Статті в журналах: "Foliar fungal diseases"

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Dewdney, Megan M., and Jamie D. Burrow. "Citrus Foliar Fungal Diseases for the Dooryard." EDIS 2019 (February 14, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pp261-2019.

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This document is a two-page illustrated identification sheet for citrus foliar fungal diseases. It is a minor revision written by Megan M. Dewdney and Jamie D. Burrow, and published by the Plant Pathology Department, February 2019. PP261/PP261: Citrus Foliar Fungal Diseases for the Dooryard (ufl.edu)

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Charan, Merugu Sai, Mohammed Abrar, and Bejjam Vasundhara Devi. "Apple Leaf Diseases Classification Using CNN with Transfer Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44176.

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Abstract: The Foliar diseases of the apple trees commonly reduce the crop Yield and photosynthesis which affects their productivity. Diagnosing foliar damage is not easy if there are no distinct patterns that would be fungal fruiting bodies it will. spread to the rest of the crops. The foliar disease of the apple trees is carried out due to biotic and abiotic causes, some of the biotic causes of foliar damage are - Bacterial Disease, Fungal Diseases, Viral Diseases, Insects, and Mites That Damage Foliage. some of the Abiotic causes are - Iron Chlorosis, Misapplied Herbicide, and Winter Desiccation of Evergreens. Traditional approaches rely on visual inspection by an expert and biological examination is the second choice .these approaches are time-consuming and expensive. we use machine learning methods to classify the disease in apple trees. we use some pre-trained CNN models to extract features from the dataset, we applied the CNN model and compared them with Pre-trained Models, and we achieve accuracies of over 93% with CNN, among the Models We achieved 92% with the Inception V3 model,62% with VGG16, 63% with VGG19.

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Michelotto, Marcos Doniseti, Ignácio José de Godoy, João Francisco dos Santos, Antonio Lucio Mello Martins, Eduardo Leonardecz, and Alessandra Pereira Fávero. "Identifying Arachis Amphidiploids Resistant to Foliar Fungal Diseases." Crop Science 56, no. 4 (July 2016): 1792–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2015.06.0393.

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Jayaraj, J., A. Wan, M. Rahman, and Z. K. Punja. "Seaweed extract reduces foliar fungal diseases on carrot." Crop Protection 27, no. 10 (October 2008): 1360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.05.005.

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Tian, Zhen, Wenjie Li, Yixin Kou, Xin Dong, Huining Liu, Xiaoxia Yang, Quanmin Dong, and Tao Chen. "Effects of Different Livestock Grazing on Foliar Fungal Diseases in an Alpine Grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 9 (September 20, 2023): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9090949.

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In grassland ecosystems, the occurrence and transmission of foliar fungal diseases are largely dependent on grazing by large herbivores. However, whether herbivores that have different body sizes differentially impact foliar fungal diseases remains largely unexplored. Thus, we conducted an 8-year grazing experiment in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in China and tested how different types of livestock (sheep (Ovis aries), yak (Bos grunniens), or both)) affected foliar fungal diseases at the levels of both plant population and community. At the population level, grazing by a single species (yak or sheep) or mixed species (sheep and yak) significantly decreased the severity of eight leaf spot diseases. Similarly, at the community level, both single species (yak or sheep) and mixed grazing by both sheep and yak significantly decreased the community pathogen load. However, we did not find a significant difference in the community pathogen load among different types of livestock. These results suggest that grazing by large herbivores, independently of livestock type, consistently decreased the prevalence of foliar fungal diseases at both the plant population and community levels. We suggest that moderate grazing by sheep or yak is effective to control the occurrence of foliar fungal diseases in alpine grasslands. This study advances our knowledge of the interface between disease ecology, large herbivores, and grassland science.

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Singh, H. K., R. B. Singh, and K. N. Maurya. "Management of major fungal foliar diseases of rapeseed-mustard." Research on Crops 16, no. 1 (2015): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2348-7542.2015.00026.1.

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Dewdney, Megan M., and Jamie D. Burrow. "Foliar Fungal Disease Management For Commercial Citrus Groves." EDIS 2019 (March 7, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-pp270-2019.

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This document is a two-page illustrated identification sheet for commercial management of citrus foliar fungal diseases. It is a minor revision written by Megan M. Dewdney and Jamie D. Burrow, and published by the Plant Pathology Department, March 2019. PP270/PP270: Foliar Fungal Disease Management for Commercial Citrus Groves (ufl.edu)

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Akanmu, Akinlolu Olalekan, Timothy Oladiran Ajiboye, Masego Seleke, Sabelo D. Mhlanga, Damian C. Onwudiwe, and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "The Potency of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (gC3N4) and Bismuth Sulphide Nanoparticles (Bi2S3) in the Management of Foliar Fungal Pathogens of Maize." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 3731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063731.

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Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most significant grain crop in South Africa. Despite its importance, the cereal is ravaged by several foliar fungal pathogens, which reduce maize quality and quantity at harvest. Hence, this study investigates the fungi associated with foliar diseases of maize in Molelwane, North-West Province, South Africa. The fungi were isolated, characterized and subjected to in vitro nanoparticle control. Samples of diseased maize leaves were aseptically collected from two maize-growing farms. Fungi associated with the samples were isolated and characterized using standard procedures. Bi2S3 (metal-containing) and gC3N4 (non-metallic carbon-based) nanoparticles were synthesized and used to challenge the pathogens using standard procedures. Foliar fungal pathogens isolated from the diseased maize leaves in this study were characterized as Bipolaris zeicola, Phoma herbarum, Epicoccum nigrum, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium brachygibbosum. Phoma herbarium > A. alternata > B. zeicola > F. brachygibbosum > E. nigrum was the order of percentage fungal inhibition by the nanoparticles. Bi2S3 was more effective against the pathogens at lower concentrations and gC3N4 at higher concentration levels. The two nanoparticle types evaluated in vitro shows potential for managing the foliar fungal pathogens, and this needs to be further validated in field studies.

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9

Donne, Irene, Douglas S. Higgins, Elizabeth Brisco-McCann, and Mary K. Hausbeck. "Limiting Fungal Foliar Diseases on Carrots for Organic and Conventional Markets." Plant Health Progress 21, no. 3 (January 1, 2020): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-12-19-0096-rs.

