Дисертації з теми "Fonctions métaboliques"
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Payen, Cyrielle. "Implication des troubles métaboliques maternels sur la programmation fœtale des fonctions métabolique hépatique et vasculaire de la descendance." Thesis, Angers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANGE0047.
Повний текст джерелаIn utero exposure to maternal metabolic pathologies leads to fetal programming, which increases the occurrence of metabolic, vascular and hepatic diseases in offspring. In this thesis, we focused on fetal programming induced by two types of maternal metabolic dysfunctions : obesity and diabetes. We highlighted that maternal obesity induced direct fetal programming of the vascular function in offspring regardless of metabolic disorders. In addition, we showed that disruption of perinatal nutrition leads to the early occurrence of metabolic disorders in offspring of obese mothers, without modifying the fetal programming of vascular function. Bariatric surgery doesn’t seem tobe able to reverse fetal programming of metabolic and vascular functions as described in obese mothers offspring. We also showed that fetal programming of vascular dysfunction of diabetic mother’s offspring can be transmitted from the F1 to the F2 generation. Finally, we highlighted the importance of sexual dimorphism in the fetal programming of vascular function. These results demonstrate that vascular (arterial hypertension) and metabolic (obesity, diabetes) diseases are not exclusively behavioral diseases but can also have a fetal life origin. They can be transmitted over several generations, thus contributing to explain the worldwide spread of obesity and associated metabolic disorders
Lonvaud, Aline. "Recherches sur les bactéries lactiques du vin : fonctions métaboliques, croissance, génétique plasmidique." Bordeaux 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR20055.
Повний текст джерелаMalenfant, Daniel. "Étude des fonctions développementales et métaboliques du récepteur nucléaire fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28755/28755.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаFTF is a nuclear receptor principally expressed in adult digestive organs that has been shown to act as a major regulator of lipids and steroids metabolism, cellular proliferation and embryonic development. FTF involvement in steroid synthesis and cell cycle regulation tends toward the stimulation of tumor proliferation in neoplasic tissues in which FTF is expressed. However, more studies of FTF function in normal and disease states and on its regulation are needed to draw a complete picture of FTF activity in cell physiology. Within the context of my studies, I delineated the FTF adult and fetal tissular expression, characterized a novel Ftf promoter element and identified FTF direct hepatic transcriptional targets in fetal, adult and tumor cell lines by using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-on-chip). These studies defined new FTF functions in metabolism, fetal development and hepatic carcinogenesis. FTF expression in digestive system and in neural structures controlling eating behavior, its transcriptional regulation by metabolic nuclear receptors and its binding to enzyme and transporter gene promoters driving energy metabolism, puts FTF in a key location for governing cellular and organismal energy metabolism. C/EBP, a transcriptional FTF partner on the Afp gene promoter and also involved in energy metabolism, is bound to 20% of the FTF targets including FTF itself thus adding branches to the complex hepatic transcriptional network. In hepatoma cells, FTF binds to proliferation and tumor cell maintenance genes like replication, growth and apoptosis regulators. Therefore, FTF belongs to the hepatic transcription network that governs hepatic development, differentiation and adult energy metabolism and is likely to be involved in promoting hepatic tumorogenesis.
Bories, Gaël. "Caractérisation et fonctions des macrophages alternatifs humains dans un contexte de maladies cardio-métaboliques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL2S053.
Повний текст джерелаI) Impaired alternative macrophage differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from obese subjectsVisceral obesity, a chronic, low-grade inflammatory disease, predisposes to the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and its cardiovascular complications. Adipose tissue is not a passive storehouse for fat, but an endocrine organ synthesizing and releasing a variety of bioactive molecules, some of which are produced byinfiltrated immune-inflammatory cells including macrophages. Two different sub-populations of macrophageshave been identified in adipose tissue: pro-inflammatory “classical” M1 and anti-inflammatory “alternative” M2macrophages and their ratio is suggested to influence the metabolic complications of obesity. These macrophages derive primarily from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We hypothesized that obesityand the metabolic syndrome modulate PBMC functions. Therefore, alteration of the monocyte response, andmore specifically their ability to differentiate toward alternative anti-inflammatory macrophages was assessedin PBMC isolated from lean and obese subjects with or without alterations in glucose homeostasis. Our resultsindicate that PBMC from obese subjects have an altered expression of M2 markers and that their monocytes areless susceptible to differentiate toward an alternative phenotype. Thus PBMC in obesity are programmed, whichmay contribute to the inflammatory dysregulation and increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases inthese patients.II) Human alternative macrophages display high iron handling capacities: regulation by the Liver XReceptor (LXR) activationMacrophages play a key role in iron metabolism. Macrophages can be polarized to a M1 proinflammatoryor to M2 alternative anti-inflammatory state. Within human atherosclerotic plaques, M2macrophages co-expressing both CD68 and the mannose receptor (CD68+MR+) have been identified. Amonggenes differentially expressed between non-polarized resting macrophages (RM) and IL-4 differentiated M2macrophages, those involved in iron metabolism were identified. Genes of iron uptake and storage (transferrinreceptor, hepcidin, ferritin) were upregulated, whereas those of export (ferroportin and ceruloplasmin) weredecreased in M2 macrophages. Intracellular iron accumulation was higher in M2 macrophages after ironoverload. In addition, the expression of iron-responsive genes (ferroportin, ferritin, HMOX-1, NRF2) wasinduced in iron-loaded M2, suggesting a better ability of M2 macrophages to export iron, compared to ironloadedRM macrophages. As a functional consequence, iron-loaded M2 macrophages have a higher ability tooxidize extra-cellular LDL. In line, CD68+MR+ macrophages co-localize with iron deposits and oxidized lipids inhuman atherosclerotic plaques. Iron-oxidized lipids can generate ligands for the nuclear receptor Liver XReceptor (LXRα and β). We thus determined whether LXR activation could modulate iron metabolism.Treatment of M2 macrophages with LXR ligands induced the ferroportin and down-regulated hepcidin geneexpression in an LXRα-dependent manner promoting iron export. Interestingly, iron-induced gene expression ismodulated by the LXRα pathways. Our data show that human M2 macrophages are highly active in ironhandling, a process that can be modulated by LXR activation
Mion, François. "Exploration des fonctions métaboliques hépatiques : intérêts et limites des tests respiratoires utilisant le carbone 13." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T054.
Повний текст джерелаCissé, Madi. "Etude des fonctions métaboliques de l’oncoprotéine MDM2 : vers de nouveaux traitements thérapeutiques pour le Liposarcome." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTT082.
Повний текст джерелаWell-differentiated and de-differentiated liposarcomas (LPS) are characterized by a systematic amplification of the MDM2 oncogene that encodes a key negative regulator of the p53 pathway. The molecular mechanisms underlying MDM2 overexpression, but sparing wild-type p53, in LPS remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the p53-independent metabolic functions of chromatin-bound MDM2 are exacerbated in LPS and mediate an addiction to serine metabolism that sustains nucleotide synthesis and tumor growth. Treatment of LPS cells with Nutlin-3A, a pharmacological inhibitor of the MDM2-p53 interaction, stabilized p53 but unexpectedly enhanced MDM2-mediated control of serine metabolism by increasing its recruitment to chromatin, likely explaining the poor clinical efficacy of this class of MDM2 inhibitors. In contrast, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of chromatin-bound MDM2 by SP141, a distinct MDM2 inhibitor triggering its degradation, or interfering with de novo serine synthesis, impaired LPS growth both in vitro and in clinically-relevant Patient-Derived Xenograft models. Our data indicate that targeting MDM2 functions in serine metabolism represents an efficient therapeutic strategy for LPS
Le, Calvez Thomas. "Diversité et fonctions écologiques des champignons en écosystème hydrothermal marin profond." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465055.
