Дисертації з теми "Focal Depths"

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1986.
Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science
Bibliography: leaves 230-249.
by Paul Yi-Fa Huang.
Ph.D.

Thesis advisor: Michael J. Naughton
Thesis advisor: John E. Ebel
Determining accurate source parameters of small magnitude earthquakes is important to understand the source physics and tectonic processes that activate a seismic source as well as to make more accurate estimates of the probabilities of the recurrences of large earthquakes based on the statistics of smaller earthquakes. The accurate determination of the focal depths and focal mechanisms of small earthquakes is required to constrain the potential seismic source zones of future large earthquakes, whereas the accurate determination of seismic moment is required to calculate the sizes (best represented by moment magnitudes) of earthquakes. The precise determination of focal depths, moment magnitudes and focal mechanisms of small earthquakes can help greatly advance our knowledge of the potentially active faults in an area and thus help to produce accurate seismic hazard and risk maps for that area. Focal depths, moment magnitudes and focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 4.0 and less recorded by a sparse seismic network are usually poorly constrained due to the lack of an appropriate method applicable to find these parameters with a sparse set of observations. This dissertation presents a new method that can accurately determine focal depths, moment magnitudes and focal mechanisms of earthquakes with magnitudes between Mw 4.0 and Mw 2.5 using the broadband seismic waveforms recorded by the local and regional seismic stations. For the determination of the focal depths and the moment magnitudes, the observed seismograms as well as synthetic seismograms are filtered through a bandpass filter of 1-3 Hz, whereas for the determination of the focal mechanisms, they are filtered through a bandpass filter of 1.5-2.5 Hz. Both of these frequency passbands have a good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for the small earthquakes of the magnitudes that are analyzed in this dissertation. The waveforms are processed to their envelopes in order to make the waveforms relatively simple for the modeling. A grid search is performed over all possible dip, rake and strike angles and as well as over possible depths and scalar moments to find the optimal value of the focal depth and the optimal value of the scalar moment. To find the optimal focal mechanism, a non-linear moment-tensor inversion is performed in addition to the coarse grid search over the possible dip, rake and strike angles at a fixed value of focal depth and a fixed value of scalar moment. The method of this dissertation is tested on 18 aftershocks of Mw between 3.70 and 2.60 of the 2011 Mineral, Virginia Mw 5.7 earthquake. The method is also tested on 5 aftershocks of Mw between 3.62 and 2.63 of the 2013 Ladysmith, Quebec Mw 4.5 earthquake. Reliable focal depths and moment magnitudes are obtained for all of these events using waveforms from as few as 1 seismic station within the epicentral distance of 68-424 km with SNR greater or equal to 5. Similarly, reliable focal mechanisms are obtained for all of the events with Mw 3.70-3.04 using waveforms from at least 3 seismic stations within the epicentral distance of 60-350 km each with SNR greater or equal to 10. Tests show that the moment magnitudes and focal depths are not very sensitive to the crustal model used, although systematic variations in the focal depths are observed with the total crustal thickness. Tests also show that the focal mechanisms obtained with the different crustal structures vary with the Kagan angle of 30o on average for the events and the crustal structures tested. This means that the event moment magnitudes and event focal mechanism determinations are only somewhat sensitive to the uncertainties in the crustal models tested. The method is applied to some aftershocks of the Mw 7.8, 2015 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake which shows that the method developed in this dissertation, by analyzing data from eastern North America, appears to give good results when applied in a very different tectonic environment in a different part of the world. This study confirms that the method of modeling envelopes of seismic waveforms developed in this dissertation can be used to extract accurate focal depths and moment magnitudes of earthquakes with Mw 3.70-2.60 using broadband seismic data recorded by local and regional seismic stations at epicentral distances of 68-424 km and accurate focal mechanisms of earthquakes with Mw 3.70-3.04 using broadband seismic data recorded by local and regional seismic stations at epicentral distances of 60-350 km
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Physics