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Michigan ranks fourth in carrot production for the combined fresh and processing markets. Fungal foliar diseases caused by Alternaria dauci and Cercospora carotae occur annually in the state, causing blighted and weakened leaves and petioles. Our objective was to update current disease management strategies for both organic and conventional production by testing Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI)–approved and conventional fungicides against C. carotae and A. dauci. Field trials conducted in 2015 and 2016 found that the copper-based fungicides (copper hydroxide and copper hydroxide/copper oxychloride) were the only OMRI-approved products that, as indicated by relative area under the disease progress curve (rAUDPC) data, consistently limited foliar blight. In field trials of conventional fungicides, all treatments limited symptomatic foliar area and protected petiole health compared with the control in both years with one exception: propiconazole was similar to the control in 2016 for petiole health and in 2015 for rAUDPC values. During 2016 when disease pressure was high, pyraclostrobin/fluxapyroxad outperformed iprodione, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin/propiconazole, and cyprodinil/fludioxonil for the control of foliar blight. Yields differed significantly among conventional treatments only in 2016. In plots sprayed with pyraclostrobin/boscalid, pyraclostrobin/fluxapyroxad, chlorothalonil, and boscalid had higher yields than penthiopyrad, iprodione, and propiconazole. These results can contribute to management strategies for C. carotae and A. dauci in organic or conventional production systems.

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Panthee, Dilip R., Anju Pandey, and Rajan Paudel. "Multiple Foliar Fungal Disease Management in Tomatoes: A Comprehensive Approach." International Journal of Plant Biology 15, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15010007.

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Foliar diseases are the significant production constraints in tomatoes. Among them, foliar fungal diseases in tomatoes, such as early blight (Alternaria linaria), Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici), and late blight (Phytophthora infestans), which is oomycetes, have higher economic significance. This paper will discuss the etiology, host range, distribution, symptoms, and disease cycle to help us understand the biology, followed by management approaches emphasizing the resistance breeding approach for these diseases. We provide an analytical review of crop improvement efforts, including conventional and molecular methods for improving these diseases’ resistance. We discuss the importance of modern breeding tools, including genomics, genetic transformation, and genome editing, to improve the resistance to these diseases in the future.

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Shivanna, M. B., T. R. Parashurama, K. G. Somashekhara Achar, and M. M. Vasanthakumari. "Fungal foliar diseases inWithania somniferaand its effect on secondary metabolites." Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 148, no. 5 (October 16, 2013): 907–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2013.845266.

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Adinarayana, M., M. S. MahaLakshmi, and Y. Koteswara Rao. "FIELD EFFICACY OF NEW FUNGICIDE, TAQAT 75 WP AGAINST FOLIAR FUNGAL DISEASES OF BLACKGRAM." Journal of Biopesticides 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.1.46-48.

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ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Taqat 75 WP, a combination product of captan 70 % (contact) and hexaconazole 5 % (systemic) against foliar fungal diseases in blackgram. The experiment was carried out i.e. during Rabi 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 seasons at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. The results showed that Taqat 75 WP at both the concentrations of 500 g and 750 g/ha as well as karathane 48 EC at 500 mL/ha were highly effective in controlling the incidence of foliar fungal diseases, such as rust and powdery mildew in blackgram.

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Somashekhar, N. M., V. R. Kulkarni, and I. B. Sabeena. "Effect of weather factors on fungal foliar diseases of Desi cotton." Biochemical and Cellular Archives 23, no. 1 (April 10, 2023): 373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.51470/bca.2023.23.1.373.

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Aguilera-Cogley, Vidal, and Antonio Vicent. "Etiology and distribution of foliar fungal diseases of citrus in Panama." Tropical Plant Pathology 44, no. 6 (November 19, 2019): 519–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40858-019-00309-9.

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15

Won, Sang-Jae, Jun-Hyeok Kwon, Dong-Hyun Kim, and Young-Sang Ahn. "The Effect of Bacillus licheniformis MH48 on Control of Foliar Fungal Diseases and Growth Promotion of Camellia oleifera Seedlings in the Coastal Reclaimed Land of Korea." Pathogens 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8010006.

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This study investigated the control of foliar fungal diseases and growth promotion of Camellia oleifera seedlings in coastal reclaimed land through the use of Bacillus licheniformis MH48. B. licheniformis MH48 can produce lytic enzymes chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase that can inhibit foliar pathogens by 37.4 to 50.5%. Nevertheless, foliar diseases appeared in the seedlings with bacterial inoculation, and their survival rate decreased because they were unable to withstand salt stress. However, B. licheniformis MH48 significantly increased the total nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the soils through fixing atmospheric nitrogen and solubilizing phosphorus. The growth of seedlings with bacterial inoculation increased, particularly in root dry weight, by 7.42 g plant−1, which was 1.7-fold greater than that of the control. B. licheniformis MH48 produces the phytohormone auxin, which potentially stimulates seedling root growth. C. oleifera seedlings significantly increased in total nitrogen content to 317.57 mg plant−1 and total phosphorus content to 46.86 mg plant−1. Our results revealed the effectiveness of B. licheniformis MH48 not only in the control of foliar fungal diseases but also in the growth promotion of C. oleifera seedlings in coastal lands.

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Kantar, F., P. D. Hebblethwaite, and C. J. Pilbeam. "Factors influencing disease resistance in high and low tannin Vicia faba." Journal of Agricultural Science 127, no. 1 (August 1996): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960007739x.

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SUMMARYThe in vitro resistance of five white and four coloured-flowered lines and cultivars of Vicia faba to seed and root inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogenic soil-borne fungi, Fusarium culmorum and Pythium debaryanum, was investigated under aseptic conditions in the UK. The presence of foliar diseases was also assessed in the field in 1989/90. White-flowered lines were more susceptible than coloured genotypes to fungal infection during germination but equally resistant during seedling growth. High-tannin containing seed coats had chemical and physical properties which protected seeds against fungal infection during germination. Frequent cracking of the seed coat in a zero-tannin line was associated with a greater fungal contamination of seeds. Resistance to the foliar diseases Uromyces viciae-fabae and Botrytis fabae was not related to flower colour. The results are discussed in relation to emergence in white-flowered types.

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Nganga, Everlyne M., Martina Kyallo, Philemon Orwa, Felix Rotich, Emily Gichuhi, John M. Kimani, David Mwongera, et al. "Foliar Diseases and the Associated Fungi in Rice Cultivated in Kenya." Plants 11, no. 9 (May 7, 2022): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11091264.