Повний текст джерелаBondu, Stéphanie. "Analyses structurales des carbohydrates de l'algue Soliera chordalis (Rhodophyta) et étude de leurs fonctions métaboliques, possibilités d'application dans le domaine de la cancérologie-immunologie." Brest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BRES2017.
Повний текст джерелаThe red alga Solieria chordalis (J. Agardh) C. Agardh (Solieriaceae, Gigartinales) was chosen as model of this study. The aims ofthis investigation were i) to characterize the carbohydrates derived from the primary carbon metabolism of the alga, ii) to define their metaboli functions andiii) to propose these compounds for applications in the medical area especially in cancerology-immunology. A pluridisciplinar study was conducted including a chemical work in order to elucidate the chemical structures of the low molecular weight carbohydrates (floridoside, digeneaside (and isofloridoside)), the floridean starch (as granules), the glucans and the carrageenan. A biochemical work was then carried out in order to understand the functions of each compound inside the algal metabolism. For this study, cultures under controlled conditions (changes in salinities of incubation media) were carried out thalli of S. Chordalis and led us to investigate the mobilizations and carbon exchanges between these carbons pools to face up the saline stress. Then, the chemical work allowed us to the isolation of high purity carbohydrate products, which have been used for in vitro immunological studies. The results have demonstrated that the low molecular weight fractions of carrageenans (and a compound, denoted by SC2310, patent application) exhibited strong activities in the stimulation of the effectors constituting the natural immunity
Carbonneau, Élisabeth. "Effet de la régie de traite en début de lactation sur les performances zootechniques et sur certains paramètres métaboliques et immunologiques des vaches laitières multipares." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5749.
Повний текст джерелаDefour, Aurélia. "Fonctions métaboliques de Sirtuine 1 dans le muscle strié squelettique : contribution à l'étude de la régulation de l'expression de SREBP-1c et rôle potentiel lors d'un jeûne chez des myotubes C2C12." Phd thesis, Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677025.
Повний текст джерелаPatin, Constance. "Exploration du dialogue entre le microbiote intestinal et l'hôte chez les enfants nés grands-prématurés à un mois de vie via des méthodes méta-omiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASQ045.
Повний текст джерелаPreterm birth (<37 gestational age) is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age worldwide. Therefore, it is important to understand its short-term and long-term consequences. While the association between preterm birth and short-term health has been extensively studied, its link to long-term outcomes remains relatively unknown. In premature and very premature infants, the intestinal microbiota is highly variable and often resembles the microbiota found in the neonatal intensive care unit environment.The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the interactions between intestinal microbiota profiles and the host at one month of age in very preterm infants (<32 weeks of gestation; EPIPAGE2 cohort). Infants were grouped based on the results of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) at the age of 2 years, focusing on developmental milestones.We performed a meta-omic study on fecal samples from very-preterm infants at 1 month of age and integrated data on the fecal microbiota (16S rRNA gene sequencing), metabolome (LC-MS), and host transcriptome (RNA-seq).In infants born very prematurely, it is possible to link microbiome profiles to various metabolic pathways as well as host immune markers. These combinations are themselves associated with clinical outcomes such as intestinal transit or later neurodevelopment. The microbiome at 1 month may serve as a non-invasive indicator of intestinal immaturity. Escherichia and Staphylococcus have proven to be the best indicators of maturity and immaturity, respectively. Escherichia might facilitate the process of intestinal maturation in preterm infants
Sarruf, David. "Les régulateurs du cycle cellulaire et la fonction métabolique." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON1T022.
Повний текст джерелаEnot-Joyeux, Françoise. "Fonctions exécutives et traumatisés crâniens sévères : approches neuropsychologique, métabolique et morphologique." Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN1377.
Повний текст джерелаElfassy-Zarka, Yaelle. "Impact du syndrome métabolique sur les fonctions de reproduction masculines : rôle des adipokines." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS683.
Повний текст джерелаMetabolic syndrome (MS) which increase since last decades impairs male reproductive functions. Adipokines, secreted by adipose tissue, are involved in reproductive axis. These adipokines are poorly studied in semen and could be the link between MS and fertility. Fistly, we performed pre-analytical conditions to obtain reliable dosages in seminal plasma (SP). Thus, we studied seminal and circulating adipokines in metabolically normal patients and then in 160 male partners of infertile couple which present or not MS. Infertility time was longer in men with MS. Adipokines were more concentrated in blood than SP, except for Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and visfatin. In case of MS, adiponectin was decrease as expected, but 2.1 fold higher in SP than men without MS, unlike other adipokines which variate the same way in blood than in SP. Seminal IL-6 was significantly correlated with sperm concentration, progressive motility and vitality. These data confirm the importance of screening infertile patients for MS. It suggest an involvement of seminal adipokines to modulate fertility in men with MS, and that seminal IL-6 could play a beneficial role on sperm functions probably by AMPK actions. The perspectives of this work are part of a global management of infertile couples to restore optimal metabolism to procreate
Villard, Elise. "Impact de facteurs génétiques et métaboliques sur la fonction et la structure des HDL." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066284.
Повний текст джерелаThe high HDL-C plasma levels observed in CETP-deficient subjects have afforded a rational to the development of pharmacological CETP inhibitors to increase HDL-C and to reduce cardiovascular diseases. However, clinical evaluation of 2 CETP inhibitors (Torcetrapib and Dalcetrapib) revealed that those treatments were surprisingly not able to reduce cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, these molecules induce significant elevation of plasma HDL-C levels and improve HDL efflux capacity, improving large HDL or small HDL particle function. These observations highlight the complexity of HDL function biology, which is modulated by many factors. Thus, my PhD work focused on the modulation of HDL structure and efflux capacity by clinical, genetic and metabolic factors. Furthermore, in the current context of CETP inhibitors failure, it is important to keep in mind the potent atheroprotective functions of CETP; those may be preserved to manage cardiovascular diseases. Indeed, this concept is supported by the contradictory conclusions reached by association studies between CETP and cardiovascular risk. Hence, CETP may have pro and anti-atherogenic functions, which result in either a global benefic or deleterious effect, according to individual metabolic context. Consequently, my PhD project aims to identify the extent of CETP atherogenicity in order to propose a relevant therapeutic strategy to prevent its deleterious effects and broadlier CAD development. My PhD research work affords a better understanding of HDL efflux capacity modulation by genetic and metabolic factors, highlighting that HDL-based therapy could have different effect according to metabolic and genetic context of treated patients. Moreover, as a putative explanation of CETP inhibitor failure, I demonstrated that CETP acts as an anti-atherogenic protein, as it improves plasma efflux capacity from human macrophage and modulates the postprandial inflammatory response
Grego, Fabien. "Fatigue et fonction cognitive lors d'exercices de longue durée : approche neurophysiologique et métabolique." Toulon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUL0013.
Повний текст джерелаThe physiological effects of prolonged exercise of moderate intensity are well known. On the opposite, few studies have focused on the effects of matabolic and neurophysiological modifications on central nervous sustem working and on cognitive function. The aim of thie work was to test the hypthesis always suggested but rarely validated that the modification of the physiological state by prolonged exercise affect information processins afficiency. Ours results confirm, for duration's inferiors to one hour, the positive effects of exercise and validate the empiric idea observed experimentally of an alteration capacities of subjects for exercise duration exceeding 2 hours. Further studies, in particular in animal model, are necessary to evaluate the respective influence of certain cerebral neurotransmitters in cognitive fatigue processes
Dissard, Romain. "Diabète et maladie rénale chronique : caractérisation des effets du syndrome métabolique sur la fonction rénale et apports de la protéomique urinaire." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3524/.
