Дисертації з теми "FOCM"

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1

Maria, Bottaro. "MTHFD2 modulation impairs proliferation and migration of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: an in vitro study." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1192417.

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Анотація:
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a highly aggressive tumour arising from the mesothelial cells covering the pleural space. MPM is commonly associated with asbestos exposure, its main risk factor. Currently, there are no effective treatments for MPM and the prognosis of patients is very poor. Moreover, modern targeted therapies that showed benefit in other human tumors failed in MPM, thus indicating an urgent need to identify new ways to diagnose MPM at earlier stages and increase knowledge about the mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis, progression and chemo/radio-resistance of this neoplasm. Folate metabolism is central to cell proliferation and a target of cancer therapy. Methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2 (MTHFD2), is an enzyme included in this pathway and it has been reported to be highly expressed in several malignancies. Although the enzymatic activity of the MTHFD2 is well understood, its role in cancer cell biology, in particular the relationship between its expression and MPM remains largely unknown. In this study, we first assessed that MTHFD2 was significantly overexpressed in MPM tissues and cell lines compared to non-malignant mesothelial tissues and cell lines. Then, we found that stable MTHFD2 knockdown by short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) resulted in reduced MPM cell growth, clonogenic potential and migration ability in vitro. At the molecular level we observed that MTHFD2 knock-down reduced the expression of genes involved in cell cycle progression and in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process. On the contrary, overexpression of MTHFD2 in MPM cells resulted in enhancement of the proliferation and migration in vitro. These results indicated a possible role of MTHFD2 in MPM progression. Targeting MTHFD2 could represent a promising new therapeutic strategy.
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2

Dahlström, Karolina. "How fining agents affect the tendency of pear base wine to form and stabilize foam." Thesis, Linnaeus University, School of Natural Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-7520.

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The company Kiviks Musteri AB produces a pear base wine that forms stable foam, which is problematic from a production perspective. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the factors underlying foam stability in the pear base wine and to find means for its reduction. This was done by foam testing wines and varying several variables, such as the fining agents normally used in the wine production (bentonite, gelatin, siliceous earth and activated carbon), enzyme treatment, and by changing the fermenting yeast species.

Results: The wine started to form stable foam during fermentation, and foam stability could be reduced by using more bentonite and carbon during the fining process. The other fining agents appeared to have only limited impact on foaming characteristics. No pectin was present according to the pectin test, but protein bands were evident from SDS PAGE analysis, though absent in samples treated with increased doses of bentonite.

In conclusion, pectin is not a major foaming agent in the wine, the yeast is most likely the producer of the foaming agents, carbon and bentonite have a reducing effect on foam stability, bentonite also reduces protein content. Proteins are likely to be involved in the foam stabilization but are not the sole contributors to stable foam.

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3

Smolik, Andrei. "Form to Behaviour: Rethinking Group Form." Thesis, Curtin University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/83429.

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This thesis investigates form-generating processes in architecture using creative computing, digital fabrication and process design by exploring a series of creative small-scale built prototypes. The aim of this research is to develop understanding and explore novel methods and techniques for the development and fabrication of the built environment based on Group Form principles- compositional approach originally developed by Fumihiko Maki and representative of natural, spontaneous, large-scale systems and modular assemblies.
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4

Cheng, Liang. "Modeling and simulation studies of foam processes in improved oil recovery and acid-diversions." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3077619.

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5

Bain, Joseph David. "Thermomechanical Hot Tool Cutting and Surface Quality in Robotic Foam Sculpting." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6258.

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Анотація:
For several years, research work has been carried out at the University of Canterbury aimed at the development of a rapid prototyping and manufacturing process referred to as Robotic Foam Sculpting (RFS). This system uses a six-axis industrial robot and electrically-heated hot-wire and hot-blade tools to sculpt desired parts from blocks of polystyrene foam. The vision for this system is that it will be able to rapidly create large volume foam models at low cost, for a range of potential applications. Parts produced by the RFS system can potentially be used as investment casting patterns, cores for sculptures and architectural details, demonstration and testing models, wind tunnel test models, and many other potential applications. At the beginning of the work reported in this thesis, there was very little understanding of the nature of the surfaces produced by hot-tool cutting of foam, very little knowledge of the range of input cutting conditions that affected the surface quality, and almost no understanding of the relationships between the cutting strategy and the nature of the surfaces being produced. In addition, there was little evidence of published work on these subjects that was sufficiently robust to be applicable to the RFS system. This research was concerned with rectifying this gap in the existing knowledge. There were a number of different focal areas for this research. These included the surface texture of surfaces cut with hot tools, the effects of cutting strategy on the surface quality in single-pass cutting of foam, the effects of cutting strategy on the surface quality in multi-pass cutting, and the application of a current-control system to control the surface quality in real time during a cut. In each of the focal areas the goal was to develop a detailed understanding of the nature of the different aspects of surface quality, to map the factor interactions and dependencies that controlled these aspects of surface quality, to develop methods for predicting the expected surface quality based on cutting strategy (and vice versa) and to develop techniques for minimising the surface errors. The detailed investigation of the surface texture of surfaces produced with hot-tool cutting is presented in Chapter 4. This chapter explores the characteristic nature of foam surfaces, presents the development of a method of measuring the surface texture of foam, and investigates the usefulness of a range of standard texture parameters for assessing foam surface quality. It is concluded in this chapter that common texture parameters based on the relative heights of surface features are not capable of reliably discriminating between different foam surfaces, so a new texture parameter (the 10%-Height Contiguous Diameter) is developed and implemented. Using this parameter, it is possible to reliably predict the surface texture to be expected for a given set of cutting conditions. Investigations of the cutting strategy in single-pass cutting are presented in Chapter 5. This chapter identifies the two key aspects of surface quality in single-pass cutting, the kerfwidth and the surface barrelling. Experimental work is carried out to investigate the relationships between these errors and the cutting strategy, and the factors that influence each of them are identified. In addition, statistical models are developed for the kerf along the length of a cut so that the kerf can be predicted based on cutting conditions. This chapter also includes a study of the cutting force in single-pass cutting, and develops models that allow the prediction of the expected cutting force for a given cutting strategy. A detailed study of the cutting strategy for multi-pass cutting is presented in Chapter 6. This study identifies the most significant surface errors in multi-pass cutting and determines the causes of each of these errors and the factor interactions and dependencies that have to be considered when developing a multi-pass cutting strategy. Once again, statistical models that allow the prediction of these surface errors based on cutting strategy, or the evaluation of cutting strategy parameters to achieve a desired surface quality, are developed. The models for cutting force in single-pass cutting are applied to multi-pass cutting, and it is found that these models can accurately predict the force in multi-pass cutting as well. The characterisation of the acoustic output in hot-tool cutting forms the subject matter of Chapter 7. This study establishes that the magnitude of the acoustic output is proportional to the cutting force experienced during the cut, and is therefore potentially suitable for use as a trigger signal for feedback current control. This would allow an acoustic signal to be used instead of the current force signal, which has a number of drawbacks that will be discussed in Chapter 2, the Background Material chapter. The specific trigger signal identified as being of most use is the acoustic output in the 4 – 12 kHz band, where the presence of any non-zero acoustic output above background noise is a reliable and repeatable indicator of the presence of thermomechanical cutting. The work presented in this thesis provides a detailed, quantitative, evidence-based and reliable understanding of the nature of the cutting strategy in hot-tool cutting of foam. The key cutting strategy parameters and the important aspects of surface quality for different cutting types are identified, the relationships between all these parameters are mapped, and quantitative models are developed that allow the output metrics like the surface quality or the cutting force to be predicted with a high degree of accuracy based on the input cutting strategy conditions. Armed with this understanding, it is possible to determine the most suitable cutting strategy for sculpting a given part, and to assess whether a given part can be sculpted with the RFS system. As such, the research problem posed at the start of this thesis has been largely solved, and the stage is set for further research to optimise the cutting strategy for sculpting different parts and to correct the remaining drawbacks of the RFS system to complete the development of a commercially-useful manufacturing system.
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6

Walcott, Penelope. "Mediated form." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.556676.

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Анотація:
All art conveys interpretations and investigations of an ontological, metaphysical and spiritual nature. Literature, for example, uses every-day symbols and signs, some of which are mediated via metaphor to convey the authors' cultural context, belief systems and their own personal artistic nature. This paper attempts to describe a form of compositional process that is based on the formation of meaning through mediated structure. This may involve working directly with text or with multiple texts, referencing texts, or designing the structural component of a piece so that it refers to a conscious or unconscious process of memory. Utilising words allows for a creative interface across the disciplines of music and literature in which both contexts are at once juxtaposed and synthesised in a singular form. Reading literature is one of the most powerful ways of engaging with any type of culture; poetry offers a different type of engagement with its readership largely because of its generative use of metaphor. It is this type of poetic license and play with cultural and social expectations of literary meaning that I find most fascinating about the written word, and this is why I have chosen to engage with poetic and prosodic works in many of the pieces in this portfolio.
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7

Greenwold, Simon 1973. "In form." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61547.

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Анотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-116).
Spatial computing is human interaction with a machine in which the machine retains and manipulates referents to real objects and spaces. It is an essential component for making our machines fuller partners in our work and play. This thesis presents a series of experiments in the discipline and analysis of its fundamental properties.
Simon Greenwold.
S.M.
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8

Pezzoni, J. Daniel. "Town form." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45902.

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Анотація:
American town form consists of primary form - the layout of streets, lots and other features determined for a town at its inception - and secondary form - the fabric of building and usage that a town acquires over time. This thesis explores the primary and secondary form of ante-bellum Western Virginia Towns, and offers several interpretations of the cultural meaning recorded in town form.
Master of Architecture
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9

Li, Qian. "Ambiguous Form." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/84481.