Cette thèse s’intéresse aux différentes méthodes d’estimation de la profondeur hypocentrale ainsi qu’à la mise en évidence des incertitudes de localisation qui peuvent leur être associées. À distance régionale, on utilise ces méthodes pour cartographier les petites variations de profondeur hypocentrales liées à l’activité du grand chevauchement himalayen au Népal ou pour analyser des crises sismiques choisies selon l’actualité et les opportunités rencontrées durant ces trois ans de thèse. Les effets des différentes sources d’incertitudes sur l’estimation de la profondeur hypocentrale sont quantifiés par le biais d’une analyse de sensibilité globale de type Sobol-Monte Carlo. Pour améliorer l’estimation de la profondeur hypocentrale à distance télésismique, on développe une nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la profondeur à partir des arrivées pP/sP dans les enveloppes énergétiques des signaux. Une adaptation de cette méthode permet notamment de mettre en évidence des variations latérales relatives de profondeur le long d’interfaces de subduction au Chili et en Équateur. Les différentes échelles d’observations et les différentes techniques d’estimation de la profondeur sont confrontées sur des ensembles d’évènements de magnitude intermédiaire (M>5) afin de caractériser l’incertitude de profondeur à distance télésismique, mettre en évidence ou quantifier des sources de biais spécifiques ou pour renforcer certaines interprétations sismotectoniques régionales
This thesis focuses on the different methods of estimating hypocentral depth and on the identification of localization uncertainties that may be associated with them. At a regional distance, we use these methods to map small hypocentral depth variations related to the activity of the Great Himalayan Thrust in Nepal or to analyze opportunistic seismic crisis. The effects of different sources of uncertainty on the hypocentral depths are quantified through a global Sobol-Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. To improve the estimation of the hypocentral depth at teleseismic distance, we develop a new method of depth identification from the pP/sP arrivals in the energetic envelopes of the teleseismic signals. An adaptation of this teleseismic envelopes method allows us to highlight relative lateral depth variations along subduction interfaces in Chile and Ecuador. The different scales of observations and the different depth estimation techniques are compared on intermediate magnitude events (M>5) in order to characterize the depth uncertainty at teleseismic distance, to highlight or quantify specific sources of bias or to reinforce some regional seismotectonic interpretations

Conventional stereoscopic displays present a pair of stereoscopic images on a single and fixed image plane. In consequence, these displays lack the capability of correctly rendering focus cues (i.e. accommodation and retinal blur) and may induce the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. A number of visual artifacts associated with incorrect focus cues in stereoscopic displays have been reported, limiting the applicability of these displays for demanding applications and daily usage. Depth-fused multi-focal-plane display was proposed to create a fixed-viewpoint volumetric display capable of rendering correct or nearly-correct focus cues in a stereoscopic display through a small number of discretely placed focal planes. It effectively addresses the negative effects of conventional stereoscopic displays on depth perception accuracy and visual fatigue. In this dissertation, the fundamental design methods and considerations of depth-fused displays were refined and extended based on previous works and a high-resolution optical see-through multi-focal-plane head-mounted display enabled by state-of-the-art freeform optics was developed. The prototype system is capable of rendering nearly-correct focus cues for a large volume of 3D space extending into a depth range from 0 to 3 diopters at flicker-free speed. By incorporating freeform optics, the prototype not only achieves high quality imagery across a large 3D volume for the virtual display path but it also maintains better than 0.5 arcminutes visual resolution of the see-through view. The optical design, implementation and experimental validation of the display are presented and discussed in detail.

This thesis project was undertaken with the intent to discover the source of a known but hitherto unexplained error in the calibration of the wings for a haploscope used in depth perception studies.

The angles of the haploscope wings are used to control the vergence angle of the virtual images projected into each eye. This accounts for a strong depth cue used in AR and depth perception studies. Two experiments were devised to both display and attempt to characterize the error between the theoretical wing angles needed to cause a user’s vision to verge at some focal depth and the actual wing angles that caused vergence. The investigation revealed a near-constant offset between the theoretical and actual angles needed. This suggests that the error may not stem from the haploscope alignment itself, but from how the center of the user’s eye is currently modeled.

