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Статті в журналах з теми "Flux capacity"
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Meyer, Philip D., and Glendon W. Gee. "Flux-Based Estimation of Field Capacity." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 125, no. 7 (July 1999): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(1999)125:7(595).
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Xiao, J. "Entropy flux - electrostatic capacity - graphical mass." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 145, no. 2 (August 5, 2016): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/proc/13259.
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Hasselblad, S., and S. Xu. "On-line estimations of settling capacity in secondary clarifier." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0447.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a biological nitrogen removal system, efficient performance of the secondary clarifier is essential since the system depends on a high concentration of active biological solids being available in the biological reactor. Estimations of the current capacity of the clarifier can be made from observing maximum feasible solids flux to the clarifier which does not cause escape of sludge. The aim of this work is to demonstrate a method to establish maximum feasible solids flux, the limiting solids flux, from on-line operational data. In this method the solids flux into the clarifier is calculated from on-line measurements of effluent flow and of suspended solids in the biological reactor, and a known value of return sludge flow. From relations between solids flux and sludge blanket height, the value of limiting flux is estimated. This method is based on the assumption that the movement of sludge blanket height is directly related to changes in the solids flux. When the limiting solids flux is estimated from on-line measurements a measurement of the capacity of the clarifier is retrieved. The suggested method also gives an early warning to prevent sludge escape from the clarifier.
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Ricciu, Roberto, Alessandra Galatioto, Luigi A. Besalduch, Giuseppe Desogus, and Lorenza Di Pilla. "Building Wall Heat Capacity Measurement Through Flux Sensors." Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems 7, no. 1 (March 2019): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13044/j.sdewes.d6.0234.
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Mookerjee, Shona A., David G. Nicholls, and Martin D. Brand. "Determining Maximum Glycolytic Capacity Using Extracellular Flux Measurements." PLOS ONE 11, no. 3 (March 31, 2016): e0152016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152016.
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Zacharias, Steffen, and Klaus Bohne. "Attempt of a flux-based evaluation of field capacity." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 171, no. 3 (June 2008): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jpln.200625168.
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Maclachlan, Patricia L., and Kay Shimizu. "Japanese Farmers in Flux." Asian Survey 56, no. 3 (May 2016): 442–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.3.442.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The politics of Japanese agricultural reform is rapidly changing. Once dependent on foreign pressure, reform is now fueled by a deepening farm crisis and a breakdown in postwar political alignments. Focusing on the Abe government’s reform of Japan Agricultural Cooperatives, we explore Japan’s expanding capacity for executive leadership in the farm sector on behalf of market-oriented change.
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Wang, Chun E., and Jian Cheng Fang. "Analysis of Specific Load Capacity of Radial Hybrid Magnetic Bearing." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 485–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.485.
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This paper proposes a method based on vector calculation of flux density to evaluate the specific load capacity (SLC) of radial hybrid magnetic bearing (RHMB). The vector sum of the flux densities generated by the permanent magnet and the control current is calculated in this method, and then the functional expression of the SLC is built up via the flux densities. The influence of outer rotor diameter, fraction of circumferential rotor surface covered by poles and the length of the air gap are analyzed. It turns out that the SLC decreases with the maximum force of the bearing, and increases first and then decreases with the increase of pole area and length of the air gap. The maximum attainable SLC for RHMB of all sizes does not vary substantially from 23:1. The results of the analysis provide basis for the prediction of volume and mass for the RHMB in application.
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Khoo, W. K. S., S. D. Garvey, and K. Kalita. "The Specific Load Capacity of Radial-Flux Radial Magnetic Bearings." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 43, no. 7 (July 2007): 3293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2007.894558.
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Schaefer, R. M., L. Huber, U. Gilge, K. Bausewein, J. Vienken, and A. Heidland. "Clinical Evaluation of a New High-Flux Cellulose Acetate Membrane." International Journal of Artificial Organs 12, no. 2 (February 1989): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139888901200204.
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One major goal of dialysis therapy has become the removal of ß2-microglobulin (ß2-m). The interdialytic elimination of ß2-m was studied using a newly developed high-flux cellulose acetate (CA) membrane. The results show that high-flux CA dialyzers offer better biocompatibility than classical Cuprophan or high-flux Cuprophan devices, with regard to leukopenia, C3a desarg generation, and elastase release from polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes. Compared to high-flux CA membranes, high-flux PMMA membranes induce less C3a desarg formation but comparable leukopenia. High-flux PMMA membranes, however cause greater leukocyte stimulation than CA as demonstrated by more PMN elastase release during hemodialysis. Using high-flux CA or high-flux PMMA membranes, serum ß2-m levels decreased 32% during dialysis. Serum ß2-m dropped 10% with high-flux Cuprophan membranes, but remained unchanged with conventional Cuprophan dialyzers. Sieving coefficients for ß2-microglobulin (ß2-m) were virtually zero with classical Cuprophan and 0.66 with high-flux cellulose acetate membranes. High-flux membranes made of Cuprophan and PMMA gave coefficients of 0.25 and 0.45, respectively. This indicates the high removal capacity of the new CA-membrane for substances with high molecular weight. This high-flux CA membrane thus appears to combine a good degree of biocompatibility with a high capacity for ß2-m removal.
Дисертації з теми "Flux capacity"
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Teepakorn, Chalore. "Numerical simulation and experimental study of membrane chromatography for biomolecule separation." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10299/document.
