally implausible matter of age. Man, according to the film’s narrative, is a high school student; Chong was forty when the film was released. Like his age, Man’s whiteness is never a good fit. That Man ultimately winds up sleeping on the very couch upon which we first encounter Pedro suggests how radical and final the break with his dubious white past is. The “Mexicans” whom his father would mock as fit only for abject labour are amongst those whom Man comes to consider his closest companions. In departing his parents’ white world, and embracing Pedro’s dilapidated, barrio-based world of wastedness, Man traces the geographies narrated by George Lipsitz in The Possessive Investment in Whiteness. Historically, Lipsitz argues, the development of affluent white space (the suburbs) was made possible by the disintegration of African American, Chicano and other minority neighbourhoods disadvantaged by federal, state, and corporate housing, employment, health care, urban renewal, and education policies that favoured whites over non-whites. In this sense, Man’s flight from his parents’ home is a retreat from whiteness itself, and from the advantages that whiteness conveys. In choosing the ramshackle, non-white world of stonerism, Man performs an act of racial treachery. Whiteness, Lipsitz contends, has “cash value,” and “is invested in, like property, but it is also a means of accumulating property and keeping it from others,” which allows for “intergenerational transfers of inherited wealth that pass on the spoils of discrimination to succeeding generations” (vii-viii). Man’s disavowal of the privileges of whiteness is a reckless refusal to accept this racial birthright. Whiteness is thus wasted upon Man because Man wastes his whiteness. Given the centrality of prudence and restraint to hegemonic constructions of whiteness, Man’s willingness to squander the “valuable asset” that is his white inheritance is especially treasonous (Harris 1713). Man is the prodigal son of whiteness, a profligate who pours down the drain “the wages of whiteness” that his forbearers have spent generations accruing and protecting (Roediger, The Wages of Whiteness). His waste not only offends the core values which whiteness is said to comprise, it also denigrates whiteness itself by illuminating the excess of white privilege, as well as the unarticulated excess of meanings that hover around whiteness to create the illusion of transcendence and infinite variety. Man’s performance, like all bad performances of whiteness, “disrupt[s] implicit understandings of what it means to be white” (Hartigan 46). The spectre of seeing white domination go ‘up in smoke’—via wasting, as opposed to hoarding, white privilege—amounts to racial treason, and helps not only to explicate why whites in the film find stonerism so menacing, but also to explain the paradox of “pot [making] the people who don’t smoke it even more paranoid than the people who do” (Patterson). While Tommy Chong’s droll assertion that "what makes us so dangerous is that we're harmless" ridicules such paranoia, it ultimately fails to account for the politics of subversive squandering of white privilege that characterise the stoner film (“Biographies”). Stoners in Up in Smoke, as in most other stoner films, are marked as non-white, through association with ethnic Others, through their rejection of mainstream ideas about work and achievement, and/or through their lack of bodily restraint in relentlessly seeking pleasure, in dressing outrageously, and in refusing to abide conventional grooming habits. Significantly, the non-white status of the stoner is both voluntary and deliberate. While stonerism embraces its own non-whiteness, its Otherness is not signified, primarily, through racial cross-dressing of the sort Eric Lott detects in Elvis, but rather through race-mixing. Stoner collectivity practices an inclusivity that defies America’s historic practice of racial and ethnic segregation (Lott 248). Stonerism further reveals its unwillingness to abide constrictive American whiteness in a scene in which Pedro and Man, both US-born Americans, are deported. The pair are rounded up along with Pedro’s extended family in a raid initiated when Pedro’s cousin “narcs” on himself to la migra (the Immigration and Naturalization Service) in order to get free transport for his extended family to his wedding in Tijuana. Pedro and Man return to the US as unwitting tricksters, bringing back to the US more marijuana than has ever crossed the Mexican-US border at one time, fusing the relationship between transnationalism and wastedness. The disrespect that stoners exhibit for pregnable US borders contests presumed Chicano powerlessness in the face of white force and further affronts whiteness, which historically has mobilised itself most virulently at the threat of alien incursion. Transgression here is wilful and playful; stoners intend to offend normative values and taste through their actions, their dress, and non-white associations as part of the project of forging a new hybridised, transnational subjectivity that threatens to lay waste to whiteness’s purity and privilege. Stoners invite the scrutiny of white authority with their outrageous attire and ethnically diverse