Augmented reality provides its user with additional information not available through the natural real-world environment. This additional information displayed to the user potentially poses a risk of perceptual and cognitive load and vision-based difficulties. The presence of real-world objects together with virtual augmenting information requires the user to repeatedly switch eye focus between the two in order to extract information from both environments. Switching eye focus may result in additional time on user tasks and lower task accuracy. Thus, one of the goals of this research was to understand the impact of switching eye focus between real-world and virtual information on user task performance.

Secondly, focus depth, which is an important parameter and a depth cue, may affect the userâ s view of the augmented world. If focus depth is not adjusted properly, it may result in vision-based difficulties and reduce speed, accuracy, and comfort while using an augmented reality display. Thus, the second goal of this thesis was to study the effect of focus depth on task performance in augmented reality systems.

In augmented reality environments, real-world and virtual information are found at different distances from the user. To focus at different depths, the userâ s eye needs to accommodate and converge, which may strain the eye and degrade performance on tasks. However, no research in augmented reality has explored this issue. Hence, the third goal of this thesis was to determine if distance of virtual information from the user impacts task performance.

To accomplish these goals, a 3x3x3 within subjects design was used. The experimental task for the study required the user to repeatedly switch eye focus between the virtual text and real-world text. A monocular see-through head- mounted display was used for this research.

Results of this study revealed that switching between real-world and virtual information in augmented reality is extremely difficult when information is displayed at optical infinity. Virtual information displayed at optical infinity may be unsuitable for tasks of the nature used in this research. There was no impact of focus depth on user task performance and hence it is preliminarily recommended that manufacturers of head-mounted displays may only need to make fixed focus depth displays; this clearly merits additional intensive research. Further, user task performance was better when focus depth, virtual information, and real-world information were all at the same distance from the user as compared to conditions when they were mismatched. Based on this result we recommend presenting virtual information at the same distance as real-world information of interest.
Master of Science

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 48).
Vision is one of the most powerful senses available to creatures. Undoubtedly, many of the fundamental operations of humans, such as the ability to plan paths, avoid obstacles, and recognize objects, depend heavily on their visual perception of the world around them. Although humans have naturally evolved to efficiently use their stereo optical prowess to develop an understanding of their environment, artificial machines and systems in comparison have just begun to utilize computer vision to create awareness of local physical entities. One of the most important sensory skills creatures have is depth perception, which allows them to estimate the relative distance of objects in their vision from many visual cues. Many systems have been developed to aid machines in perceiving the depth map of their environment, and each system has its drawbacks and benefits. In this paper, we introduce the design and implementation of a new system which provides a depth map from the use of a single optical camera with focal plane variation in the images taken. The paper focuses on the methods used to scale the depth from focus algorithm to perform in real-time. The results also showcase a real-time depth mapping system capable of providing rich depth maps of scenes at a high framerate and with advanced noise filtration techniques.
by Paruku Paerhati.
M. Eng.