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La chromatographie membranaire est une alternative à la chromatographie classique sur résine basée sur le transport convectif des solutés à travers une membrane microporeuse plutôt que par le transport diffusif des solutés dans les particules de résines. Cette technique présente les avantages de diminuer les phénomènes de diffusion, de réduire les temps de séjour et les pertes de charge, et de permettre la purification rapide de quantités importantes de molécules. La chromatographie membranaire connaît un fort succès commercial. Une gamme importante de membranes chromatographiques mettant en jeu différents mécanismes de rétention (échange d’ions, affinité, etc.) et différentes géométries (feuille, spirale, etc.) est actuellement commercialisée. Malgré ce succès, différents aspects relatifs à la chromatographie membranaire restent mal connus. Cette thèse de doctorat se propose de répondre à certaines questions relatives à cette techniqueMembrane chromatography (MC) is an alternative to traditional resin packed columns chromatography. The solute mass transport in the membrane occurs in convective through-pores rather than in stagnant fluid inside the pores of the resins particles, which is limited by the slow diffusive transport. MC offers the main advantage of reducing diffusion phenomena, shorter residence time and lowered pressures drops, and thus, facilitates rapid purification of large quantities of molecules. A wide range of chromatographic membranes involving different molecules retention mechanisms (ion exchange, affinity, etc...) is now commercialized. Despite their success, the influence of the geometry of the membrane chromatography devices remains relatively unexplored from a theoretical point of view. This doctoral thesis is aimed to clarify some ambiguous points related to this technique
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Palma-Lopez, David. "Contribution à l'étude des potentialités agricoles et des flux azotés dans divers sols cultivés en maïs." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1994. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1994_PALMA_LOPEZ_D.pdf.
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Ce mémoire à pour but principal d'esquisser une démarche afin de déterminer la potentialité agricole des sols pour une culture donnée et les relations de cette potentialité avec le devenir de l'azote engrais lors du cycle sol-plante. À partir d'études pédologiques de secteurs de références situés en Lorraine et à l'aide de classifications techniques des sols, nous avons mis en évidence les facteurs limitants de la production; ces derniers ont été comparés avec les rendements agricoles obtenus lors de trois années climatiques consécutives; il a été possible de définir après étude fréquentielle des paramètres climatiques, la potentialité agricole des sols pour une année donnée. De plus, il est nécessaire de tenir compte de l'hétérogénéité spatiale pour établir des plans de potentialités parcellaires. Le suivi des teneurs en nitrates dans les différents sols a mis en évidence les relations entre potentialités et risques d'entrainement des nitrates. L’emploi du traceur 15N révèle que les coefficients d'utilisation de l'azote engrais varient par rapport aux types de sols sans que l'on observe une relation précise entre CRU et CAU. Nous démontrons que les fournitures azotées des sols estimées à l'aide d'un témoin zéro présentent des relations étroites avec les valeurs Ndfs et A malgré des interactions avec l'engrais apporté. En conditions contrôlées, l'étude du cycle interne de l'azote 15 démontre l'absence d'effet ANI réel, elle indique des cinétiques des processus d'organisation-reminéralisation entre les divers compartiments azotés liés au comportement bio-physicochimique des sols, enfin elle montre que la fraction NSAnD constitue le siège principal de ces mécanismes, mais que la fraction NnH joue un rôle non négligeable pour certains types de sols
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Mate, Marin Ainhoa. "Multiscale approach to assess the DSM-flux capacity to mitigate impacts on the receiving waters : Quantification of overflow rates and interception of particulate pollutants from combined sewer overflows." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI008/document.
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Au cours des dix dernières années, les gouvernements de l'Union Européenne ont été encouragés à collecter des données sur le volume et la qualité de tous les effluents d'eaux urbaines ayant un impact environnemental significatif sur les milieux aquatiques récepteurs. Les méthodes de surveillance de ces flux nécessitent des améliorations, en particulier pour les déversoirs d’orage, structures complexes responsables en grande partie de la dégradation de la qualité des milieux récepteurs. Le DSM-flux (Dispositif pour la surveillance et maîtrise des flux d'eaux et polluants des réseaux d'eaux pluviales et unitaires) est un nouveau dispositif préfabriqué et pré-étalonné qui garantit les conditions hydrauliques appropriées permettant de mesurer les débits et volumes déversés ainsi que les concentrations et masses de polluants qui y sont transportés. Dans cette thèse, une relation permettant de mesurer le débit au passage du DSM-flux a été construite grâce à une étude expérimentale sur modèle physique réduit, puis validée pour plusieurs configurations d'écoulement à l'amont du dispositif. Quelles que soient les conditions hydrauliques en amont, les incertitudes relatives sont inférieures à 15% et 2% pour les débits et les volumes étudiés, respectivement, ce qui reste équivalent, voire mieux, par rapport aux incertitudes des méthodes actuelles les plus fiables. La méthode de mesure a été validée in situ sur un dispositif à grande échelle construit sur le terrain et fonctionnant en conditions réelles, ce qui montre la robustesse de la méthode. De plus, grâce à sa conception originale, le DSM-flux favorise l'interception d'une fraction des polluants particulaires. L’hydrodynamique de ce dispositif de mesure a été analysée ainsi que les conditions qui engendrent la décantation des polluants particulaires. En fonction des conditions d'écoulement, ce dispositif peut retenir 50% de la masse totale des matières solides fines en suspension transitant par le dispositif, mais pour des écoulements à débits élevés, cette efficacité est significativement réduite. Sa capacité de rétention a été aussi observée sur le terrain et une méthodologie a été élaborée pour quantifier son efficacité de rétention lors d'études futures. Mise à part sa performance hydraulique, du point de vue opérationnel, le dispositif présente d’autres avantages par rapport à d’autres dispositifs existants : (i) il est pré-étalonné et peut être installé à l’aval de déversoirs d’orage déjà existants, (ii) il peut s’insérer directement au sein du canal de décharge (installation d’un regard de visite équipé d’un DSM), (iii) sa performance hydraulique est indépendante des conditions de l’écoulement à l’amont et (iv) il s’agit d’un dispositif intégré de mesure de débits et de leur qualité simultanément, en plus d’intercepter une partie de polluants particulairesOver the past decade, European Union governments have encouraged to collect data on the volume and quality of all urban water effluents with a significant environmental impact