composition, turning the “inevitability of surveillance” (Borrie 87) into an opportunity to enact their own wastedness—their wasted privilege, their wasted youth, their wasted potential—before a gaze that is ultimately confounded and threatened by the chaotic hybridity with which it is faced (Hebdige 26). By perpetually displaying his/her wasted Otherness, the stoner makes of him/herself a “freak,” a label cops use derisively throughout Up in Smoke to denote the wasted without realising that stoners define themselves in precisely such terms, and, by doing so, obstruct whiteness’s assertion of universal subjectivity. Pedro’s cousin Strawberry (Tom Skerritt), a pot dealer, enacts freakishness by exhibiting a large facial birthmark and by suffering from Vietnam-induced Post Traumatic Stress disorder. A freak in every sense of the word, Strawberry is denied white status by virtue of physical and mental defect. But Strawberry, as a stoner, ultimately wants whiteness even less than it wants him. The defects that deny him membership in the exclusive “club” that is whiteness prove less significant than the choice he makes to defect from the ranks of whiteness and join with Man in the decision to waste his whiteness wantonly (“Editorial”). Stoner masculinity is represented as similarly freakish and defective. While white authority forcefully frustrates the attempts of Pedro and Man to “score” marijuana, the duo’s efforts to “score” sexually are thwarted by their own in/action. More often than not, wastedness produces impotence in Up in Smoke, either literally or figuratively, wherein the confusion and misadventures that attend pot-smoking interrupt foreplay. The film’s only ostensible sex scene is unconsummated, a wasted opportunity for whiteness to reproduce itself when Man sleeps through his girlfriend’s frenzied discussion of sex. During the course of Up in Smoke, Man dresses as a woman while hitchhiking, Pedro mistakes Man for a woman, Man sits on Pedro’s lap when they scramble to change seats whilst being pulled over by the police, Man suggests that Pedro has a “small dick,” Pedro reports liking “manly breasts,” and Pedro—unable to urinate in the presence of Sgt. Stedenko—tells his penis that if it does not perform, he will “put [it] back in the closet.” Such attenuations of the lead characters’ masculinity climax in the penultimate scene, in which Pedro, backed by his band, performs “Earache My Eye,” a song he has just composed backstage, whilst adorned in pink tutu, garter belt, tassle pasties, sequined opera mask and Mickey Mouse ears: My momma talkin’ to me tryin’ to tell me how to liveBut I don't listen to her cause my head is like a sieveMy daddy he disowned me cause I wear my sister's clothesHe caught me in the bathroom with a pair of pantyhoseMy basketball coach he done kicked me off the teamFor wearing high heeled sneakers and acting like a queen“Earache My Eye” corroborates the Othered natured of stonerism by marking stoners, already designated as non-white, as non-straight. In a classic iteration of a bad gender performance, the scene rejects both whiteness and its hegemonic partners-in-crime, heterosexuality and normative masculinity (Butler 26). Here stoners waste not only their whiteness, but also their white masculinity. Whiteness, and its dependence upon “intersection … [with] interlocking axes [of power such as] gender … [and] sexuality,” is “outed” in this scene (Shome 368). So, too, is it enfeebled. In rendering masculinity freakish and defective, the film threatens whiteness at its core. For if whiteness can not depend upon normative masculinity for its reproduction, then, like Man’s racial birthright, it is wasted. The stoner’s embodiment of freakishness further works to emphasise wasted whiteness by exposing just how hysterical whiteness’s defense of its own normativity can be. Up in Smoke frequently inflates not only the effects of marijuana, but also the eccentricities of those who smoke it, a strategy which means that much of the film’s humour turns on satirising hegemonic stereotypes of marijuana smokers. Equally, Cheech Marin’s exaggerated “slapstick, one-dimensional [portrayal] of [a] Chicano character” works to render ridiculous the very stereotypes his character incarnates (List 183). While the film deconstructs processes of social construction, it also makes extensive use of counter-stereotyping in its depictions of characters marked as white. The result is that whiteness’s “illusion of [its] own infinite variety” is contested and the lie of whiteness as non-raced is exposed, helping to explain the stoner’s decision to waste his/her whiteness (Dyer 12; 2). In Up in Smoke whiteness is the colour of straightness. Straights, who are willing neither to smoke pot nor to tolerate the smoking of pot by others/Others, are so comprehensively marked as white in the film that whiteness and straightness become isomorphic. As a result, the same stereotypes are mobilised in representing whiteness and straightness: incompetence, belligerence, hypocrisy, meanspiritedness, and paranoia, qualities that are all the more oppressive because virtually all whites/straights in the film occupy positions of authority. Anthony’s spectacularly white parents, as we have