Parmi les différentes modalités employées en détection, les capteurs de vision sont ceux qui fournissent le plus d'informations sur l'environnement. L'utilisation d'objectifs à courte focale permet en outre d'augmenter facilement la zone observée. L'apparition sur le marché d'imageurs couleurs et polarimétriques permet d'étendre encore davantage les applications en estimation de profondeur. En effet, les paramètres de polarisation de la lumière réfléchies ont liés à la nature des objets ainsi qu'à leur géométrie et peuvent être utilisés avantageusement. Dans cette thèse, notre objectif principal est d'étudier l'utilisation des données de polarisation pour améliorer les capacités de perception appliquées aux tâches robotiques, notamment dans la reconstruction de la profondeur de scène. De plus, nous visons à enrichir les connaissances dans le domaine de l'imagerie de polarisation en fournissant à d'autres chercheurs un ensemble d'outils qui leur permettront d'accéder rapidement à la modalité de polarisation. Après avoir effectué une introduction complète à la théorie et à la modélisation de la polarisation, nous décrivons comment calibrer un capteur de polarisation de division de plan focale. Ce dispositif de détection permet de capturer deux modalités (couleur et polarisation) avec une seule prise de vue. La nouvelle technique de calibration que nous proposons permet à ce dispositif de fournir des mesures plus précises en ajustant un modèle mathématique selon chaque pixel. La méthode que nous présentons ici vise à réduire la quantité d'équipement, donc le temps expérimental nécessaire pour obtenir des mesures calibrées. Nous détaillons également toute la physique sous-jacente à la technique de Shape-from-polarization (SfP) qui permet d'estimer le champ des normales d'un objet en utilisant l'information de la polarisation. Les équations nécessaires et les modèles inverses pour dériver les paramètres des vecteurs depuis l'état de polarisation sont détaillées tout en tenant compte du type de réflexion et du matériau. Nous mettons ici en avant l'intérêt de notre algorithme de calibrage sur l'estimation du champ de normales par polarisation L'estimation d'informations de profondeur grâce à l'intelligence artificielle a connu un essort très important ces dernières années. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons également un réseau d'apprentissage profond pour estimer la profondeur basé sur une architecture de fusion intermédiaire et une fonction de perte polarimétrique. L'objectif de ce développement est de montrer comment intégrer efficacement les contraintes de la théorie de la polarisation dans un algorithme basé sur les données. Une évaluation qualitative et quantitative des résultats démontrent l'intérêt de l'utilisation d'un imageur RGB-polarimétrique grâce à l'apport des informations de polarisation. Lors de ces travaux de recherche, une boîte à outils logiciel scomplète a également été développée proposant ainsi à la communauté scientifique un logiciel d'accès simplifié à l'imagerie polarimétrique
Among the different sensing modalities, vision sensors are the ones thatprovide the most abundant environmental information. Additionally, the usage ofa short focal length lens allows to easily increase the observed area. The releaseof color and polarimetric imagers makes it possible to extend even more thepolarimetric application related to depth estimation. Indeed, the polarizationparameters of the reflected light are related to the nature and to the geometryof the objects, which can be used advantageously. In this thesis, our mainobjective is to study the usage of polarization data to enhance theperception capabilities applied to robotics tasks, particularly in the task ofscene depth reconstruction. Furthermore, we aim to push the knowledge in thefield of polarization imaging by providing other researchers with a set of toolsthat will allow them to quickly access the polarization modality. After doing acomplete introduction to the polarization theory and modeling, we describe howto calibrate a DoFP sensor. This sensing device allows to capture twomodalities (color and polarization) with a single snapshot. The new calibrationtechnique that we propose enables this device to provide more accuratemeasurements by fitting a mathematical model to each individual pixel. Themethod we present here aims to reduce the amount of equipment and, thus theexperimental time required to obtain calibrated measurements. We make a detailedexplanation of the physics underlying the Shape-from-Polarization technique, which enablesthe normal field estimation of an object by using polarization cues. All therequired equations as well as their inverted versions for deriving the vectorparameters from the polarization state are detailed while taking intoconsideration the type of reflection and material. We also put in evidence theeffects of our calibration algorithm over the estimation of the normal vectorfield by using polarization. The estimation of depth information usingartificial intelligence has seen significant growth in recent years. In thiscontext, we also propose a deep-learning network to estimate depth based on amiddle-fusion architecture, and a polarimetric loss function. The objective ofthis development is to show how to effectively integrate the polarization theoryconstraints into a data-driven algorithm. A qualitative and quantitativeevaluation of the results shows the interest of using an RGB-polarimetric imagerthanks to the contribution of the polarization information. During this researchwork, a complete software toolbox was also developed, providing the scientificcommunity with simplified access to polarimetric imaging