on receiving aquatic environments. Methods for monitoring these flows require improvements, particularly for combined sewer overflows, which are complex flows that contribute in significant proportion to the degradation of the quality of the receiving waters. The DSM-flux (Device for Stormwater and combined sewer flows Monitoring and the control of pollutant fluxes) is a new pre-calibrated and pre-designed device that guarantees the appropriate hydraulic conditions for measuring discharged flows and volumes as well as the concentrations and mass loads of pollutants carried in suspension by the flow. In this PhD work, a relationship allowing to measure the flow rates conveying through the DSM-flux was determined thanks to an experimental study on a small-scale physical model, and then validated for several flow configurations upstream of the device. Whatever the upstream hydraulic conditions are, the relative uncertainties are less than 15% and 2% for the flow rates and volumes studied, respectively, which is equivalent to the uncertainties of the most reliable current methods. The monitoring methodology was validated in situ in a large-scale device installed at the field and operating in real conditions, which shows the robustness of the method. Moreover, thanks to its original design, the DSM-flux allows the interception of a fraction of particulate pollutants. The hydrodynamics of this monitoring device were analysed as well as the conditions that cause the settling of particulate pollutants. Depending on the flow conditions, this device can retain 50% of the total mass of fine suspended solid matter transiting through the device, but for flows at high discharge rates, this efficiency is significantly reduced. Its retention capacity has also been observed in the field and a methodology has been developed to quantify its retention efficiency in future studies. Apart from its performance, from an operational point of view, the device has other advantages compared to other current devices: (i) it is pre-calibrated and can be installed downstream from existing combined sewer overflows, (ii) it can be directly installed through a manhole in the discharge channel, (iii) its hydraulic performance is independent from the flow conditions upstream, and (iv) it is an integrated monitoring device, measuring flow rates and their quality simultaneously, in addition to intercepting a part of the particulate pollutants
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Shen, Meicheng. "Statistical Estimation of Vegetation Production in the Northern High Latitude Region based on Satellite Image Time Series." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563552594966495.
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Assaf, Mounir. "From qualitative to quantitative program analysis : permissive enforcement of secure information flow." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S003/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
De nos jours, les ordinateurs sont omniprésents. Tous ces ordinateurs stockent et manipulent de l'information, parfois sensible, d'où l'intérêt de protéger et de confiner la dissémination de cette information. Les mécanismes de contrôle de flux d'information permettent justement d'analyser des programmes manipulant de l'information sensible, afin de prévenir les fuites d'information. Les contributions de cette thèse incluent des techniques d'analyse de programmes pour le contrôle de flux d'information tant qualitatif que quantitatif. Les techniques d'analyse qualitatives permettent la détection et la prévention des fuites d'information. Les techniques quantitatives permettent d'estimer ces fuites afin de décider si elles sont négligeablesComputers have become widespread nowadays. All these computers store and process information. Often, some of this information is sensitive; hence the need to confine and control its dissemination. An important field in computer science, that is concerned about analysing programs in order to confine and control the release of sensitive information, is the information flow control field. The contributions of this thesis include program analysis techniques for qualitative and quantitative information flow control. Qualitative techniques aim at detecting and preventing information leaks. Quantitative techniques go beyong the detection of information leaks, by estimating the leakage in order to decide whether it is negligeable
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Mhiri, Emna. "Planification de la production à capacité finie dans un contexte à forte variabilité, application à l'industrie des semi-conducteurs." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT066/document.
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L'industrie des semi-conducteurs est caractérisée par une production de forte variabilité et de faible volume, des flux de production ré-entrants ainsi que d'un processus de fabrication complexe. Au sein de ce contexte industriel complexe, a été considéré un problème de planification à capacité finie. C'est le problème de projection des encours de production et des commandes clients à capacité finie. Il s'agit d’estimerles dates de début, les temps d'attente et les dates de fin de chacun des steps des différents lots ainsi que la charge accumulée sur les équipements. Cette projection doit tenir compte des contraintes de capacité et qualifications des équipements et des dates d'échéance de livraison des lots. La contrainte de qualification définit l'éligibilité d'un équipement à traiter un produit. Ainsi, l'objectif de cette étude consiste à établir un plan de production réalisable à moyen terme. Afin de réaliser cet objectif, des méthodes exactes et approchées sont proposées. Des résultats en termes de complexité, et d'algorithmes de résolution, ont permis une application industrielle, dans la mesure où un logiciel de planification de la production à capacité finie a été développéIn this study, we consider the problem of production planning in the semiconductor industry characterized by high mix low volume production, reentrant flows and complex manufacturing process.The aim of this work is to establish a feasible production schedule that takes into account the limited capacity of the manufacturing system, equipment qualifications constraints and delivery due dates. In this context, we have formulated the objective and constraints in a mixed linear program (MIP). The objective of the MIP is to minimize delivery delays to guarantee on-time delivery. While executing different tests of the MIP, we have reached a limit of resolution in a reasonable time. Thus, we use an approximate method to solve the problem. The results show the effectiveness of the heuristic established as solution quality and time resolution.The obtained results led to an industrial application and a software that provides feasible schedules in reduced execution time in a specific fab
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Erostate, Mélanie. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des flux naturels et anthropiques vers les hydrosystèmes littoraux tributaires des eaux souterraines : Investigations isotopiques et géochimiques pour la compréhension des interactions aquifères-lagune sur le site de Biguglia (Haute-Corse)." Thesis, Corte, 2020. http://hal-univ-corse.archives-ouvertes.fr/view_by_stamp.php?&action_todo=view&id.