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We conducted a survey to assess the occurrence and severity of rice blast and brown spot diseases on popular cultivars grown in the Busia, Kirinyaga, and Kisumu counties of Kenya in 2019. Working with agricultural extension workers within rice production areas, we interviewed farmers (n = 89) regarding their preferred cultivars and their awareness of blast disease, as this was the major focus of our research. We scored the symptoms of blast and brown spot and assessed the lodging, plant height, and maturity of the crops (days after planting). Furthermore, we collected leaf and neck tissues for the assessment of the prevailing fungal populations. We used specific DNA primers to screen for the prevalence of the causal pathogens of blast, Magnaporthe oryzae, and brown spot, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, on asymptomatic and symptomatic leaf samples. We also conducted fungal isolations and PCR-sequencing to identify the fungal species in these tissues. Busia and Kisumu had a higher diversity of cultivars compared to Kirinyaga. The aromatic Pishori (NIBAM 11) was preferred and widely grown for commercial purposes in Kirinyaga, where 86% of Kenyan rice is produced. NIBAM108 (IR2793-80-1) and BW196 (NIBAM 109) were moderately resistant to blast, while NIBAM110 (ITA310) and Vietnam were susceptible. All the cultivars were susceptible to brown spot except for KEH10005 (Arize Tej Gold), a commercial hybrid cultivar. We also identified diverse pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, with a high incidence of Nigrospora oryzae, in the rice fields of Kirinyaga. There was a marginal correlation between disease severity/incidence and the occurrence of causal pathogens. This study provides evidence of the need to strengthen pathogen surveillance through retraining agricultural extension agents and to breed for blast and brown spot resistance in popular rice cultivars in Kenya.

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Sawinska, Z., and I. Malecka. "Effect of seed treatment and foliar protection with fungicides on health status of winter wheat." Plant Protection Science 43, No. 1 (January 7, 2008): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2260-pps.

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The experiments were conducted in 2001−2003 at the Experimental Station in Zlotniki of the Agricultural University of Poznan (Poland). The impact of different fungicidal protection programs on occurrence and incidence of fungal diseases on leaf and ear as well as of diseases on stem base and roots of winter wheat was determined. Infections on stem base and roots were mostly caused by <i>Fusarium</i> spp. and <i>Gaeumannomyces graminis</i>. Seed treatment with Latitude 125 FS reduced significantly take-all of winter wheat in comparison with the standard treatment (Raxil 060 FS). However, the seed treatments lowered only slightly the incidence of brown foot rot. The applied complex chemical protection program of winter wheat reduced successfully the infection of leaves and ears by fungal diseases.

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Koima, Irene Njeri, Dora Chao Kilalo, Charles O. Orek, John Maina Wagacha, and Evans N. Nyaboga. "Survey of Fungal Foliar and Panicle Diseases in Smallholder Sorghum Cropping Systems in Different Agro-Ecologies of Lower Eastern Kenya." Microbiology Research 13, no. 4 (October 7, 2022): 765–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres13040055.

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Sorghum is a staple food crop and plays a critical role in subsistence farming in Kenya due to its adaptability to marginal agro-ecological zones. However, fungal diseases are among the major biotic constraints of sorghum production, causing over 70% yield loss in susceptible cultivars. Information on the distribution and severity of fungal diseases is important to establish efficient and improved strategies for integrated disease management of sorghum fungal diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, incidence, severity and spatial distribution of fungal diseases on sorghum across agro-ecological zones of lower eastern Kenya. A total of 384 smallholder farmers’ fields were surveyed, and in each field, 30 plants were assessed for prevalence and incidence of fungal diseases using a W-shaped pattern to cover the whole field. Sorghum anthracnose was the most prevalent disease (71%), followed by leaf blight (70.18%), rust (68.41%), smut (63.02%), sorghum mildew (55.33%), Alternaria leaf spot (48.39%) and rough leaf spot (46.02%). Disease prevalence, incidence and severity varied among the investigated agro-ecological zones. There was a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in fungal disease severity across the investigated agro-ecological zones. Spatially interpolated disease maps showed a high variation in the distribution of various sorghum fungal diseases across the investigated agro-ecological zones of lower eastern Kenya. Morpho-cultural identification revealed the association of Colletotrichum sublineola with anthracnose, Curvularia lunata and Bipolaris cynodontis with leaf blight, Puccinia purpurea with rust, Peronosclerospora sorghi with downy mildew, Alternaria alternata with Alternaria leaf spot, Ascochyta sorghi with rough leaf spot and Sporisorium sorghi with covered kernel smut symptoms. Information obtained in this study will be useful to update knowledge on sorghum fungal diseases and provide a basis for the development of strategies for management and control of the investigated diseases.

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Nasir, Muhammad Nasir. "Management Of Aspergillus Leaf Spot Diseases on Terminalia Catappa In Sokoto, Nigeria." Pacific International Journal 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 07–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55014/pij.v4i1.26.

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Research on the diseased leaves of Terminalia catappa (tropical almond) was conducted in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Permanent site, Wammako local government, Sokoto. The locations where the diseased leaves were collected, purposively selected because of the abundance of the tree species in those locations. The objective was to identify fungal foliar diseases associated with Terminalia catappa and then develop control measures of the pathogen. Diseased leaves were collected and taken to the department of biological sciences, Mycology laboratory, Botany unit, Usmanu Danfodiyo University for identification. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ustus and, Aspergillus flavus were the fungal pathogens identified and suspected to be the cause of the foliar diseases on the tree species. Suncozeb, a broad-spectrum fungicide was obtained for the management of these diseases. The chemical was applied at different concentration rates (50%, 100% and, 150%) and the zones of inhibitions were observed and measured. It was observed that the higher the concentration the higher the zones of inhibition; this was the case for all the organisms identified. Past research showed that high temperature makes this species prone to soil-borne pathogens and this is the case with the study area of this research. As part of the recommendation, since it was observed that 150% of Suncozeb clearly inhibited the growth of the pathogen to a certain level, a higher concentration of this same chemical will increase the inhibition zone and possibly bring a complete stoppage of the pathogen spread.

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M. ABDULLAH, MAIZAH, NOORSHAZILA MOHD ALWI, and AZWANI SAHIBU. "EVALUATION OF FOLIAR DISEASE INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF MANGROVES IN UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU." Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Journal of Undergraduate Research 4, no. 1 (July 25, 2022): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46754/umtjur.v4i1.261.

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Mangroves are an important ecosystem because of their ecological roles and services, particularly in nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. However, habitats have declined over the year, mostly due to anthropogenic and natural threats. Mangrove plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungal invasion are poorly described. The status of diseased mangroves remained unknown, primarily in Malaysia. The current study evaluates the disease incidence and severity of mangrove trees in the Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) campus. This study aimed to determine the dominant type of foliar disease in the UMT campus and identify the most affected mangrove species using Disease Incidence and Disease Severity approach. 30 leaves from each of five mangrove species; Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Avicennia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris were collected, observed and analysed for the Disease Incidence and Disease Severity. A total of six types of foliar diseases were observed, with leaf blight as the dominant, followed by brown leaf spot, insect graze, grey leaf spot, black leaf spot and anthracnose. Mangrove trees at Jalan Biawak have the highest percentage value of Disease Incidence and Disease Severity compared to mangroves at Pusat Islam UMT. Fungal invasion rate variation could be caused by factors such as temperature, humidity and mangrove species’ resilience toward fungal invasion. Therefore, further study needs to be done to understand this issue better.