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Анотація:
This thesis is an exploration of the ambiguous form. "Ambiguous" means having multiple interpretations. Usually, a figurative presentation will direct people to a particular thing. On the contrary, if familiarity is provided as the only way, people can find a deceptive scenario, and associate it with the corresponding space in his or her memory. This happens because the images stored in our minds are not very refined, especially the ones we see but do not remember deliberately. So we can say that the ambiguous form triggers our association and thinking. It could give us more affordance about architectural space. In addition, collage, an art of transforming fragments into a whole, is an essential approach for my thesis. The process involves disintegrating something first, analyzing it, then synthesizing the parts together. It is beautiful
Master of Architecture
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10

Helms, Brittany Faye. "Finding Form." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461157156.

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11

Pritchard, Oona C. "Finding Form." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1541.

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12

Barton, Adrienne. "Sixth Form." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2019. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2585.

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Анотація:
The ten stories in this short story collection explore the liminal spaces created by certain physical spaces as well as times in the characters’ lives. The stories are largely related to a school environment, and the relationships and experiences that are unique to the players living and moving within that context. How much are the relationships and actions of the characters influenced by the setting. What weight do institutional forces and tradition carry in the characters’ lives, and how do they exploit it for their own will or conform?
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13

Barros, Daza Manuel Julian. "Numerical Simulation of High Expansion Foam Into Conduits and Mine Openings." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83565.

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Анотація:
High expansion foam (Hi-Ex) is a firefighting technology that has been widely used for fire suppression in underground locations. Hi-ex foam can be applied remotely through boreholes from the surface reducing firefighter exposure to fires. Despite the experimental studies that have been carried out there are still some uncertainties about foam behavior in underground locations. For this reason, the main objective of this thesis was to estimate Hi-Ex foam flow behavior in different underground configurations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. An experimental apparatus was built to study the foam rheology in order to determine the rheological model parameters to simulate foam as a continuous Non-Newtonian fluid. Furthermore, numerical and experimental results of Hi-Ex foam flowing in a pipe were compared with the objective of validating numerical results. Results of this study show that Hi-Ex foam with an expansion ratio between 1:250 and 1:1280 behaves as a shear thinning fluid represented by the power law model. Numerical simulations results were between 0.06% and 14% of experimental results for Reynolds numbers between 200 and 1700. Finally, numerical simulations of Hi-Ex foam in different mine entry slopes were carried out and compared with qualitative results of prior field work. This work generates some of the necessary numerical parameters for the simulation of Hi-Ex foam flow in mines. Furthermore, results of this work and the methodology used can allow for improved predictions of foam flow in in underground mine fires, while improving safety for mine workers
Master of Science
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14

Verdugo, Rodriguez Rogelio Alberto. "Carbon foam characterization tensile evaluation of carbon foam ligaments." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/56.

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Анотація:
A methodology for ligament isolation and specimen preparation for tensile testing of single ligaments from the unit cell of open-cell carbon foams has been successfully developed and implemented. Results are presented for ligaments of three different carbon foam designations. Two of them are reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) foams of 20 and 45 pores-per- inch (ppi) coated with SiC by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and the other is a RVC 20 ppi foam without coating. Scanning electron microscopy and digital imaging analysis is used to analyze the fracture surfaces posts tests. The ultimate strength of each ligament evaluated. Weibull statistics is used to describe the strength distribution of ligaments. While the distribution of strengths of the carbon foam ligaments (RVC) could be described with a one-population distribution, it is found that a two-population Weibull distribution is necessary to describe the distribution of strength of the SiC coated ligaments.
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15

Stickells, Lee. "Form and reform : affective form and the garden suburb." University of Western Australia. School of Architecture, Landscape and Visual Arts, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0089.

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Анотація:
This thesis establishes the concept of affective form as a means of examining urban design – being the intersection of architecture, planning and landscape – in relation to techniques of governance. Affective form broadly describes a built environment where people are encouraged to amend, or govern, their actions according to particular socio–political ideas. Exploration of the concept’s application as a theoretical tool is undertaken here in order to generate a means of discussing the ethical function of urban design. The emergence of notions of affective form will be located in the eighteenth century, alongside the growing confidence in the ability for humankind to effect social and cultural progress. In a series of examples, stretching throughout the twentieth century, the implicit relation of planning, architectural and landscape form to social effect is discussed. The language, and design models, used to delineate affective form are described, alongside discussion of the level of intentionality apparent in the conceptions of urban form’s social effect. Critique through affective form allows an analysis that brings together the underlying utopian elements of projects – the traces of ideology and sociological theories – with an evaluation of the formal concepts projected. As the second area of investigation, the city of Perth in Western Australia provides a contextual focus for the examination of concepts of affective form. Through a series of appropriations of urban design models a suburban archetype emerged in Perth of a planned, homogenous field of low–rise, single–family, detached dwellings within a gardenesque landscape. The process of appropriation is described as a continuing negotiation between local expectations and the implicit conceptions of affective form within the imported models. Connecting the two primary concerns of the thesis, the ability of form to influence social change and the evolution of Perth’s garden suburb ideal, is the association of that developing garden suburb model with notions of affective form. The associations are outlined through three case studies. The first is an account of the planning of the City of Perth Endowment Lands Project during the 1920s. The second describes the planning and architecture of the athlete’s village built for the VIIIth British Empire and Commonwealth Games held in Perth in 1962. The third study details the development in the 1990s of Joondalup, a satellite city in the Perth metropolitan region. The account of Perth’s garden suburb ideal is intertwined with the consideration of the varying ways in which the conceptualization of affective form has been expressed. Each case study is contextualized by a preceding chapter that discusses the particular conceptions of affective form used in its examination. Thus the main body of the thesis comprises three parts – each associated with a case study, each containing two linked chapters
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16

Stickells, Lee. "Form and reform : affective form and the garden suburb /." Connect to this title, 2004. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0089.

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17

Henrich, Denise K. (Denise Kay). "Landscape and form : observation and transformation of farm form." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79945.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M. Arch)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1988.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-119).
This thesis is an exploration of the collective, that of farm form. The form of a collective organization is of a multiplicity of relationships, rich in information and understandable. It is an interactive coming together of elements, creating something shared by the individual and the whole, a unity made up by a diversity. The exploration puts forth principles which explain the formal and spatial characteristics of the farms. I contend that it is possible to introduce new architecture which respects formal and spatial continuities but allows for a departure in design. In order to make these continuities, and in order for there to be any understanding of the reference used, the observer must be able to look beyond the image and be able to identify the underlying spatial and formal characteristics and principles inherent in the reference. By understanding these underlying principles it is possible to reinforce, in new architecture, the same positive associations found in the form of farms. This thesis exploration has four parts: Part I: A Description of Form. This is a discussion about form and how the formal references will be described. Part II: Cordoba: An Illustration. A street in Cordoba, Spain is used as an illustration of how the observation studies will be documented and diagrammed. Part III: Observation Studies. Five farms are documented and their formal structure analyzed. Part IV: Design Exploration. Windom, Minnesota is the site selected to explore the principles of formal structure found in the observations studies, using a Research and Educational complex as the vehicle for exploration.
by Denise K. Henrich.
M.Arch
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18

Santiesteban, Vicky Lee. "The Woman in the Box is Smiling." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278120/.

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Анотація:
The Woman in the Box is Smiling is a collection of poems, prose poems, short-short stories, and short stories. The introduction is a personal essay which discusses form as a device used to gain control over subject matter.
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19

Castro, André Galhardo Lopes de. "The form language of almadesign." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/16899.