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L’anthropisation grandissante des bassins versants côtiers représente une menace importante pour les eaux souterraines et les écosystèmes qui en dépendent, alors appelés « écosystèmes tributaires des eaux souterraines ». A l’image de l’hydrosystème de Biguglia (Corse), l’urbanisation rapide et désorganisée ainsi que les activités industrielles et agricoles développées sur la plaine de la Marana sont autant de sources de dégradation des eaux souterraines. Cette ressource, pourtant stratégique et utilisée pour l’alimentation en eau potable de la région bastiaise, présente aujourd’hui les marqueurs d’une contamination multiple et diffuse sur l’ensemble de la plaine. En plus d’être problématique pour les besoins en eau humains, la dégradation qualitative des eaux souterraines de l’aquifère de la Marana, constitue également une menace pour l’écosystème fragile de la lagune de Biguglia et la pérennité des services écosystémiques qu’il prodigue. Dans ce contexte de pressions croissantes, la connaissance approfondie du fonctionnement de l’hydrosystème de Biguglia s’impose comme un élément essentiel pour garantir une gestion durable de la ressource en eau. Dans ce but, une approche multi-traceurs géochimiques et isotopiques a été développée afin notamment de mieux contraindre l’état de la ressource, les conditions hydrodynamiques et la nature des interactions aquifères-rivières-lagune. L’étude des isotopes stables de la molécule d’eau (18O, 2H) a mis en évidence la complexité de la recharge. L’aquifère de la Marana bénéficie d’une recharge autochtone par l’infiltration directe des précipitations sur la plaine et d’une recharge allochtone par les précipitations en provenance des contreforts schisteux. A ces mécanismes, s’ajoute également la recharge prodiguée par l’infiltration des eaux du Bevincu et du Golu et la contribution latérale des eaux en provenance des contreforts schisteux de la Corse alpine. Le modèle de mélange développé (18O, Cl- et HCO3-) a permis une estimation semi-quantitative des mélanges. Il démontre la complexité du fonctionnement de l’aquifère, avec une différence notable de la contribution des contreforts schisteux en fonction de la localisation et de la profondeur de la ressource. Il apparaît également de manière claire que la lagune de Biguglia est partiellement tributaire des eaux souterraines. La plaine de la Marana est sujette à une dégradation qualitative liée à la présence excessive de nitrates (NO3-) et de micropolluants organiques. D’après les isotopes du NO3- (15N-NO3-, 18O-NO3-) et du Bore (11B), les principales sources d’azote sont le sol et les eaux usées. La corrélation entre concentrations en NO3- et temps de résidence des eaux (3H et CFCs) a mis en avant la capacité de stockage et d’archivage des eaux souterraines de l’aquifère de la Marana. Mise au regard de l’évolution de l’occupation des sols sur la plaine, la modification progressive des sources azotées enregistrée dans l’aquifère a permis de retracer la trajectoire socio-environnementale de l’hydrosystème de Biguglia. L’état contemporain dégradé de la ressource découle en grande partie de l’héritage des pollutions liées aux activités humaines historiques. Le modèle conceptuel élaboré grâce à ces travaux apporte de nouveaux éléments de compréhension qui pourront aider à l’instauration de stratégies de gestion pertinentes, assurant la pérennité future des ressources en eau et des services écosystémiques qui en dépendentThe exacerbated anthropization of coastal hydrosystems poses a significant threat to groundwater and ecosystems that depend on it, then called "groundwater-dependent ecosystems". Like the Biguglia hydrosystem (Corsica, France), rapid and disorganized urbanization, as well as industrial and agricultural activities developed on the Marana plain are major sources of groundwater degradation. This strategic resource, used for the drinking water supply of the Bastia urban area, presents the markers of multiple and diffuse contaminations. In addition to being problematic for human water needs, the groundwater qualitative degradation of the Marana aquifer also constitutes a threat to the fragile ecosystem of the Biguglia lagoon and the sustainability of the ecosystem services it provides. In this context of increasing pressures, a strong knowledge of the Biguglia hydrosystem behavior is essential to ensure sustainable management of water resources. To this end, a multi-tracer geochemical and isotopic approach has been developed in order to better constrain the state of the groundwater resource, the hydrodynamic conditions and the nature of aquifer-river-lagoon interactions. The study of the stable isotopes of the water molecule (18O, 2H) has highlighted the recharge complexity. The Marana aquifer benefits from an indigenous recharge through direct infiltration of precipitation on the plain and an allochthonous recharge through precipitation from the schistous reliefs. The infiltration of river water from the Bevincu and Golu rivers and the lateral contribution of water from the schistous reliefs also contribute to the aquifer recharge. The developed mixing model (18O, Cl- and HCO3-) allowed a semi-quantitative estimation of the mixing processes. It demonstrates the complex aquifer behavior, with a significant difference in the contribution of schistous groundwater depending on the location and depth of the resource. It is also clear that the Biguglia lagoon is partially dependent on groundwater. The Marana plain is subject to qualitative degradation due to the excessive presence of nitrates (NO3-) and organic micropollutants. According to the NO3- (15N-NO3-, 18O-NO3-) and Boron (11B) isotopes, the main sources of nitrogen are soil and wastewater. The correlation between NO3- concentrations and water residence time (3H and CFCs) highlighted the storage and the groundwater archiving capacity. With regard to the evolution of land use, the progressive modification of the nitrogen sources recorded in the aquifer made it possible to trace the socio-environmental trajectory of the Biguglia hydrosystem. The contemporary degraded state of the resource mainly results from the pollution legacy linked to historical human activities. The conceptual model developed provides new elements that can help towards the implementation of relevant management strategies, to ensure the sustainability of water resources and associated ecosystem services
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Baroche, Thomas. "Marchés pair-à-pair de l’électricité dans les réseaux électriques." Thesis, Rennes, École normale supérieure, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ENSR0022.