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SK, ROSHAN BABA, BHATTIPROLU S L, PRASANNA KUMARI V, and CHIRANJEEVI CH. "PROGRESS OF FUNGAL FOLIAR DISEASES IN RELATION TO WEATHER PARAMETERS IN COTTON." JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ANGRAU 50, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.58537/jorangrau.2022.50.4.02.

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Progress of fungal foliar diseases as influenced by different weather parameters in two BG II cotton hybrids (Jaadoo and RCH 2) and one straight variety (L 1060) was studied during kharif 2019-20.Disease severity was scored by adopting a standard scale of 0 to 4 in ten plants tagged randomly in each plot. Weather parameters were recorded at the meteorological observatory, RARS, Lam, Guntur.Correlation and multiple regression analysis were carried out between per cent disease index and weather parameters using MS-Excel program version 2010. Multiple regression analysis revealed certain differences in weather factors influencing the progress of diseases in different genotypes.Sunshine hours, the number of rainy days and wind speed are the common critical parameters contributing to the development of Alternaria and Corynespora leaf spots; minimum temperature and wind speed in case of grey mildew; RH II for rust are favourable parameters in cotton

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Kant, Rama, M. Bhatt, and M. Khan. "Studies on some fungal diseases of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) and their effects on the commercial quality of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) in Doon Valley." Indian Journal of Forestry 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps1000-2010-586v1u.

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Mulberry plant is very much susceptible to fungal diseases like other agricultural and horticultural plants which cause severe loss in quality and production of leaf. Several foliar fungal diseases have been observed during the survey particularly during the rainy season. Sometimes diseases caused heavy crop losses and also reduced the leaf quality and directly affecting the production of quality cocoons. Damp and humid conditions of the Valley increase the development of pathogens. Therefore, studies on period of occurrence and degree of incidence of different diseases of mulberry were carried out during 2001-2005 with a view to ensure high productivity of quality leaf.

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Qiu, Yuting, Julian Cooper, Christopher Kaiser, Randall Wisser, Santiago X. Mideros, and Tiffany M. Jamann. "Identification of Loci That Confer Resistance to Bacterial and Fungal Diseases of Maize." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 8 (June 22, 2020): 2819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401104.

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Crops are hosts to numerous plant pathogenic microorganisms. Maize has several major disease issues; thus, breeding multiple disease resistant (MDR) varieties is critical. While the genetic basis of resistance to multiple fungal pathogens has been studied in maize, less is known about the relationship between fungal and bacterial resistance. In this study, we evaluated a disease resistance introgression line (DRIL) population for the foliar disease Goss’s bacterial wilt and blight (GW) and conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping. We identified a total of ten QTL across multiple environments. We then combined our GW data with data on four additional foliar diseases (northern corn leaf blight, southern corn leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and bacterial leaf streak) and conducted multivariate analysis to identify regions conferring resistance to multiple diseases. We identified 20 chromosomal bins with putative multiple disease effects. We examined the five chromosomal regions (bins 1.05, 3.04, 4.06, 8.03, and 9.02) with the strongest statistical support. By examining how each haplotype effected each disease, we identified several regions associated with increased resistance to multiple diseases and three regions associated with opposite effects for bacterial and fungal diseases. In summary, we identified several promising candidate regions for multiple disease resistance in maize and specific DRILs to expedite interrogation.

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Saadani, Mariem, Lydia Hönig, Steffen Bien, Michael Koehler, Gemma Rutten, Tesfaye Wubet, Uwe Braun, and Helge Bruelheide. "Local Tree Diversity Suppresses Foliar Fungal Infestation and Decreases Morphological but Not Molecular Richness in a Young Subtropical Forest." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030173.

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Leaf fungal pathogens alter their host species’ performance and, thus, changes in fungal species composition can translate into effects at the tree community scale. Conversely, the functional diversity of tree species in a host tree’s local neighbourhood can affect the host’s foliar fungal infestation. Therefore, understanding the factors that affect fungal infestations is important to advance our understanding of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships. Here we make use of the largest BEF tree experiment worldwide, the BEF-China experiment, where we selected tree host species with different neighbour species. Identifying fungal taxa by microscopy and by high-throughput DNA sequencing techniques based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, we analysed the fungal richness and infestation rates of our target trees as a function of local species richness. Based on the visual microscopic assessment, we found that a higher tree diversity reduced fungal richness and host-specific fungal infestation in the host’s local neighbourhood, while molecular fungal richness was unaffected. This diversity effect was mainly explained by the decrease in host proportion. Thus, the dilution of host species in the local neighbourhood was the primary mechanism in reducing the fungal disease severity. Overall, our study suggests that diverse forests will suffer less from foliar fungal diseases compared to those with lower diversity.

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Shah, D. A., and H. R. Dillard. "Managing Foliar Diseases of Processing Sweet Corn in New York with Strobilurin Fungicides." Plant Disease 94, no. 2 (February 2010): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-2-0213.

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Processing sweet corn (Zea mays) growers in New York are more concerned about the cost effectiveness of fungicide use against foliar fungal diseases (common rust and Northern corn leaf blight) and less about whether such sprays will reduce disease intensity. To address this concern, field trials were done in 2006 and 2007 with three processing sweet corn hybrids (Jubilee, Bold, and GH 9597) that differed in susceptibility to common rust and Northern corn leaf blight, and two strobilurin fungicides (azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin). Single strobilurin applications were applied in response to foliar disease severity thresholds of 1, 10, and 20%. Single fungicide applications did reduce foliar disease severities. Applications were most cost effective when made in response to the 1 and 10% foliar severity thresholds, and generally only in the susceptible hybrid Bold. Spraying at the 20% severity threshold did reduce final foliar disease severity but was not cost effective. Azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin were equally effective in disease management. The results suggest that a single application of a strobilurin fungicide against common rust and Northern corn leaf blight can be cost effective for New York processing sweet corn growers when such an application is made before foliar disease severity exceeds 20%.

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Sikora, Edward J., John F. Murphy, Kathy S. Lawrence, and Jacqueline M. Mullen. "Survey of Fungal, Nematode and Virus Diseases of Soybean in Alabama." Plant Health Progress 12, no. 1 (January 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2011-1227-01-rs.

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Observations on incidence of foliar diseases, plant viruses, and plant-parasitic nematodes were collected from soybean fields in Alabama from 2008-2010. Cercospora leaf blight (Cercospora kikuchii), downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica), and target spot (Corynespora cassiicola) were the most common foliar diseases observed in the study. Cercospora leaf blight was found in 45% (2008), 77% (2009), and 70% (2010) of the fields surveyed. Downy mildew was observed in 72% (2008), 38% (2009), and 29% (2010) and target spot was detected in 45% (2008 and 2009) and 29% (2010) of the fields in the study. Soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) was found in 43% of the fields surveyed in 2009 but was only found in one field in 2008 and was not detected in 2010. Bean pod mottle virus was detected at relatively high levels in all three years, whereas Soybean mosaic virus occurrence was less consistent and of lower incidence. Tomato spotted wilt virus was detected for the first time on soybean in Alabama. Reniform (Rotylenchulus reniformis), soybean cyst (Heterodera glycines), root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.), and lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) were the most common plant-parasitic nematodes collected with reniform nematodes found in over 30% of the fields surveyed. Soybean cyst nematode races 2, 4, 5, 6, and 14 were identified among the field population collected. The survey has increased disease awareness among growers and has aided in directing research efforts in the state. Accepted for publication 18 November 2011. Published 27 December 2011.