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Анотація:
Tese de Doutoramento em Design, com a especialização em Design apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor.
O design industrial é uma actividade que agrega diferentes metodologias, que combinam as Ciências Sociais, os Princípios da arte, processos de Engenharia e as práticas da Gestão. Sendo influenciado pelo design de automóveis e pelo design de aeronaves desde a sua criação, o estúdio tem vindo a especializar-se em serviços de design industrial com uma componente técnica acentuada (i.e. design de meios de transporte) pelo que, no contexto desta investigação, se considerou fundamental focar num ponto fundamental, que é a definição da Linguagem Formal dos produtos, definida como a principal tarefa do designer industrial, onde todas as diferentes metodologias se materializam em soluções. Esta definição de design, que combina a componente criativa e técnica, é referida por um dos maiores projectistas aeronáuticos, o designer Daniel Raymer, que afirmou: "O design é uma disciplina separada da engenharia aeronáutica - diferente das disciplinas analíticas como aerodinâmica, estruturas, controle e propulsão. Um designer de aeronaves precisa ser bem versado nestas e muitas outras especialidades, mas na verdade passará pouco tempo a realizar estas análises (...) O tempo do designer é gasto fazendo algo chamado "design", ou seja, criando a descrição geométrica de uma coisa a ser construída” (Raymer, 1994, p.2) Um designer industrial é mais do que apenas o criador da descrição geométrica da coisa a ser construída, pois deverá saber utilizar metodologias análogas às das ciências sociais quando desenvolve uma pesquisa de mercado e entrevista ou observa utilizadores; deverá ter a capacidade de comunicar conceitos e ilustrar ideias através do desenho; ser capaz de materializar conceitos em modelos matemáticos com recurso a software CAD 3D; recorrer à engenharia de produto, desenhar peças e construir protótipos; gerir recursos e pessoas. O foco desta investigação é, contudo, a Linguagem Formal desenvolvida pelos designers e nela se inclui a descrição geométrica dos produtos a construir bem como todas as suas propriedades visuais como a sua cor, materiais e acabamentos. A investigação incide na Linguagem Formal desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign, durante duas décadas de actividade. A Almadesign foi fundada em 1997 por Rui Marcelino e tem vindo a desenvolver projectos na área do Design de transportes, produtos e interiores - mais de 600 projectos - ao longo de 20 anos de actividade em Portugal. Embora cada projecto tenha a sua especificidade, em todos eles os designers desenvolveram uma Linguagem Formal específica, que foi considerada, a cada momento, a resposta mais indicada para uma determinada especificação. Essa Linguagem pode ser analisada à luz dos três vectores de investigação definidos – Contexto, Sintaxe da Forma e Semântica da Forma. Isto é, cada projecto foi desenvolvido num determinado contexto externo do estúdio (económico, social, tecnológico, cultural, etc) e interno do estúdio (designers, metodologias, processos, etc). Cada projecto desenvolvido apresenta elementos formais organizados segundo princípios de design, que constroem uma gramática formal a que chamámos Sintaxe da Forma. Cada um dos projectos - com o seu Contexto e Sintaxe - carregam consigo uma componente simbólica, introduzida pelos designers (de forma mais ou menos premeditada) e que é interpretada por clientes e parceiros. Formulou-se assim a questão desta investigação que é “será que existe uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida na Almadesign?”. Em caso afirmativo, será possível identificá-la e caracterizá-la? Para responder a estas questões, são propostos 3 vectores de investigação que podem ajudar a clarificar os objectivos: • Contexto: análise do contexto envolvente do estúdio em duas décadas de actividade, de uma perspectiva interna (designers, metodologias, processos) e externa (mudanças sociais, económicas e tecnológicas, história de design) • Sintaxe da Forma: caracterizando os elementos formais desenvolvidos pelos designers do estúdio e a sua organização através de princípios de design; • Semântica da Forma: caracterizando a criação de símbolos através do design do produto e a sua interpretação por clientes / parceiros; Os produtos industriais são objectos complexos incluídos em ecossistemas também eles de grande complexidade. Cada produto tem uma função específica e desempenho que deve alcançar, o que pode ser conseguido através de diferentes definições geométricas, tecnologias de produção e materiais. No geral, a Forma, a Função e a Técnica estão interligadas no desenvolvimento de um novo produto e sempre que um destes componentes é alterado, os restantes são afectados. Os designers naturalmente abordam esses 3 elementos básicos de uma forma holística, num complexo ecossistema que inclui diferenças sociais, culturais, económicas, tecnológicas e de mercado. Enquanto estudante, o investigador sempre considerou que nesta equação entre os 3 elementos – Forma, Função e Técnica – faltava algo mais que fugisse à limitação da “Forma segue a Função”. Factores humanos como as respostas psicológicas ao produto, a comunicação entre designers e utilizadores, a forma como os produtos nos fazem sentir, reflectir, etc, são tudo aspectos fundamentais na criação de produtos que não estão presentes nesta equação. Dessa procura nasceu o tema da investigação e o objectivo de estudar os processos de design com foco na linguagem formal, a sua sintaxe e semântica. De modo a estabelecer um universo específico de estudo, que incluísse o trabalho desenvolvido no estúdio e que respondesse a estas questões, foi definido como objecto de estudo a descrição geométrica do objecto, as suas cores, materiais e acabamentos e todos os factores de comunicação intrínsecos à actividade dos designers, isto é, as estratégias utilizadas na definição de uma Linguagem Formal para estabelecer a comunicação simbólica interpretada por clientes e parceiros. A seguinte hipótese foi colocada: "É possível identificar e caracterizar uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign". No sentido de provar a hipótese, foram definidas diferentes metodologias de investigação – mais empíricas ou mais teóricas – procurando enfrentar o desafio de identificar e caracterizar a Linguagem Formal do estúdio. As metodologias incluem a Revisão de Literatura sobre os três vectores de investigação – Contexto, Sintaxe e Semântica; Estudos Experimentais com alunos do Mestrado em Design e com designers profissionais do estúdio; Estudos de caso com clientes / parceiros, com base em projectos do estúdio. As diferentes metodologias foram planeadas, desenvolvidas e colocadas em prática num período de cerca de dois anos e meio, desde Julho de 2015 a Janeiro de 2018. Este documento apresenta o resultado dos dados recolhidos, da sua interpretação e conclusões, procurando definir o Modelo para o desenvolvimento da Linguagem Formal no estúdio. A identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal específica é uma tarefa complexa, já que se concluiu que a Linguagem Formal não é uma “receita”, mas resulta de um complexo processo evolutivo, orgânico e em constante mudança, suportado por metodologias próprias do estúdio e diferentes equipas de designers, com uma liderança forte e muito presente ao longo de duas décadas. Considera-se que o ponto de vista desta investigação é intrinsecamente enviesado, já que o investigador trabalha como designer na Almadesign há cerca de 16 anos. Paralelamente a esta actividade, o investigador lecciona também disciplinas de projecto de design na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa desde 2007. No entanto, este contexto – a presença no Mercado e na Academia - permite que o pesquisador tenha um ponto de vista privilegiado para aproximar as duas áreas, contribuindo para a transferência de conhecimento - essencial para desenvolver novas ideias, produtos e processos. Através desta investigação e da identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal num Modelo único, o investigador espera contribuir para o corpo da teoria de design para que no futuro se possam aplicar processos análogos na análise de outras Linguagens Formais desenvolvidas noutros estúdios de Design. Espera-se por isso contribuir para a aproximação e transferência de conhecimento entre Mercado e Academia. Considera-se que outros processos investigativos serão necessários para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a Linguagem Formal em estúdios de design, sendo neste documento apresentado um contributo para o tema. O design industrial é uma actividade que agrega diferentes metodologias, que combinam as Ciências Sociais, os Princípios da arte, processos de Engenharia e as práticas da Gestão. Sendo influenciado pelo design de automóveis e pelo design de aeronaves desde a sua criação, o estúdio tem vindo a especializar-se em serviços de design industrial com uma componente técnica acentuada (i.e. design de meios de transporte) pelo que, no contexto desta investigação, se considerou fundamental focar num ponto fundamental, que é a definição da Linguagem Formal dos produtos, definida como a principal tarefa do designer industrial, onde todas as diferentes metodologias se materializam em soluções. Esta definição de design, que combina a componente criativa e técnica, é referida por um dos maiores projectistas aeronáuticos, o designer Daniel Raymer, que afirmou: "O design é uma disciplina separada da engenharia aeronáutica - diferente das disciplinas analíticas como aerodinâmica, estruturas, controle e propulsão. Um designer de aeronaves precisa ser bem versado nestas e muitas outras especialidades, mas na verdade passará pouco tempo a realizar estas análises (...) O tempo do designer é gasto fazendo algo chamado "design", ou seja, criando a descrição geométrica de uma coisa a ser construída” (Raymer, 1994, p.2) Um designer industrial é mais do que apenas o criador da descrição geométrica da coisa a ser construída, pois deverá saber utilizar metodologias análogas às das ciências sociais quando desenvolve uma pesquisa de mercado e entrevista ou observa utilizadores; deverá ter a capacidade de comunicar conceitos e ilustrar ideias através do desenho; ser capaz de materializar conceitos em modelos matemáticos com recurso a software CAD 3D; recorrer à engenharia de produto, desenhar peças e construir protótipos; gerir recursos e pessoas. O foco desta investigação é, contudo, a Linguagem Formal desenvolvida pelos designers e nela se inclui a descrição geométrica dos produtos a construir bem como todas as suas propriedades visuais como a sua cor, materiais e acabamentos. A investigação incide na Linguagem Formal desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign, durante duas décadas de actividade. A Almadesign foi fundada em 1997 por Rui Marcelino e tem vindo a desenvolver projectos na área do Design de transportes, produtos e interiores - mais de 600 projectos - ao longo de 20 anos de actividade em Portugal. Embora cada projecto tenha a sua especificidade, em todos eles os designers desenvolveram uma Linguagem Formal específica, que foi considerada, a cada momento, a resposta mais indicada para uma determinada especificação. Essa Linguagem pode ser analisada à luz dos três vectores de investigação definidos – Contexto, Sintaxe da Forma e Semântica da Forma. Isto é, cada projecto foi desenvolvido num determinado contexto externo do estúdio (económico, social, tecnológico, cultural, etc) e interno do estúdio (designers, metodologias, processos, etc). Cada projecto desenvolvido apresenta elementos formais organizados segundo princípios de design, que constroem uma gramática formal a que chamámos Sintaxe da Forma. Cada um dos projectos - com o seu Contexto e Sintaxe - carregam consigo uma componente simbólica, introduzida pelos designers (de forma mais ou menos premeditada) e que é interpretada por clientes e parceiros. Formulou-se assim a questão desta investigação que é “será que existe uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida na Almadesign?”. Em caso afirmativo, será possível identificá-la e caracterizá-la? Para responder a estas questões, são propostos 3 vectores de investigação que podem ajudar a clarificar os objectivos: • Contexto: análise do contexto envolvente do estúdio em duas décadas de actividade, de uma perspectiva interna (designers, metodologias, processos) e externa (mudanças sociais, económicas e tecnológicas, história de design) • Sintaxe da Forma: caracterizando os elementos formais desenvolvidos pelos designers do estúdio e a sua organização através de princípios de design; • Semântica da Forma: caracterizando a criação de símbolos através do design do produto e a sua interpretação por clientes / parceiros; Os produtos industriais são objectos complexos incluídos em ecossistemas também eles de grande complexidade. Cada produto tem uma função específica e desempenho que deve alcançar, o que pode ser conseguido através de diferentes definições geométricas, tecnologias de produção e materiais. No geral, a Forma, a Função e a Técnica estão interligadas no desenvolvimento de um novo produto e sempre que um destes componentes é alterado, os restantes são afectados. Os designers naturalmente abordam esses 3 elementos básicos de uma forma holística, num complexo ecossistema que inclui diferenças sociais, culturais, económicas, tecnológicas e de mercado. Enquanto estudante, o investigador sempre considerou que nesta equação entre os 3 elementos – Forma, Função e Técnica – faltava algo mais que fugisse à limitação da “Forma segue a Função”. Factores humanos como as respostas psicológicas ao produto, a comunicação entre designers e utilizadores, a forma como os produtos nos fazem sentir, reflectir, etc, são tudo aspectos fundamentais na criação de produtos que não estão presentes nesta equação. Dessa procura nasceu o tema da investigação e o objectivo de estudar os processos de design com foco na linguagem formal, a sua sintaxe e semântica. De modo a estabelecer um universo específico de estudo, que incluísse o trabalho desenvolvido no estúdio e que respondesse a estas questões, foi definido como objecto de estudo a descrição geométrica do objecto, as suas cores, materiais e acabamentos e todos os factores de comunicação intrínsecos à actividade dos designers, isto é, as estratégias utilizadas na definição de uma Linguagem Formal para estabelecer a comunicação simbólica interpretada por clientes e parceiros. A seguinte hipótese foi colocada: "É possível identificar e caracterizar uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign". No sentido de provar a hipótese, foram definidas diferentes metodologias de investigação – mais empíricas ou mais teóricas – procurando enfrentar o desafio de identificar e caracterizar a Linguagem Formal do estúdio. As metodologias incluem a Revisão de Literatura sobre os três vectores de investigação – Contexto, Sintaxe e Semântica; Estudos Experimentais com alunos do Mestrado em Design e com designers profissionais do estúdio; Estudos de caso com clientes / parceiros, com base em projectos do estúdio. As diferentes metodologias foram planeadas, desenvolvidas e colocadas em prática num período de cerca de dois anos e meio, desde Julho de 2015 a Janeiro de 2018. Este documento apresenta o resultado dos dados recolhidos, da sua interpretação e conclusões, procurando definir o Modelo para o desenvolvimento da Linguagem Formal no estúdio. A identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal específica é uma tarefa complexa, já que se concluiu que a Linguagem Formal não é uma “receita”, mas resulta de um complexo processo evolutivo, orgânico e em constante mudança, suportado por metodologias próprias do estúdio e diferentes equipas de designers, com uma liderança forte e muito presente ao longo de duas décadas. Considera-se que o ponto de vista desta investigação é intrinsecamente enviesado, já que o investigador trabalha como designer na Almadesign há cerca de 16 anos. Paralelamente a esta actividade, o investigador lecciona também disciplinas de projecto de design na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa desde 2007. No entanto, este contexto – a presença no Mercado e na Academia - permite que o pesquisador tenha um ponto de vista privilegiado para aproximar as duas áreas, contribuindo para a transferência de conhecimento - essencial para desenvolver novas ideias, produtos e processos. Através desta investigação e da identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal num Modelo único, o investigador espera contribuir para o corpo da teoria de design para que no futuro se possam aplicar processos análogos na análise de outras Linguagens Formais desenvolvidas noutros estúdios de Design. Espera-se por isso contribuir para a aproximação e transferência de conhecimento entre Mercado e Academia. Considera-se que outros processos investigativos serão necessários para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a Linguagem Formal em estúdios de design, sendo neste documento apresentado um contributo para o tema. O design industrial é uma actividade que agrega diferentes metodologias, que combinam as Ciências Sociais, os Princípios da arte, processos de Engenharia e as práticas da Gestão. Sendo influenciado pelo design de automóveis e pelo design de aeronaves desde a sua criação, o estúdio tem vindo a especializar-se em serviços de design industrial com uma componente técnica acentuada (i.e. design de meios de transporte) pelo que, no contexto desta investigação, se considerou fundamental focar num ponto fundamental, que é a definição da Linguagem Formal dos produtos, definida como a principal tarefa do designer industrial, onde todas as diferentes metodologias se materializam em soluções. Esta definição de design, que combina a componente criativa e técnica, é referida por um dos maiores projectistas aeronáuticos, o designer Daniel Raymer, que afirmou: "O design é uma disciplina separada da engenharia aeronáutica - diferente das disciplinas analíticas como aerodinâmica, estruturas, controle e propulsão. Um designer de aeronaves precisa ser bem versado nestas e muitas outras especialidades, mas na verdade passará pouco tempo a realizar estas análises (...) O tempo do designer é gasto fazendo algo chamado "design", ou seja, criando a descrição geométrica de uma coisa a ser construída” (Raymer, 1994, p.2) Um designer industrial é mais do que apenas o criador da descrição geométrica da coisa a ser construída, pois deverá saber utilizar metodologias análogas às das ciências sociais quando desenvolve uma pesquisa de mercado e entrevista ou observa utilizadores; deverá ter a capacidade de comunicar conceitos e ilustrar ideias através do desenho; ser capaz de materializar conceitos em modelos matemáticos com recurso a software CAD 3D; recorrer à engenharia de produto, desenhar peças e construir protótipos; gerir recursos e pessoas. O foco desta investigação é, contudo, a Linguagem Formal desenvolvida pelos designers e nela se inclui a descrição geométrica dos produtos a construir bem como todas as suas propriedades visuais como a sua cor, materiais e acabamentos. A investigação incide na Linguagem Formal desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign, durante duas décadas de actividade. A Almadesign foi fundada em 1997 por Rui Marcelino e tem vindo a desenvolver projectos na área do Design de transportes, produtos e interiores - mais de 600 projectos - ao longo de 20 anos de actividade em Portugal. Embora cada projecto tenha a sua especificidade, em todos eles os designers desenvolveram uma Linguagem Formal específica, que foi considerada, a cada momento, a resposta mais indicada para uma determinada especificação. Essa Linguagem pode ser analisada à luz dos três vectores de investigação definidos – Contexto, Sintaxe da Forma e Semântica da Forma. Isto é, cada projecto foi desenvolvido num determinado contexto externo do estúdio (económico, social, tecnológico, cultural, etc) e interno do estúdio (designers, metodologias, processos, etc). Cada projecto desenvolvido apresenta elementos formais organizados segundo princípios de design, que constroem uma gramática formal a que chamámos Sintaxe da Forma. Cada um dos projectos - com o seu Contexto e Sintaxe - carregam consigo uma componente simbólica, introduzida pelos designers (de forma mais ou menos premeditada) e que é interpretada por clientes e parceiros. Formulou-se assim a questão desta investigação que é “será que existe uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida na Almadesign?”