Повний текст джерелаMetabolic syndrome can induce chronic kidney disease in humans. Genetically engineered mice on a C57BL/6 background are highly used for mechanistic studies. Although it has been shown that metabolic syndrome induces cardiovascular lesions in C57BL/6 mice, in depth renal phenotyping has never been performed. Therefore in this study we characterized renal function and injury in C57BL/6 mice with long-term metabolic syndrome induced by a high fat and fructose diet (HFFD). C57BL/6 mice received an 8 months HFFD diet enriched with fat (45% energy from fat) and drinking water enriched with fructose (30%). Body weight, food/water consumption, energy intake, fat/lean mass ratio, plasma glucose, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and cholesterol levels were monitored. At 3, 6 and 8 months, renal function was determined by inulin clearance and measure of albuminuria. At sacrifice, kidneys and liver were collected. Metabolic syndrome in C57BL/6 mice fed a HFFD was observed as early 4 weeks with development of type 2 diabetes at 8 weeks after initiation of diet. However, detailed analysis of kidney structure and function showed only minimal renal injury after 8 months of HFFD. HFFD induced moderate glomerular hyperfiltration (436,4 µL/min vs 289,8 µL/min; p-value=0. 0418) together with a 2-fold increase in albuminuria only after 8 months of HFFD. This was accompanied by a 2-fold increase in renal inflammation (p-value=0. 0217) but without renal fibrosis or mesangial matrix expansion. In addition, electron microscopy did not show alterations in glomeruli such as basal membrane thickening and foot process effacement. Finally, comparison of the urinary peptidome of these mice with the urinary peptidome from humans with diabetic nephropathy also suggested absence of diabetic nephropathy in this model. This study provides evidence that the HFFD C57BL/6 model is not the optimal model to study the effects of metabolic syndrome on the development of diabetic kidney disease
Soltani, Mohamed. "Distribution lipidique et voies métaboliques chez quatre bactéries Gram-négatives hydrocarbonoclastes : variation en fonction de la source de carbone." Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009276.
Повний текст джерелаLeclerc, Jacinthe. "Impact d'un programme modifiant les habitudes de vie sur la fonction diastolique ventriculaire gauche dans le syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30437/30437.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIt is known that lifestyle changes have positive impact on cardiovascular risk factors. Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is certainly the most prevalent cardiovascular disease. Not a lot is found in the literature regarding the reversibility of this dysfunction. During this project, it was observed that diastolic dysfunction is reversible following a 1-year lifestyle modification program. Baseline characteristics of participants who improved their diastolic function were an impaired glucose tolerance, a higher systolic blood pressure at maximal effort as well as a better performance at maximal effort test. Changes in adiposity measures, insulin resistance and exercise tolerance induced by this program did not correlate with improvements in diastolic function.
Dayoub, Ousama. "Impact de la delphinidine sur les fonctions de lymphocytes T chez les sujets sains et les patients atteints de syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0051.
Повний текст джерелаObesity and its metabolic complications like metabolic syndrome (MetS) are becoming worldwide epidemics which share a common component of chronic low-grade inflammation. T lymphocytes play a central role in the triggering of this inflammatory process. Modulation of T lymphocytes functions by using polyphenols, as a possible approach to alleviate chronic inflammatory metabolic diseases has become the subject of many scientific investigations. Here, we analyzed the effect of delphinidin, an anthocyanin known to possess vasculoprotection properties, via an estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-dependent mechanism, on proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of T lymphocytes from healthy subjects and MetS patients. We found that delphinidin decreased proliferation and apoptosis of T lymphocytes from healthy subjects stimulated by different mitogen and apoptotic agents, respectively. Further, delphinidin suppressed the differentiation of hese cells toward Th1, Th17 and Treg without affecting Th2 subsets. Interestingly, delphinidin inhibited proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation of T cells taken from patients with cardiovascular risks associated with MetS. We also identified the molecular mechanism involved, with the implication of ERα, ERK1/2, NFAT and HDAC pathways in relation with calcium signaling. Together, we propose that delphinidin by acting on ERα, via multiple cellular targets, may represent a new approach in the treatment of chronic inflammatory metabolic disorders caused by excessive T lymphocyte responses, in with cardiovascular risk factors
Dansou, Houndjoui Pierre. "Tennis et aptitude aérobie chez la femme : étude en fonction de l'âge des réponses cardiaques et métaboliques lors d'un match éprouvant." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10176.
Повний текст джерелаBergeron, Vaillancourt Simon. "Effet d'un agoniste PPARð après un infarctus du myocarde sur la fonction cardiaque et l'expression de gènes métaboliques chez le rat." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2011. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2263/1/030275377.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаTissier, Cindy. "Aspects métaboliques de la reperfusion myocardique : étude corrélative des effets des substrats, de l'oxygène et de l'insuline sur la récupération post-ischémique du cardiomyocyte." Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOMU18.
Повний текст джерелаThe determination of the most favorable conditions for the myocardial recovery during the post-ischemic reperfusion is still elusive. The present study aimed at defining the effects of glucose and of various different fatty acids (FA) on the recovery of post-ischemic cardiac muscle cells. Cardiomyocytes (CM) from newborn rats were subjected to 2. 5 h of ‘‘ischemia’’ simulated by a substrate-free hypoxia (SI), followed by 2 h of “reperfusion” simulated by reoxygenation in absence of substrate (CTRL) or in the presence of glucose (GLC), octanoic acid (OCTA) or oleic acid (OLE), added as single or combinated substrate(s). During simulated ischemia, the electromechanical activity ceased gradually and cellular viability and mitochondrial function dramatically decreased. The substrate-free standard reperfusion provided a near normal functional recovery, although incomplete and delayed (after 30 min of reperfusion). GLC or OLE given at the onset of reperfusion hastened this recovery, while GLC was the sole subtrate to improve the post-ischemic mitochondrial function. Conversely, the addition of any substrate at the time of reperfusion worsened the cellular viability in comparison with the substrate-free “reperfusion”. Finally, GLC+OLE combination entailed the most favourable recovery in respect of metabolic, functional and viability markers. On the other hand, a rise in the oxygen partial pressure during the post-ischemic period improved the resumption of mitochondrial function and viability. Moreover, the presence of a single substrate and a high oxygen level modulated the expression of the mRNA of glucose and FA transport proteins and of apoptosis markers. These results suggest a modulation of metabolic and survival pathways by the conditions of reperfusion at the molecular level. Finally, the presence of insulin before ischemia protected against ischemic-induced membraneous damages. However, the effect of insulin on the post-ischemic recovery depended upon both time of addition and the presence of glucose during reperfusion. The gain in recovery by a preischemic supply of insulin appeared at late time of reperfusion (6 h), while its post-ischemic addition provided earlier beneficial effects (1 and 2 h). To conclude, the post-“ischemic” CM recovery clearly depended on the characteristics of the available substrate during the reperfusion period (nature, chain length, insaturation degree). Therefore, the modulation of the energy metabolism with appropriate substrate, oxygen amount and insulin supply, should be taken into account in the different reperfusion strategies in order to contribute to the most favourable cardiocellular recovery
Leone, Nathalie. "Fonction ventilatoire, asthme et facteurs de risque cardiométabolique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00965432.