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Dehbi, Ilham, Oussama Achemrk, Rachid Ezzouggari, Moussa El Jarroudi, Fouad Mokrini, Ikram Legrifi, Zineb Belabess, Salah-Eddine Laasli, Hamid Mazouz, and Rachid Lahlali. "Beneficial Microorganisms as Bioprotectants against Foliar Diseases of Cereals: A Review." Plants 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2023): 4162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12244162.

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Cereal production plays a major role in both animal and human diets throughout the world. However, cereal crops are vulnerable to attacks by fungal pathogens on the foliage, disrupting their biological cycle and photosynthesis, which can reduce yields by 15–20% or even 60%. Consumers are concerned about the excessive use of synthetic pesticides given their harmful effects on human health and the environment. As a result, the search for alternative solutions to protect crops has attracted the interest of scientists around the world. Among these solutions, biological control using beneficial microorganisms has taken on considerable importance, and several biological control agents (BCAs) have been studied, including species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma, Cladosporium, and Epicoccum, most of which include plants of growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). Bacillus has proved to be a broad-spectrum agent against these leaf cereal diseases. Interaction between plant and beneficial agents occurs as direct mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism by a mixed pathway via the secretion of lytic enzymes, growth enzymes, and antibiotics, or by an indirect interaction involving competition for nutrients or space and the induction of host resistance (systemic acquired resistance (SAR) or induced systemic resistance (ISR) pathway). We mainly demonstrate the role of BCAs in the defense against fungal diseases of cereal leaves. To enhance a solution-based crop protection approach, it is also important to understand the mechanism of action of BCAs/molecules/plants. Research in the field of preventing cereal diseases is still ongoing.

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Vagelas, Ioannis, Chris Cavalaris, Lefkothea Karapetsi, Charalambos Koukidis, Dimitris Servis, and Panagiotis Madesis. "Protective Effects of Systiva® Seed Treatment Fungicide for the Control of Winter Wheat Foliar Diseases Caused at Early Stages Due to Climate Change." Agronomy 12, no. 9 (August 24, 2022): 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092000.

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Foliar fungal diseases are a serious threat to winter wheat production and climate change appears to favor pathogens associated with leaf blotch and tan spot symptoms in the Mediterranean area. The present work aimed to highlight these risks and propose appropriate disease management strategies by evaluating the seed treatment with the Systiva® (BASF) fungicide as a means to protect the crop against foliar fungal infections during the early growing stages. Towards that aim, plant tissue symptoms affected by the pathogens Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Septoria spp. were systematically recorded in a study field in the region of Larissa, central Greece for three years (2016–2018), and the findings were associated with the monthly weather anomalies. Consequently, for the growing period of 2021–2022, a field experiment was established in the same disease prone field, comparing different doses of the seed treatment with Systiva® fungicide against leaf blotch and tan spot diseases. The evaluation was made by visual disease assessments, remote sensing with an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and metagenomics analysis. Parallel measurements on straw residues were also made to characterize the plant residues perithecia (pseudothecia). Visual leaf disease assessments and UAV remote sensing data showed that Systiva® treatments at doses of 125 cc and 150 cc per 100 kg of wheat seed can reduce the percentage of infected wheat plants caused by foliar fungal pathogens at wheat growth stages GS23-25 and GS30-31. Moreover, the metagenomics analyses performed on the microbial communities revealed that Systiva® can decrease the degree of infection by P. tritici-repentis and Z. tritici but do not provide sufficient protection against P. nodorum. Foliar diseases were influenced by the soil surface area covered with straw residue with a high proportion of natural inoculum (pseudothecia/ascospores).

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30

Barbetti, MJ. "Relative resistance, associated yield losses and phyto-oestrogen production from fungal foliar diseases in new and old annual Medicago cultivars." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 2 (1995): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950441.

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The relative resistance, associated herbage and seed yield losses and phyto-oestrogen production from fungal foliar diseases in two new annual Medicago cultivars, viz. M. sphaerocarpos cv. Orion and M. truncatula cv. Caliph, were compared with those of four old cultivars, viz. M. murex cv. Zodiac, M. polymorpha var. brevispina cw. Santiago and Circle Valley, and M. truncatula cv. Cyprus. Orion was much more resistant to Phoma stem disease than Circle Valley and Santiago, but was more susceptible than Zodiac. However, Orion was the most susceptible cultivar to Phoma leaf disease. Orion and Caliph were susceptible to Leptosphaerulina stem disease, resembling Santiago, but much more susceptible than Circle Valley and Zodiac. Caliph was comparable with Cyprus with moderate susceptibility to both Phoma and Leptosphaerulina on stems. Both Caliph and Cyprus were resistant to Pseudopeziza. In mid-October and early November, foliar diseases reduced overall herbage yield of the six varieties by 16.2 and 20.3% respectively, compared with the fungicide-treated plots of the same cultivars. Foliar diseases reduced seed yield by 37.3%, and mean seed weight by 13- 7% compared with fungicide treated plots. Foliar disease in the disease block increased the content of the phyto-oestrogen coumestrol in stems from 230 to 500 ppm and in pods from 30 to 130 ppm, compared with the fungicide block. There was a positive correlation between the severity of Phoma on stems and leaves and the level of coumestrol in stems and pods. Orion produced large amounts of coumestrol in stems and pods in response to foliar diseases (e.g. 470 ppm in stems) but less than Zodiac. Caliph also produced large amounts of coumestrol in stems and pods in response to foliar diseases (e.g. 230 ppm in stems), and was similar to Cyprus but had less coumestrol than all other cultivars tested (stems) or Zodiac, Circle Valley and Santiago (pods). Orion carried the highest level of P. medicaginis seed contamination (28%), followed by Santiago (15%), Cyprus (11%), Circle Valley (l0%), Zodiac (10%) and Caliph (6%).

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Scherm, H., A. T. Savelle, P. M. Brannen, and G. Krewer. "Occurrence and Prevalence of Foliar Diseases on Blueberry in Georgia." Plant Health Progress 9, no. 1 (January 2008): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2008-0421-01-rs.