. Em caso afirmativo, será possível identificá-la e caracterizá-la? Para responder a estas questões, são propostos 3 vectores de investigação que podem ajudar a clarificar os objectivos: • Contexto: análise do contexto envolvente do estúdio em duas décadas de actividade, de uma perspectiva interna (designers, metodologias, processos) e externa (mudanças sociais, económicas e tecnológicas, história de design) • Sintaxe da Forma: caracterizando os elementos formais desenvolvidos pelos designers do estúdio e a sua organização através de princípios de design; • Semântica da Forma: caracterizando a criação de símbolos através do design do produto e a sua interpretação por clientes / parceiros; Os produtos industriais são objectos complexos incluídos em ecossistemas também eles de grande complexidade. Cada produto tem uma função específica e desempenho que deve alcançar, o que pode ser conseguido através de diferentes definições geométricas, tecnologias de produção e materiais. No geral, a Forma, a Função e a Técnica estão interligadas no desenvolvimento de um novo produto e sempre que um destes componentes é alterado, os restantes são afectados. Os designers naturalmente abordam esses 3 elementos básicos de uma forma holística, num complexo ecossistema que inclui diferenças sociais, culturais, económicas, tecnológicas e de mercado. Enquanto estudante, o investigador sempre considerou que nesta equação entre os 3 elementos – Forma, Função e Técnica – faltava algo mais que fugisse à limitação da “Forma segue a Função”. Factores humanos como as respostas psicológicas ao produto, a comunicação entre designers e utilizadores, a forma como os produtos nos fazem sentir, reflectir, etc, são tudo aspectos fundamentais na criação de produtos que não estão presentes nesta equação. Dessa procura nasceu o tema da investigação e o objectivo de estudar os processos de design com foco na linguagem formal, a sua sintaxe e semântica. De modo a estabelecer um universo específico de estudo, que incluísse o trabalho desenvolvido no estúdio e que respondesse a estas questões, foi definido como objecto de estudo a descrição geométrica do objecto, as suas cores, materiais e acabamentos e todos os factores de comunicação intrínsecos à actividade dos designers, isto é, as estratégias utilizadas na definição de uma Linguagem Formal para estabelecer a comunicação simbólica interpretada por clientes e parceiros. A seguinte hipótese foi colocada: "É possível identificar e caracterizar uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign". No sentido de provar a hipótese, foram definidas diferentes metodologias de investigação – mais empíricas ou mais teóricas – procurando enfrentar o desafio de identificar e caracterizar a Linguagem Formal do estúdio. As metodologias incluem a Revisão de Literatura sobre os três vectores de investigação – Contexto, Sintaxe e Semântica; Estudos Experimentais com alunos do Mestrado em Design e com designers profissionais do estúdio; Estudos de caso com clientes / parceiros, com base em projectos do estúdio. As diferentes metodologias foram planeadas, desenvolvidas e colocadas em prática num período de cerca de dois anos e meio, desde Julho de 2015 a Janeiro de 2018. Este documento apresenta o resultado dos dados recolhidos, da sua interpretação e conclusões, procurando definir o Modelo para o desenvolvimento da Linguagem Formal no estúdio. A identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal específica é uma tarefa complexa, já que se concluiu que a Linguagem Formal não é uma “receita”, mas resulta de um complexo processo evolutivo, orgânico e em constante mudança, suportado por metodologias próprias do estúdio e diferentes equipas de designers, com uma liderança forte e muito presente ao longo de duas décadas. Considera-se que o ponto de vista desta investigação é intrinsecamente enviesado, já que o investigador trabalha como designer na Almadesign há cerca de 16 anos. Paralelamente a esta actividade, o investigador lecciona também disciplinas de projecto de design na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa desde 2007. No entanto, este contexto – a presença no Mercado e na Academia - permite que o pesquisador tenha um ponto de vista privilegiado para aproximar as duas áreas, contribuindo para a transferência de conhecimento - essencial para desenvolver novas ideias, produtos e processos. Através desta investigação e da identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal num Modelo único, o investigador espera contribuir para o corpo da teoria de design para que no futuro se possam aplicar processos análogos na análise de outras Linguagens Formais desenvolvidas noutros estúdios de Design. Espera-se por isso contribuir para a aproximação e transferência de conhecimento entre Mercado e Academia. Considera-se que outros processos investigativos serão necessários para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a Linguagem Formal em estúdios de design, sendo neste documento apresentado um contributo para o tema. O design industrial é uma actividade que agrega diferentes metodologias, que combinam as Ciências Sociais, os Princípios da arte, processos de Engenharia e as práticas da Gestão. Sendo influenciado pelo design de automóveis e pelo design de aeronaves desde a sua criação, o estúdio tem vindo a especializar-se em serviços de design industrial com uma componente técnica acentuada (i.e. design de meios de transporte) pelo que, no contexto desta investigação, se considerou fundamental focar num ponto fundamental, que é a definição da Linguagem Formal dos produtos, definida como a principal tarefa do designer industrial, onde todas as diferentes metodologias se materializam em soluções. Esta definição de design, que combina a componente criativa e técnica, é referida por um dos maiores projectistas aeronáuticos, o designer Daniel Raymer, que afirmou: "O design é uma disciplina separada da engenharia aeronáutica - diferente das disciplinas analíticas como aerodinâmica, estruturas, controle e propulsão. Um designer de aeronaves precisa ser bem versado nestas e muitas outras especialidades, mas na verdade passará pouco tempo a realizar estas análises (...) O tempo do designer é gasto fazendo algo chamado "design", ou seja, criando a descrição geométrica de uma coisa a ser construída” (Raymer, 1994, p.2) Um designer industrial é mais do que apenas o criador da descrição geométrica da coisa a ser construída, pois deverá saber utilizar metodologias análogas às das ciências sociais quando desenvolve uma pesquisa de mercado e entrevista ou observa utilizadores; deverá ter a capacidade de comunicar conceitos e ilustrar ideias através do desenho; ser capaz de materializar conceitos em modelos matemáticos com recurso a software CAD 3D; recorrer à engenharia de produto, desenhar peças e construir protótipos; gerir recursos e pessoas. O foco desta investigação é, contudo, a Linguagem Formal desenvolvida pelos designers e nela se inclui a descrição geométrica dos produtos a construir bem como todas as suas propriedades visuais como a sua cor, materiais e acabamentos. A investigação incide na Linguagem Formal desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign, durante duas décadas de actividade. A Almadesign foi fundada em 1997 por Rui Marcelino e tem vindo a desenvolver projectos na área do Design de transportes, produtos e interiores - mais de 600 projectos - ao longo de 20 anos de actividade em Portugal. Embora cada projecto tenha a sua especificidade, em todos eles os designers desenvolveram uma Linguagem Formal específica, que foi considerada, a cada momento, a resposta mais indicada para uma determinada especificação. Essa Linguagem pode ser analisada à luz dos três vectores de investigação definidos – Contexto, Sintaxe da Forma e Semântica da Forma. Isto é, cada projecto foi desenvolvido num determinado contexto externo do estúdio (económico, social, tecnológico, cultural, etc) e interno do estúdio (designers, metodologias, processos, etc). Cada projecto desenvolvido apresenta elementos formais organizados segundo princípios de design, que constroem uma gramática formal a que chamámos Sintaxe da Forma. Cada um dos projectos - com o seu Contexto e Sintaxe - carregam consigo uma componente simbólica, introduzida pelos designers (de forma mais ou menos premeditada) e que é interpretada por clientes e parceiros. Formulou-se assim a questão desta investigação que é “será que existe uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida na Almadesign?”. Em caso afirmativo, será possível identificá-la e caracterizá-la? Para responder a estas questões, são propostos 3 vectores de investigação que podem ajudar a clarificar os objectivos: • Contexto: análise do contexto envolvente do estúdio em duas décadas de actividade, de uma perspectiva interna (designers, metodologias, processos) e externa (mudanças sociais, económicas e tecnológicas, história de design) • Sintaxe da Forma: caracterizando os elementos formais desenvolvidos pelos designers do estúdio e a sua organização através de princípios de design; • Semântica da Forma: caracterizando a criação de símbolos através do design do produto e a sua interpretação por clientes / parceiros; Os produtos industriais são objectos complexos incluídos em ecossistemas também eles de grande complexidade. Cada produto tem uma função específica e desempenho que deve alcançar, o que pode ser conseguido através de diferentes definições geométricas, tecnologias de produção e materiais. No geral, a Forma, a Função e a Técnica estão interligadas no desenvolvimento de um novo produto e sempre que um destes componentes é alterado, os restantes são afectados. Os designers naturalmente abordam esses 3 elementos básicos de uma forma holística, num complexo ecossistema que inclui diferenças sociais, culturais, económicas, tecnológicas e de mercado. Enquanto estudante, o investigador sempre considerou que nesta equação entre os 3 elementos – Forma, Função e Técnica – faltava algo mais que fugisse à limitação da “Forma segue a Função”. Factores humanos como as respostas psicológicas ao produto, a comunicação entre designers e utilizadores, a forma como os produtos nos fazem sentir, reflectir, etc, são tudo aspectos fundamentais na criação de produtos que não estão presentes nesta equação. Dessa procura nasceu o tema da investigação e o objectivo de estudar os processos de design com foco na linguagem formal, a sua sintaxe e semântica. De modo a estabelecer um universo específico de estudo, que incluísse o trabalho desenvolvido no estúdio e que respondesse a estas questões, foi definido como objecto de estudo a descrição geométrica do objecto, as suas cores, materiais e acabamentos e todos os factores de comunicação intrínsecos à actividade dos designers, isto é, as estratégias utilizadas na definição de uma Linguagem Formal para estabelecer a comunicação simbólica interpretada por clientes e parceiros. A seguinte hipótese foi colocada: "É possível identificar e caracterizar uma Linguagem Formal específica desenvolvida no estúdio Almadesign". No sentido de provar a hipótese, foram definidas diferentes metodologias de investigação – mais empíricas ou mais teóricas – procurando enfrentar o desafio de identificar e caracterizar a Linguagem Formal do estúdio. As metodologias incluem a Revisão de Literatura sobre os três vectores de investigação – Contexto, Sintaxe e Semântica; Estudos Experimentais com alunos do Mestrado em Design e com designers profissionais do estúdio; Estudos de caso com clientes / parceiros, com base em projectos do estúdio. As diferentes metodologias foram planeadas, desenvolvidas e colocadas em prática num período de cerca de dois anos e meio, desde Julho de 2015 a Janeiro de 2018. Este documento apresenta o resultado dos dados recolhidos, da sua interpretação e conclusões, procurando definir o Modelo para o desenvolvimento da Linguagem Formal no estúdio. A identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal específica é uma tarefa complexa, já que se concluiu que a Linguagem Formal não é uma “receita”, mas resulta de um complexo processo evolutivo, orgânico e em constante mudança, suportado por metodologias próprias do estúdio e diferentes equipas de designers, com uma liderança forte e muito presente ao longo de duas décadas. Considera-se que o ponto de vista desta investigação é intrinsecamente enviesado, já que o investigador trabalha como designer na Almadesign há cerca de 16 anos. Paralelamente a esta actividade, o investigador lecciona também disciplinas de projecto de design na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa desde 2007. No entanto, este contexto – a presença no Mercado e na Academia - permite que o pesquisador tenha um ponto de vista privilegiado para aproximar as duas áreas, contribuindo para a transferência de conhecimento - essencial para desenvolver novas ideias, produtos e processos. Através desta investigação e da identificação e caracterização de uma Linguagem Formal num Modelo único, o investigador espera contribuir para o corpo da teoria de design para que no futuro se possam aplicar processos análogos na análise de outras Linguagens Formais desenvolvidas noutros estúdios de Design. Espera-se por isso contribuir para a aproximação e transferência de conhecimento entre Mercado e Academia. Considera-se que outros processos investigativos serão necessários para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a Linguagem Formal em estúdios de design, sendo neste documento apresentado um contributo para o tema.
ABSTRACT: Industrial Design is an activity which employs different methodologies, from social science to art principles, from engineering processes to management practices. Being influenced by car design and aircraft design since its inception, Almadesign studio professionals are skilled in the industrial design profession with a specific “technical approach”. The combination of design thinking methodologies with the technical side of transport design, has led to the focus on this investigation, which is the Form Language development in design, defined as the most important task of the industrial designer, where all the different activities are conceptualized in solutions. The definition of the product form, an activity situated between analyzing information and transforming it into a product, is considered a fundamental task of the industrial designer, best stated by American aircraft designer, Daniel Raymer: “(Aircraft) design is a separate discipline of aeronautical engineering – different from the analytical disciplines such as aerodynamics, structures, controls and propulsion. An aircraft designer needs to be well versed in these and many other specialties, but will actually spend little time performing such analysis (…) Instead, the designer’s time is spent doing something called “design”, creating the geometric description of a thing to be built.” (Raymer, 1994, p.2) An industrial designer is more than just the creator of the geometric description of the thing to be built, as he should be versed in social sciences when he researches the market and observes users; should to be able to sketch and illustrate ideas and visions; to materialize sketches into mathematical models using 3D CAD software; to engineer different parts into completed prototypes; to be a manager of both people and resources. Designers should indeed be able to solve all kinds of problems using design thinking methodologies which start from a blank page and, hopefully, turn out as useful solutions available in the market. The Form Language development chosen as the central focal point of this investigation defined as the geometric description of the products to be build including its colour, material and finish. The investigation focuses on the work developed in Portuguese design studio Almadesign, founded by Rui Marcelino in 1997, and where the researcher has been working for the past 16 years. The studio has been developing transport, product and interior design projects - over 600 – in two decades of activity in Portugal. The development of a specific Form Language is a complex, organic and evolving process, as is the creation of meaning through a design product and its context of use. By investigating the Form Language developed at Almadesign studio, it is expected that a model of analysis can be developed, which can be applied to other studios and design practices. Hence, the researcher hopes to contribute to the body of design theory and hopefully, help bring Market practices and Academia closer, by proposing a Model for the development of a Form Language: the process by which the professional designers use design elements and principles to create symbolic meaning through products. The main investigation question is whether it is possible to define a specific Form Language developed in the studio and, if so, if it is possible to identify it and characterize it. To answer this question, 3 investigation vectors were developed which help define the specific objectives of the investigation: • Context: analyzing the context of the studio in two decades of activity, in the perspective of internal (designers, methodologies, processes) and external contexts (social, economic and technological changes, design history); • Form syntax: characterizing the studio’s Design Elements and its organization through Design Principles; • Form semantics: characterizing the studio’s creation of Symbolic Meaning through product design and its interpretation by clients / partners; It is considered that the point of view of the investigation was intrinsically biased, as the researcher has been working at Almadesign for the past 16 years. Parallel to this activity, the researcher has been teaching as a design teacher at the Faculty of Architecture in Lisbon for the last 10 years. This context allows the researcher to have a specific point of view from both the Market and the Academia perspectives, which can eventually help in bridging the gap between these two entities, enabling the knowledge transfer considered essential to developing new ideas, products and processes. The researcher employed a series of different methodologies, both empirical and theoretical, in order to tackle the challenge of identifying and characterizing the Form Language of the studio: Literature Review on the three investigation vectors; Experimental Studies with both students and studio’s professional designers; Case Studies with clients / partners, based on studio’s projects. These methodologies were developed through a period of about two and a half years, and the data gathered, conclusions and Form Language Model are some of the results of this investigation. Further research will be needed to develop a deeper knowledge on this subject, nevertheless, it is considered that the investigation was able to identify and characterize the most important features of the Form Language development at Almadesign.
N/A
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20

