Статті в журналах: "FLYOVER AND BRIDGES"

1

Li, Zheng Jian, and Yan He. "The Detection and Reinforcement of a Flyover by Fire." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 1099–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.1099.

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Against the characteristic of the concrete bridge suffered from the fire, with an engineering example, some methods of detecting and estimating the damaged bridges are introduced in the paper, and the treatment plans for reinforcement are put forward, a useful reference for dealing with the concrete bridge with similar diseases.

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2

Nordin, Nurul Nazifa, and Mohd Iskandar Abd Malek. "Kualiti dan Potensi bagi Tipologi Ruang Awam Terbuka di Bawah Jejambat dalam Konteks Bandar Lama Kuala Lumpur Kajian Kes: Kawasan LRT Pasar Seni." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(2)-12.

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The existence of public open spaces make a city more vibrant and sustainable for the local population. However, there are still abandoned spaces that are not fully utilized such as spaces under the bridges and flyovers; despite having great potential to be developed for the public use. These abandoned spaces under the bridges have severed the network of connections between neighbouring areas and can become a potential place for social ills and criminal activities. In terms of urban planning, these have resulted in “lost spaces” that can further deform the existing urban fabric. Therefore, this research is conducted to identify the quality and to study the potential typology of public open spaces under bridges and flyovers. The area for this research is conducted at Pasar Seni LRT Station, Kelana Jaya Line in Old Town Kuala Lumpur. All the data for this research paper are collected through qualitative methods such as field studies and observation and quantitative methods such as questionnaires provided to users to gauge their opinions about the public open space under the bridge at the station. This research paper also includes brief interview and photographic documentation as study material to identify the quality of this open space in terms of accessibility, variety, legibility, robustness, safety and identity and meaning. The findings from this research shows that although the bridge and flyover facilitates and accelerates the movement of the public, at the same time this facility have created abandoned spaces that can be further developed for the interest and convenience of the public. Through this research paper, the relevant authorities can fully identify the potential of this public open space that can later be developed into additional facilities and used by the public and other visitors in the area.

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3

Yang, Ze Ying, Yu Zhao, and Zhi Sheng Liu. "Research on Stretching Order of Tendons in PC Curved Box Girder Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.487.

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This paper is based on an existed bridge---ramp bridge A of Mu-Shi interlinked flyover on Zao-Mu Freeway. The model of curved Box Girder Bridge was built using finite element method to simulate the stretching of prestressed tendons. To start with, several different alternative stretching orders were proposed, and afterwards, mechanical reflection of bridge under different stretching orders was calculated and evaluated respectively by commonly used finite element analysis software Midas. Additionally, evaluation principle was to avoid the appearance of tension in the concrete and to minimize stress fluctuation during stretching. To sum up, optimal stretching sequence was put forward after comparison of the calculation results based on the proposed evaluation principle. Moreover, the optimum sequence referred in this paper and the research approach can provide some valuable referential information about the stretching of prestressed tendons of bridges in the same style.

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4

Santoso, Hinawan Teguh. "Penggunaan CSS-Mortar Busa Sebagai Alternatif Pemilihan Tipe Konstruksi Jalan Layang terhadap Biaya Konstruksi." Bentang : Jurnal Teoritis dan Terapan Bidang Rekayasa Sipil 8, no. 2 (June 22, 2020): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/bentang.v8i2.2123.

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The elevated road construction which is originally intended to overcome congestion at the intersection of the highway/train, actually sometimes worsen the congestion that exists during the construction period. Therefore, a new construction method and technology is needed to minimize the congestion and provide a short construction period. CSS-Mortar Foam is a new technology introduced by the Research Center of the Ministry of PUPR (Pusjatan) in 2016 which has been applied to the construction of the Antapani flyover in Bandung. A study is needed to compare the construction cost of this technology with the technology of the overpass structure which is commonly used, namely PCI-Girder. Data collection process in this study are planning and DED data, inventory of work items and volumes, and the unit price. The next step is the construction-costs calculation process of the proposed alternative-construction types. The calculation of construction costs was carried out using the Work Unit Price Analysis (AHSP) which is developed by the Directorate General of Highways based on the third revision of 2010 General Specifications. The results showed that the alternative CSS-Mortar Foam construction types was able to reduce the construction costs of flyovers by 44.7% compared to the PCI-Girder construction type. Thus, CSS-Mortar Foam construction can be used as a more efficient alternative for flyovers/bridges construction.

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5

Bukowski, M., P. Łysiak, R. Oleszek, and W. Trochymiak. "Modeling and Analysis of Ground Settlement Between a Flyover and Reinforced Soil Embankment." Archives of Civil Engineering 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0064.

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AbstractDevelopment of the transport infrastructure in Poland has contributed to the implementation of various technologies of construction of bridges and their components. Use of reinforced soil for construction of embankments, retaining structures (RSS walls) and abutments is one of the solutions which has been frequently used for the past twenty years. Shortly after its development, the technology proposed by Henri Vidal in 1966 also gained appreciation in Poland [4]. Reinforced soil bridge abutments started to be widely used in Poland at the turn of the 20th century. The bridge facilities at the junction of Trasa Siekierkowska route and Wał Miedzeszyński Street in Warsaw, which were built in the years 2000÷2002, are an example of structures from that period. The authors of this paper have been particularly interested in the outermost supports of the reinforced concrete flyovers which were constructed in the form of intermediate reinforced soil abutments. Offsets – the vertical displacements, in the range of 15÷25mm, emerging between the level of the road surface and the steel elements of the expansion joints which separate the flyover’s structure from the embankment – were observed in 2015, in the course of regular inspections. While accounting for the observations which have been made, the surveying measurements and the ground investigation, the paper diagnoses and describes the mechanism which led to the emergence of the offsets. Potential patterns of the occurrence of additional settlements, as the reason for emergence of the offsets, were identified and analyzed. The settlement of the outermost support (abutment), as a result of increase of relative density of alluvial sands due to the dynamic interaction of the roadways of Wał Miedzeszyński Street, was analyzed. Analytical and numeric approaches were used in the course of analysis while relying on PLAXIS and MIDAS software.

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6

Tuan, Nguyen Canh, and Dang Dang Tung. "Experimental studies of the reusable steel deck forms for concrete slabs." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1289, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1289/1/012030.

