Дисертації з теми "Fonctionnement hydrique des arbres"
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Ibrahim, Tharwat. "Dendrologie et fonctionnement hydrique de jeunes plants forestiers en relation avec la lumière et la sécheresse édaphique." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10094.
Повний текст джерелаThis work had as first objective the analysis of water relations of five forest species (Fagus sylvatica, Betula verrucosa, Quercus petraea, Quercus péd onculé et acer pseudoplatanus) in relation with the irradiance. We used a conductmetre (the hydraulic methods) to measure the loss of the conductivity PLC in the side-branches (2years) for these different species. Clear differences observed between species and treatments. This gradient is strongly correlated with irradiance that branches received during the growth. Vulnerability curves for the four studied species are presented figure. We noticed a higher vulnerability for birch. The shape of the curves for the other species were very close. In each case, seedlings grown under shade presented an higher vulnerability than full light. Differences were highly significant. Differences between Psi 50% for extreme treatments (full light and deep shade) could reach 1 MPa. Xylem anatomy presents for all the studied species a high dependence with irradiance. The Oak presented the largest vessels and the weakest vessel densities globally. The impact of the luminous climate was very clean, with a gradual reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in weak light with a clean reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in all species. . . .
Simioni, Guillaume. "Importance de la structure spatiale de la strate arborée sur les fonctionnements carboné et hydrique des écosystèmes herbes-arbres : exemple d'une savane d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112270.
Повний текст джерелаVegetation spatial structure is an important aspect of tree/grass ecosystem structure, but its influence on primary production and water balance has not been explored yet. To determine the importance of the spatial structure of the tree layer on a savanna ecosystem (Lamto, Ivory Coast ) carbon and water functions, a spatially explicit model was used. Field experiments were conducted to provide data to parameterize and test the model. Model tests were accurate. Experimental simulations done with the model showed that : (1) tree density had important effects on the partitioning of production and transpiration between the grass and tree components, on the total system production, and on ecosystem resource ( light, water, nitrogen ) use efficiencies ; (2) tree aggregation could, independently of tree density. .
Maison, Alice. "Modélisation des impacts des arbres sur la qualité de l’air de l’échelle de la rue à la ville." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ENPC0034.
Повний текст джерелаTrees provide numerous ecosystem services in cities, helping to reduce some of the consequences of urbanization, such as the urban heat island and water run-off. Their thermo-radiative effect improves thermal comfort.Trees can also have an impact on urban air quality through various processes. The deposition of gaseous and particulate pollutants on tree leaves can help to reduce concentrations. However, the aerodynamic effect of trees modifies the airflow in street canyons and limits the dispersion of pollutants emitted in the street. Trees also emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can contribute to the formation of O3 and secondary organic aerosols. BVOC emissions vary depending on the tree species, and are influenced by climatic factors (temperature, radiation) and by the tree water status.The objective of this thesis is to quantify the impacts of these different processes on urban air quality. Numerical simulations are performed over the city of Paris during summer 2022 using the CHIMERE/MUNICH model chain in order to quantify the impact of trees on atmospheric concentrations of pollutants at the local and regional scales. The simulated concentrations are compared to measurements.Urban trees are not generally taken into account in air quality models, either at regional or street level. In order to integrate BVOC emissions into the CHIMERE regional model, an inventory is developed using the tree database of the city of Paris. A method is set up to estimate the characteristics of the trees, which are used as input data for the various models (leaf area, dry biomass, crown size, etc.). On average over the months of June and July 2022 in Paris, local biogenic emissions from trees lead to an increase of 1.0% in O3, 4.6% in organic PM1 and 0.6% in PM2.5. Biogenic emissions from urban trees strongly increase concentrations of isoprene and monoterpenes. Compared with measurements, terpene concentrations tend to be underestimated, given the uncertainties associated with emission factors and the missing part of the vegetation in the inventory. Terpene emissions from urban and suburban vegetation greatly influence the formation of organic particles, it is therefore important to characterize them properly in air quality models.The various effects of urban trees on air quality at street level are then added into the MUNICH street network model. The aerodynamic effect of street trees is parameterized using computational fluid dynamics simulations. It leads to an increase in the concentrations of compounds emitted into the street. This increase can reach +37% for NO2 in streets with a large leaf surface and high traffic. Deposition on tree leaves is computed using a resistive approach adapted to the scale of the tree in the street. However, its impact on concentrations remains limited for the gases and particles studied (< -3%).Finally, a coupling between the TEB (urban surface model), SPAC (soil-plant-atmosphere continuum model) and MUNICH models is developed. This coupling provides a better representation of the impacts of the urban micro-climate heterogeneities and of the thermo-radiative effect of trees on gas and particle concentrations. The effects of the micro-climate and of the tree water stress on BVOC emissions are also taken into account in order to refine the calculation of emissions
Bosc, Alexandre. "Etude expérimentale du fonctionnement hydrique et carboné des organes aériens du Pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Ait. ) : intégration dans un modèle structure-fonction appliqué à l'analyse de l'autonomie carbonée des branches de la couronne d'un arbre adulte." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28653.