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das QQDS-Magnetspektrometer für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf umfassend vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden sowohl alle auf die Analytik Einfluss nehmenden Parameter untersucht als auch Methoden und Modelle vorgestellt, wie deren Einfluss vermieden oder rechnerisch kompensiert werden kann. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit gliedern sich in fünf Bereiche. Der Erste ist der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme des QQDS-Magnetspektrometers, der zugehörige Streukammer mit allen Peripheriegeräten und des eigens für die höchstauflösende elastische Rückstoßanalyse entwickelten Detektors. Sowohl das umgebaute Spektrometer als auch der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gebaute Detektor wurden speziell an experimentelle Bedingungen für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente angepasst und erstmalig auf einen routinemäßigen Einsatz hin getestet. Der Detektor besteht aus zwei Komponenten. Zum einen befindet sich am hinteren Ende des Detektors eine Bragg-Ionisationskammer, die zur Teilchenidentifikation genutzt wird. Zum anderen dient ein Proportionalzähler, der eine Hochwiderstandsanode besitzt und direkt hinter dem Eintrittsfenster montiert ist, zur Teilchenpositionsbestimmung im Detektor. Die folgenden zwei Schwerpunkte beinhalten grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung. Durch die Verwendung eines Magnetspektrometers ist die Messung der Ladungszustandsverteilung der herausgestreuten Teilchen direkt nach einem binären Stoß sowohl möglich als auch für die Analyse notwendig. Aus diesem Grund werden zum einen die Ladungszustände gemessen und zum anderen mit existierenden Modellen verglichen. Außerdem wird ein eigens entwickeltes Modell vorgestellt und erstmals im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewendet, welches den ladungszustandsabhängigen Energieverlust bei der Tiefenprofilierung berücksichtigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass ohne die Anwendung dieses Modells die Tiefenprofile nicht mit den quantitativen Messungen mittels konventioneller Ionenstrahlanalytikmethoden und mit der Dickenmessung mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie übereinstimmen, und damit falsche Werte liefern würden. Der zweite für die Thematik wesentliche Aspekt der Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung, sind die Probenschäden und -modifikationen, die während einer Schwerionen-bestrahlung auftreten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass bei den hier verwendeten Energien sowohl elektronisches Sputtern als auch elektronisch verursachtes Grenzflächendurchmischen eintreten. Das elektronische Sputtern kann durch geeignete Strahlparameter für die meisten Proben ausreichend minimiert werden. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Grenzflächendurchmischung meist signifikant, so dass dieser analysiert und in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden muss. Schlussfolgernd aus diesen Untersuchungen ergibt sich für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Rossendorfer 5-MV Tandembeschleuniger, dass die geeignetsten Primärionen Chlor mit einer Energie von 20 MeV sind. In Einzelfällen, wie zum Beispiel der Analyse von Bor, muss die Energie jedoch auf 6,5 MeV reduziert werden, um das elektronische Sputtern bei der notwendigen Fluenz unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze zu halten. Der vierte Schwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung von sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Einflüssen bestimmter Probeneigenschaften, wie beispielsweise Oberflächenrauheit, auf die Form des gemessenen Energiespektrums beziehungsweise auf das analysierte Tiefenprofil. Die Kenntnis der Rauheit einer Probe an der Oberfläche und an den Grenzflächen ist für die Analytik unabdingbar. Als Resultat der genannten Betrachtungen werden die Einflüsse von Probeneigenschaften und Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkungen auf die Energie- beziehungsweise Tiefenauflösung des Gesamtsystems beschrieben, berechnet und mit der konventionellen Ionenstrahlanalytik verglichen. Die Möglichkeiten der höchstauflösenden Ionenstrahlanalytik werden zudem mit den von anderen Gruppen veröffentlichten Komplementärmethoden gegenübergestellt. Der fünfte und letzte Schwerpunkt ist die Analytik leichter Elemente in ultradünnen Schichten unter Berücksichtigung aller in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modelle, wie die Reduzierung des Einflusses von Strahlschäden oder die Quantifizierung der Elemente im dynamischen Ladungszustandsnichtgleichgewicht. Es wird die Tiefenprofilierung von Mehrschichtsystemen, bestehend aus SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 auf Silizium, von Ultra-Shallow-Junction Bor-Implantationsprofilen und von ultradünnen Oxidschichten, wie zum Beispiel High-k-Materialien, demonstriert
In this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials

碩士
國立中興大學
精密工程學系所
104
This study aims to develop a bionic compound eye microlens array with multifocus and high depth of field to improve a selected vision quality. There are seven layers of microlens array designed in the bionic compound eye. These microlens array will focus on the same point composed a visual system. There are two parts in this study. The first part is the calculation of each layer''s microlens array focus on the same surfaces, Then the light path can be simulate using fabricated by the optic simulation software, ZEMAX. The second part is the bionic microlens array compound eye fabrication. The photoresist column array fabricated by lithography and followed by the thermal reflow can form the microlens array. A plastic replicate by elastic PDMS was used after sputtering. Then 3D printer was used to print the PDMS model which was hemisphere with some openings on the top, attached the replicated microlens array on the openings. The microlens array can from the curvature compound eye microlens array because of the negative pressure resulted in the hemisphere. A curvature with microlens array for the bionic compound eye, can be fabricated. The ZEMAX software can be used to simulate .

碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
電子工程系
91
This paper presents a novel reflective type of barcode reader with single LED source, microstructure and long focal depth. We have designed the feasibility and it can achieve more high performance than conventional CCD bar code reader having scanning width and depth of field relating the spot size. And in this final result of simulation, the scanning length can achieve 114mm and the depth of focus is about 30mm. In design process, for the structure, we inject a new idea with reflection and microstructure into the bar code reader system. In addition to spot size, it is also emphasized and obtained that the ratio between the peaks in both sides of imaging plane and the valley at the middle of imaging plane is 2:1. Note the ratio is influenced by the LED luminance and the resolution of CCDs. And it can obtain the request with intensity ratio that only uses the different type of random gradual change type of microstructure device.

碩士
國立交通大學
光電工程所
88
In recent years, as the semiconductor technologies progress continuously, the high-tech industries have achieved considerable technical and commercial success. Furthermore, the consuming electronic products are also developed along the trends of lightweight, miniaturization, and multi-function. Some of the conventional optical elements have been replaced by diffractive optical elements (DOEs), which make the design of the optical pickup head system toward miniaturizing and modularizing. The application of diffractive optical elements with long focal depth and dual wavelength on optical pickup head is studied in the thesis. The merits and drawbacks of various structures of pickup head are evaluated firstly, then some novel ideas and design concepts are proposed and established by theoretical deduction and algorithm, computer simulation analysis, practical fabrication, and measurement verification. The design of DVD (digital versatile disks) optical pickup head with dual wavelength diffractive focal lens and the pseudo-nondiffracting beam (PNDB) characteristic is carried out by using a conjugate-gradient method. Because the focal length of optical pickup head is very short (within 1.8-2.4 mm), it is extremely smaller than the near field diffractive region. Consequently, the integral function of the Bessel term, belonging to the linear transfer equation of Fresnel diffraction integral function within the paraxial approximation, could not be neglected in the free space. But it resulted in high complexity, lower convergence and heavy computing load during the simulating procedure. The axial intensity distribution can be presented by selecting a trapezoid profile. The performances of designed DOEs are evaluated by using an error function with 2-D weighting factor and radiant flux factor. The analysis results show the whole convergence has increased 8-9 orders and the non-uniformity of axial intensity has decreased 2 orders. A simple structure with multi-function is successfully designed and fabricated in the study. The objective lens and collimator lens have been integrated as the diffractive optical elements. This implies that the problems of assemble and optical alignment of many elements will be solved completely. Moreover, the increased lateral resolution and expand longitudinal axial distribution in this novel diffractive optical elements have been demonstrated by theoretical analysis and experimental results.

At the northern extent of the Cascadia subduction zone, the subducting Explorer and Juan de Fuca plates interact across a translational deformation zone, known as the Nootka fault zone. The Seafloor Earthquake Array Japan-Canada Cascadia Experiment (SeaJade) was designed to study this region. In two parts (SeaJade I and II, deployed from July – September 2010 and January – September 2014), seismic data from the SeaJade project has led to several important discoveries. Hypocenter distributions from SeaJade I and II indicate primary and secondary conjugate faults within the Nootka fault zone. Converted phase analysis and jointly determined seismic tomography with double-difference relocated hypocenters provide evidence to several velocity-contrasting interfaces seaward of the Cascadia subduction front at depths of ~4-6 km, ~6-9 km, ~11-14 km, and ~14-18 km, which have been interpreted as the top of the oceanic crust, upper/lower crust boundary, oceanic Moho, and the base of the highly fractured and seawater/mineral enriched veins within oceanic mantle. During SeaJade II, a MW 6.4 mainshock and subsequent aftershocks, known as the Nootka Sequence, highlighted a previously unidentified fault within the subducted Explorer plate. This fault reflects the geometry of the subducting plate, showing downward bending of the plate toward the northwest. This plate bend can be attributed to negative buoyancy from margin parallel mantle flow induced by intraslab tearing further northwest. Seismic tomography reinforces the conclusions drawn from the Nootka Sequence hypocenter distribution. Earthquakes from the entire SeaJade II catalogue reveal possible rotated paleo-faults, identifying the former extent of the Nootka fault zone from ~3.5 Ma.
Graduate