Повний текст джерелаDjohan, Youzan Ferdinand. "Influence d’un régime riche en huile de palme sur le statut antioxydant, la fonction mitochondriale et les désordres métaboliques associés à l'obésité." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT035/document.
Повний текст джерелаPalm oil is the most consumed vegetable oil in the world. Because of its high content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), particularly palmitic acid, this oil is considered by some authors as potentially harmful to health. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of palm oil (red or olein), olive oil (considered good for health) and lard (rich in SFA), on health. To do this, 40 male Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 rats each: 1 control group et 4 groups fed by high fat diet (HFD) containing respectively red palm oil, palm olein, olive oil or lard. After 12 weeks of diet, the rats were sacrificed and the tissues removed. Tissue tests have shown that palm oil (red or olein) induces an antioxidant status and a lipid profile superimposed on those of olive oil. All HFD contributed to weight gain, impaired mitochondrial function, and disturbance of carbohydrate metabolism by the induction of insulin resistance. The study shows that olive oil is more deleterious to the liver than palm oil (red or olein) and lard. Apart from red palm oil, palm olein, olive oil and lard negatively influence adipose tissue. Studies on the aorta have shown that the vascular effects of palm oil are less deleterious to the aorta than lard and olive oil.Overall, the results of this study show that harmfull effects of palm oil (red or olein) were not worse than that of olive oil on organ that were analyzed
Serrano, Ferrer Juan. "Effet de mesures hygiéno-diététiques reposant sur l'exercice physique couplé à une diète alimentaire sur la fonction régionale myocardique droite et gauche dans le syndrome métabolique." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0712/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical entity which is characterized by the combination of a set of risk factors, the accumulation of which contributes to a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Its prevalence has grown steadily during the past decades, principally as a result of poor eating habits and sedentary lifestyle. The SM is classically associated with cardiac remodeling and diastolic abnormalities involving the left heart; and recent studies using cardiac imaging deformation also reflect a regional early systolic dysfunction. The right heart is poorly documented and for both right and left heart underlying mechanisms of functional impairments remain largely unknown. Our knowledge about the impact of lifestyle changes on left and right myocardial function are also very poor. Thus, the main objectives of this thesis were to evaluate in MetS patients the effect of lifestyle intervention based on food diet with exercise training on right and left ventricular regional myocardial function, and to study the relationships, at baseline and in response to changes in lifestyle, among the main factors of MetS and regional myocardial function. The population consisted of 100 asymptomatic MetS male and female randomly divided into 3 groups according to exercise modality (dominant high-intensity "resistance" or " endurance”, or mixed of moderate intensity), caloric restriction (500 to 700 kcal / d) being common to all patients. A control group (n = 40) matched by age and sex was also evaluated. The use of transthoracic ultrasound in the "speckle tracking imaging" mode allowed the assessment of longitudinal myocardial deformations of the left ventricle (LV) and the free wall of the right ventricle (RV). Our results confirmed the regional LV diastolic and systolic abnormalities previously described in the literature but demonstrated for the first time they also concern the right heart. Our interventional program reduced MetS prevalence and its individual factors, and significantly improved both systolic and diastolic LV and RV regional dysfunction. Visceral adipose tissue, especially epicardial adipose tissue, systemic inflammation, involving both pro- (PAI-1, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory (adiponectin) adipocytokines as well as chronic hyperglycemia, all factors affected by MetS and significantly improved in response to the intervention, appeared as significant independent contributors of the right and left regional dysfunction. The role of the epicardial adipose tissue seems central, potentially via autocrine and paracrine effects, and this tissue should thus be considered as future therapeutic target of major interest in the treatment of cardiometabolic diseases
Pagé, Anik. "Effets des anomalies métaboliques associées à l'obésité viscérale sur la géométrie et la fonction ventriculaire gauche des patients atteints de sténose valvulaire aortique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27747/27747.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHajj, Cynthia El. "Effet de la vitamine D sur les marqueurs métaboliques et la fonction musculaire : étude chez des sujets libanais âgés, normo-pondéraux ou obèses." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAS015.
Повний текст джерелаThe main role of vitamin D is to control the homeostasis of the phosphorus and calcium status of the body. Recent observational studies have shown that vitamin D is also able to regulate insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, thus playing an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. In addition, vitamin D has been shown to modulate muscle health. For example, vitamin D deficiency negatively influences muscle mass and muscle function in the elderly. Studies have clearly shown that correcting vitamin D deficiencies improves muscle contractile function and muscle strength in this population. In addition, the level of physical activity decreases with age, that negatively affects muscle mass and contractile function, and leads to weight gain, mainly due to increased body fat. However, studies have found that overweight seniors are characterized by lower blood vitamin D levels, lower muscle mass and strength compared to a reference age population.The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance index, as well as on appendicular muscle mass (ASMM) and muscle strength in normal weight or overweight older people. This work is based on a randomized controlled trial, performed in single blind. In terms of results, we show that vitamin D intake in normal or overweight elderly subjects, characterized by a low vitamin D status, improved short-term fasting glucose and insulin resistance markers. The increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D] after supplementation resulted in a significant decrease in fasting insulin levels and in HOMA-IR index. We were able to identify a correlation between low serum concentrations of [25 (OH) D] and a decrease in glucose tolerance and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes.Regarding muscle markers, we have shown that vitamin D supplementation has beneficial implications on appendicular muscle mass and fat mass in elderly men and women. However, we found no significant effect on muscle strength. We also found that overweight subjects had a lower serum [25 (OH) D] at baseline. In addition the increase in muscle mass after vitamin D intake was lower in this group than in normal weight subjects.Overall, this work shows that it is necessary to monitor the vitamin D status in older people, especially in overweight subjects
Quiclet, Charline. "Effets de l'entraînement physique périnatal sur la santé métabolique de la descendance : composition corporelle, fonction pancréatique et gestion des substrats énergétiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAS041/document.
Повний текст джерелаPrevalence of metabolic diseases is growing up in our modern societies and constitutes a major public health concern. Family history, environment and lifestyle play a role in the susceptibility to several metabolic disorders. Based on epidemiological data, a link has been established between the environment during the first stages of life and diseases occurrence in adulthood leading to the concept of DOHaD. The aim of this work was to study, using a murine model, the effect of daily maternal exercise during gestation or lactation on offspring body composition, pancreatic function and energy substrates handling on a short- and a long-term basis. Maternal training before and during gestation is associated with changes in offspring pancreas structure and function and in energy substrates handling at all ages. Maternal exercise also decreases offspring body weight gain and fat mass gain when exposed to a high-fat/high sucrose diet. Maternal physical exercise during lactation modifies milk composition and offspring pancreatic function. However, it is associated to an increase in offspring body weight in adulthood but seems to protect against the insulin resistance induced by maternal separation. In conclusion, daily physical exercise during gestation and/or lactation modifies offspring organs development and maturation (such as pancreas, adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle) and its energy substrates handling. Maternal training consequences on offspring can be either beneficial or deleterious depending on its age and on its nutritional environment. This work is complementary to studies conducted in the framework of the DOHaD concept and strengthens the idea that the environment during the first stages of life will have short- to long-term impacts on the health of the individual
Chacaroun, Samarmar. "Stratégies thérapeutiques par conditionnement hypoxique : modalités pratiques et effets sur la santé cardio-respiratoire et métabolique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS020/document.