Повний текст джерелаRoupsard, Olivier. "Ecophysiologie et diversité génétique de Faidherbia albida (Del. ) A. Chev. (syn. Acacia albida Del. ), un arbre à usages multiples d'Afrique semi-aride : fonctionnement hydrique et efficience d'utilisation de l'eau d'arbres adultes en parc agroforestier et de juvéniles en conditions semi-contrôlées." Phd thesis, Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10279.
Повний текст джерелаPerrier, Édith. "Structure geometrique et fonctionnement hydrique des sols. Simulations exploratoires." Paris 6, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA066220.
Повний текст джерелаBouzouidja, Ryad. "Fonctionnement hydrique d'un Technosol superficiel - application à une toiture végétalisée." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0232/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe sealing in cities highly degrades the buffer and filter functions of soils which generates and/or emphasizes major environmental issues (e.g. urban heat island, flooding, pollution of the runoff water). Among other technologies, advances in green roof engineering provide solutions for the management of urban rainwater. Indeed, green roofs can highly contribute to water regulation service by delaying run-off peaks and decreasing water fluxes to storm water collection network. The purpose of this work is to quantify and model the hydric performances of such an urban Technosol by taking into account the seasonal variations and the aging of the green roof. Physic and hydric measurements were conducted on the green roof constituents. Then, water fluxes and meteorological parameters were monitored in four green roofs parcels – including two with an innovative water storage structure – both at the lab and the building scales. Finally, the hydrodynamics of green roofs was modeled and numerically investigated with HYDRUS-1D in the framework of the Richards equations and the van Genuchten-Mualem model that describe unsaturated flows. As a result: i) the water flows inside these complex porous media were physically characterized, ii) the hydric performances of different parcels over three years, under Lorraine climate, were evaluated, iii) the model approach reached to a good description of the hydraulic behavior at the lab-scale but tends to underestimate in situ water fluxes. Beyond that, this work can provide a robust approach to simulate water transfer in green roofs under different climates or situations and may also contribute to further technological development
Lemoine, Damien. "Fonctionnement hydrique du hêtre : architecture hydraulique et sensibilité à la cavitation." Nancy 1, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0013_LEMOINE.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаNiang, Dial. "Fonctionnement hydrique de différents types de placages sableux dans le sahel burkinabè /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=3667.
Повний текст джерелаTemgoua, André Guy Tranquille. "Modélisation du fonctionnement hydrique d'une forêt amazonienne brésilienne à l'échelle d'un versant." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27334/27334.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRabot, Eva. "Le contrôle des émissions de protoxyde d'azote par le fonctionnement hydrique des sols." Thesis, Orléans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ORLE2076.
Повний текст джерелаSoils and associated agricultural activities are estimated to account for about 2/3 of the global emissions of nitrous oxide (N₂O), a potent greenhouse gas. The aim of the thesis was to understand the controls linked to soil hydric properties on N₂O emissions. Laboratory experiments were designed to control the hydric status of soil samples during wetting and drying, and to measure N₂O fluxes. Moreover, a coupling with X-ray computed tomography allowed characterizing the gaseous connectivity. Finally, a modeling approach allowed testing the hypotheses of functioning, and to further discuss the links between hydric properties and N₂O emissions. We highlighted the role of soil hydric properties on the variability of N₂O emissions which is often measured, and the need to distinguish N₂O production/consumption and transport phases. The highly dynamic nature of N₂O emissions was linked to the hydric phase (wetting or drying), soil hydrodynamic functioning, gas transport, and spatial configuration of water and air in the pore network, in addition to the water-filled pore space parameter. These observations have implications for N₂O emission modeling. We recommend thus the coupled use of hydric transport, and modules of gas and liquid transport of N₂O, in addition to microbial production modules to efficiently predict N₂O emissions
HAMDI, HASSAN. "Essai de typologie de fonctionnement hydrique de differents sols par tracage isotopique naturel." Rennes 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990REN1A118.