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Le déploiement de ressources énergétiques distribuées, combiné à une gestion plus pro-active de la demande et à l'intégration de systèmes de gestion d'énergie, fait entrer l'exploitation des systèmes électriques et des marchés de l'électricité dans un nouveau paradigme. En partie liés à leur structure décentralisée, les marchés dits pair-à-pair ont gagné un intérêt considérable. Les marchés pair-à-pair reposent sur des négociations bilatérales entre les agents pour faire correspondre l'offre et la demande. De plus, ils peuvent cartographier l’ensemble des échanges possibles, ce qui permet de repenser ces interactions avec le réseau.Ces travaux de thèse traitent de trois défis majeurs dont la résolution est essentielle avant d'envisager le passage à des applications réelles : (i) le passage à l'échelle pour gérer un nombre croissant d'acteurs et de ressources distribués, (ii) le respect des contraintes du réseau électrique, et (iii) la résilience du marché à la présence d'agents stochastiques. Une analyse de complexité a permis de montrer que le passage à l’échelle des marchés pair-à-pair et le mécanisme de résolution peut être renforcé par trois améliorations réduisant les complexités algorithmiques et structurelles. Pour le respect des contraintes réseau, le manuscrit propose d’introduire des redevances qui seraient liées à l’utilisation du réseau électrique. Deux approches sont considérées pour déterminer ces redevances réseau. La première, exogène, exige que le gestionnaire de réseau les fournisse a priori avant le début des négociations. Dans la seconde, le gestionnaire de réseau actualise les redevances réseau de manière endogène à chaque itération pour mieux tenir compte de l'état actuel du réseau. Enfin, les prévisions de production et de consommation des agents stochastiques sont mieux prises en compte par la création d’un marché pair-à-pair de l'énergie et des capacités de réserve, pour corriger un éventuel déséquilibre de puissance due à des erreurs de prévisionThe deployment of distributed energy resources, combined with a more proactive demand side management and energy management systems, is inducing a new paradigm in power system operation and electricity markets. Within a consumercentric market framework, peer-to-peer approaches have gained substantial interest. Peer-to-peer markets rely on multi-bilateral negotiation among all agents to match supply and demand. These markets can yield a complete mapping of exchanges onto the grid, hence allowing to rethink market–grid interactions.This thesis treats three main challenges which needs to be overcome before considering real world implementations: (i) scalability to host a growing number of distributed users and resources, (ii) compatibility with grid constraints, and (iii) resilience to stochastic power injections. After a complexity analysis, scalability of peer-topeer markets and the proposed negotiation mechanism to solve them is enhanced by three improvements reducing algorithmic and structural complexities. Feasibility of the peer-to-peer electricity market is eventually obtained with the use of network charges. Two approaches are proposed to handle these network charges. The first, exogenous, requires the system operator to provide them a priori before negotiations start. In the second, the system operator updates network charges endogenously at each iteration to better account for the current grid status. Finally, power forecasts of stochastic agents are taken in a more comprehensive way by the developpement of peer-to-peer market on both energy and capacities, used to restore power balance in case of misdipatch due to forecast errors
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Průša, David. "Identifikace tepelné vodivosti a tepelné kapacity stavebních látek metodou „Hot Wire Method“." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392340.
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This aim of task deals with study of heat dissipation mechanisms and the description of physical phenomena, which is accompanied by non-stationary measurement of thermal characteristics by the method "hot-wire method". In particular, we observe the coefficient of thermal conductivity and its dependence on various variables such as the temperature of the measured sample, its moisture state, the volume of the sample and its porosity. The above mentioned findings are used for the invention of the measuring device of a nonstationary gauge, which is based on regular heating and is dedicated to measuring the thermal conductivity coefficient and the heat capacity by the "hot-wire method" method. In the last part of the thesis is verified functionality of the proposed measuring device, the suitability of the created algorithm for the processing of the measured data and the evaluation of the results was verified. The reproducibility of the measurements was verified and the measured results were compared with the measurement methods, which are commonly used. the influence of humidity on the coefficient of thermal conductivity.
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Pavelka, Tomáš. "Provozní vlastnosti LED a jejich modelování." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263352.
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Doctoral thesis deals with parameters of LED light sources and their static and dynamic changes due to variable operational conditions. Firstly there is briefly described the history of light emitting diodes, that brought LED from unintentional observation of luminescence to light source, which is generally used through the whole area of lighting techniques. Thesis focuses on light parameters analysis, which are specific for semiconductor light sources and their mutual relations. These relations in compliance with understanding the principles of light emission in semiconductor light sources enable establishing of basic connections and effects usable for LED behaviour model. Mutual relations of LED parameters and influencing factors are verified by measurement of chosen testing samples. For deeper understanding of diode parameter influencing mechanisms there are analysed current degradation models including degradation of partial components. On the basis of these facts there is created a model of LED luminaire operating with LED parameters together with cooling system that represent the integral part of the luminaire. Impact of supply drivers is also studied, because they are necessary for LED operation. Designed model supports the area of static changes of light parameters, as well as the dynamic changes of output parameters. Presented model is verified by testing measurements at basic operational states and partially outside of the common operational limits. There are also presented the possibilities of real use of the model that involve the evaluation of designed luminaire for specific light sources, searching for optimal operational limits, optimization of luminaire heatsink or using public lighting systems for regulation of electricity grid load fluctuations.
Книги з теми "Flux capacity"
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New York (State). Legislature. Senate. Health Committee. Public hearing, surge capacity and the avian flu: Can New York's healthcare system meet the challenge? [ Mineola, NY]: Roy Allen & Associates, Inc., 2006.
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Armstrong, Neil, Alan R. Barker, and Alison M. McManus. Muscle metabolism during exercise. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0006.