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Qualitative and quantitative information about the occurrence and prevalence of fungal species causing foliar diseases on blueberry in the southeastern United States is limited. To close this knowledge gap, a field survey was conducted in 2002 and 2003 involving a total of 177 samples (cultivar-site-year combinations) from plantings of rabbiteye and southern highbush blueberry cultivars in Georgia. Among eight cultivars, Powderblue was the least affected cultivar whereas Star had high foliar disease levels in both years. Averaged by cultivar and year, there was a significant positive correlation between defoliation and disease severity. Septoria leaf spot and Gloeosporium leaf spot were the most prevalent and most severe foliar diseases, occurring on > 30% of samples in both years. Pestalotia leaf spot, Phyllosticta leaf spot, and leaf rust occurred at intermediate prevalence levels. Among these three diseases, leaf rust was most severe (especially in 2003) whereas Pestalotia leaf spot was associated with secondary infections and occurred mostly on southern highbush cultivars. Algal leaf spot and powdery mildew occurred infrequently and inconsistently. More than 70% of leaf samples, especially from the rabbiteye cultivars, showed symptoms of non-pathogenic leaf damage. The foliar disease complex on blueberry in Georgia is considerably more diverse than previously appreciated. Accepted for publication 31 January 2008. Published 21 April 2008.

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Mohammed, Tajudin A., Alemayehu H. Welderufael, and Bayoush B. Yeshinigus. "Assessment and Distribution of Foliar and Soil-Borne Diseases of Capsicum Species in Ethiopia." International Journal of Phytopathology 10, no. 2 (October 3, 2021): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.010.02.3629.

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Diseases caused by fungi and oomycetes lead to reduced productivity of pepper (Capsicum spp.) in Ethiopia. Currently, knowledge about severity and geographical distribution of fungal diseases in pepper producing areas is limited. Thus this study was aimed: to map the geographical distribution of economically relevant Capsicum diseases and to identify, document, prioritize, and update the status of fungal infectious diseases across the country. A survey was conducted throughout major pepper agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia for two consecutive years, 2018 and 2019/20. Districts were surveyed based on pepper production at intervals of 4 to 10 kilometers from each sampling zone of major pepper growing areas. Global positioning system (GPS) was used to mark each sampling point using a GPS receiver for altitude and coordinates. Nine major pathogenic fungi were identified in samples collected from different pepper-producing areas across the country. Cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora capsici was found prevalent in 39.8% of the 133 fields studied, followed by Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. capsici, and Phytophthora collar, root, and fruit rot caused by Phytophthora capsici, prevalent in 21.1% and 15.8% fields, respectively. The maximum overall mean percent severity index (69.5%) was recorded for Fusarium stem and root rot (Fusarium solani) followed by damping-off (56.7%) and Fusarium wilt (55.4%). The current study indicated the importance of fungal diseases, particularly soil-borne diseases. The molecular characterizations, primers development for important pathogens, and genome-wide screening of Capsicum genotypes in Ethiopia required to advance environmentally safe and affordable disease control methods.

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Das, Debarati, Papan Chowhan, Parimal Mandal, and Arka Pratim Chakraborty. "Studies on variability in mode of infection by the isolates of leaf pathogens isolated from diseased leaves of Musa paradisiaca from Uttar Dinajpur District." F1000Research 13 (April 23, 2024): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.136445.1.

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Banana is (Musa sp) one of the most exoteric and materialistic fruit crop of many tropical and subtropical areas in India. Banana leaf diseases, caused by several fungal pathogens are one of the major diseases. Among the fungi causing banana leaf diseases, Curvularia sp/C. lunata is one of the main causal organisms causing leaf spot disease in banana plant. Two fungal isolates- MUSLF-2, MUSLF-3 and one fungal isolate- MUSLF-1 were isolated from the infected leaf from Ramganj and Gotgaon locations. Based on light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic studies, MUSLF-2 and MUSLF-3 were identified as Curvularia sp. After Koch’s postulate, three fungal isolates- MUSLF-2, MUSLF-3 [Curvularia sp] and MUSLF-1 were applied in banana field along with foliar spray of spore suspensions. The symptoms were similar to those observed in the in vitro detached leaf inoculation technique. The present research work depicts about the severity of leaf spot diseases of Musa paradisiaca and the nature of mode of infections exhibited by the fungal pathogens.

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34

Ismail,, A., B. El-Laithy, and Siham Abdel-Ghafour. "EFFECT OF MAIZE-SOYBEAN INTERCROPPING ON SOME FOLIAR FUNGAL DISEASES AND CROP CHARACTERISTICS." Journal of Plant Production 25, no. 9 (September 1, 2000): 5633–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jpp.2000.259724.

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35

Liu, Mu, Tserang Donko Mipam, Xingxing Wang, Peng Zhang, Ziyuan Lin, and Xiang Liu. "Contrasting effects of mammal grazing on foliar fungal diseases: patterns and potential mechanisms." New Phytologist 232, no. 1 (June 5, 2021): 345–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.17324.

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36

Harikrishnan, R., L. E. del Río, R. S. Lamppa, R. Padilla, F. Zabala, M. Gregoire, and C. A. Bradley. "Occurrence of Foliar Fungal and Bacterial Diseases of Dry Bean in North Dakota." Plant Health Progress 7, no. 1 (January 2006): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2006-0915-01-rs.

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An extensive field survey was undertaken during the 2003 to 2005 growing seasons to assess the prevalence and incidence of foliar fungal and bacterial diseases affecting dry bean in North Dakota. A total of 250 fields were inspected during the three years of survey. The most prevalent diseases were common bacterial blight, white mold, and bacterial brown spot. Common bacterial blight was prevalent in nearly 100% of the fields inspected in all three years, with a mean incidence of 54%. White mold was observed in 75% of the fields scouted, with a mean incidence of 16%. Bacterial brown spot and halo blight affected 31% and 1% of the fields surveyed, respectively. Rust and anthracnose were observed only in 2003 and 2005, affecting 15% and 5% of the fields inspected across both years, respectively. This survey information on the occurrence and severity of diseases affecting dry bean should help prioritize future research needs and breeding programs. Accepted for publication 7 June 2006. Published 15 September 2006.

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37

Lewis, Graham C. "Foliar fungal diseases of perennial ryegrass at 16 sites in England and Wales." Crop Protection 11, no. 1 (February 1992): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(92)90076-h.

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38

Liu, Xiang, Zhiyuan Ma, Marc W. Cadotte, Fei Chen, Jin‐Sheng He, and Shurong Zhou. "Warming affects foliar fungal diseases more than precipitation in a Tibetan alpine meadow." New Phytologist 221, no. 3 (October 16, 2018): 1574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.15460.

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39

Wegulo, Stephen N., Michael V. Zwingman, Julie A. Breathnach, and P. Stephen Baenziger. "Economic returns from fungicide application to control foliar fungal diseases in winter wheat." Crop Protection 30, no. 6 (June 2011): 685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2011.02.002.