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Abstract Recently, many flyover steel bridges have been built due to high demand of transportation development mega cities in Vietnam, especially in Ho Chi Minh City and Ha Noi City. The steel bridges are selected as effective solutions in urban area because of their advantages such as rapid construction, aesthetic design, high performance. For the construction method of concrete deck slab, wood panels, plastic panels, and precast concrete panels are often used to reduce construction costs. From actual construction projects, these form solutions may not be suitable for large span over 2.0 meters and take more time to install and to dismantle. This study aims to develop an improved solution with reusable steel deck forms for bridge slabs which has been used as permanent deck forms in buildings. Experimental studies are conducted to investigate the frequency of reusability and to verify the bending capacity of the steel deck after many times of reuse. The experiments are separated into two phases including concrete casting stage and strength tests in laboratory. Bending strengths of reused forms are compared with that of new one. Results shows that steel deck forms are still in good condition and provide sufficient bending capacity after 10 times of concrete casting comparing. Therefore, reusable steel deck forms can be effectively applied in the construction of bridge slabs to optimize the construction time and cost.

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7

Kuras, Przemysław, Łukasz Ortyl, Tomasz Owerko, Marek Salamak, and Piotr Łaziński. "GB-SAR in the Diagnosis of Critical City Infrastructure—A Case Study of a Load Test on the Long Tram Extradosed Bridge." Remote Sensing 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2020): 3361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12203361.

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This article describes a case of using remote sensing during a static load test of a large bridge, which, because of its location, belongs to a critical city infrastructure. The bridge in question is the longest tram flyover in Poland. This is an extradosed-type concrete structure. It conducts a long tram line over 21 other active lines of an important railway station in the center of Cracow. The diagnostic of such bridges involving the load test method is difficult. Traditional, contact measurements of span displacements are not enough anymore. In such cases, remote sensing becomes an indispensable solution. This publication presents an example of using the close-range radar remote sensing technique of ground-based radar interferometry. However, the cross-sections of the huge bridge were observed using several methods. The aim was to confirm the conditions and efficiency of radar displacement measurements. They were therefore traditional contact measurements using mechanic sensors conducted, if possible, to the bottom of the span, for precise leveling and measurement using electronic total station. Comparing the results as well as the discussion held demonstrated the fundamental advantages of remote sensing methods over the other more traditional techniques.

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8

Zanjad, Shradha S. "An Efficient Scheduling of Flyover at Grade Intersection under Mixed Traffic Environment." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (July 15, 2021): 824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36484.

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A flyover is a bridge constructed along an intersecting highway over an at-grade intersection. It allows two –direction traffic to flow at free flow speed on the bridge. The flyover is one of the methods for solving traffic problems at at-grade junctions on highways including capacity, congestion, long delay and queue length. Traffic signalization at the upgraded intersection often uses the same fixed time control plans, even after the installation of a flyover over the intersection. Most of the flyovers in India are constructed at the junctions on highway bypasses of big cities. The present work deals with a efficient scheduling of flyover at the grade intersection under the mixed traffic environment. From the results and the modeling carried out in the “SIDRA Intersection” software different points are observed. The present work consists of the Proposed Intersection at Rajkamal Square, Amravati.

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9

S.Hrushikesava Raju, Dr, Dr M.Nagabhushana Rao, Dr N.Sudheer, and Dr P.Kavitharani. "Visual Safe Road Travel App Over Google Maps About the Traffic and External Conditions." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.32 (May 31, 2018): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.32.15697.

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In travelling on the roads, Most of our people might get accidents because of lack of road awareness and the traffic potential, also this unpredicted traffic leads to delay in the predicted travel duration. To avoid this kind of odd experiences, the proposed work focuses on the vehicle load characteristics in the available road paths traffic that is existing in the distance of 2-3 kilometers. The characteristics dealt here are vehicle load moving in the same direction as well as vehicle load moving in the opposite direction, danger zones, any wild turns, floods status on the road, group of animals crossing or on the road, any road works intimation, any bridges or flyover conditions, any situational areas like forests, high mountains, lack of public in the areas in the coming 2-3 kilometers in that road if it is two way path in the same road or separate paths infrastructure available. This is more secure because authorized users only will use this kind of facility where users are authorized by their Unique aadhar Number along with their family member details.

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10

Srilatha, P., D. Narmada, Kumar D. Tarun, M. Arun, Kumar D. Yuva, and K. N. V. Chandrasekhar. "First order basis splines to perform isogeometric topology optimisation to design the outline of bridge pier and analyse using idea statica®." i-manager’s Journal on Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (2022): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jce.12.2.18855.

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Now-a-days managing the traffic in major cities is a challenging task. One of the ways is to construct flyovers over intersections and to ensure smooth signal less traffic flow. The design philosophy has now become the design norm for most of the structural systems. To provide Reinforced Concrete Flyover Bridge is very essential in all major cities like Hyderabad, Chennai, and Mumbai etc. Our study is mainly focused on design and analysis of concrete bridge pier. The present study focuses on pier of an elevated bridge which is conventionally based on force based approach. The main focus of the present study is to perform an optimal design of a reinforced concrete pier which carries the deck of the flyover. The traffic flow is taken for 2 lane flyover on each side of the median. An Isogeometric topology optimization algorithm is used to determine the outline of the bridge pier. The bridge pier is then modeled in AutoCAD and imported to IDEA StatiCa® software. The reinforcement is calculated using Indian Standard (IS) code with all the necessary checks. The distribution of material within the given domain is determined. Shear strength, bending strength and crushing strength are calculated manually for checking strength compatibility. The static analysis and buckling analysis is performed using Idea Statica® software and the results are obtained.

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11

Ha, Nguyen Thu. "Ecological Study Along the Highlands Highway in Papua New Guinea." International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science 8, no. 10 (2022): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaems.810.2.

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This ecological survey carried out along the Highlands Highway (71 locations-bridges) between Erap Bridge in Morobe Province to Whagi Bridge, Western Highlands Province. Data and information collection involved physical site observations and informant interviews. The survey used the capture-release method for insects, invertebrates, fish, and plankton; flyover counts were used for birds and informant interviews for mammals and other animals of interest. Terrestrial ecosystem: Common fauna included invertebrates such as Eurema hecabe, Danaus plexippus, Plutella xylostella, and other types of butterflies, Anisoptera, Apis cerena, and black ants (Fomicidae). Vertebrates such as sparrows (Passeridae), willy wagtail (Rhipidura leucophrys), eagle (Hieraaetus weiskei), kingfisher (Alcedinidae), mountain cuscus (Phalanger carmelitae), tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus goodfellowi) and Princess Stephanie’s Astrapia (Astrapia. Stephaniae). Flora across the highlands province commonly appeared bamboo, casuarina oligodon (she-oak), Ficus dammaropsis, coffee, elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), cow grass (Axonopus compressus), rain tree (Samanea saman), Piper adancum and banana. In contrast, common and significant flora along plain region included casuarina, pine, leucaena, bamboo, and other anthropogenic grasses, Piper adancum, sunflower (Helianthus annuus), Northofagus grandis, and Ficus. Aquatic ecosystem: Aquatic fauna along the highlands region included carp (Cyprinidae), tilapia (Oreochromis mossambica), juvenile fish, freshwater prawns (Palaemonidae), trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and catfish (Arius spp) while aquatic fauna of coastal province comprised of invertebrates like pond skaters, water beetle and tadpoles and invertebrates such as rainbow trout and tilapia. Aquatic flora was limited to green algae at a few locations in the highlands provinces where the water was stagnant or had human impacts, but it was primarily green and brown algae in the plain area. We also found Dendrolagus goodfellowii as an endangered species, while Phalanger carmelitae, Astrapia stephaniae, and Northofagus grandis are endemic but classified as the least concern. The findings indicated modification of habitats throughout the Highlands Highway. The absence of native and endemic species was also noted in most of the locations. Only six sites revealed some primary and secondary forests and vegetation.