Повний текст джерелаAl-Athba, Hussein. "Expériences de longue durée sur le contrôle du fonctionnement du cambium caulinaire de jeunes plants de Gleditsia Triacanthos L." Aix-Marseille 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989AIX30049.
Повний текст джерелаGuillaume, Patrice. "Analyse tridimensionnelle directe de la porosite structurale de vertisols relations entre formes et fonctionnement hydrique." Montpellier, ENSA, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENSA0032.
Повний текст джерелаCheik, Sougueh Sougueh. "Rôle fonctionnel des termites champignonnistes sur la structure des sols tropicaux et leur fonctionnement hydrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS353.
Повний текст джерелаThe definition of sustainable agricultural practices calls for the study of the ecological impact of soil ecological engineers, especially in the tropics. This thesis raises the question of the influence of fungus-growing termites on soil and water dynamics along a pedoclimatic gradient from southern India to northern Vietnam. First, this thesis work confirms the positive impact of termites on soil water infiltration. Although the extent of this effect varies according to pedoclimatic conditions and to the biodiversity of soil engineers (termites vs. beetles and earthworms). The results obtained have enabled us to demonstrate that stimulation of termite activity is possible if specific organic substrates are used. In a second chapter, this thesis focused on the architecture and stability of galleries through the use of 3D image analyses obtained from computer assisted tomography. Termite galleries were compared with those of beetles and earthworms and their effects on water transfers were studied. The application of these methods have enabled us to better describe the poral network, as well as to demonstrate the importance of taking into account the dynamic of the galleries for a better understanding water dynamic in soil
Vaksmann, Michel. "Etude du fonctionnement hydrique des andosols et des sols andiques de l'île de La Réunion." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376104716.
Повний текст джерелаEl, Hadj Moussa Farid. "Circulation de l'eau dans un écosystème de pin maritime en Landes de Gascogne : bilan hydrique d'un peuplement de 18 ans et fonctionnement hydrique de l'arbre adulte." Pau, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PAUU3013.
Повний текст джерелаForey, Oswaldo. "Vergers plurispécifiques : piloter l’enracinement des arbres en profondeur par l’association d’herbacées dès la plantation." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0023/document.
Повний текст джерелаAgroforestry consists of association trees and crop in the same plot and requires that complementarity relationships be established between the two species in order to reduce competition, especially at the root level. The aim of this work was to test and evaluate the possibility of driving young peach tree roots under the roots of the associated crop (grass) in order to establish complementarity in resources uptake using two levers: (i) e moderate water deficit to change the carbon allocation pattern between shoots and roots in favour of roots and (ii) interspecific water competition to exclude tree roots from the first soil horizons and force them to grow at depth. To do so, we planted in January 2013 a peach tree orchard composed of three treatments (well-watered control, moderate water deficit and moderate water deficit + grass groundcover) which was monitored for two years. Shoot growth was dynamically monitored over the growing season and root excavations were performed each year at the end of the growing season. Our results show that all components of aerial growth were significantly reduced by the very moderate water deficit applied. The combination of a moderate water deficit and a grass groundcover led to a fourfold reduction in tree size after two years due to (i) grass competition for space, which reduced soil volume for the tree roots and consequently reduced shoot size and (ii) grass competition for water which by drying the soil led the tree to send root to shoot signals in order to reduce transpiration by stomatal closure. Our results on roots show that peach tree roots in the first two years of growth are mainly plagiotropic in the conditions of our study. The root/shoot ratio was not significantly modified in favour of roots under a moderate water deficit but combination of water deficit with grass competition led to a threefold reduction in root biomass et excluded tree roots from the topsoil horizon (0-10 cm) after two years. However, root growth mainly concentrated in the first 30 cm of soil in all treatments, but a small fraction of the root system (5%) in the control treatment was growing below the first 70 cm of soil (maximal excavation depth in our study) and was able to take up water up to 2 m depth. Thus, our results suggest that root system separation between trees and crop is a manageable emerging property, given that tree root architecture is characterized, and especially its plasticity in young trees. Innovating practices such as sowing trees and grafting them in the field could alleviate root injuries inherent to nursery practices. It is also possible to adjust the effect of the associated crop by selecting species and cultivars whose competitive ability is adapted to the tree age, by associating species with low competitive ability at the beginning of the tree development and with gradually more important competitive ability as the tree ages
COMPAROT, SYLVIANE. "Approche cellulaire du fonctionnement hydrique de la region mobile de la tige volubile de phaseolus vulgaris l." Besançon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BESA2025.