Osei-Bonsu, Kofi. "Foam-facilitated oil displacement in porous media." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/foamfacilitated-oil-displacement-in-porous-media(f2b2e93b-3a9b-41fa-a841-f81b271e8fad).html.

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Foam flow in porous media is important for many industrial operations such as enhanced oil recovery, remediation of contaminated aquifers and CO2 sequestration. The application of foam in these processes is due to its unique ability to reduce gas mobility and to divert gas to low permeability zones in porous media which otherwise would not be reached. To achieve optimum success with foam as a displacing fluid in oil recovery and remediation operations, it is essential to understand how different parameters influence foam flow in porous media. In this thesis, a variety of experimental techniques were used to study foam stability, foam rheology as well as the dynamics and patterns of oil displacement by foam under different boundary conditions such as surfactant formulation, oil type, foam quality (gas fraction) and porous media geometry. Bulk scale studies showed that foam stability was surfactant and oil dependant such that decreasing oil carbon number and viscosity decreased the stability of foam. However, no meaningful correlation was found between foam stability at bulk scale and the efficiency of oil displacement in porous media for the various surfactants studied in this work. Additionally, our results show that foams consisting of smaller bubbles do not necessarily correspond to higher apparent viscosity as the foam quality is also crucial. For the same foam quality decreasing bubble size resulted in higher apparent viscosity. Although in theory a higher apparent viscosity (i.e. higher foam quality) would be ideal for displacement purposes, increasing foam quality resulted in less stable foam in porous media due to formation of thin films which were less stable in the presence of oil. The effect of pore geometry on foam generation and oil displacement has also been investigated. Our findings provide new insights about the physics and complex dynamics of foam flow in porous media.
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21