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Ethical considerations and the lack, until recently, of accessible non-invasive techniques of interrogating exercising muscles have limited research into developmental muscle metabolism during exercise. Current evidence supports an anaerobic/aerobic energy metabolism interplay in exercise in which children present a relatively higher oxidative capacity than adolescents or adults. There is a progressive increase in anaerobic glycolytic flux with age at least into adolescence and, possibly into young adulthood. Independent effects of biological maturation on muscle metabolism during exercise remain to be empirically proven. An amalgam of findings from muscle fibre profiles, muscle enzymes activity, muscle energy stores, substrate utilization, phosphocreatine re-synthesis, and pulmonary oxygen uptake contribute to a plausible model of an age- and sex-specific developing metabolic profile but the precise mechanisms require further clarification. There is a persuasive argument that muscle fibre recruitment patterns are a fundamental component of age- (and perhaps sex-) related differences.
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Priedniece, Vivita. Experimental Study and Modelling of Small Capacity Boiler Flue Gas Treatment and Heat Recovery. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227608.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Doctoral Thesis includes the development, testing, verification and analysis of household boilers’ flue gas treatment equipment – the fog unit. A model describing the heat and mass transfer, including particulate matter behaviour in the unit, was developed. The model was validated with experimental data at the nominal capacity of the boiler. An insight into the modelling of heat and mass transfer processes inside the unit is given in the Thesis.
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Wheeler, Jay. Grays Sports Almanac: Complete Sports Statistics 1950-2000 [Flux Capacitor Edition - LIMITED to 1,000 PRINT RUN]. Independently Published, 2021.
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Wheeler, Jay. Great Scott! 1. 21 JINGLE WATTS! (Back to the Future) Luxury Lined Notebook - Journal Diary Writing Paper Note Pad Book Movie Prop Replica 1. 21 Gigawatts BTTF Flux Capacitor Christmas. Independently Published, 2020.
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Bayen, Alexandre, Maria Laura Delle Monache, Mauro Garavello, Paola Goatin, and Benedetto Piccoli. "Lagrangian Control of Conservation Laws and Mixed Models." In Control Problems for Conservation Laws with Traffic Applications, 111–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93015-8_5.
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AbstractA vehicle with different (eventually controlled) dynamics from general traffic along a street may reduce the road capacity, thus generating a moving bottleneck, and can be used to act on the traffic flow. The interaction between the controlled vehicle and the surrounding traffic, and the consequent flow reduction at the bottleneck position, can be described either by a conservation law with space dependent flux function [200], or by a strongly coupled PDE-ODE system proposed in [112, 208].
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Gill, Terry D. "ILMO: The ‘Flux Capacitor’ of Contemporary Military Operations." In Military Operations and the Notion of Control Under International Law, 35–45. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-395-5_3.
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Bi, Yantao, Gonghui Liu, Guanghua Dong, and Jun Li. "Influence of the Position of Flex Sub on the Build-Up Capacity of the Static Push-The-Bit Rotary Steering Tool." In Computational and Experimental Simulations in Engineering, 285–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67090-0_24.
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Bennamoun, Lyes. "Using Diffusion Model for Prediction and Optimization of Drying Process of Building Material." In Optimization of Design for Better Structural Capacity, 1–23. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7059-2.ch001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this chapter is to confirm the possibility of using the simple diffusion model to predict the behavior of a building material during the application of drying process under variable operating conditions. This approach can be considered as a simulation of the effect of the variable climatic conditions on the building material. During this research, the thermo-physical properties of the tested material as well as the drying air are considered as variable and changing with the operating conditions. Accordingly, diffusion coefficient is determined experimentally and is considered as variable with the temperature and the humidity and represented as function of the wet bulb temperature. Two sorts of conditions are tested: constant flux and convective flux. Furthermore, two types of changes are also tested: sudden changes and progressive changes of the drying conditions. The results of the study are mainly represented by the drying curves or the drying kinetics.
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Carr, Cheri Lynne. "The Deleuzian Subject." In Deleuze's Kantian Ethos, 27–49. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474407717.003.0002.
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In his earliest work, Deleuze presents a relational theory of subjectivity in constant flux. The larval, passive flux becomes an active subject capable of saying “I” through the exercise of certain capacities or faculties, namely, the habit of forming habits. Though the exercise of habit formation is passive, the result is an activated subject with the capacity to intervene in its own passive processes, capable of undertaking the difficult, transformative, and liberating work of destroying old habits of thinking and acting in favor of creating new ones that embrace fluidity, ambiguity, freedom, and difference. Yet, this capacity for catalyzing transformative change is frequently subverted from the inside. This is the ethical problem at the center of Deleuze’s ontology of change: the very habits that produce the conditions of becoming an ethical subject also produce the desire for repression of the fluidity of becoming. That is, the desire for fascism is the companion of the movement of subjectivation.
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Chen, Bin, Jia-Meng Tian, and Zhi-Fu Zhou. "The Fundamental and Application of Surface Heat Flux Estimation by Inverse Method in Cryogen Spray Cooling." In Inverse Heat Conduction and Heat Exchangers. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89095.
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Surface heat flux is an important parameter in various industrial applications, which is often estimated based on measured temperature by solving inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). In this chapter, the available IHCP methods including sequential function specification (SFS), transfer function (TF) and Duhamel’s theorem were compared, taking the example of surface heat flux estimation during spray cooling. The Duhamel’s theorem was improved to solve 1D multi-layer ICHP. Considering the significant nonuniformity of heat transfer, the 2D filter solution method was proposed to estimate surface heat flux for 2D multi-layer mediums. The maximum heat flux calculated by the 1D method was underestimated by 60% than that calculated by 2D filter solution, indicating that the lateral heat transfer cannot be ignored. The cooling performances based on 2D filter solution demonstrated that substituting the environment friendly R1234yf for R134a can remarkably reduce global warming potential to <1, but its cooling capacity is insufficient. The effective heat flux of R1234yf can be enhanced by 18.8% by reducing the nozzle diameter and decreasing the back pressure, providing the theoretical basis for the clinical potential substitution of R1234yf with low global warming potential (GWP) for commercial R134a with high GWP in laser dermatology.