Повний текст джерелаKhlifa, Rim. "Effets de la diversité des arbres sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème dans deux plantations de forêts tempérées." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27346.
Повний текст джерелаIn the last two decades, the vast majority of scientists have agreed that anthropogenic actions are responsible for an important and rapid loss of biodiversity at a global scale, through the elimination of genes, species and biological traits. This fact led to remarkable progress towards understanding how the loss of biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems. Although the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is now well documented, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still poorly understood, especially with regards to belowground processes in treed ecosystems. The objective of this Ph.D. project was to improve our understanding of the link between aboveground biodiversity and belowground functioning in two artificial ecosystems (tree plantations). For this purpose, we examined the implication of different actors and parameters of the belowground compartment that are likely to influence the C - and N - cycles, in relation to aboveground biodiversity (through the functional trait-based approach). On the one hand we studied the productivity of fine roots, their chemistry, the functioning and composition of soil microbial communities in relation to diversity measures (specific richness and functional diversity) in a young plantation (4 years). On the other hand, we studied the decomposition of fine roots in relation to over- and understory vegetation following the application of silvicultural treatments in an older plantation (27 years). In all cases, we studied the relationship between these parameters and processes, as well as soil C and N (total and in fractions). Deciduous and conifer species differed in fine root productivity and in microbial community catabolic activity. Conifers were more productive than deciduous (fine roots), and soil microbial communities associated with deciduous trees used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with conifers. Moreover, although tree specific richness influenced the functioning of microbes, it had no effect on their composition or the productivity of the fine roots, while tree identities (and their functional traits) influenced all these parameters and processes. The mean value of traits had a greater influence on fine root productivity, basal respiration and microbial biomass than the variance of these traits. The functional diversity (considered as a gradient) had no effect on any of the parameters and processes studied. Finally, our study revealed that the understory vegetation (cover of functional type and some species), more than overstory vegetation, soil properties or fine root chemistry influences the fine root decomposition. In general, this thesis has uncovered and highlighted unknown aspects of the relationship between BEF, in particular with regard to the link between aboveground diversity and belowground functioning. Our results precisely identified tree species, understory vegetation and functional traits and the processes on which they intervene. This could help to refine predictive models of C and N cycles or provide advice to forest managers.
Zida, Mathurin. "Structure et fonctionnement hydrique d'un systeme pedologique armoricain (france) role de l'espace poral et de l'agencement des horizons." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NSARD029.
Повний текст джерелаAmram, Olivier. "Régionalisation du bilan hydrique à l'aide de mesures satellitaires pour l'étude du fonctionnement des écosystèmes d'Afrique de l'Ouest." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30274.
Повний текст джерелаPellegrino, Anne. "Elaboration d'un outil de diagnostic du stress hydrique utilisable sur la vigne en parcelle agricole par couplage d'un modèle de bilan hydrique et d'indicateurs de fonctionnement de la plante." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0004.
Повний текст джерелаThis study was aimed to elaborate a tool to diagnose a posteriori the water stress experienced by vine, witch could be used in a network of farmer's fields. The tool was based on the coupling of a water balance model with a model of classification of assimilates sources and vegetative sinks activities under water stress to characterise, at a daily time step, the influence of water supply on plant status (sources-sinks relationships). The classification model was established from relationships between the fraction of vine's transpirable soil water (FTSW) and maximal net assimilation or parameters and composite indicators of vegetative growth on lateral branches. The water balance model simulating FTSW was parametrized for each farmer's field from predawn leaf water potential measurements (Yb) by the optimisation of a parameter (the total vine's transpirable soil water) on an empirical relationship between Yb and FTSW
Jeanneau, Matthieu. "Surexpression de la phosphoénolpyruvate carboxylase chez le mai͏̈s : impacts sur le fonctionnement photosynthétique et la qualité du grain." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112293.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this work was the production of transformed plants to evaluate the physiological consequences of a PEPC overexpression targeted to the whole plant, seeds or leaves. In seeds, the PEPC activity increased up to 10 times and the foreign C4 isoform has been biochemically and immunologically identified. Lipid and protein contents were slightly modified. We suggest that the physiological impact of an overexpression of a C4 PEPC gene under the control of the HMWG promoter is weak. By using immunodetection, and immunolocalization experiments we showed that the sorghum enzyme is present in the leaf mesophyll of transformed maize. We measured a doubling of the PEPC specific activity well correlated with the accumulation of mRNAm and proteins. It is shown that under moderate light, a compensation mechanism lowers phosphorylation of the PEPC pool. Under non limiting conditions, transgenic plants showed an increase in net photosynthesis (+7%). .