McCulloch, Thomas L. "Feasible Form Parameter Design of Complex Ship Hull Form Geometry." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2552.

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This thesis introduces a new methodology for robust form parameter design of complex hull form geometry via constraint programming, automatic differentiation, interval arithmetic, and truncated hierarchical B- splines. To date, there has been no clearly stated methodology for assuring consistency of general (equality and inequality) constraints across an entire geometric form parameter ship hull design space. In contrast, the method to be given here can be used to produce guaranteed narrowing of the design space, such that infeasible portions are eliminated. Furthermore, we can guarantee that any set of form parameters generated by our method will be self consistent. It is for this reason that we use the title feasible form parameter design. In form parameter design, a design space is represented by a tuple of design parameters which are extended in each design space dimension. In this representation, a single feasible design is a consistent set of real valued parameters, one for every component of the design space tuple. Using the methodology to be given here, we pick out designs which consist of consistent parameters, narrowed to any desired precision up to that of the machine, even for equality constraints. Furthermore, the method is developed to enable the generation of complex hull forms using an extension of the basic rules idea to allow for automated generation of rules networks, plus the use of the truncated hierarchical B-splines, a wavelet-adaptive extension of standard B-splines and hierarchical B-splines. The adaptive resolution methods are employed in order to allow an automated program the freedom to generate complex B-spline representations of the geometry in a robust manner across multiple levels of detail. Thus two complementary objectives are pursued: ensuring feasible starting sets of form parameters, and enabling the generation of complex hull form geometry.
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22

Treichel, Gillian. "Creating form : the presentation and perception of three-dimensional form." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2004. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/858.

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This Creative Arts Project is an investigation of form within the ceramic tradition -how three-dimensional forms are created, presented and perceived. It addresses this topic by focusing on how form can be implied without actually creating the form itself. The project consists of an exhibition of selected art-work produced during the investigative process and is supported by this exegesis which documents the investigation. It also explains the theoretical basis for the body of work and the conceptual development of it. Major landmarks in the creative process and the significance of these for teaching and learning in visual arts education are highlighted. The submission includes further documentation in the forms of visual diaries. notebooks, photographs_ and other material produced in the process of exploration. The significant questions that have been explored in the Creative Arts Project are related to the perception of form in three-dimensional art-works. “How are three dimensional forms represented by the artist and perceived by an audience and what are the Implications for art education?” Embedded in a ceramic tradition, the bottle is both the subject of investigation and the vehicle for exploring the influence of different contexts on the perception of form. Gestalt Theory, and in particular the work of Rudolph Amheim, provide the theoretical basis for this study. The making of art-works, the responses to the work and the provision for aesthetic experience enhances knowledge and understanding of the teaching and learning process. A described in the Curriculum Framework: "Artistic works can inform, teach, persuade and provoke thought. They can reproduce and reinforce existing ideas and values, challenge them, or offer new ways of thinking and feeling (1998, p.51). In particular, the teaching of ceramics to undergraduate student teachers and the way in which this may develop visual understandings is examined.
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23

Cruccolini, Roberto. "Primat der Form." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-122599.

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24

Schiffer, Gundula. "Beredtheit der Form." Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-124582.

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25

Peters, Friedrich Ernst. "Rundfunkhörer in Form." Universität Potsdam, 2012. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/5777/.

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26

Paknejad, Amir Saman. "Foam drilling simulator." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4792.

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Although the use of compressible drilling fluids is experiencing growth, the flow behavior and stability properties of drilling foams are more complicated than those of conventional fluids. In contrast with conventional mud, the physical properties of foam change along the wellbore. Foam physical and thermal properties are strongly affected by pressure and temperature. Many problems associated with field applications still exist, and a precise characterization of the rheological properties of these complex systems needs to be performed. The accurate determination of the foam properties in circulating wells helps to achieve better estimation of foam rheology and pressure. A computer code is developed to process the data and closely simulate the pressure during drilling a well. The model also offers a detailed discussion of many aspects of foam drilling operations and enables the user to generate many comparative graphs and tables. The effects of some important parameters such as: back-pressure, rate of penetration, cuttings concentration, cuttings size, and formation water influx on pressure, injection rate, and velocity are presented in tabular and graphical form. A discretized heat transfer model is formulated with an energy balance on a control volume in the flowing fluid. The finite difference model (FDM) is used to write the governing heat transfer equations in discretized form. A detailed discussion on the determination of heat transfer coefficients and the solution approach is presented. Additional research is required to analyze the foam heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity.
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27

Harrison, Tricia. "Simplicity of form /." Online version of thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/11462.

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28

Everington, Ashley Steven. "Foam diagram summation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.620047.

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29

Cole, William Davy. "Expanded musical form." Thesis, City, University of London, 2018. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/20829/.

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Анотація:
This project presents a model of expanded musical form. Arguing that music’s expanded field is a field of experiences, rather than of discrete things, it sets out an approach to composition that centres not on the creation of aesthetic works, but on supporting an aesthetic attitude. Integrating theory and practice, this research endeavours to give definition to an attitude that apprehends music as experience. Under this attitude, the perceiver assumes no distance from the perceived as she produces the content of her musical experience in and through her dynamic bodily interactivity. This project comprises a thesis and four ephemeral performance sound installations. The thesis sets out the terms of music’s expanded condition, drawing upon a range of disciplines – artistic, aesthetic, philosophical – to chart the pluralistic, indeterminate, open-ended structure of the expanded field. The performance sound installations explored the operations of expanded artistic practice, critiquing conceptual, ideological, and institutional terms of music and sound installation to foreground the productivity of the perceiver. In both theory and practice, this research contests the concept of “sound art” as a distinct category. It makes the case that expanded musical form is not a break with the musical past, but its background made focal. It proposes that the presence, physicality, and place in which expanded musical form consists are music’s always presupposed foundation.
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30

Eriksson, Rebecca. "Form för funktion." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-17344.