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12

Jha, Abhaya, Geetam Tiwari, Dinesh Mohan, Sudipto Mukherjee, and Subhashish Banerjee. "Analysis of Pedestrian Movement on Delhi Roads by Using Naturalistic Observation Techniques." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2634, no. 1 (January 2017): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2634-14.

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Pedestrian fatalities constitute about 30% of the deaths caused by road traffic crashes in India. The proportion of pedestrian fatalities in large cities (Delhi, Mumbai, etc.) varies from 50% to 60% and is about 20% to 30% on national and state highways. Pedestrians are present on all road categories in urban as well as rural areas. At least 20% to 40% of work trips are taken as pedestrian trips in most Indian cities. However, on pedestrian facilities such as footpaths, safe crossing facilities are not present in most Indian cities. Even when present, their poor maintenance and poor construction quality make them unusable. As a result, pedestrians are forced to share the road space with motorized vehicles and to cross the roads where there is no safe pedestrian crossing. This paper attempts to study pedestrian behavior—walking along the road and crossing the road—by detecting pedestrians with the use of a vehicle-mounted camera. The vehicle is driven on various categories of roads at different times. The data collected with this method are varied temporally as well as spatially. A smartphone–based GPS logging app was used to collect telemetry data, which were synced with the camera feed. The objective of this study was to understand pedestrian behavior—walking on the road versus a footpath in the presence of various road features, such as the number of lanes, presence of medians, and presence of footpaths. The influence of the presence of public transport stops, junctions, foot bridges, and grade-separated junctions (flyover) on pedestrian crossing behavior was studied.

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13

Hendri, Jhon, Sudi Fahmi, and Bahrun Azmi. "IMPLEMENTASI LARANGAN PARKIR BAGI PENGENDARA KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DI FLYOVER KOTA PEKANBARU BERDASARKAN UNDANG UNDANG NOMOR 22 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG LALU LINTAS DAN ANGKUTAN JALAN." Media Keadilan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/jmk.v11i2.3161.

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But in reality, in the observations of the authors of the vehicles that we encountered, both four-wheeled and two-wheeled, almost every evening until evening, vehicles were found parked on the Flyover on the Sudirman street, Tuanku Tambusai, Sukarno Hatta and HR Subrantas. While the government has clearly provided a symbol of prohibition to stop on the bridge and in the traffic law it clearly states that everyone driving a motorized vehicle on the road is obliged to comply with the stopping and parking requirements. This is dangerous because the flyover is built only for passing vehicles and the vehicle is prohibited from parking or stopping along the body of the flyover because the flyover is not prepared not for stopping vehicles. This type of research is research conducted by identifying the law on how the effectiveness of the law applies in society. The conclusion is that the implementation of the prohibition on parking for motorized vehicle riders in Pekanbaru City flyovers based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation which results in disruption of road functions based on Law Number 22 of 2009 is less effective and maximal. This is because there are still many people who do not know about these regulations, Lack of Socialization of Law Number 22 Year 2009 from Law Enforcement Officials, Lack of firm law enforcement officials in implementing criminal sanctions, and Lack of Legal Awareness of the Community itself. Obstacles Faced in the Implementation of the Parking Prohibition for Motorized Vehicle Riders on Flyover in Pekanbaru City Based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation are the Legal Substance, Legal Structure, Legal Culture and Facilities or Facilities and the limited facilities and infrastructure. Efforts made to overcome obstacles in the Implementation of the Parking Prohibition for Motorized Vehicle Riders at Pekanbaru City Flyovers Based on Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation are that peace and traffic order is by fostering mutual assistance and assistance among the enforcement officers and the public, the public workers' office of transportation without neglecting their respective interests in the framework of increasing obedience and compliance, thus the Government's hope of improving services in traffic order in a peaceful and orderly condition in the regions can be realized. Apart from that, the implementation of traffic control, tranquility and orderliness can also be carried out by utilizing public facilities and facilities, increasing legal awareness, increasing the number of police personnel in the traffic sphere and repressive actions. Keywords: Implementation, No Parking, Flyover Namun pada kenyataannya dalam pengamatan penulis kendaraan yang kami jumpai baik roda empat maupun roda dua, hampir setiap sore hingga malam hari ditemukan kendaraan yang parkir di Flyover yang ada dijalan Sudirman, Tuanku Tambusai, Sukarno Hatta dan HR Subrantas. Sementara pemerintah sudah dengan jelas memberikan simbol larangan untuk berhenti dijembatan tersebut serta didalam undang-undang lalu lintas tersebut dengan tegas mengatakan setiap orang yang mengemudikan kendaraan bermotor di jalan wajib mematuhi ketentuan berhenti dan parkir akan diberikan sanksi. Hal ini berbahaya karena Flyover tersebut dibangun hanya untuk kendaraan yang melintas dan kendaraan dilarang parkir atau berhenti di sepanjang badan jalan Flyover karena Flyover itu tidak disiapkan bukan untuk kendaraan yang berhenti. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yang dilakukan dengan cara mengadakan identifikasi hukum bagaimana efektivitas hukum itu berlaku dalam masyarakat. Kesimpulan adalah Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan yang mengakibatkan terganggunya fungsi jalan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 kurang efektif dan maksimal. Hal ini dikarenakan masih banyaknya masyarakat yang tidak mengetahui peraturan tersebut, Kurangnya Sosialisasi Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 dari Aparat Penegak Hukum, Kurang tegasnya Aparat penegak Hukum dalam menerapkan Sanksi Pidana, Serta Kurangnya Kesadaran Hukum Masyarakat itu sendiri. Hambatan Yang Dihadapi Dalam Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan adalah Substansi Hukum, Struktur Hukum, Budaya Hukum dan Sarana atau Fasilitas dan masih terbatasnya sarana dan prasarana. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi hambatan dalam Implementasi Larangan Parkir Bagi Pengendara Kendaraan Bermotor Di Flyover Kota Pekanbaru Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 22 Tahun 2009 Tentang Lalu Lintas Dan Angkutan Jalan adalah bahwa ketentraman dan ketertiban lalu lintas adalah dengan membina saling membantu dan menolong diantara aparat penertiban dan masyarakat, dinas perhubungan dinas pekerja umum tanpa mengabaikan kepentingan masing-masing dalam rangka peningkatan ketaatan dan kepatuhan, dengan demikian harapan Pemerintah untuk meningkatkan pelayanan dalam ketertiban lalu lintas dalam keadaan tenteram dan tertib di daerah dapat terwujud. Selain itu pelaksanaan penertiban, ketentraman dan ketertiban lalu lintas juga dapat dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan sarana dan fasilitas umum, meningkatkan kesadaran hukum, Menambah Jumlah Personil Kepolisian di lingkup lalu lintas serta Tindakan represif.