Rivalland, Vincent. "Amelioration et validation du modele de fonctionnement de la végétation ISBA-A-gs: stress hydrique et flux de CO2." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009717.
Повний текст джерелаRivalland, Vincent. "Amélioration et validation du modèle de fonctionnement de la végétation ISBA-A-gs : stress hydrique et flux de CO2." Toulouse 3, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009717.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Clech Bernard. "Fonctionnement hydrique de la vigne, de l'échelle de la journée à celle de l'année : étude de quelques conséquences en viticulture." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20436.
Повний текст джерелаBouyer, Laure. "Impact de la disponibilité en nutriments sur le fonctionnement hydrique et carboné de peupliers dans des contextes de sécheresse variés." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3100.
Повний текст джерелаThe availability of water and nutrients are two main factors limiting tree growth and forest productivity. Despite the strong legacy of research on forest nutrition, the role of nutrients in modulating tree drought responses remains largely unknown. This thesis aimed to evaluate the role of nutrient availability on key traits related to water and carbon relations such as growth and its determinants, water-use efficiency (WUE), vulnerability to cavitation, or non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, in poplars under contrasting drought intensities. Research experiments relied on two complementary experimental designs, one in a greenhouse and the other in an outdoor common garden, and considered a maximum of four genotypes primarily selected for their contrasting growth and stomatal regulation. The main findings are as follows: 1) a higher nutrient availability increases growth and WUE under moderate drought, 2) a higher nutrient availability does not necessarily increase the risk of xylem hydraulic failure, 3) NSC depletion, in particular starch, co-occurs with massive xylem embolism under lethal drought, and 4) a higher nutrient availability reduces NSC storage, especially under moderate drought. This study shows for the first time the temporal covariance between the dynamics of xylem hydraulic failure and carbon starvation in a fast-growing but highly vulnerable tree species, and gives an example of how these relationships are modulated by nutrient availability
Rolland, Christian. "Fonctionnement hydrique et croissance du sapin (Abies alba Mill. ) dans les Alpes françaises : dynamique des flux de sève, écophysiologie et dendroécologie." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10089.
Повний текст джерелаZanolin, Anne. "Irrigation de précision en Petite Beauce : mesures au champ et modélisation stochastique spatialisée du fonctionnement hydrique et agronomique d'une parcelle de mai͏̈s." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066344.
Повний текст джерелаKaushal, Parvinder. "Analyse écophysiologique des effets de stress liés aux transplantations des arbres forestiers." Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10299.
Повний текст джерелаLucot, Eric. "Influence des caracteristiques de la pierrosite des sols sur la prospection racinaire et l'alimentation hydrique des arbres. Application a l'estimation de la valeur des sols forestiers." Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA2011.
Повний текст джерелаVan, Leeuwen Cornelis. "Le vignoble de Saint-Emilion : répartition des sols et fonctionnement hydrique; incidence sur le comportement de la vigne et la maturation du raisin." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR20152.
Повний текст джерелаOuld, Mohamed Saleck-Abdelkader. "Etude du fonctionnement hydrique hivernal d'un sol limono-argileux de Petite Beauce : application d'un modèle d'infiltration et incidence sur la lixiviation du nitrate." Orléans, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ORLE2055.
Повний текст джерелаIsberie, Carole. "Contribution du sol à l'alimentation hydrique d'un verger de cerisiers micro-irrigué selon un pilotage tensiométrique." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20127.