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AbdelHady, Salama. "Proper Understanding of the Natures of Electric Charges and Magnetic Flux." In Electric Field in Advancing Science and Technology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106962.
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According to an analogy between the laws that characterize the flow of heat, electric charges, and magnetic flux, and to results of Faraday’s experiments, the electric charge and the magnetic flux were defined and visualized in previous research as energy flux in the form of electromagnetic waves (EM) that have electric or magnetic potentials and that all potentials can be measured by the Volt. The proofs of such statements will be enlightened in this chapter. Recognizing the nature of electric charges as energy; the electric current, defined traditionally as the rate of flow of electric charges would have the unit of power, i.e., Watt. As the ammeter does not measure the power but measures, according to its definition, the quotient of the electric power divided by the electric potential, then its unit should be “Watt/Volt.” So, the ammeter does not measure an electric current if it is defined as the rate of flow of electric charges. However, the unit “Watt/Volt” of the ammeter’s readings is distinguished as a unit of a property of the electric field that defines the capacity of the electric field to allow flow of a definite rate of electric energy by force of a unit of the electric potential, i.e., by 1 Volt. It will be shown in the presented study that this capacity measures also the rate of growth of one of the physical properties of the electric field which is called “entropy.” Hence, the ammeter measures acceptability of the electric field to the flow of electric power and measures the rate of generation of entropy, or destruction of exergy of the measured electric field. By analogy between the electric and magnetic energies, it will be proved that the magnetic fluxmeter measures also the quotient of the magnetic power divided by the magnetic potential and its unit “Watt/Volt” represents the rate of entropy generation in the magnetic field. So, recognizing the electric charge and magnetic flux as forms of energy, the SI system of units can be modified by deleting the Ampere as unneeded base unit. Such modification removes, as will be shown, redundancies in the traditional SI system of units and homogenize the units of thermal, electric, and magnetic fields. This chapter will present a study of the impacts of the new definitions of electric current and magnetic flux on proper explanation of phenomena in the field of electromagnetic and photoelectric effects, on proper understanding of the duality confusion and on the wireless power transfer that has a long history. At the end of this chapter, it will be shown how such proper understanding of fluxes leads to proper understanding of the nerve impulses and of the techniques of stimulating the neural systems for diagnosis of diseases of the neural systems.
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Kodandapani, Narendran. "Adapting to Climatic Extremes through Climate Resilient Industrial Landscapes: Building Capacities in the Southern Indian States of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh." In Climate Issues in Asia and Africa - Examining Climate, Its Flux, the Consequences, and Society's Responses [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98732.
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There is now greater confidence and understanding of the consequences of anthropogenic caused climate change. One of the many impacts of climate change, has been the occurrence of extreme climatic events, recent studies indicate that the magnitude, frequency, and intensity of hydro-meteorological events such as heat waves, cyclones, droughts, wildfires, and floods are expected to increase several fold in the coming decades. These climatic extremes are likely to have social, economic, and environmental costs to nations across the globe. There is an urgent need to prepare various stakeholders to these disasters through capacity building and training measures. Here, we present an analysis of the capacity needs assessment of various stakeholders to climate change adaptation in industrial parks in two southern states of India. Adaptation to climate change in industrial areas is an understudied yet highly urgent requirement to build resilience among stakeholders in the Indian subcontinent. The capacity needs assessment was conducted in two stages, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and focus group discussion (FGD) were conducted among various stakeholders to determine the current capacities for climate change adaptation (CCA) for both, stakeholders and functional groups. Our analysis indicates that in the states of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, all stakeholder groups require low to high levels of retraining in infrastructure and engineering, planning, and financial aspects related to CCA. Our study broadly supports the need for capacity building and retraining of functionaries at local and state levels in various climate change adaptation measures; likewise industry managers need support to alleviate the impacts of climate change. Specific knowledge, skills, and abilities, with regard to land zoning, storm water management, developing building codes, green financing for CCA, early warning systems for climatic extremes, to name a few are required to enhance and build resilience to climate change in the industrial landscapes of the two states.
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Vasseur, David A. "The impact of temperature on population and community dynamics." In Theoretical Ecology, 243–62. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824282.003.0014.
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Of the myriad of environmental variables that are currently in flux due to anthropogenic climate change, temperature is one of the most ubiquitous and well-studied. Temperature directly influences the vital rates and ecological thresholds that determine how quickly populations grow or decline and many studies have sought to determine how these influences culminate at the population and community level. This chapter surveys the theoretical work in this area and details how our growing understanding of the relationships between temperature and vital rates and thresholds has led to new insights and challenges. The latter sections of the chapter reveal a key principle to guide the ongoing debate about the temperature-dependence of a key parameter underlying nearly all population and community models: the carrying capacity. From this, a simple model is used to demonstrate how linkages between the thermal sensitivity of population growth and carrying capacity determine dynamics and the propensity for extinction in warming environments.
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Hopkins, Frances, and Philip Nightingale. "Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Marine Source of Atmospherically Active Trace Gases." In Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199591091.003.0016.