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Singh, Narendra, and Dr Savita Maru. "Seismic Behaviour PSC Box Girder and PSC Precast I Girder Bridge." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2023): 1576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49738.

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Abstract: Bridge is the structure that provide passage over an obstacle. The prestressed concrete bridges have excellent riding characteristics that minimize traffic vibrations, torsional rigidity, less likely to crack prematurely continuous span, strength and the most noteworthy characteristic is natural frequency of vibration hardly matches with vehicle frequency therefore attained spacious acceptance in freeway, highway flyovers, and in modern metro rail systems. As bridges are the important structures should be capable to withstand static as well as dynamic loads specially, earthquakeinduced load to achieve a structure that behave at the level of life safety under enormous earthquakes. There are different types of bridge structure base on material & geometric parameters, from which prestress concrete precast I girder bridge and box girder bridge are widely used for medium to long span rang. Box girder bridge are the bridge where the main beam consists of girder in hollow shape, where as in I girder bridge main beam consist of I-shape girder are used as main girder beam.

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15

Kowalik, Krystyna. "Topograficzno-historyczna geneza nazw własnych krakowskich mostów i innych budowli służących przeprawie." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 15 (December 11, 2020): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.15.11.

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The following paper is dedicated to the analysis of 41 proper names (including 18 historical names) of structures in Cracow used for crossing water and terrain, identified architecturally as bridges, footbridges, trestle bridges and flyovers. These names have got a rather distinct structure: the anteposition contains a generic name, while the postposition comprises an individualising determinant, such as an adjective or a noun in genitive case, less frequently nominative: most Dębnicki (bridge), most Wandy (bridge), most Lajkonik (bridge); kładka Ojca Bernatka (footbridge), estakada Obrońców Lwowa (trestle bridge). Most of these terms have toponymic or anthroponymic motivation connected with Cracow, others belong to exceptions. There is a tendency for using commemorative names, introduced with the preposition imienia/im. (named after): most im. Kardynała Franciszka Macharskiego. Due to the fact that these structures are located in the city, their names belong to urbanonymy. The physical appearance and function of these facilities make it possible to apply in their names the notion of hodonymy. In the Russian language the term gefironim has been used in reference to these names. In terms of the type of denoted structures, the notion gefironim is narrower than an urbanonym, but it is wider when it comes to the area in which these structures are located.

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Kowalik, Krystyna. "Topograficzno-historyczna geneza nazw własnych krakowskich mostów i innych budowli służących przeprawie." ANNALES UNIVERSITATIS PAEDAGOGICAE CRACOVIENSIS. STUDIA LINGUISTICA, no. 15 (December 11, 2020): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20831765.15.11.

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The following paper is dedicated to the analysis of 41 proper names (including 18 historical names) of structures in Cracow used for crossing water and terrain, identified architecturally as bridges, footbridges, trestle bridges and flyovers. These names have got a rather distinct structure: the anteposition contains a generic name, while the postposition comprises an individualising determinant, such as an adjective or a noun in genitive case, less frequently nominative: most Dębnicki (bridge), most Wandy (bridge), most Lajkonik (bridge); kładka Ojca Bernatka (footbridge), estakada Obrońców Lwowa (trestle bridge). Most of these terms have toponymic or anthroponymic motivation connected with Cracow, others belong to exceptions. There is a tendency for using commemorative names, introduced with the preposition imienia/im. (named after): most im. Kardynała Franciszka Macharskiego. Due to the fact that these structures are located in the city, their names belong to urbanonymy. The physical appearance and function of these facilities make it possible to apply in their names the notion of hodonymy. In the Russian language the term gefironim has been used in reference to these names. In terms of the type of denoted structures, the notion gefironim is narrower than an urbanonym, but it is wider when it comes to the area in which these structures are located.

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17

Kurniawan, S,Pd MT, Achendri M., Taufiq Rocman, and Johanes Asdhi Poerwanto. "PERENCANAAN GELAGAR BENTANG 30 METER JALAN LAYANG (FLYOVER) PADA PERSIMPANGAN GADANG KOTA MALANG." PROKONS Jurusan Teknik Sipil 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/prokons.v13i2.202.

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The purpose of this thesis is to complements the feasibility study of flyover building which is otherwise feasible. The feasibility will be continued to flyover structure plan. The flyover located in the Intersection of Gadang Highway Malang City is planned to have a total length of 290 meters and a width of 8 meters with a bridge division of 20 meters and 30 meters.The method used to plan is LRFD (Load Resistance Factors Design) and loading based on SNI 2016. For statics analysis STAAD Pro v8i program is used. In the 30-meter span bridge girder modeling in the STAAD Pro V8i program there are 2 ways of modeling that is by using a beam model and using a plate model. By making comparisons between the two methods.The results are obtained: The girder with beam model uses 4D22 in compressive reinforcement, 14D25 in flexural reinforcement, 10D13 in side reinforcement and Ø10-200 in shear reinforcement. The girder with plate model uses 5D25 in compressive reinforcement, 16D29 in flexural reinforcement, 8D19 in side reinforcement and Ø10-200 in shear reinforcement.

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Osella, Domenico, Mauro Botta, Roberto Gobetto, Franco Laschi, and Piero Zanello. "Electrochemistry of iron and ruthenium flyover bridge complexes." Organometallics 7, no. 2 (February 1988): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om00092a008.

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E, Dilip Kumar, and Manishankar S. "Delay Analysis of Flyover Bridge Construction Using Primavera." International Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 5 (May 25, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v6i5p101.

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Osella, Domenico, Mauro Botta, Roberto Gobetto, Rossano Amadelli, and Vittorio Carassiti. "Photochemical and photocatalytic behaviour of ‘flyover-bridge’ complexes." J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., no. 10 (1988): 2519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/dt9880002519.

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21

SHUBBAR, ALI, Zainab Al-khafaji, Mohammed Nasr, and Mayadah Falah. "USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS FOR EVALUATING FLYOVER FOOTBRIDGE: CASE STUDY." Knowledge-Based Engineering and Sciences 1, no. 01 (December 31, 2020): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.51526/kbes.2020.1.01.23-39.