Повний текст джерелаMartineau, Elsa. "Rôle joué par le potassium dans la réponse au déficit hydrique du maïs (Zea mays L.) : des mécanismes physiologiques au fonctionnement intégré du peuplement." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0286/document.
Повний текст джерелаPotassium (K) is a major nutrient known to help plants resist drought. In the context of climate change,quantifying the role of K on maize physiological acclimation to reduced precipitations is essential to betterpredict future productivity. Maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under controlled or field conditions weresubmitted to different K and water levels. Plant growth (shoot and root biomass, grain yield) as well as plantwater status (transpiration, stomatal conductance, water potential) and ecophysiological mechanisms of Carbonmetabolism (photosynthesis, sugar transport) were studied. Regardless of the water regime and experimentalconditions, K nutrition increased growth and whole-plant development and improved grain yield. The effect ofwater stress on stomatal regulation was not straightforward and depended on the level of K fertilization. Theeffects of water or K deficit tend to decrease photosynthesis. Drought or K nutrition affected more leafphotosynthesis in old than in young leaves, and sugar transport did not seem to be a growth limiting factor. Ourresults demonstrated a strong effect of K on biomass production and a higher water use efficiency with less of animpact on leaf-level physiology. This better water use was mainly the consequence of the positive effect of leafarea on yield, and not due to a reduce water use
Bréda, Nathalie. "Analyse du fonctionnement hydrique des chênes sessile (Quercus petraea) et pédonculé (Quercus robur) en conditions naturelles : effets des facteurs du milieu et de l'éclaircie." Nancy 1, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1994_0024_BREDA.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDulormne, Maguy. "Analyse du fonctionnement carboné, hydrique et azoté d'un système agroforestier tropical, légumineuse arbustive-herbe : discussion de l'"effet ombrage" créé par la culture dominante." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112127.
Повний текст джерелаGuillerm, Romaric. "Intégration de la sûreté de fonctionnement dans les processus d'ingénierie système." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00619333.
Повний текст джерелаMira, Eléonore. "Approche intégrée de la résistance à la sécheresse des arbres tropicaux : cas de la forêt sèche et de la forêt de nuage en Guadeloupe." Thesis, Antilles, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANTI0026/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the current context of climate change, anticipate the response of forest ecosystems facing an increased risk of drought is a socio- economic, ecological and scientific major issue. The Caribbean islands, beyond their status as «biodiversity hot spot», are in a "climate hot-spot ", particularly likely to be affected by reduced rainfall. The Guadeloupe archipelago is a model of choice in the study of plant responses to environmental conditions. It harbors all the diversity of Caribbean ecosystems, distributed along an altitudinal gradient and rainfall. At both ends of this gradient fall forest formations with contrasting environmental conditions: dry forest and montane cloud forest. The first aim of this study was to characterize growth strategies and the physiological response to water stress of 8 species of trees structuring the dry forest and cloud forest of Guadeloupe. First, we quantified in situ, in different seasons, a wide range of functional traits occurring at different scales (cell, leaf, individual) reflecting the main vegetative functions of trees (growth, photosynthesis, water transport). The deepening of the characterization of the hydraulic architecture of the species was carried out ex situ through a structural (anatomical, morphological) and functional (xylem resistance to cavitation and leaves wilt) analysis to clarify their potential resistance drought. This approach has enabled the identification of fine portrait of the water and carbon-functioning in the species. An important functional diversity has been demonstrated within each ecosystem. Dry forest species experience a marked seasonal water stress, show a higher resistance to water stress than that of cloud forest species. However, the coexistence of different phenological strategies in this ecosystem leads to a wide diversity of water and growth strategies. In cloud forest, edaphic water stress is rare but the species are likely to suffer water stress due to atmospheric conditions. In this ecosystem, a behavioral diversity dependent of the species' ability to maintain their functioning during atmospheric strain was also highlighted. We identified correlations between cambial growth, cavitation resistance, leaf wilt resistance and stomatal sensitivity. These relationships have materialized a coherent and robust continuum of functional responses. The high diversity recorded in the two ecosystems induced a mix of species distribution along this continuum.To simplify and summarize this diversity we sought to form groups of species determined by a set of morphological traits easy to acquire for 14 species of dry forest and cloud forest. This method produced groups reflecting different strategies for carbon management, influenced by the phenology of species. In contrast, groups obtained did not reflect drought response of species.Finally, because the seedling stage is a primary stage in terms of natural regeneration potential of forests, we evaluated ex situ the resistance to drought of dry forest seedlings. Like the adults, the dry forest seedlings showed a variety of strategies to cope drought
Michot, Didier. "Intérêt de la géophysique de subsurface et de la télédétection multispectrale pour la cartographie des sols et le suivi de leur fonctionnement hydrique à l'échelle intraparcellaire." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066223.