Повний текст джерелаHypoxia refers to a decrease in the oxygen bioavailability at the tissue level. The combination of intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia is identified in several respiratory diseases as a critical pathophysiological element. However, research suggests that exposure to hypo- or normocapnic hypoxia can improve cardiovascular health. The combination of hypoxic exposure and exercise training has been used by athletes to improve aerobic exercise performance. Recent pilot studies in patients with chronic diseases indicate that exposure to moderate hypoxia at rest or during exercise is likely to induce significant gains in cardiovascular health, body composition and metabolic status.We investigated the effects of normobaric hypoxic exposure on cardiorespiratory and tissue function in healthy subjects, overweight or obese subjects at risk or with cardio-metabolic abnormalities. We assessed the efficacy of 2 types of passive hypoxic conditioning consisting in sustained hypoxia or intermittent hypoxia and hypoxic exercise training in comparison with normoxic condition. First, we assessed the effects of short-term hypoxic exposure at rest in 14 healthy subjects. Then, we evaluated the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of a 8-week normobaric hypoxic conditioning program at rest (intermittent or sustained hypoxia) in 35 overweight or obese patients, compared to placebo normoxic exposure. Next, we conducted a preliminary study in 24 healthy subjects to assess the acute responses to submaximal constant-load and high intensity interval cycling exercise performed in normoxia and in hypoxia. The last study aimed to compare the effect of an 8-week exercise training program performed either in normoxia or hypoxia on maximal aerobic capacity in overweight or obese subjects.In the healthy subject, we emphasized the rapid benefits of intermittent hypoxic conditioning on cardiovascular function (lower baseline systolic blood pressure and increased heart rate variability) and the modulation of tissue deoxygenation in response to hypoxia. We have also shown in healthy subjects that acute exercise (combined with hypoxia causes a similar decrease in muscle oxygenation but a greater prefrontal cortex deoxygenation compared to normoxic condition. Then, in the overweight or obese subject, we have shown that chronic passive hypoxic conditioning induces a decrease in diastolic blood pressure at rest in normoxia, an increase in the hypoxic ventilatory response and a decrease in heart rate variability after intermittent hypoxic conditioning only. In addition, chronic active (exercise training) hypoxic conditioning improves the maximal aerobic capacity compared to placebo normoxic training.Our results show the feasibility of several hypoxic conditioning strategies and their interesting effects on the vascular function in overweight/obese subjects presenting exercise limitations impeding exercise reconditioning. In addition, active hypoxic conditioning showed a greater effect on physical fitness than normoxic exercise training. These hypoxic conditioning strategies must be further optimized to improve their efficacy regarding weight loss and cardiometabolic morbidity in obese. They also represent promising therapeutic opportunities for other chronic diseases
Guerrini, Olivier. "Etude des relations structure-fonction de la Glycéraldéhyde 3-phosphate oxydoréductase et Ingénierie métabolique de Clostridium acetobutylicum pour la production de Biohydrogène." Toulouse, INSA, 2007. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000206/.
Повний текст джерелаClostridium acetobutylicum is one of the most efficient reported micro-organism for hydrogen production. However, it requires the improvement of its hydrogen production yield from glucose before being used in an industrial bioprocess economically attractive. It is possible to remove this metabolic restriction by diverting an additional part electronic flow of glycolysis to the formation of hydrogen by the introduction in the central metabolism a 3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase (GAPOR), an atypical tungsto-enzyme present in some hyperthermophilic archea. The creation of this new electronic chain involves the interaction between three key proteins: a GAPOR, a specific electron carrier: Ferredoxin, and a Hydrogenase enzyme, the final electron acceptor and the catalyst of the hydrogen synthesis. Significant improvements have been achieved to the heterologous system expression of GAPOR in order to obtain a stable and a functional enzyme. The essential contribution of tungsten import into the host cell, cofactors synthesis and incorporation into the protein was demonstrated. The shuttle protein ferredoxin should be able to efficiently interact with both GAPOR and C. Acetobutylicum hydrogenase. We have selected several ferredoxins naturally present in the in vivo surrounding of either GAPOR or hydrogenase, and compare their reduction rates by the C. Acetobutylicum iron hydrogenase. Although the observed rates confirmed the natural substrate flexibility of iron hydrogenase, the ferredoxin CAC0303 was identified as a potential best partner than the others for the selected metabolic engineering strategy. The influence of different biochemical and biophysical factors that govern the electronic transfer between these two proteins has been particularly studied and discussed
Omari, Bachir el. "Régulation de la fonction de reproduction et de l'hibernation par les facteurs de l'environnement chez le hérisson (erinaceus europaeus l. ) : aspects neuroendocriniens et métaboliques." Tours, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOUR4011.
Повний текст джерелаOlmedo, Christian. "Fonctions oncogéniques de la phospholipase A2α cytoplasmique au cours de la progression tumorale pancréatique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/191119_OLMEDO_899ri929l164b789hydb_TH.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаWith a 5-year survival rate around 9%, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. PDAC resistance to therapies is in part due to its drastic desmoplasia which limits nutrient and oxygen supplies to tumoral cells and forced them to undergo a metabolic reprogramming to survive. Metabolic changes associated with tumor progression were characterized in PDAC genetically engineered mouse model (Pdx1-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D; Ink4a/Arffl/fl). Among the most up-regulated lipid pathways at intermediate and advanced stage of the disease were the eicosanoid-associated pathways, notably prostaglandin (PG) and leukotriene (LT) synthesis. Most of the over-expressed transcripts involved in this pathway are also found up-regulated in human PDAC as compared to adjacent pancreas. We showed that the cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 alpha (cPLA2α) enzyme, catalyzing the rate-limiting step of PG and LT synthesis, is abundantly present and active in PDAC as compared to healthy pancreas. Knock out of cPLA2α in human pancreatic cancer cells led to a decrease in PGE2 and PGF2α secretion which is accompanied by a reduction of cell proliferation, migration and altered cell aggregation capacities in 3D. Moreover, we demonstrated that cPLA2α-mediated secretome promotes lymphangiogenesis. We also showed that loss of cPLA2α reduces PDAC growth on chick chorioallantoic membrane and in pancreas of athymic mice as compared to cPLA2α+/+ cell xenografts. Taking together, these results provide evidence that tumoral cPLA2α, through its pro-oncogenic effects on PDAC cells and lymphangiogenesis is an interesting metabolic target against this fatal cancer
Jugelé, Romain. "Étude de la répartition asymétrique des molécules lytiques et métaboliques dans la division des lymphocytes T CD8+ humains." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30285.