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40

Şanlı, Arif, and Hülya Özgönen Özkaya. "Determination Effects of Sulfur Applications on Some Fungal Diseases of Potato Tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, sp1 (December 30, 2022): 2656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp1.2656-2661.5624.

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This study was carried out in order to determine the antifungal effects of elemental sulfur applications on Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani in potatoes in 2011-2012. Elemental sulfur was applied in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 kg S/da doses with 3 different methods (seed tuber, soil (seed bed) and potato leaf). For both infections, seed tuber and soil applications showed higher antifungal effects than foliar applications. The effects of the application methods were different depending on the doses, and 6 kg/da and above S in seed tuber applications, 10 kg/da S in soil applications, and 6-8 kg/da S doses in foliar applications showed a higher antifungal effect. Infected tuber ratio and the infection severity with R. solani decreased to 18.8% and 6.0%, respectively with 10 kg/da S soil applications. The mean infection severity and infected tuber rate with F. solani decreased to 6.8% and 6.0%, respectively, with 8 kg/da S seed tuber applications. Sulfur applications showed high antifungal effect on both fungal pathogens, and this effect was higher on R. solani. With sulfur applications, a significant resistance can be created against R. solani and F. Solani infections, which have high economic damage in the potato plant. It was concluded that the application of sulfur to the soil or seed tuber was much more effective than the foliar application and 6-8 kg/da S applications may be sufficient to control of fungal diseases.

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41

Kurppa, Aarne. "The response of some spring barley cultivars grown in Finland to air-borne secondary infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana." Agricultural and Food Science 57, no. 2 (May 1, 1985): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72190.

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Air-borne secondary inoculum of Bipolaris sorokiniana caused severe foliar diseases and yield losses in all 12 spring barley cultivars tested in greenhouses or in the field. For secondary infection to occur a high relative humidity was necessary. Yield losses due to foliar diseases reached a maximum of 43.4 % in greenhouse experiments and 27.8 % in the field. The mean losses were 20.3 % and 12.3%, respectively. Early infection at the time of heading or shortly after it resulted in higher yield losses than did later infection, although the symptom expression was opposite. Spore inoculation or natural secondary infection by the spores from a diseased crop after heading always resulted in a high infection incidence in the grain. Infection incidence as well as fungal invasion of the internal cell leyers of the grains varied significantly among barley cultivars. The most susceptible of those tested were cvs. Teemu, Paavo and Pomo, while the most resistant were Ingrid, Otra and Pirkka.

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Brar, Hargeet K., and Madan K. Bhattacharyya. "Expression of a Single-Chain Variable-Fragment Antibody Against a Fusarium virguliforme Toxin Peptide Enhances Tolerance to Sudden Death Syndrome in Transgenic Soybean Plants." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 25, no. 6 (June 2012): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-12-11-0317.

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Plants do not produce antibodies. However, plants can correctly assemble functional antibody molecules encoded by mammalian antibody genes. Many plant diseases are caused by pathogen toxins. One such disease is the soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS). SDS is a serious disease caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium virguliforme. The pathogen, however, has never been isolated from diseased foliar tissues. Thus, one or more toxins produced by the pathogen have been considered to cause foliar SDS. One of these possible toxins, FvTox1, was recently identified. We investigated whether expression of anti-FvTox1 single-chain variable-fragment (scFv) antibody in transgenic soybean can confer resistance to foliar SDS. We have created two scFv antibody genes, Anti-FvTox1-1 and Anti-FvTox1-2, encoding anti-FvTox1 scFv antibodies from RNAs of a hybridoma cell line that expresses mouse monoclonal anti-FvTox1 7E8 antibody. Both anti-FvTox1 scFv antibodies interacted with an antigenic site of FvTox1 that binds to mouse monoclonal anti-FvTox1 7E8 antibody. Binding of FvTox1 by the anti-FvTox1 scFv antibodies, expressed in either Escherichia coli or transgenic soybean roots, was initially verified on nitrocellulose membranes. Expression of anti-FvTox1-1 in stable transgenic soybean plants resulted in enhanced foliar SDS resistance compared with that in nontransgenic control plants. Our results suggest that i) FvTox1 is an important pathogenicity factor for foliar SDS development and ii) expression of scFv antibodies against pathogen toxins could be a suitable biotechnology approach for protecting crop plants from toxin-induced diseases.

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Irkitbay, А., N. Seitkhali, and Z. Sapakhova. "Salicylic acid and oxalic acid stimulates wheat yield components grown under disease conditions." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 137, no. 4 (2021): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2021-137-4-105-112.

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The Republic of Kazakhstan is a major wheat-producing and wheat-exporting country. Wheat is a grain which the most important source of food on earth. It contains 75-80% carbohydrates, 9-18% protein, fiber, many vitamins (especially B vitamins), calcium, iron, and many macro-and micro-nutrients. Fungal leaf diseases, such as leaf blotch caused by Septoria tritici and rust diseases caused by Puccinia graminis, Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia triticina are also a problem for spring wheat production. Despite the dry climate, the cultivation of susceptible varieties results in epidemics of leaf rust in one year out of four on average, affecting more than 1 million hectares, with estimated losses of up to 25-30 percent of yields. Salicylic acid and oxalic acids have the effects of promoting plant growth. We test whether they can positively impact wheat yield under disease conditions. Foliar seed application of Salicylic acid and oxalic acid on wheat cultivar leads to overall better performance of the plants and increases the yield significantly. Effect on wheat yield components of two substances (SA, and OA) in both ways such as seed treatment and foliar spray, believed to have growth-stimulating properties in plants. 0.2 mM OA and 0,5 mM SA+ 0,1 mM OA samples represented a good result in both seed treatment and foliar spray in all yield characteristics of Aray cultivars compaire to control. The results of this study will be useful to control fungal diseases of wheat.

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Klink, Holger, Ketel Christian Prahl, Mario Hasler, Joseph-Alexander Verreet, and Tim Birr. "Efficiency and Effectivity of a Biological–Epidemiological Fungal Disease Management System in Wheat—A Study of 26 Years." Agriculture 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12081099.