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The concrete structures deterioration in the last few decades required effective methods for evaluating and maintaining the structure condition. Currently, assessing the performance and safety of reinforced concrete (RC) structures relies on routine-based visual inspection (VI). However, there are another non-destructive test (NDT) technique that can provide a more accurate assessment of the structures. Thus, in this study, a footbridge located in Liverpool, UK is chosen as a case study and has NDT techniques used for assessment. The main objective of this research is to determine the condition of structural bridge components and investigate its level of defect and deterioration using non-destructive tests. The methodologies involved are visual inspection, and NDT techniques include the rebound hammer, cover meter, Moisture Content & Depth of Carbonation Testing, Chloride Testing and Half Cell Test. The framework, when implemented with the best selection of NDT techniques, helps in determining the level of defect and deterioration of the structural bridge components and next recommendation regarding the condition of the bridge. The involved bridge structural components include column, deck, wall and staircase. Findings from the visual inspection show that there were many defects and deteriorations found at the structural bridge components, which includes crack, spalling, and delamination and rusting. Further, NDT techniques that were carried out at the selected bridge structural part shows that some of the components exhibited a moderate risk of corrosion and acceptable concrete surface quality. In general, further maintenance is needed specifically to some critical structural components of the bridge.

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Salatoom, Narabodee, and Pichai Taneerananon. "A Study of the Flyover-Bridge Intersection – Improved Junction." Engineering Journal 19, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4186/ej.2015.19.1.1.

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Pranata, Yosafat Aji, and Nathan Madutujuh. "Analisis Pushover Pier Flyover Bridge di Jakarta Jalun Tn. Abang - Kp. Melayu." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 8, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.28932/jts.v8i1.1355.

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Struktur flyover bridge di Jakarta jalur Tanah Abang – Kampung Melayu menggunakan pier beton bertulang dengan material beton bertulang mutu K-500 dan baja mutu BJTD-40 (ulir), BJTD-24 (polos). Portal mempunyai variasi bentuk dan ketinggian yaitu pier dengan ketinggian bervariasi 6,5-12,5 meter, pier dengan bresing-X untuk ketinggian diatas 13,5 meter, pier tiang tunggal berbentuk Y dengan ketinggian 9,3 meter, dan portal besar bentang 24 meter dengan beton prategang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan desain review pier flyover bridge dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SANSPRO. Selanjutnya untuk mendapatkan nilai daktilitas aktual struktur pier, maka dilakukan analisis statik nonlinier (pushover) dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SAP2000. Struktur pier didesain dengan menggunakan tingkat daktilitas terbatas. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa peralihan struktur pier untuk model biasa dan bresing-X berkisar antara 6,53-40,21 mm dan drift berkisar antara 0,111%-0,192%, sedangkan untuk pier Y peralihan berkisar antara 3,2-3,6 mm dan drift berkisar antara 0,05%-0,12%. Hasil analisis pushover memperlihatkan bahwa daktilitas aktual struktur pier biasa dan bresing-X berkisar antara 1,39-6,67, sedangkan untuk pier Y berkisar antara 5,57-7,64.

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., Salim P. M. "SUSTAINABLE COST OPTIMIZATION OF MULTI SPAN BRIDGES AND FLYOVERS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 04, no. 13 (February 25, 2015): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2015.0413003.

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Propika, Jaka, Yanisfa Septiarsilia, Eka Susanti, and Heri Istiono. "Upper Structure of Precast Concretes Comparison: PC-I and PC-U in West Outer Ring Road, Surabaya." Civilla : Jurnal Teknik Sipil Universitas Islam Lamongan 7, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/cvl.v7i2.882.

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Increasing of motorcycle numbers in big cities in Indonesia, especially in Surabaya. The traffic becomes crowded and road capacity is exceeded. Because of the increasing of motorcycle volume, especially in western part of Surabaya, the government built a flyover in west outer ring road to provide solution to congestion in Surabaya. This study aimed to determine the comparation between PC-I girder and PC-U girder used. In west outer ring road, the method was used to calculate prestressed beam was fully prestressed. The researcher reviewed the prestressed beam from behavior, reaction, and impact to the all of bridge structures from structure. The Software SAP 2000 V.14.2.5 is used to structure calculation analysis. According to analysis result, the calculation has been carried out, the difference ratio of the bridge floor slabs was studied. Flyover model with PC-U prestressed beam had smaller ratio than PC-I. The comparison of strand used in PC-U beams was more than PC-I with 42.22%. The maximum moment value was occurred in PC-I girder beam was 1541.979 Tons.meter and PC-U girder was 2252.599 Tons.meter. The strand requirements and cross area section was comparised too.

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Zhao, Xin. "The Application of CFRP Reinforcement Scheme in a Overpass Bridge Reinforcement Engineering." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.520.

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Taking a flyover as the background, this paper compares two reinforcement scheme, and ultimately chooses the paste carbon fiber polymer method to reinforce the bridge. It calculates and analyzes the structure before and after the reinforcement, then compares the stress state , shear load-carrying capacity and flexural capacity. At last ,it evaluates the effect of the paste carbon fiber polymer method and puts forward some suggestions.

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Hofírek, Radovan. "R35 Sedlice - Opatovice, Construction of the Flyover SO 206.2 at the R35 Expressway km 3.15 - 4.10." Solid State Phenomena 249 (April 2016): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.249.309.

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The R35 expressway is one of the key roads that form part of the Czech road network. A flyover exceeding 1 km in length was designed as part of R35 expressway near the town of Opatovice nad Labem. The construction of the bridge structure was time-consuming and technically very demanding. Therefore different technical procedures were chosen. The aim of this paper is to present these technologies to the professional public.

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Sukhorukov, B. D., B. V. Savchynskyi, and M. K. Zhurbenko. "EXPERIENCE IN THE OPERATION AND MONITORING OF BRIDGE SUPPORTS WHICH ARE SUBJECTS TO IRREGULAR PRECIPITATION AND CAREENS." Science and Transport Progress, no. 6 (March 25, 2005): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2005/20444.

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The article provides examples of non-uniform settlings and heels of flyover supports, exposed to a considerable extent, and enlists the common causes and regularities in their appearance and development. The measures on liquidation of an accident rate of facilities and increase of their operational reliability are indicated. Recommendations are given of how to organize long-term observation of such objects.

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Peng, Ke Ke. "Key Technology Study for Widened Continuous Hollowcore Slab Bridge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.779.