Повний текст джерелаCellular responses' heterogeneity is a key feature of immune responses. It ensures the presence of cells endowed with distinct functions whose close collaboration allows efficient antigen recognition, activation of effector cells, pathogen elimination and the establishment of long-term immunity. Previous work in the Team of Dr. Valitutti, based on a "single cell" approach, revealed an additional level of heterogeneity within clonal effector CD8+ T lymphocytes. This work showed that CD8+ T lymphocytes, all genetically identical and specific for the same antigen, exhibit highly heterogeneous capability in target cell killing. Vasconcelos and al. also demonstrated that functional properties of an individual CD8+ T cell are not inherited by daughter cells upon cell division, on the contrary, expansion of a single cell leads to the generation of a clonal population endowed of a high functional heterogeneity. The aim of my PhD work was to better understand the phenomenon of functional heterogeneity of human CD8+ T cells and its possible functional link with cell division. To address this issue, we investigated whether asymmetric repartition of molecular components could occur during human CD8+ T cell division (both freshly isolated polyclonal cells and clonal CTL). To study protein distribution during cell division, we chose to focus on cells in telophase (the last stage of mitosis before daughter cell separation). Because telophase cells are extremely rare in the G2/M population, and exhibit low adhesion capacity, we developed an acquisition and analysis protocol using imaging flow cytometry (IsX, MERK), a technology combining the advantages of both flow cytometry (highly quantitative analysis of cell populations) and microscopy (detailed analysis of individual cells), to acquire highly quantitative results allowing the unambiguous determination of the protein levels inherited by each of the nascent-daughter cell in telophase. Our results show that CD107a+ intracellular vesicles (corresponding to T lymphocyte lysosomes and lytic granules) and lytic molecules (such as perforin and granzyme B) are unevenly segregated in telophase, thus generating at each divisions daughter cells equipped with different amounts of lytic potential. Imaging flow cytometry also shows the uneven repartition of mTOR and of its main substrate phospho-S6 ribosomal protein during division. These results together with our observation that mTORC1 function is instrumental to fuel sustained killing of outnumbering target cells, support our finding that CTL lytic potential is asymmetrically inherited during division. Three lines of evidences indicate that the observed uneven segregation of effector molecules in dividing human CD8+ T cells is not part of a classical mechanism of fate determining asymmetric cell division (ACD), such those described in embryogenesis. 1) In spite of effector molecules asymmetric distribution in telophase, we observed homogeneous partitioning of fate determining factors (such as the transcription factors T-bet and C-myc and the partitioning molecules PKC?;, PAR6 and Numb) during CD8+ T cell division. 2) The process of asymmetric repartitioning of effector molecule occurs at each division round and is not hereditary, e.g. a daughter cell originating from a heterogeneous division has a constant stationary probability to produce a new uneven division. 3) The observed asymmetric repartition of effector molecules does not require a polarity cue as described in classical ACD processes. Taken together our results reveal a novel mechanism of stochastic uneven molecular segregation in telophase of lytic molecules and signaling components that randomly generates heterogeneity within human CD8+ T cell populations and might contribute to the flexibility and robustness of adaptive immune responses
Piponnier, Enzo. "Etude des différences de fatigue neuromusculaire entre enfants et adultes en fonction du groupe musculaire, de la longueur musculaire et du profil métabolique." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS013/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aims of this PhD thesis were to evaluate the effects of differences of (i) force level, throughout different muscle groups and muscle lengths, and (ii) metabolic profile on the differences of development and etiology of the neuromuscular fatigue between prepubertal children and adults, as well as (iii) to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms of neuromuscular fatigue in children. The results of this PhD thesis showed that force level differences could be a factor underpinning the differences in the development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults. However, this factor cannot fully account for differences in fatigue between both populations. Indeed, our results also highlighted that metabolic profile differences could explain the difference of development and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue between children and adults. Additionally, the results of this thesis showed that children exhibit lower peripheral fatigue and greater central fatigue than adults after an intermittent maximal exercise. This lower peripheral fatigue was associated with a lower alteration of the contractile properties and excitation-contraction coupling, and a better adaptation of the muscle oxygenation in prepubertal children. Our results suggest that spinal fatigue could not explained the differences in central fatigue between children and adults, and that the greater central fatigue in children could be attributed to a greater supra-spinal fatigue
Ghezzal, Sara. "Rôles des lipides alimentaires sur l'intestin : métabolisme, inflammation et fonction de barrière." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS436.
Повний текст джерелаThe origin of systemic inflammation observed at a subclinical level in obese patients is still unclear. Studies suggest the participation of the intestine and dietary lipids in the onset of inflammation. The aim of my thesis was to determine whether a short-term lipid supply, rich in saturated fatty acid, could compromise the intestinal barrier integrity, which could in turn increase the endotoxin passage through the intestinal mucosa, activate the immune system and trigger local or systemic inflammation. In mice, I studied the effect of a single or repeated supply of palm oil on intestinal barrier integrity, inflammatory markers and microbiota. My results showed that a single supply of palm oil is sufficient to alter intestinal epithelial barrier and to modulate in the intestine the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine. A repeated supply exacerbates these deleterious effects and modifies the abundance of intestinal bacteria. The role of palmitic acid was analyzed on a polarized monolayer of the human intestinal epithelial cell line, the Caco-2/TC7 cells. The results indicated that the deleterious effects could be exert independently of microbiota and immune cell interactions and involved the de novo ceramide synthesis pathway. Altogether, my results pave the way for further studies aiming at specifying the various cellular processes in response to dietary lipids
James, Franck. "Changements métaboliques induits par une carence en glucose dans les pointes de racines de maïs : caractérisation d'une endopeptidase et régulation de son expression par les sucres." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR28280.
Повний текст джерелаSeminal maize root tip has been used to follow the effects of sugar starvation on carbon metabolism. This work has shown that resppiratory decline is mainly controlled by the carbon supply for ATP-utilizing processes and not for respiration. During starvation, the metabolic processes induced by carbon deprivation can be reversed up until 4 days by exogenous sugar. After 4 days, the loss of homeostasis, by membrane structure degradation leads to cell death. Substitution of sugars by lipids and proteins to supply carbon substrates for biosynthetic and respiratory processes is associated with a coordinated response to the enzymic equipment. Hence, the decrease in enzymic activities related with sugar metabolism while beta-oxydation and proteolytic activities increase, is an argument to assess selectivity of degradation and synthesis of proteins during starvation. Effects of sugar starvation on nitrogen metabolism have shown that root cells respond to this new situation by storing nitrogen from degraded proteins in a non toxic form : asparagine. During starvation, endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase activities increase while aminopeptidase activities decrease. We have purified the protease responsible for the major part of endopeptidase activity during starvation. This monomeric serine protease has a molecular mass of 60 kDa and is strictly localized in vacuoles of root tissues. The enzyme expression is modulated at the level of transcription by endogenous sugar content. For the first time in higher plants, we give evidence for a phenomenom of catabolic repression as already largely described in yeast. Induction of such a protease in sugar starvation condition could contribute to the alimentation of respiration with carbon proteic substrates when the endogenous sugar content decreases
Malaisé, Yann. "Caractérisation chez la souris adulte des impacts immuno-modulateurs des bisphénols après exposition périnatale : conséquences sur la fonction "barrière" de l'intestin et la susceptibilité aux désordres métaboliques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0119/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) is commonly found in food industry, more precisely in food contact packaging. BPA is used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins lining food and beverage cans, becoming an ubiquitous contaminant in human food. The extent of human exposure to this chemical is thought to be correlated with the occurrence of disorders like food intolerance, obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2D). During last years, a particular interest have been raised about its ability to disrupt various physiological functions, including immune system, after perinatal exposure at relevant environmental doses for Human. In the first study, we showed that perinatal exposure to BPA (50 µg/kg body weight/day) decreased anti-microbial activity and ileal lysozyme expression in the female mouse offspring. In those mice, we observed an increased gut permeability, in association with an increase of colonic IFN- level. Moreover, we observed a decrease of IgA+ cells with a loss of IgA secretion into faeces, depicting intestinal barrier and defense function defects in BPA female offspring. Interestingly, a decrease of the intestinal ILC3 frequency associated with an increase of IgG against commensal E.coli in sera have been observed in these individuals. These effects were linked to a defect of maturation and migratory ability of dendritic cells from lamina propria (LP) and spleen. Perinatal exposure to BPA also increased IFN- and IL-17 secretions after in vitro stimulation in the gut and elicited Th17 response in the spleen. Altogether, these effects support the ability of a perinatal exposure to BPA to induce oral intolerance with ageing in female offspring. Secondly, we showed that perinatal exposure to BPA at the same dose led to intestinal and systemic immune system homeostasis disturbances in male mouse offspring at day 45, through a decrease of Th1 and Th17 frequencies in the LP and an increase of Th1 and Th17 response in spleen. These effects were associated with an altered glucose sensibility, a decrease of faecal IgA secretion and a fall of bifidobacteria in the microbiota of these individuals. These BPA-mediated events precede infiltration of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages in gonadal white adipose tissue, together with a decreased insulin sensitivity and an increased weight gain. This longitudinal study allowed us to better understand the sequential events linked to perinatal exposure to BPA that lead to obesity and T2D, and highlighted the role of immune system linked to gut microbiota in the development of these metabolic disorders. Finally, we hypothesized that two structural analogs of BPA –i.e., Bisphenol S and F- can display similar immune-modulatory effects that could lead to similar developmental disturbances than BPA in exposed-offspring. This hypothesis was tested in a preliminary experiment in female mouse offspring perinatally exposed to BPS and BPF. We also provided preliminary results of these two compounds, compared to BPA, from an in vitro study. This thesis contributes to the increase knowledge about the immunotoxic effects of bisphenol compounds in the context of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)
Moreau, Amélie. "Etude dans l'hépatocyte humain des gènes cibles des récepteurs nucléaires CAR et PXR, régulateurs de la fonction de détoxication entéro-hépatique et nouveaux perturbateurs métaboliques et endocriniens." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20040.