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Foliar diseases are a major threat to worldwide wheat production, especially during the vegetative period in maritime climates. Despite advancements in agronomic practices, infestations by foliar diseases are possible under favourable weather conditions, thus, fungicides are essential for maintaining control. Stage-oriented applications are therefore common in farm practices. The optimization of fungicide use according to biological–epidemiological thresholds reduces the total amount of fungicides used, which is of political interest, especially in the European Union. Therefore, the efficiency and effectivity of the fungicides used to control the six major foliar diseases (Septoria tritici blotch, glume blotch, tans spot, powdery mildew, stripe rust, and leaf rust) were analysed in a long-term study of 26 years in northern Germany under favourable maritime conditions. Of those diseases, Septoria tritici blotch was the most dominant recurring disease, with high severity noted in every year of the study. The threshold-based disease management system was compared to a fungicide untreated control and a healthy-standard fungicide treatment (according to growth stages). The usage of the threshold-based system reduced the disease severities significantly compared to the fungicide untreated control, without any loss of yield compared to the healthy-standard fungicide treatment. Thereby, the use of fungicides was reduced by two thirds compared to the stage-oriented healthy-standard treatment. Thus, the advantages of the threshold-based system were obvious, and this approach will be an important tool for future evaluations of current farm practices.

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Barbetti, M. J., and M. P. You. "Opportunities and challenges for improved management of foliar pathogens in annual clover pastures across southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 12 (2014): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14117.

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Foliar pathogens result in significant losses in herbage and seed yields and regeneration capacity in annual clover pastures, the last leading to their rapid deterioration and lack of persistence. The most important pathogens include Kabatiella caulivora (clover scorch), Cercospora zebrina (cercospora), Uromyces trifolii-repentis (rust), Erysiphe trifoliorum (powdery mildew), and Leptosphaerulina trifolii (pepper spot). Several other foliar pathogens on annual clovers, in particular Phoma medicaginis (black stem and leaf spot), one or more Stemphylium spp. (stemphylium leaf spot), Pseudopeziza trifolii (common leaf spot), Stagonospora spp. (stagonospora leaf spot), Colletotrichum trifolii (anthracnose) and Sclerotinia trifoliorum (sclerotinia), occur widely and together contribute to reduce productivity in some localities. Severe attack by the most important pathogens (e.g. K. caulivora, U. trifolii-repentis, E. trifoliorum) not only greatly reduces winter–spring pasture production but frequently also coincides with the critical feed shortage across autumn–winter, leading to significantly decreased autumn–winter biomass production in regenerating stands. Approaches to disease control include a range of management strategies. Wider utilisation of cultural and fungicidal control strategies offers producers greater management flexibility, particularly in conjunction with deployment of cultivars with useful resistance. Host resistance offers the greatest potential for delivering the most cost-effective and long-term control. Many of these foliar pathogens co-occur, magnifying losses; this highlights the need for individual host genotypes with resistance to multiple pathogens and unique geographic locations such as Sardinia offer enormous scope to select such clovers. Future research opportunities and critical priorities to improve management of foliar pathogens in annual clover pastures across southern Australia include the need to: (i) define pathogen strain–race structures, particularly for K. caulivora and U. trifolii-repentis, and determine associated host resistances against specific strains–races to allow strategic deployment of host resistances; (ii) define relative resistances to major fungal foliar pathogens of all parental and near-release breeding genotypes and all commercial cultivars across important annual clover species; (iii) identify new sources of host resistance, particularly genotypes with cross-resistance to multiple pathogens, for breeders to utilise; (iv) identify and demonstrate the benefits to farmers of effective cultural (e.g. grazing, removal of infested residues) and fungicidal control options that allow greater management flexibility to reduce the impact of fungal foliar diseases; and (v) determine current incidences and impacts (losses and economic importance) of major fungal foliar diseases in the different agro-climatic regions across southern Australia. Failure to address these critical issues leaves livestock industries carrying the risks from release of new varieties of unknown susceptibilities to one or more of the major foliar diseases, and the risks from continued use of older varieties exposed to new pathogen races; with few if any flexible management options during periods of critical feed shortage; and without the basic information on current disease impacts that is needed to make sensible management and funding decisions.

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Ferreira, Silvio D., Adriana C. Salvalaggio, Jaqueline de A. Barbosa, and Neumarcio V. da Costa. "Organic Fungicides with Adjuvants in the Prevention of Diseases at Wheat." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p223.

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The efficiency of fungal solutions, without wheat in organic systems, can be improved with the use of adjuvants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dispersion of fungal droplets of organic fungicides with adjuvants in wheat leaves and disease control efficiency. The experimental design used was the completely randomized design in factorial scheme 2 × 3, with 6 repetitions. The first factor corresponded to fungal solutions bordeaux syrup (200 g L-1) and lime sulfur syrup (200 g L-1) and second factor to the adjuvants: mineral oil and vegetable oil (0.5% v v-1) and one Witness without application.. On the adaxial side, the use of the mineral oil provided scatter of drop 111.8 and 25.7% higher, to the grouts without adjuvants and vegetable oil, respectively. The greater spreading of the droplets on the two foliar faces and a lower incidence of the diseases with the product of the lime sulfur syrup + mineral oil. The use of the adjuvants in the syrups evaluated with positive results in the production components, standing out the mineral oil.

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47

Ferguson, Louise. "Alternative Production and Protection Practices for Pistachios." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 691e—691. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.691e.

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Pistachios are the single most-successful plant introduction to the United States in the 20th century. Part of this success is due to the alternative production practices that have made this crop more economical to grow. Controlled deficit irrigation (CDI) can produce 25% savings in irrigation water with no adverse effects. Reclaimed drainage water can be used for in-season irrigation up to 6 dS/m. Nitrogen applications can be adjusted for crop load and alternate bearing. Foliar sprays of boron, copper, and zinc can replace heavy ground applications to alleviated these micronutrient deficiencies. Some early season insect damage can be tolerated due to the tree's ability to compensate for the damage by filling a higher percentage of the remaining nuts, Maintaining a clean orchard floor can limit some insect pests. Mechanical pruning has been demonstrated to be cheaper and cause no loss in yield. Foliar fungal diseases can be partially controlled by limiting trajectory angle, frequency, and duration of irrigation or by using buried drip irrigation systems. Soil-borne fungal diseases and nematode damage are controlled by using resistant rootstocks.

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48

Bhat, Mushtaq Ahmad, Z. A. Bhat, G. H. Mir, S. Banday, and Tariq Ahmad. "Kresoxim methyl SC-a Quinone Outside Inhibitor against Major Fungal Foliar Diseases of Apple." Pesticide Research Journal 33, no. 2 (2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-524x.2021.00040.6.

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49

Liu, Yong, Dongdong Duan, Feifei Jiang, Zhen Tian, Xiaoxuan Feng, Nana Wu, Fujiang Hou, Paul Kardol, Zhibiao Nan, and Tao Chen. "Long‐term heavy grazing increases community‐level foliar fungal diseases by shifting plant composition." Journal of Applied Ecology 59, no. 3 (December 11, 2021): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14093.

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50

Ramappa Parashurama, Thyagarthi, and Manchanahally Byrappa Shivanna. "Fungal foliar diseases ofRauwolfia serpentinain wild, its seasonal occurrence, seed transmission and disease management." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 46, no. 13 (August 2013): 1609–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2013.772769.

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