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Bakgrunden till detta arbete var att företaget som kontaktades vill ta fram en ny modell av hästsportjacka. Arbetets syfte är att ta fram en modell som har form för funktionen. Vissa funktioner är mer viktiga än andra vid ridning, något som undersöks och presenteras i rapporten. Då många ryttare vistas utomhus blev det även viktigt att undersöka vikten av väderanpassade plagg. Ett grundmönster och en modell tas fram som även graderas. Modellen har två alternativa detaljer på ficka och sprund som lätt ska kunna bytas ut och användas istället för de som finns på slutprovet.Grunden och modellen konstrueras i Lectra´s programvara Modaris, som är ett mönsterkonstrukrionsprogram ämnat för konfektion. Ett antal provplagg sys upp och provas av, både på docka och provmodell som sedan analyseras för att sedan justeras. Alla specifikationer är gjorda i Microsoft excel, med bilder gjorda i Adobe Illustrator samt Lectra´s Kaledo Style.
Program: Designteknikerutbildningen
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31

Buchanan, Mark C. (Mark Calvin). "Color and form." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64868.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1992.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 77).
I have always been interested in painting, particularly in the use of color to describe space, time and emotion. This thesis integrates painterly concepts in the making of architecture. Some issues explored include color complementarity, material color, and the expressive use of color in the design process. By thinking of color a<; I design I endeavor to enhance the habitable experience and enable color to actively generate the creation of architecture. The vehicle for color study is the design of a pedestrian bridge in Tacoma Washington. The focus is to produce several schemes exploring color and material and its sequencing along the bridge. The programmatic scope is constrained to maximize issues of color and form making. The design used various media to visualize the design and explore two color systems. Additive color systems lead to painting, pastels, colored pencil, and plaster casting. The computer facilitated image processing, geometrical modelling, and color/ texture mapping in a "subtractive" color system.
by Mark C. Buchanan.
M.Arch.
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32

Fund, Ariane Ida. "Form-finding structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43904.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-57).
Inherently characterized by the interaction of geometry and forces, the unique nature of long span dome, shell, and membrane structures readily allows collaboration between architects and engineers in the examination of their optimal form. Through the elimination of bending and shear forces in the structure, less material and reinforcement is needed. By minimizing the use of materials, a form that is economical, sustainable and aesthetically attractive emerges. However, this optimization must be done through formfinding methods, whereby the structure itself defines its own shape based on its figure of equilibrium under applied loads. Unlike free forms which are defined mathematically, form-finding shapes rely on the structure and loads themselves for definition. Before the use of computers, these equilibrium shapes could only be found through cumbersome physical models. As technology has advanced, numerical methods have evolved to solve for the optimal shape. This paper presents a brief history of physical methods formerly used, as well as common applications for these structures. Two numerical methods, the Pucher's equation method and the force-density method (FDM), are then presented. Pucher's equation relies on a prescribed stress resultant throughout the structure, while the forcedensity method relies on prescribed force-to-length ratios in each bar or cable, leading to a single system of linear equations. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed, as well as examples illustrating the types of structures that can be formed. These methods are shown to be powerful tools that can be generalized to a number of situations with minimal input required by the designer. The structures are able to define themselves, leading to extremely rational and beautiful forms.
by Ariane Ida Fund.
M.Eng.
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33

Grier, Sarah K. "Time rendered form." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52129.

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This is a presentation of the way I see the world created by mortals; these ideas shape my architectural perspective. The building is a museum designed to present a history of yachts: boats which present a way of building and a sensibility of materials. This consideration of the material used reveals each material’s characteristics in construction. Steel attenuates through optimization, and masonry becomes generous in form through the needs of its use. A building is a note emitted in a particular instant in the midst of a culture and composed of an infinitude of elements. Buildings measure mortal progress through the instrument of technology. Time is measured by matter. The building explores the rhythm and juxtaposition of elements in their relationships within the pattern of the building. The book is an examination of an order in text and images, given the technology i have chosen. The gathering of things that present meanings when juxtaposed begin to shape an idea, an emotion. Words as objects, gather to form complex ideas. In this book the transparent paper allows the presence of future images to influence present readings. To experience with the senses and the mind, we learn throughout existence giving order to our universe. Elements become multivalient by the continual layering of experience. Revisited in time, with fresh discovery in unselfconscious exploration things gain meaning. Culture evolved as its material record transforms.
Master of Architecture
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34

Larsen, Matthew. "Material and Form." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31336.

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This thesis is the search for clarity in the relationship between essence and appearance, construction and form, necessity and possibility, object and subject. It is a reflection on the question of the nature of building. I cannot tell you that something is beautiful. I can only explain why I do what I do, and how I do it. I have tried to limit the text to a minimum, because architecture is not about words. Text is added to clarify an idea. The project is a bank made with brick in Old Town Alexandria.
Master of Architecture
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35

Koenig, Stephen William. "Place Purpose Form." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86597.

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This effort is comprised of three interwoven tasks: Decipher an evolving urban place, across a range of scales, to establish an informed point of departure for proposing a change. Attend to the particular imperative purpose of accommodating those among us who are most at risk, and who make their way through life without adequate resources. Design an individual cumulative form wherein the new architecture incorporates a rejuvenated existing structure, and the entire ensemble contributes something worthwhile to the neighborhood.
Master of Architecture
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36

Hamm, Teresa Dolores. "Energy-in-Form." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87587.

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This thesis is a study of architectural form in relation to energy. Energy performance is rooted in form. Overall performance in the practice of architecture includes necessarily consumption as a form constraint. The term energy in this body of work relates to the social circumstance that the current state of the environment imposes on all facets of life, including how our buildings contribute to the anthropogenic warming of the earth's atmosphere. Humans are consumptive and so our buildings, a product of our work, are inherently consumptive as well. The challenge is to design environments that stimulate responsible actions by considering energy consumption throughout the design process. This thesis proposes that an architecture which responds with significance explores the energy-in-form to make a contribution to the current condition in which we live. On an abstract level, formal elements of negation and the condition of boundary are explored in relation to energy. On a more factual level, the impact of energy on site orientation, shading, and in-between zones are tested. Form in the study of the proportions of the Maison Carrée is expressed in the process of making concrete objects and the regulating geometry and formal conditions of the final Cornerstore building design.
MARCH
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37

Schlachter-Townsend, Jessica O. "Form Through Fire." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1210294330.

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38

Furniss, Brandon F. "Transformation of Form." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1240088310.

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39

Flahaven, James Patrick. "Form, content, gremlins." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1300127994.

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40

Wu, Kuo-Chi. "Normal Form Theory /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487929230740605.

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41

Claypole, Sebastian. "Atrium defines form." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5605.

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Анотація:
Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
The natural environment is deteriorating and electricity demand is outstripping supply partly due to our growing built environment and economy. In response there is a need for energy efficient office space to accommodate economic growth and help with the conservation of the environment. The inner city is a perfect location to achieve this using already deteriorated land and increasing the inner city density to reduce urban sprawl. There is an urgent need for developers to invest into the idea of energy efficiency however this has been restricted because of our economic environment and the need for just usable space. The creation of energy efficient buildings is typically more expensive mainly due to the introduction of new technologies and materials.
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42

Höfler, Carolin. "Form und Zeit." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16380.

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Анотація:
Seitdem der Computer in den 1990er Jahren zur omnipräsenten Infrastruktur der zeitgenössischen Architekturproduktion wurde, fand die technologische Seite der digitalen Formgenerierung große Aufmerksamkeit, wohingegen die Interpretation von Raum als kontinuierliche Oberfläche eher unterbelichtet blieb. Die relativ einfache und schnelle Erzeugung von Freiformflächen durch entsprechende 3D-Software, die Geschwindigkeit, mit der Computer ständig variable Morphologien und Familien von nicht euklidischen Formen berechnen können, hat zu der Annahme verleitet, die weichen Flächen und räumlichen Konfigurationen seien wissenschaftlich unausweichlich und technologisch prädestiniert. Die Wahl dieser Formen beruht aber weder allein auf einer technologischen Vorgabe noch auf einem rein stilistischen Konzept. Mithilfe neuer Technologien werden zeitbasierte Raummodelle erprobt, die sich vom traditionellen Konzept des kartesischen Raumes als Koordinatensystem abheben. Die Untersuchung und Interpretation dieser Raumvorstellungen und ihrer Semantik bilden den Kernpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit. Dem rhetorisch formulierten Anspruch nach waren die computergenerierten Formen das Produkt einer Nullsetzung. So stark dieser Anspruch bis heute aufrechterhalten wird, so wenig lässt sich verbergen, dass diese scheinbar neue generierte Bildwelt auf zahlreichen Vorbildern aufbaut. Es sind vor allem die Programme und Projekte gegen eine als monoton und dogmatisch empfundene Architekturmoderne, die auf die Gestalter digitaler Raummodelle eingewirkt haben. Zur Rekonstruktion der Rezeptionslinien werden drei Raumbegriffe bestimmt, die ihre Prägung in der experimentellen Architektur der Nachkriegsmoderne fanden: der endlose Raum, die vernetzte Struktur und die schräge Fläche. Mit diesen Begriffen werden Kontinuitäten und Diskontinuitäten in der Entwicklung der experimentellen Architektur herausgestellt, und die computerbasierten Raumkonzepte einer kritischen Betrachtung unterzogen.
Since the computer became omnipresent infrastructure of contemporary architectural production in the 1990s, a great deal of attention has been given to the technological side of the digital form generation, whereas the interpretation of space as a continuous surface has tended to remain underexposed. The relatively easy and fast generation of free-form surfaces using appropriate 3D software, the speed with which computers are able to calculate constantly variable morphologies and families of non-Euclidean shapes, has led to the assumption that soft surfaces and spatial configurations are scientifically inevitable and technologically predestined. However, the choice of these shapes is neither based on a technological specification nor on a purely stylistic concept. With the help of new technologies, time-based space models are tested, which contrast with the traditional concept of Cartesian space as a coordinate system. The investigation and interpretation of these spatial ideas and their semantics form the core of this work. If the rhetorically worded claim were to be believed, the computer-generated shapes are the product of muting. However strongly this claim has been maintained until now, it is nonetheless hardly possible to conceal that this apparently new generated graphic world is in fact built upon numerous examples. Above all, it is the programs and projects against a modern architecture found to be monotonous and dogmatic, which have influenced the designers of digital spatial models. To reconstruct the reception lines, three spatial terms are defined, which found their style in the experimental architecture of the post-war modern age: the endless space, networked structure and inclined surface. With the help of these terms, continuities and discontinuities are brought out in the development of experimental architecture, and the computer-based spatial concepts are subjected to critical examination.
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43

Kryvozub, Pavlo. "Autonomous city form." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/123591.