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The key technology for widen continuous hollowcore slab bridge with long unit is improved. Taking Taiping flyover in Guangshen highway as an engineering background, the principles of splice joint are given, extension schemes are analyzed and compared in this paper. A reasonable scheme is decided finally and a 3D finite element model is established to check if the structure is satisfied with the requirement form the codes. After the extension project is finished, a local monitoring is carried out, including monitoring for stress and settlement. Both the calculated result and the test result are in acceptable range and satisfied with current codes. The research shows, the rigid joint structure adapted in this paper is reasonable.

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Enfedaque, Alejandro, Marcos Alberti, Jaime Gálvez, Marino Rivera, and José Simón-Talero. "Can Polyolefin Fibre Reinforced Concrete Improve the Sustainability of a Flyover Bridge?" Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 4583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124583.

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The use of polyolefin fibre reinforced concrete (PFRC) as an alternative for reducing the reinforcing steel bars employed in reinforced concrete has become real in the past years. This contribution analyses the improvements in sustainability that a change in the aforementioned reinforcement configuration might provide in a flyover bridge. Economic, environmental and social parameters of both possibilities were studied by means of the integrated value model for sustainable assessment. Such model, which acronym is MIVES (Modelo Integrado de Valor para una Evaluación Sostenible, MIVES), is a multi-criteria decision-making method based on the value function concept and the seminars delivered by experts. The results of the MIVES method showed that the use of PFRC in combination with reinforced concrete (RC) has a sustainability index 22% higher. An analysis of the parameters that form this evaluation shows that there are no remarkable differences in the financial costs between the two possibilities studied. Nevertheless, social and environmental aspects provide with a better qualification the option of building a bridge by using PFRC combined with RC.

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Ogundipe, I. E., A. K. Ogundana, and O. O. Afolabi. "Use of Engineering Geophysics to Investigate Gbongon Flyover Bridge Foundation, Gbongon, Southwest Nigeria." World Scientific Research 5, no. 1 (2018): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/journal.510.2018.51.57.60.

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Abiodun Matthew, FASHINA, TAMUNOBERETON-ARI Iyeneomei, and NGERI Paddy A. "Geotechnical Investigation of Subsurface Parameters Necessary for Construction of a Flyover in Woji, Port Harcourt, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology 06, no. 02 (2022): 138–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.38177/ajast.2022.6215.

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Geotechnical properties of the soil have been carried out at the construction site of an overhead bridge in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. The project is a 230 m long overhead bridge crossing between first and second artillery in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Two tests that were carried out on the soil are the Atterberg limit test and particle size analysis test. The results reveal that the liquid limit is 36, 8, the plastic limit is 21.1 and the plasticity index is 15.7. This implies that the Atterberg limits are slightly above the recommended standard set by the Federal Ministry for Works and Housing, however, considering the swampy wet nature of the environment within the Port Harcourt Metropolis, the results obtained still fall within a range that can be worked with few modifications. The average diameter of the particles (D value) are D10=0.05, D30=0.17, D60=1.12 Cu=1.5 and Cc=0.5. The soil sample tested shows proper gradation since the coefficient of uniformity (Cu)>>4.

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Qamaruz-Zaman, Nurulhusna, Zalina Samadi, and Nik Farhanah Nik Azhari. "Under the Flyovers of Kuala Lumpur: User centered activities in leftover spaces." Journal of ASIAN Behavioural Studies 3, no. 7 (March 16, 2018): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/jabs.v3i7.267.

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Existences of public spaces in cities are essentials for social interactions to take place, fostering the creation of sustainable, safe and livable cities. Although public spaces are often designed for certain activities, existence of unplanned spaces seemed interwoven in the cityscape, some in the form of leftover spaces, including under the flyovers and bridges, which offers an abundance of opportunities. This paper attempts to review activities under flyovers initiated by its local community in Kuala Lumpur and aims to contribute in further identifying the leftover spaces, and to the possible activities to be considered in developing these spaces to benefit surrounding communities. Keywords: Public Spaces; leftover spaces; activities; community involvement. eISSN 2514-7528 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.

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Agus, Fahrul, Ramadiani Ramadiani, Muhamad Azhari, Sawung AW, Wardana Silalahi, Amelia Armanda, and Kusnandar Kusnandar. "The Geographic Information System Development for Selection of Green Open Space in Urban Densely Area." JURNAL INFOTEL 10, no. 3 (August 27, 2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v10i3.377.

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Utilization of integrated Decision Support System and GIS as one of the intelligent computerized system can be used to help make decisions quickly, accurately, and consistently. This research aims to apply Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and built application system with ArcGIS platform to determination of urban Green Open Space (GOS) location in densely populated area. The study was conducted in Samarinda City, used secondary data and obtained from the Sanitation and Gardening Agency. Data were collected by survey and interview with experts and using Waterfall Framework for software development method. The research has resulted the priority sequence of GOS location of densely area of Samarinda City. The first priority location is the location under Juanda Flyover Bridge. Research has also developed Web based GIS software application of GOS location determination using SAW technique.

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FOWDUR, S. C., and S. D. D. V. RUGHOOPUTH. "TRAFFIC CELLULAR AUTOMATA SIMULATION OF A CONGESTED ROUND-ABOUT IN MAURITIUS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 20, no. 03 (March 2009): 459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183109013741.

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In this paper a Traffic Cellular Automata (TCA) simulation of a highly congested round-about in Mauritius is performed. The simulations are performed using a multi-cell model that includes anticipation and probability randomization. The simulation model is first calibrated to match actual traffic count statistics taken at the round-about. The topology of the round-about is then modified and the TCA model is used to predict the impact on the congestion level of different changes made. The simulation results enable the assessment of the impact on the traffic density and travel time of the different modifications made. It has been found that the construction of a flyover bridge at the round-about will be the most convenient solution to alleviate congestion and improve the flux significantly.

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Pani, Alok Kumar, Tapas Kumar Mishra, and anohar M. "An Improved Approach for Monitoring and Controlling of Flyovers and Bridges Using Internet of Things." International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering 7, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 577–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26438/ijcse/v7i1.577582.

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37

Mohapatra, Dillip K. "Seismic Reponses of Metropolitan Bridges and Flyovers – A Comparative Study and the Need for a Renewed Strategy." IABSE Symposium Report 88, no. 6 (January 1, 2004): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/222137804796291610.

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Islam, Sowmik. "Repair of Cracks in Nicol Blocks of a Reinforced Earth Wall." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 1953–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.48277.