Повний текст джерелаKirchen, Gil. "Effet du type de sol sur le fonctionnement biogéochimique des écosystèmes forestiers." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0308/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with the impact of soil type on the biogeochemical functioning of a typical forest ecosystem of Central and Western Europe. For this study, a strongly instrumented experimental site was implemented in a beech stand (Fagus sylvatica) within the state forest of Montiers-sur-Saulx (Meuse, France), in order to monitor the biogeochemical cycling between the different compartments of the ecosystem (the atmosphere, the canopy, the forest floor and the soil). The particular value of the Montiers experimental site resides in the strong contrast between soil types under the same beech stand: Rendzic Leptosol, Eutric Cambisol and Dystric Cambisol. For the first time, stocks and fluxes of water and elements were measured and compared in situ and over the long term (from January 2012 to December 2015) on different forest soil types, all other site conditions being equal (climate, atmospheric inputs, stand age and structure). Total and exchangeable pools in the soil and stocks in the different compartments of the vegetation (branches, trunk, fine and coarse roots) were determined via chemical analysis and modelisation. Fluxes of elements were calculated from monthly sampling of the ecosystem’s solutions (atmospheric deposition, throughfall, stemflow, gravitational and bound soil solutions) and of litter fall. The water balance model BILJOU© was used to estimate the different components of the water budget. The results show that the soil water holding capacity, the stocks of elements in the soil, the chemical composition of soil solutions, the rooting strategy and the perennial biomass production differ strongly between soil types. Contrary to what might have been expected in regard to the marked differences between the chemical signatures of the soils solutions in the three soils, the foliar elemental composition of the beech stand and the aboveground fluxes of elements in solution (canopy exchange, stand deposition) and in solid state (litter fall) do not differ significantly between the three experimental stations for the majority of the studied elements. The biological part of the mineral cycles is overall predominant and the recycling through fine roots turnover is generally higher than litter fall. We also show that the quantity of water transpired by the forest canopy, directly linked to the soil water holding capacity, is the primary control factor of the annual stand productivity. Stand adaptation mechanisms to physico-chemical soil properties seemed to reduce, or even entirely compensate for, secondary factors controlling the stand productivity (in particular nutrient availability in the soil). Thus a significant issue for forest managers might be to further adapt forestry practices to management units based on soil physical properties, especially depth to the bedrock and rooting depth
Pérès, Guénola. "Identification et quantification in situ des interactions entre la diversité lombricienne et la macro-bioporosité dans le contexte polyculture breton. Influence sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007432.
Повний текст джерелаPeres, Guénola. "Identification et quantification in situ des interactions entre la diversité lombricienne et la macro-bioporosité dans le contexte polyculture breton. Influence sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol." Rennes 1, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007432.
Повний текст джерелаPérès, Guénola. "Identification et quantification in situ des interactions entre la diversité lombricienne et la macro-bioporosité dans le contexte polyculture breton, influence sur le fonctionnement hydrique du sol /." Rennes : Éd. des Géosciences Rennes, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39955665n.
Повний текст джерелаJewell, Mark. "Diversité des arbres, interactions aériennes et souterraines et décomposition des feuilles mortes." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/75.
Повний текст джерелаGalaup, Serge. "Étude des effets combinés de l'ozone et de la contrainte hydrique sur la productivité et le fonctionnement stomatique du haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivé en chambres à ciel ouvert." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120040.
Повний текст джерелаChopart, Jean-Louis. "Relations entre état physique du sol, systèmes racinaires et fonctionnement hydrique du peuplement végétal : outils d'analyse in situ et exemples d'études en milieu tropical à risque climatique élevé." Grenoble 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10163.
Повний текст джерелаMumen, Mohamed. "Caractérisation du fonctionnement hydrique des sols à l'aide d'un modèle mécaniste de transferts d'eau et de chaleur mis en œuvre en fonction des informations disponibles sur le sol." Avignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AVIG0600.
Повний текст джерелаMadelaine, Antin Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0034.
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