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird erstmals das QQDS-Magnetspektrometer für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf umfassend vorgestellt. Zusätzlich werden sowohl alle auf die Analytik Einfluss nehmenden Parameter untersucht als auch Methoden und Modelle vorgestellt, wie deren Einfluss vermieden oder rechnerisch kompensiert werden kann. Die Schwerpunkte dieser Arbeit gliedern sich in fünf Bereiche. Der Erste ist der Aufbau und die Inbetriebnahme des QQDS-Magnetspektrometers, der zugehörige Streukammer mit allen Peripheriegeräten und des eigens für die höchstauflösende elastische Rückstoßanalyse entwickelten Detektors. Sowohl das umgebaute Spektrometer als auch der im Rahmen dieser Arbeit gebaute Detektor wurden speziell an experimentelle Bedingungen für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente angepasst und erstmalig auf einen routinemäßigen Einsatz hin getestet. Der Detektor besteht aus zwei Komponenten. Zum einen befindet sich am hinteren Ende des Detektors eine Bragg-Ionisationskammer, die zur Teilchenidentifikation genutzt wird. Zum anderen dient ein Proportionalzähler, der eine Hochwiderstandsanode besitzt und direkt hinter dem Eintrittsfenster montiert ist, zur Teilchenpositionsbestimmung im Detektor. Die folgenden zwei Schwerpunkte beinhalten grundlegende Untersuchungen zur Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung. Durch die Verwendung eines Magnetspektrometers ist die Messung der Ladungszustandsverteilung der herausgestreuten Teilchen direkt nach einem binären Stoß sowohl möglich als auch für die Analyse notwendig. Aus diesem Grund werden zum einen die Ladungszustände gemessen und zum anderen mit existierenden Modellen verglichen. Außerdem wird ein eigens entwickeltes Modell vorgestellt und erstmals im Rahmen dieser Arbeit angewendet, welches den ladungszustandsabhängigen Energieverlust bei der Tiefenprofilierung berücksichtigt. Es wird gezeigt, dass ohne die Anwendung dieses Modells die Tiefenprofile nicht mit den quantitativen Messungen mittels konventioneller Ionenstrahlanalytikmethoden und mit der Dickenmessung mittels Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie übereinstimmen, und damit falsche Werte liefern würden. Der zweite für die Thematik wesentliche Aspekt der Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkung, sind die Probenschäden und -modifikationen, die während einer Schwerionen-bestrahlung auftreten. Dabei wird gezeigt, dass bei den hier verwendeten Energien sowohl elektronisches Sputtern als auch elektronisch verursachtes Grenzflächendurchmischen eintreten. Das elektronische Sputtern kann durch geeignete Strahlparameter für die meisten Proben ausreichend minimiert werden. Dagegen ist der Einfluss der Grenzflächendurchmischung meist signifikant, so dass dieser analysiert und in der Auswertung berücksichtigt werden muss. Schlussfolgernd aus diesen Untersuchungen ergibt sich für die höchstauflösende Ionenstrahlanalytik leichter Elemente am Rossendorfer 5-MV Tandembeschleuniger, dass die geeignetsten Primärionen Chlor mit einer Energie von 20 MeV sind. In Einzelfällen, wie zum Beispiel der Analyse von Bor, muss die Energie jedoch auf 6,5 MeV reduziert werden, um das elektronische Sputtern bei der notwendigen Fluenz unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze zu halten. Der vierte Schwerpunkt ist die Untersuchung von sowohl qualitativen als auch quantitativen Einflüssen bestimmter Probeneigenschaften, wie beispielsweise Oberflächenrauheit, auf die Form des gemessenen Energiespektrums beziehungsweise auf das analysierte Tiefenprofil. Die Kenntnis der Rauheit einer Probe an der Oberfläche und an den Grenzflächen ist für die Analytik unabdingbar. Als Resultat der genannten Betrachtungen werden die Einflüsse von Probeneigenschaften und Ionen-Festkörper-Wechselwirkungen auf die Energie- beziehungsweise Tiefenauflösung des Gesamtsystems beschrieben, berechnet und mit der konventionellen Ionenstrahlanalytik verglichen. Die Möglichkeiten der höchstauflösenden Ionenstrahlanalytik werden zudem mit den von anderen Gruppen veröffentlichten Komplementärmethoden gegenübergestellt. Der fünfte und letzte Schwerpunkt ist die Analytik leichter Elemente in ultradünnen Schichten unter Berücksichtigung aller in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Modelle, wie die Reduzierung des Einflusses von Strahlschäden oder die Quantifizierung der Elemente im dynamischen Ladungszustandsnichtgleichgewicht. Es wird die Tiefenprofilierung von Mehrschichtsystemen, bestehend aus SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 auf Silizium, von Ultra-Shallow-Junction Bor-Implantationsprofilen und von ultradünnen Oxidschichten, wie zum Beispiel High-k-Materialien, demonstriert.