seen, are bigoted and dominating. Their whiteness is further impugned by alcohol, which fuels Mr. Stoner’s fury and Mrs. Stoner’s unintelligibility. That the senior Stoners are drunk before noon works, of course, to expose the hypocrisy of those who would indict marijuana use while ignoring the social damage alcohol can produce. Their inebriation (revealed as chronic in the DVD’s outtake scenes) takes on further significance when it is configured as a decidedly white attribute. Throughout the film, only characters marked as white consume alcohol—most notably, the judge who is discovered to be drinking vodka whist adjudicating drug charges against Pedro and Man—therefore dislodging whiteness’s self-construction as temperate, and suggesting just how wasted whiteness is. While stonerism is represented as pacific, drunkenness is of a piece with white/straight bellicosity. In Up in Smoke, whites/straights crave confrontation and discord, especially the angry, uptight, and vainglorious narcotics cop Sgt. Stedenko (Stacey Keech) who inhabits so many of the film’s counter-stereotypes. While a trio of white cops roughly apprehend and search a carload of innocent nuns in a manner that Man describes as “cold blooded,” Stedenko, unawares in the foreground, gives an interview about his plans for what he hopes will be the biggest border drug bust in US history: “[Reporter:] Do you expect to see any violence here today? [Sgt. Stedenko:] I certainly hope so.” Stedenko’s desire to act violently against stoners echoes mythologies of white regeneration in the Old West, wherein whiteness refurbished itself through violent attacks on Native Americans, whose wasteful cultures failed to make “civilised” use of western lands (Slotkin 565).White aggression is relentlessly depicted in the film, with one important exception: the instance of the stoned straight. Perhaps no other trope is as defining of the genre, as is the scene wherein a straight person accidentally becomes stoned. Up in Smoke offers several examples, most notably the scene in which a motorcycle cop pulls over Pedro and Man as they drive a van belonging to Pedro’s Uncle Chuey. In a plot twist requiring a degree of willing suspension of disbelief that even wasted audiences might find a stretch, the exterior shell of the van, unbeknownst to Pedro and Man, is made entirely of marijuana which has started to smoulder around the exhaust pipe. The cop, who becomes intoxicated whilst walking through the fumes, does not hassle Pedro and Man, as expected, but instead asks for a bite of their hot dog and then departs happily, instructing the duo to “have a nice day.” In declining, or perhaps simply forgetting, to exercise his authority, the cop demonstrates the regenerative potential not of violent whiteness but rather of hybrid wastedness. Marijuana here is transformative, morphing straight consciousness into stoner consciousness and, in the process, discharging all the uptight, mean-spirited, unnecessary, and hence wasteful baggage of whiteness along the way. While such a utopian potential for pot is both upheld and satirised in the film, the scene amounts to far more than an inconsequential generic gag, in that it argues for the disavowal of whiteness via the assumption of the voluntary Otherness that is stonerism. Whiteness, the scene suggests, can be cast off, discarded, wasted and thus surmounted. Whites, for want of a better phrase, simply need to ‘just say no’ to whiteness in order to excrete the brutality that is its necessary affliction and inevitable result. While Up in Smoke laudably offers a powerful refusal to horde the assets of whiteness, the film fails to acknowledge that ‘just saying no’ is, indeed, one of whiteness’s exclusive privileges, since whites and only whites possess the liberty to refuse the advantages whiteness bestows. Non-whites possess no analogical ability to jettison the social constructions to which they are subjected, to refuse the power of dominant classes to define their subjectivity. Neither does the film confront the fact that Man nor any other of Up in Smoke’s white freaks are disallowed from re-embracing their whiteness, and its attendant value, at any time. However inchoate the film’s challenge to racial privilege, Up in Smoke’s celebration of the subversive pleasures of wasting whiteness offers a tentative, if bleary, first step toward ‘the abolition of whiteness.’ Its utopian vision of a post-white hybridised subjectivity, however dazed and confused, is worthy of far more serious contemplation than the film, taken at face value, might seem to suggest. Perhaps Up in Smoke is a stoner film that should also be viewed while sober. ReferencesBill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure. Dir. Stephen Herek. Orion Pictures Corporation, 1989.“Biographies”. 10 June 2010 ‹http://www.cheechandchongfans.com/biography.html›. Borrie, Lee. "Wild Ones: Containment Culture and 1950s Youth Rebellion”. Diss. University of Canterbury, 2007.Butler, Judith. "Critically Queer”. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 1.1 (1993): 17-32.Chavoya, C. Ondine. “Customized Hybrids: The Art of Ruben Ortiz Torres and Lowriding in Southern California”. 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