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Анотація:
Thesis: S.M. in Architecture Studies (Urbanism), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 104-105).
Innovations in transportation give us a chance to rethink and redefine the art of city design, centered as much on the quality of public space as on economic efficiency. Transportation is the backbone of urbanism. What is a city if not a group of buildings distributed in space and thus functioning together. Historically, innovations in transportation challenged the temporal and spatial qualities of the city. The automobile expanded the city in breadth. The elevator built it up in height. However, with the expansion of the city size, density and prosperity, we have sacrificed public domain, and worsened of the quality of the urban form. This thesis looks into the relationships between transportation technology as a driver and space as a medium of urban design. With the rapid introduction of new technologies in transportation (autonomous vehicles) there is an opportunity to rethink the aesthetics of the urban form and its perception. Through design research, this thesis seeks to synthesize principles of spatial design and propose potential alternatives to the future of urbanism. Keywords: Aesthetic urbanism, Perception of space, Autonomous Transportation
by Pavlo Kryvozub.
S.M. in Architecture Studies (Urbanism)
S.M.inArchitectureStudies(Urbanism) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture
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44

Svensson, Lena. "Dependent form : Finding form by using two shapes dependent on eachother." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12995.

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The interest of this work is found in the potential ways of constructinggarments and how form can be explored within that field.This work explores how one can use draping as a construction methodapplied on garments to change the traditional shape and to create new formand silhouettes. The possibility to create form by using two depending components is thefoundation and aim of this collection. It will embrace different qualities inmaterials and challenge traditional garments and the view on how we usuallyand suppose to wear these garments. Garments are dependent mostly on the body of the wearer in first hand, onecould say that this work challenges that order when the two pieces aredeveloped being dependent on each other in first hand. Through relationship of fastening and uniting materials I will explore thepossibilities within form and volume and push the expression within thebasic forms within a traditional wardrobe. My aim is to further investigate the possibilities within womens wear bylooking at material, color and silhouette through a deconstructed way ofdraping. A collection of seven outfits is the result of this work. The outfits willchallenge the field of construction and how we traditionally make garments.The shapes and expression will be based on the interaction between garmentsand the materials.
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45

Shortridge, Steven Scott. "Form elements of houses : investigating the collective form of detached houses." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77338.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1989.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-77).
This thesis focuses on the collective form of detached houses. A result of the American phenomenon of detached, single family, freestanding houses being the standard type. Through an observation of eight environments of this house type, a theory is developed about a way of designing in the detached house neighborhood. The idea is to consider the design of houses as a group and thus be able to arrange the elements of each to achieve a multiplicity of associations. This would build a collective form that enables the house form to have a high level of individuality. The thesis is divided into two parts: first, observing systems (elements and their relationships) of existing places and deriving a design method; then, using this method, generate a design.
by Steven Scott Shortridge.
M.Arch.
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46

Gunawardana, Beruwalage Lakshika Kumari. "LOCALLY PRIMITIVELY UNIVERSAL FORMS AND THE PRIMITIVE COUNTERPART TO THE FIFTEEN THEOREM." OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1827.

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An n-dimensional integral quadratic form over Z is a polynomial of the form f = f(x1, … ,xn) =∑_(1≤i,j ≤n)▒a_ij x_i x_j, where a_ij=a_ji in Z. An integral quadratic form is called positive definite if f(α_1, …,α_n) > 0 whenever (0, … , 0) ≠(α_1, …,α_n) in Z^n. A positive definite integral quadratic form is said to be almost (primitively) universal if it (primitively) represents all but at most finitely many positive integers. In general, almost primitive universality is a stronger property than almost universality. Main results of this study are: every primitively universal form non-trivially represents zero over every ring Z_p of p-adic integers, and every almost universal form in five or more variables is almost primitively universal. With use of these results and improving a result of G. Pall from 1946, we then provide criteria to determine whether a given integral quadratic lattice over a ring Z_p of p-adic integers is Z_p-universal or primitively Z_p-universal. The criteria are stated explicitly in terms of a Jordan splitting of the lattice. As an application of the local criteria, we complete the determination of the universal positive definite classically integral quaternary quadratic forms that are almost primitively universal, which was initiated in work of N. Budarina in 2010. Finally, with the use of these local results, we identify 28 positive definite classically integral primitively universal quaternary quadratic forms which were not known previously, introducing a conjecture obtained by a numerical approach, which could possibly be the primitive counterpart to the Fifteen Theorem proved by J.H. Conway and W.A. Schneeberger in 1993.
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47

Mishra, Sarthak. "Numerical Analysis and Design of Carbon-Foam-based Garment and Helmet for Firefighters." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1398699034.

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48

Akseli, Ilgaz Güden Mustafa. "The application of aliminum foam for the heat and noise reduction in automobiles/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/makinamuh/T000343.pdf.

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Анотація:
Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute Of Technology, İzmir, 2005.
Keywords: Aluminum matrix composites, thermal conductivity, sound insulation, foam, metal matrix composites, aluminum foam. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. 77-81).
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49

Ramírez, Sadovski Valentín. "Qualitative theory of differential equations in the plane and in the space, with emphasis on the center-focus and on the Lotka-Volterra systems." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669890.

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50

Pozzebon, Edna Alves dos Santos. "Partículas modais da língua alemã em materiais didáticos para aprendizes iniciantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8144/tde-26062017-084505/.

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Com o objetivo de investigar as partículas modais da língua alemã presentes em materiais didáticos de ensino de alemão como língua estrangeira (ALE) destinados a aprendizes iniciantes, realizamos uma pesquisa empírica a partir das séries Deutsch als Fremdsprache 1A Stufen International, Studio D e a fim de verificar: quais partículas são apresentadas e quais funções comunicativas (com base em Helbig, 1990) elas exercem nas interações representadas nos materiais em questão. As ocorrências foram também analisadas com relação aos tipos de foco propostos por Long (1989; 1991). Verificamos, ainda, quais os tipos de atividades e/ou exercícios propostos nesses materiais em que tais partículas estão inseridas. No corpus, foram identificadas 17 partículas modais ou conjuntos de partículas, com um total de 617 ocorrências. As cinco partículas com maior número de ocorrência são: denn (32%), doch (19%), mal (15%), ja (10%) e eigentlich (7%). A partir da análise das situações comunicativas propostas nos materiais do corpus, desenvolvemos um elenco de 31 funções, no qual destacam-se aquelas expressas por denn, doch, mal e ja, evidenciando sua importância desde os primeiros passos na língua. No corpus, as partículas modais são utilizadas principalmente para expressar cortesia e atenuação, para fazer valer a vontade do falante diante de seu interlocutor, ou, ainda, para direcionar o interlocutor ao consenso desejado pelo falante. No que se refere aos tipos de exercícios nos quais as partículas estão inseridas, a totalidade deles é mecânica/reprodutiva nos volumes relativos ao nível A do Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência (QECR) para Línguas. Dessa forma, fica clara a importância da exposição às partículas modais desde o início da aprendizagem do alemão como LE, ainda que não de forma produtiva. Os resultados da análise mostram que tanto materiais comunicativos quanto não comunicativos abordam o tema a partir do foco no significado, no qual a atenção do aprendiz é deslocada para esse significado sem se deter na forma, excluindo-se o ensino formal da gramática, que é aprendida implícita e incidentalmente. A partir dessa constatação, pode-se inferir que os três materiais, em princípio, reconhecem que as partículas modais são importantes para a comunicação autêntica, mas que não necessariamente precisam ser trabalhadas pelo professor.
In order to investigate the modal particles of the German language presented in teaching materials of German as a foreign language for beginners, we conducted an empirical research on the series Deutsch als Fremdsprache IA, Stufen international and Studio D, in order to verify which particles are presented and which communicative functions (based on Helbig 1990) they exert on the interactions represented in the materials in question. The occurrences were also analyzed in relation to the types of focus proposed by Long (1989; 1991), as well as the types of proposed activities and / or exercises in which such particles are inserted. In the corpus, 17 modal particles or sets of particles were identified, with a total of 617 occurrences. The five particles with highest occurrence are: denn (32%), doch (19%), mal (15%), ja (10%) and eigentlich (7%). From the analysis of the communicative situations presented in the corpus materials, we developed a set of 31 functions, in which those expressed by denn, doch, mal and ja stand out, evidencing their importance from the first steps in the language. In the analyzed materials, the modal particles are mainly used to express courtesy and attenuation, to assert the will of the speaker in relation to his interlocutor, or even to direct the interlocutor to the consensus desired by the speaker. Regarding the type of exercises in which the particles are inserted, its totality is of the mechanical / reproductive type in the volumes referring to level A of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages). Thus, it is clear the importance of exposure to the modal particles from the beginning of the learning of German as a foreign language, even though in a non-productive way. The results of the analysis show that both communicative and non-communicative materials approach the theme from the focus on meaning, in which the attention of the learner is shifted to meaning without dwelling on form, excluding formal grammar teaching, which is learned implicitly and incidentally. From this observation, on can infer that the three materials, in principle, recognize that the modal particles are important for authentic communication, but do not necessarily need to be actively approached by the teacher.
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