Повний текст джерелаCAR and PXR are two nuclear receptor devoted to potentially toxic xenobiotics and endobiotics. Their activation allow the transcription of major genes involved in the detoxication process (CYP450, transferase, transporters). The aim of this study was to identify new PXR and/or CAR target involved in others metabolics pathways which could lead to metabolic or endocrinal disruption. We first show that, like PXR, CAR activation provokes an increase in VitD3 catabolism via the induction of CYP24. Then, from a large transcriptomic screening validated by molecular biology and biochemical approaches, we dig out a new lipogenic pathway involving the direct induction of S14 by PXR. These results show that long term PXR and CAR activation could lead to bone demineralisation (CYP24) or intrahepatic steatosis (S14)
Noble, Marie-Elisabeth. "Effets d'un régime hypoprotéique à base de soja sur la fonction de nutrition et les capacités de conjugaison chez la carpe, Cyprinus carpio." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10051.
Повний текст джерелаKaminski, Jacques. "Effets du resvératrol et de formulations de micro-nutriments alimentaires sur les fonctions du muscle squelittique chez la souris et sur les cellules musculaires en culture." Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS092/document.
Повний текст джерелаA concept that has emerged in recent years is the use of micronutrients as therapeutic agents known for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cardio-protective or anticarcinogenic proprieties. In this work, we studied the in vivo and in vitro mechanism of action of resveratrol and two natural formulations, one involved in the antioxidant effects (product "X") and the other (product "Y") involved in the correction of lipid disorders in people affected by metabolic syndrome. We characterized the pro-differentiating effect of a natural polyphenol, resveratrol, on C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line. This study showed that this polyphenol can induce the expression of muscle differentiation factors (myogenin, Scrp3) and increases the level of myosin, a protein involved in muscular contraction. Finally, resveratrol can modulate the expression of microRNA, such as miR-133b involved in the muscular differentiation process. Concerning oxidative stress, the results shows that "X" is capable both, to slightly modulate expression of anti-radicalar defense genes in gastrocnemius muscle (SIRT1, SOD1, UCP2, NRF1) but also, in C2C12 murine skeletal muscle cells (PRDX1, NRF2, PGC1α). The results in the gastrocnemius showed a rise of the overall radicalar defense potential by using KRL assay. A decrease of intracellular ROS was observed with the DHE probe in C2C12 cells. The study of "Y" has shown that it is able to slightly modulate the expression of genes involved in energetic metabolism (Gs1, Srebp1c, Fabp3, VLCAD, Pparβ) in C2C12 cells. Our results also shown that "Y" induces an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the number of lymphocytes in mice fed by a High Fat/ High Sucrose diet. However, "Y" is not an agonist of PPARα and PPARγ in our conditions. The overall results obtained in this work confirms that micronutrients can induce slightly effects on gene expression. Long-term studies are needed to understand and confirm their true impact on organism
Ghachem, ahmed. "Prédiction de la dépense énergétique totale quotidienne chez des femmes ménopausées, obèses, et sédentaires en fonction du coût métabolique sur vélo stationnaire à différentes intensités." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5911.
Повний текст джерелаChatel, Benjamin. "Fonction et métabolisme énergétique musculaires dans un modèle de souris drépanocytaires et identification des mécanismes responsables des échanges des protons entre le muscle et le sang." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0174.
Повний текст джерелаSickle cell disease (SCD) is the most frequent inherited disorder in the world. It is characterized by the synthesis of an abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) and associated with impairments in oxygen delivery processes. If these abnormalities could impact skeletal muscle, this tissue has been rarely investigated. The aim of this thesis was to investigate muscular function and energetics in response to acute exercise, ischemia – reperfusion and endurance training in a mouse model of SCD, as well as identify the mechanisms involved in proton exchanges between muscle and blood.Sedentary and trained SCD mice were submitted to protocols of rest – stimulation – recovery and rest – ischemia – reperfusion during which muscular force and energetics (by magnetic resonance spectroscopy of phosphorus 31) were measured. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) haploinsufficient mice were also submitted to the stimulation protocol. Several muscles were sampled and permitted to analyze in vitro enzyme activities, content of proteins involved in pH regulation and some markers of oxidative stress.This thesis demonstrated that muscular function and energetics were impaired in SCD mice in response to both exercise and ischemia – reperfusion and that endurance training could alleviate some of these abnormalities, particularly acting on oxidative processes. We have also observed that MCT1 is involved in proton uptake by myocytes at rest, but its action is less important during exercise
Gillet, Béatrice. "Contribution à l'étude des lipoprotéines de basse densité (LDL) : caractéristiques physicochimiques et métaboliques de sous-populations séparées en fonction de la charge : intérêt physiopathologique du contenu en acide sialique." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA114836.
Повний текст джерелаDuran-Sandoval, Daniel. "Rôle du récepteur nucléaire farnesoid X receptor (FXR) dans le métabolisme glucidique : une fonction potentielle dans le diabète de type 2 et dans l'adaptation métabolique du foie." Lille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LIL2S040.
Повний текст джерелаGuerrero, Karen. "Organisation structurale et fonction métabolique des unités énergétiques intracellulaires (ICEUs) dans le muscle cardiaque et squelettique : conditions physiologiques et pathophysiologiques : [Thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux]." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE10244.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work was to study the regulation of mitochondrial respiration in situ in cardiac and skeletal muscle cells. Oxygraphy, spectrophotometry and confocal microscopy on saponin-permeabilized muscle cells or fibers were used as well as mathematic modelisation. In muscle cells, mitochondria are ordered very precisely in ‘a crystal like pattern'. This intracellular arrangement could be the basis of a structural and functional organisation within which mitochondria are functionally coupled by cytoskeleton to the other organelles: sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils: ICEUs (intracellular energetic units). In cardiac cells, there are two levels of regulation of mitochondrial respiration by exogenous ADP: permeability of the outer mitochondrial membrane (VDAC) and localized restrictions of ADP diffusion in the neighbourhood of mitochondria. β-tubulin and STOP protein, a microtubule-associated protein, participate indirectly to these mechanisms of regulation. These experimental data are useful for explaining the metabolic aspects of the Frank-Starling law of the heart. The notion of ICEU can be diagnostically used in clinical study of energetic metabolism of lung recipients transplants before and after a home-interval training program
Deveaux, Ambre. "Supplémentation nutritionnelle en arginine chez des sujets sains présentant des facteurs de risque liés au syndrome métabolique : métabolisme de l'arginine alimentaire et impact sur la fonction endothéliale." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA001/document.