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Abstract: Bangladesh's first access-controlled expressway is the Dhaka-Khulna (N-8) Expressway. The project consists of 8 lane road of 55 km length, 54 culverts, 20 underpasses, 2 interchanges, 4 major bridges, 25 minor bridges, and 5 flyovers. Teghoria Interchange of this project is structured with 19 Reinforced Earth Wall, out of which a crack appeared in a wall that has 146 meters length and 7 meters height. Detailed inspection and analysis were followed by repair and rectification work. The aim of this paper was to find out the likely causes of this crack, discuss detailed retrofitting methodology and bring forth some recommendation. This crack may form due to weak workmanship during compaction and installation of tendons of reinforced earth, environmental load, heavy-loaded vehicle travel above the RE wall etc. The specialist team of the consultants of the project and experts from development partner inspected the problem and worked out how to repair the cracked area. The development partner developed repair methodology and executed the crack repair work as well as the treatment plan under strict supervision of consultants. Surface preparation, preparation of precast veneer & epoxy-based mortar, placement and finishing work make up the treatment process.

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Choudhary, Shaista, Akshay Singh, and Umakant Sharma. "A Research Paper on Manual Design and Modelling of Box Culvert." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2023): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.51369.

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Abstract: Box culverts are the structures which are used when the path of water in the natural stream crosses roads, railway lines, flyovers etc. They are normally cheaper than bridges, which make them the natural stream passes through channels. In this work, the review of various authors and their views in the design and analysis of box culvert with software approach and comparison between software and manual approach has shown. The IS standard requirements in the design manual for roads and bridges (IRC-6-2000, IS 21-2000) is used in the structural designing of concrete box culverts. In this paper study about the different classes of IRC loadings and their effect on without and with cushioning conditions imposed on box culvert. The pressure cases are then checked for both with cushioning and without cushioning loading cases. The structure designing includes the considerations of pressure cases (Box empty, Full, surcharge load) and factors such as Impact load, Braking force, Dispersal of load through fill, Effective width, Coefficients of earth pressure, Live load etc. The structural elements are designed to withstand the maximum bending moments and shear forces respectively. In the present study, this paper provides full discussion on the provisions in the codes, considerations and justifications of all the above aspects of design.

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Careri, Maria, Alessandro Mangia, Paola Manini, Giovanni Predieri, and Enrico Sappa. "Applications of HPLC-MS to carbonyl clusters of the iron triad. The behaviour of dinuclear “flyover-bridged” iron compounds." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 476, no. 2 (August 1994): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-328x(94)87074-8.

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41

Sivilevičius, Henrikas, Gražvydas Paliulis, Antanas Klibavičius, and Vytautas Palevičius. "Research on the operation of roundabouts based on the sustainable development principles." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 10, no. 2 (June 25, 2015): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2015.21.

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The main elements of urban transport infrastructure include: the street network with intersections, bridges, viaducts, flyovers, vehicular traffic tunnels. Unsignalized four-leg intersections and roundabouts is the largest “saturated transport flow” of the street network. Roundabouts which were designed as far back as 1970–1980 were well-functioning when the car ownership level was 180–200 veh/1000 inhabitants. Currently, when the level of car ownership comes to 520–560 veh/1000 inhabitants, unsignalized roundabouts operate in the “oversaturated flows” regime. The research results of the Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and other universities showed that when designing new or reconstructing existing intersections the indicators of territorial planning, transport planning, environmental protection, traffic safety should be considered. As a common indicator for assessing all other indicators a monetization (estimation in monetary terms) should be used. When preparing projects for intersection reconstruction it is recommended to apply a new method of intersection analysis and evaluation based on the principles of sustainable development of urban transport infrastructure.

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Meshram, Rutuja A., Dr Swapneel Satone, and Er Dipartha Kundu. "A Comparative Study on Hardened Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Metakaolin by Experimental and ANSYS Approach." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2031–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41694.

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Abstract: The literature study shows that some industrial waste material such as fly ash, GGBS, silica fume, metakaoline, etc. are good way to exchange cement in concrete and make it durable, strong, economic and environment friendly and also gives strength as per conventional concrete. These materials are often used as supplementary cementitious material because the replacement of cement in various percentages and make it high performance concrete which may be utilized in high rise building, flyovers, bridges, etc In this literature review study metakaoline looks to be promising supplementary cementitious material for high performance concrete. The substitution proportion of metakaoline is to be used was 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% by the weight of the cement. The cubes were made to check the compressive strength at 7, 28 and 56 days of curing. The results shows the many difference between the replacing mix upto last percent has effect on strength as compared with mix without metakaolin. Keywords: Metakaoline, concrete mix, compressive strength, ANSYS

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Meshram, Rutuja A., Dr Swapneel Satone, and Er Dipartha Kundu. "A Comparative Study on Hardened Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Metakaolin by Experimental and ANSYS Approach." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 2031–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41694.

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Анотація:

Abstract: The literature study shows that some industrial waste material such as fly ash, GGBS, silica fume, metakaoline, etc. are good way to exchange cement in concrete and make it durable, strong, economic and environment friendly and also gives strength as per conventional concrete. These materials are often used as supplementary cementitious material because the replacement of cement in various percentages and make it high performance concrete which may be utilized in high rise building, flyovers, bridges, etc In this literature review study metakaoline looks to be promising supplementary cementitious material for high performance concrete. The substitution proportion of metakaoline is to be used was 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% by the weight of the cement. The cubes were made to check the compressive strength at 7, 28 and 56 days of curing. The results shows the many difference between the replacing mix upto last percent has effect on strength as compared with mix without metakaolin. Keywords: Metakaoline, concrete mix, compressive strength, ANSYS

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Ahmad, Anees, Jamal Ahmed Khan, and Azeem Ullah Shah. "Factors Impacting Serviceability of Bypass Road." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46725.

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Abstract: Urban traffic congestion is one of the major problems of the developing countries. Growing volumes of through traffic are often attributed to traffic flow challenges. Bypass roads are constructed to reduce congestion in the city center. Bypass diverts through traffic away from town centers leaving local streets to local traffic. Often these bypasses are built to accommodate increasing volumes of traffic particularly truck traffic. The aim of this research is how to improve travel time on bypass roads and to study various traffic congestion management approaches in big cities. Traffic volume, travel time, vehicle specifications and geometric parameters were determined in the field as input for the microsimulation model. Different facilities were incorporated on bypass road to improve travel time. Calibration and validation of the model were done, and results of traffic volume and travel time were compared with actual field data. The results obtained shows that in most of the cases congestion was found near the intersections. The options of a flyover, bus bays, pedestrian overhead bridge and slip lines were assumed in the analysis; in result highest travel time decrease on bypass road due to provision of slip lines

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45

Weerasekera, K. S. "Validity of Reversible Flow Lanes between Kandy Road Flyover and New Kelani Bridge Roundabout along A01 to Accommodate Peak Traffic Flows." Engineer: Journal of the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka 44, no. 4 (October 29, 2011): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/engineer.v44i4.6953.

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46

Yousaf, Anosha Arooj, Najia Saher, Faisal Shahzad, and Sara Fareed. "A Framework to Reduce Road Congestion by means of Data Analytics." Review of Education, Administration & LAW 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 287–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47067/real.v4i1.138.