In this thesis the QQDS magnetic spectrometer that is used for high resolution ion beam analysis (IBA) of light elements at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf is presented for the first time. In addition all parameters are investigated that influence the analysis. Methods and models are presented with which the effects can be minimised or calculated. There are five focal points of this thesis. The first point is the construction and commissioning of the QQDS magnetic spectrometer, the corresponding scattering chamber with all the peripherals and the detector, which is specially developed for high resolution elastic recoil detection. Both the reconstructed spectrometer and the detector were adapted to the specific experimental conditions needed for high-resolution Ion beam analysis of light elements and tested for routine practice. The detector consists of two compo-nents. At the back end of the detector a Bragg ionization chamber is mounted, which is used for the particle identification. At the front end, directly behind the entrance window a proportional counter is mounted. This proportional counter includes a high-resistance anode. Thus, the position of the particles is determined in the detector. The following two points concern fundamental studies of ion-solid interaction. By using a magnetic spectrometer the charge state distribution of the particles scattered from the sample after a binary collision is both possible and necessary for the analysis. For this reason the charge states are measured and compared with existing models. In addition, a model is developed that takes into account the charge state dependent energy loss. It is shown that without the application of this model the depth profiles do not correspond with the quantitative measurements by conventional IBA methods and with the thickness obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The second fundamental ion-solid interaction is the damage and the modification of the sample that occurs during heavy ion irradiation. It is shown that the used energies occur both electronic sputtering and electronically induced interface mixing. Electronic sputtering is minimised by using optimised beam parameters. For most samples the effect is below the detection limit for a fluence sufficient for the analysis. However, the influence of interface mixing is so strong that it has to be included in the analysis of the layers of the depth profiles. It is concluded from these studies that at the Rossendorf 5 MV tandem accelerator chlorine ions with an energy of 20 MeV deliver the best results. In some cases, such as the analysis of boron, the energy must be reduced to 6.5 MeV in order to retain the electronic sputtering below the detection limit. The fourth focus is the study of the influence of specific sample properties, such as surface roughness, on the shape of a measured energy spectra and respectively on the analysed depth profile. It is shown that knowledge of the roughness of a sample at the surface and at the interfaces for the analysis is needed. In addition, the contribution parameters limiting the depth resolution are calculated and compared with the conventional ion beam analysis. Finally, a comparison is made between the high-resolution ion beam analysis and complementary methods published by other research groups. The fifth and last focus is the analysis of light elements in ultra thin layers. All models presented in this thesis to reduce the influence of beam damage are taken into account. The dynamic non-equilibrium charge state is also included for the quantification of elements. Depth profiling of multilayer systems is demonstrated for systems consisting of SiO2-Si3N4Ox-SiO2 on silicon, boron implantation profiles for ultra shallow junctions and ultra thin oxide layers, such as used as high-k materials.