Повний текст джерелаVascular endothelial dysfunction, the hallmark of early atherosclerosis, results from an impairment of the synthesis and/or bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), the precursor of which is arginine. Endothelial dysfunction is also known to be induced transiently by a high-fat meal. In subject with cardiometabolic risk factors, oral arginine supplementation has a beneficial effect on NO-related physiological functions. However, no data relates the availability of arginine to the synthesis of NO in normal or cardiometabolic risk condition. In addition, few studies only have investigated the effect of arginine supplementation in a nutritional context (low dose and slow release) in subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors. This work aims to evaluate the effect of a nutritional arginine supplementation, on the arginine metabolism and endothelial function in healthy subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors. In a first clinical study, we have compared the bioavailability of oral arginine and its utilization for NO synthesis, as a function of the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors, and as a function of the form of release (immediate release, IR, as free arginine, or sustained release, SR, which mimics the slow release of dietary arginine). Then, in a second clinical study, we studied the effect of SR-arginine supplementation on fasting endothelial function and its postprandial alteration in healthy subjects with cardiometabolic factors. A further aim was to investigate whether this effect may vary according to the baseline arginine status of subjects. This thesis work has demonstrated a higher utilization of oral arginine for NO synthesis in subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors, and a higher utilization with the SR form, particularly in these subjects at risk. As to the second study, it showed that the SRarginine supplementation effects largely varied with baseline fasting arginine concentration of subjects with cardiometabolic risk factors. In subjects with a relatively lower baseline arginine concentration, SR-arginine attenuated the decrease in postprandial endothelial function and led to a significantly higher endothelial function at the end of the postprandial period
Athamena, Ahmed. "N-méthylation de la Phosphatidyléthanolamine, une voie métabolique aux fonctions énigmatiques : caractérisation de la voie dans la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis et rôle physiologique au cours de l’osmorégulation chez les crustacés marins." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10115.
Повний текст джерелаThe specific physiological functions of the N-methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), one of the two biosynthetic pathways of phosphatidylcholine (PC), remain relatively mysterious. It has been demonstrated in euryhaline fish that hyperosmotic stress induced activation of this pathway in the liver. The aim of our work was to verify whether this phenomenon also occurs in other euryhaline animals. In vivo studies on two species of crabs, Eriocheir sinensis and Carcinus maenas, showed that seawater acclimation activates PC synthesis by N-methylation of PE in the hepatopancreas. Radioisotopic labelling also showed that PC is exchanged with the plasma and that this phenomenon is amplified in animals in seawater. This pool of PC is used as a precursor of betaine, an important organic osmoeffector in these animals. We then characterized the process of PE N-methylation in an osmoconforming animal, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. The results, obtained in vivo and in vitro on isolated tissues, show that N-methylation of PE to PC is expressed in the digestive gland and circulating haemocytes in M. galloprovincialis. The PC synthesized in these tissues is exchanged with hemolymph of the animal. From all these observations, we conclude that the synthesis of PC by N-methylation is widely expressed in marine euryhaline animals and that a physiological function of this pathway is to provide organic osmolytes such as betaine
Ivanisevic, Julijana. "Metabolisme secondaire des éponges Homoscleromorpha : diversité et fluctuation de son expression en fonction des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22034.
Повний текст джерелаSecondary metabolism plays a major ecological role in the interactions between the organisms and their environment. An integral study of the organisms’ biology and ecology and the variations of their metabolism is essential for understanding the role of secondary metabolites in the ecosystems. This kind of approach is rare in the marine environment. Small sponge clade Homoscleromorpha constitutes a real potential for the discovery of new species and potentially bioactive molecules. In addition, its dominance in some Mediterranean benthic communities makes it a good model in marine chemical ecology research. This work has started with a description of new species of Oscarella genus, O. balibaloi. This new species forms sometimes, with two other commun Oscarella species, O. tuberculata and O. lobularis, special facies within the coralligenous and semi-dark cave communities. All three Oscarella species are caraterized by a seasonal reproductive cycle with differences in the period of gametogenesis and larval emission as well as the variation in sensitivity facing the changes in thermal regime. Two major lysophospholipid compounds were isolated and caracterized for the first time in O. tuberculata and confirmed in O. lobularis. Their potential role as signal molecules in the reproduction process (embryogenesis and development) was proposed and should be confirmed by experimental studies. One new familly of glycosilated seterterpens (named balibalosides) was found in O. balibaloi. A pluriannual study of species metabolism was performed using three complementary approaches and enabled to test the models of resource allocation to secondary metabolite production. Variation patterns in the expression level of target metabolites, in the metabolic fingerprints and the bioactivities of sponge extracts reflected the significant influence of the reproductive cycle to the secondary metabolite production. Holisitic approaches (métabolomics and bioactivity) pointed out the important modification in the secondary metabolism variation pattern followed by the decrease in bioactivity during the costly period of reproduction (asexual reproduction, embryogenesis and larval development). These results highlight the trade-off in resource allocation between the primary (reproduction) and secondary metabolism and therefore support the Optimal Defense Theory. Metabolomic approach applied to the study of interspecific relations turned out as a good indicator of chemical diversity which allowed the classification of Mediterranean Homoscleromorpha sepcies. The obtained classification was congruent with recent molecular phylogeny results proposing the restauration of two ancient clades within Homoscleromorpha, the Plakinidae, a group of species possesing skeleton and the Oscarellidae, a group of species lacking skeleton. Approaches developed during my thesis opened a numerous perspectives in chemosystematics and marine chemical ecology. The use of metabolic fingerprints can be transposed to other questions in systematics, particularly to demonstrate the existance of cryptic species and to support phylogenetic hypothesis within other problematic clades. [...]
Durollet, Marie. "Régulation de la fonction cardio-respiratoire au cours du cycle de vie de Nothobranchius furzeri : rôle de la température." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS037/document.
Повний текст джерелаCardio-respiratory system plays a key role in an organism by delivering oxygen and nutrients towards the cells. Exploring its age-dependant changes is therefore a corner stone for assessing the organism capacity to meet its energetic needs along its life cycle, and for the understanding of mechanisms involved in the mortality due to aging process. This study was realized in a vertebrate with an extremely short lifespan (~6 months), the fish Nothobranchius furzeri. Temperature is an external factor that regulates longevity. Here, fish were acclimatized at two temperatures, 26 °C considered as the optimal temperature for this species, and 22 °C. Biological responses of fish were evaluated at individual level through the assessment of aerobic metabolic scope (AS), growth, reproduction, locomotion and digestion, which are considered to be relevant indirect measurement of fitness. Furthermore, mechanisms involved in the cardiac function regulation were explored through a morpho-functional study of cardiomyocytes. Along the individual life cycle, two phases were emphasized: 1) the first corresponds to AS elevation from the juvenile to the adult stages, following by 2) a second phase reflecting the entrance in the senescent stage, characterized by the decline in AS, cardiac performances and in activity level. A temperature reduction increases the individual longevity and slows-down deleterious effect of aging on both AS and cardiac function. This study will contribute to provide a global vision of senescent effects on cardio-respiratory system, and a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in temperature-dependent increase in longevity