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Анотація:

The density of vehicles on the road especially in urban areas keeps on increasing to large amount day by day. Especially during the peak hours of the day, large amount of people wastes much of their time in traffic signals. Not only they waste energy by burning excess fuel and releasing CO2 emissions in the environment as well as their time and money. An idea has been proposed to monitor the traffic congestion by means of data analytics on image data and solve the critical traffic congestion issue. The CCTV or surveillance cameras installed at the top points on the roads acts as a medium to provide image data as an input to analyze road traffic congestion by counting the number of vehicles under specified interval of time. Monitoring of traffic congestion using image processing techniques is very useful for the future urban road planning such as: 1) if there is a need to make the road wider, 2) if there is a need to add more lanes on the road, 3) if there is need to make flyover or a bridge to control the traffic on the roads. It will help municipalities to structure and expansion of the roads.

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47

Mrázek, Rudolf. "floating. No gears shifting." Journal of Asian Studies 69, no. 4 (November 2010): 1021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911810002822.

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Анотація:

It is impressive how, in Prasenjit Duara's essay, Asian regions are understood and presented—in the breadth of the world, not as objects with sharp edges, or compact entities of cultures, economies, and politics, not as blocks of which the present and the global so often are still thought to be made. Reading Duara's essay, I was made to think of the celebrated Japanese architect Fumihiko Maki's current grand plan for Singapore, the epitome of Asia today, a design conceived not as a space made of buildings, offices, and flats, not of blocks, but of flows—bridges and flyovers, “links,” as Maki calls them. These links are there as the most powerful part of the whole, making the city-state space by cutting through it, over the blocks, and along them. The links are empowered to make everything in the city-state to face the open, and to move into the open. A skeptic, of course, may ask, “into what open?” Indeed, the “links” of Singapore, at least those already in action, often lead from offices, flats, and blocks into one mega-supermarket and then into another.

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48

Islam, Md Aminul, Shohag Ahmmed, Md Abdul Alim, and Fatema Tuz Zohora. "Diversity and Abundance of Aquatic Insect Fauna in an Urban Freshwater Lake, Hatirjheel, Dhaka, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 50, no. 3 (June 18, 2023): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v50i3.65542.

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Анотація:

Freshwater lakes are a crucial component of the urban ecology and offer several direct and indirect advantages to its people. Habitat degradation of native insects has happened because of development activities and unscientific natural resource management. As a consequence, many insects of freshwater lakes are now rare and endangered. A research was conducted to find out the abundance, variety and distribution of aquatic insect fauna in an urban freshwater lake, Hatirjheel, Dhaka during November 2015 to February 2016. A total of 3255 individuals of water insects comprising of 11 species and 31 genera under 20 families belonging 5 orders were recorded. The order Hemiptera contained the highest abundance (38.71%) including 7 families and 12 genera containing 5 species, while Trichoptera had the lowest (6.45%) including 2 families and 2 genera. The dominating species in the lake was Micronecta haliploides. The maximum 19 aquatic insect species were reported in the lake's vegetation-rich section near the Mouchak-Moghbazar flyover (Spot 1), whereas a minimum of 5 species were found near the Modhubagh bridge road (Spot 2). Species diversity index (H′ = 2.74), species richness (SR = 8.54), aquatic insect distribution evenness (J′ = 0.80), community dominance (CD = 46.94%), and Simpson’s index (λ = 0.17) were analyzed in this study to determine the diversity, abundance, distribution and dominance of aquatic insect fauna in this lake. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50(3): 363-372, 2022

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49

Kot, Dmytro. "STUDY OF SAMPLES OF PERMANENT POST-TENSION REINFORCED CONCRETE FORMWORK SLABS FOR BRIDGES DECK." AUTOMOBILE ROADS AND ROAD CONSTRUCTION, no. 111 (June 30, 2022): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33744/0365-8171-2022-111-174-183.

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Анотація:

Shortening the terms of objects construction is one of the most important economic tasks in modern conditions. But it is worth considering the fact that fully prefabricated structures have a number of disadvantages that affect the further operation of the transport facility. Among them are problems related to the impossibility of ensuring reliable waterproofing of the prefabricated elements joints and as the result corrosion of concrete and reinforcement. Taking into account the experience of using prefabricated structures, domestic engineers, as well as foreign colleagues, came to the conclusion that monolithic and prefabricated-monolithic structures provide greater durability of the structure in general. That is why the use of prefabricated monolithic span structures in the construction of transport facilities has become widespread. The use of permanent formwork during the installation of a monolithic deck slab is a promising trend in modern bridge construction. This is especially relevant in the construction of overpasses and flyovers in dense urban areas, where the use of inventory scaffolding for slab concreting is impossible or significantly complicates existing traffic. Although permanent formwork has been used for many years, its work as а part of the structure has not been studied much. It is possible to cite many examples of use of permanent formwork both abroad and in domestic practice. Crack resistance is a pressing issue both individually of permanent formwork tiles and of the prefabricated monolithic in general. The article deals with formwork in the form of flat reinforced concrete slabs with pre-tension reinforcement. The production of such plates is quite economical, despite the use of prestressing, especially by the extrusion method, with subsequent cutting into segments of any shape and length. Study of the experience of using permanent formwork in different countries was the first stage of the research. In order to understand the expediency of using permanent formwork slabs, it is proposed to test samples of such slabs to determine their efficiency and suitability for further operation. The tests were carried out on a power bench with two concentrated forces using the "pure bending" method. The test results for such plates are also given in the article.

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50

Bansal, Shishir, and S. K. Singh. "Sustainable Construction of Grade Separators at Mukarba Chowk and Elevated Road Corridor at Barapulla, Delhi." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 2, no. 1 (2014): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.211420.

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Анотація:

For the last several billion years, nature has nurtured the planet evolving complex Eco-systems that conserve and recycle energy and materials. Climate change is the most visible result – storms, droughts, floods and the like are rising in frequency and severity and the consensus is that we are to be blamed. Civil constructions in urban areas are essential for overall development and benefits of the community, but, it is more important that every such activity be environment friendly as the Environment too has a right to remain protected from any kind of damages. We are, however, the agents of our own eventual doom. We are gradually choking and poisoning ourselves. This paper covers the attempt in sustainable designing and construction of series of flyovers, Underpasses, River Bridges and other infrastructure projects taken up in the new millennium in New Delhi, the capital city of India. The successful efforts in achieving sustainability are discussed specifically in case of Mukarba Chowk Grade Separator and Barapulla Elevated Road projects. To assess the amount of the degradation and attempt for sustainable construction, it is essential to understand the environmental characteristics of the area in which structure is taking birth. Once a sincere assessment is done, then it is the core part of ethics of any Engineering to mitigate the degradation and achieve sustainability.

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