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A wide range of trace gases, including dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and organohalogens, are formed in the surface oceans via biological and/or photochemical processes. Consequently, these gases become supersaturated in seawater relative to the overlying marine air, leading to a net flux to the atmosphere. Upon entering the atmosphere, they are subject to rapid oxidation or radical attack to produce highly reactive radical species which are involved in a number of important atmospheric and climatic processes. Organohalogens can affect the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere by interacting with ozone, with implications for air quality, stratospheric ozone levels, and global radiative forcing. DMS and iodine-containing organohalogens (iodocarbons) can both contribute to direct and indirect impacts of aerosols on climate through the production of new particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the clean marine atmosphere. Therefore, marine trace gases are considered a vital component of the earth’s climate system, and changes in the net production rate and subsequent sea-to-air flux could have an impact on globally important processes. In recent years, attention has turned to the impact that future ocean acidification may have on the production of such gases, with the greatest focus on DMS and organohalogens. In this chapter, the current state-of-the-art in this growing area of research is outlined. The oceans are a major source of sulphur (S), an element essential to all life, and marine emissions of the gas DMS (chemical formula (CH3)2S) represent a key pathway in the global biogeochemical sulphur cycle. The surface oceans are supersaturated with DMS relative to the atmosphere, resulting in a oneway flux from sea to air (Lovelock et al. 1972; Watson and Liss 1998). DMS is a breakdown product of the biogenically produced dimethyl sulphoniopropionate (DMSP): . . . (CH3)2S+CH2CH2COO- → (CH3)2S + CH2CHCOOH (acrylic acid) (11.1) . . . Single-celled marine phytoplankton are the chief producers of DMSP, and this reaction is catalysed intra- and extracellularly by the enzyme DMSP-lyase (Malin et al. 1992; Liss et al. 1997). The capacity of phytoplankton to produce DMSP varies between species, with prymnesiophytes considered to be the most prolific (Malin et al. 1992 ; Liss et al. 1997 ; Watson and Liss 1998).
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Flux capacity"
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Yousofshahi, Mona, Michael Orshansky, Kyongbum Lee, and Soha Hassoun. "Gene modification identification under flux capacity uncertainty." In the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2463209.2488789.
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Dusek, Karel, Martin Placek, David Busek, Klara Dvorakova, and Alexandra Rudajevova. "Study of influence of thermal capacity and flux activity on the solderability." In 2014 37th ISSE International Spring Seminar in Electronics Technology (ISSE). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isse.2014.6887589.
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Huiling, Long, Zhao Chunjiang, Yang Guijun, Feng Haikuan, and Wang Yanan. "Remote estimation of maize carbon sequestration capacity based on eddy covariance flux measurements." In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8128126.
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Zhou, Hao, and Dieter Gerling. "Axially Superimposed Windings with Different Radial Lengths to Increase Torque Capacity of Axial Flux Machines." In 2022 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icem51905.2022.9910899.
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Wang, Tao, Fang Wang, Hongqun Chen, Junyan Ou, Dawei Yu, and Jiawen Zhang. "Research on Small-scale Variable Capacity Evaporative Cooling Plate System for Chips with High Heating Flux." In 5th International Conference on Advanced Design and Manufacturing Engineering. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icadme-15.2015.407.
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Zhang, Li, Xiaoyong Zhu, Lei Xu, and Deyang Fan. "Sensorless Capacity Evaluation of a New Five-phase Flux-Intensifying Fault-Tolerant Interior-Permanent-Magnet Motor." In 2020 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecce44975.2020.9235355.
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Silverman, I., and A. Nagler. "High Heat Flux Cooling With Water Jet Impingement." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56273.
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Accelerator targets, both for radioisotope production and for neutron sources generate thermal energy at very high density due to the absorption of the particles beam in the target material. Total power is in the order of 10–50 kW. Average heat fluxes are about 1 kW/cm2 and maximum values can exceed 5 kW/cm2. The design of these targets requires efficient heat removal techniques in order to preserve the integrity of the target. Experimental cooling loops based on water and liquid gallium jet impingement have been designed in order to evaluate the actual potential of jet impingement for high heat flux cooling. The water cooling system is already operational and initial results have demonstrated a cooling capacity of 5 kW with average heat flux of 0.5 kW/cm2 and a maximum of about 1 kW/cm2 with a total target area of 10 cm2. In order to test the system at higher power level we build an electron gun heat source that is designed to provide up to 20 kW heating power.
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Salinas, Mauricio A., S. M. You, B. Elliott Short, and Donald C. Price. "Wickability and Transient Cooling Capacity of Binary Mixtures." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32459.
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Previously, aerospace and military, high heat-flux, electronics have been cooled with phase-change-modules composed of a metal-matrix saturated with a solid phase-change-material. This method requires the heat to be transferred from the source location, through the metal matrix, to the available phase-change-material. Empirical evaluations indicate that wick-based coldplates including non-metallic porous media, saturated with fluid may be much more effective. This wick-based method allows the capillary action of the wick to passively transport liquid from liquid-rich areas to the point of need; a much more efficient process. The optimization of a wick-based coldplate involves a careful balance between the wickability of the working fluid and its heat of vaporization (i.e. cooling capacity). The wickability and transient cooling capacity of both ethanol-water and methanol-water mixtures were empirically evaluated for the full mass fraction range. Testing procedures and results will be described in detail.
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Odom, Brent A., Carlos A. Ortiz, and Patrick E. Phelan. "Critical Heat Flux in Microchannels With an Adjustable Inlet Orifice." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58335.
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The benefits of eliminating instabilities in two-phase microchannel flow with inlet orifices come with costs. This study describes the tradeoffs between microchannels with and without inlet orifices, focusing on results from critical heat flux data obtained for various orifice sizes and mass fluxes. An adjustable inlet orifice controlled with a micrometer was placed in front of an array of 31 parallel microchannels each with a hydraulic diameter of 0.235 mm and a length of 1.33 cm. For mass fluxes ranging from 186 kg m−2 s−1 to 847 kg m−2 s−1, critical heat flux (CHF) data were obtained for 7 different orifice sizes. For low flow rates that provided a low quality saturated inlet condition, the difference in CHF values was found to be minimal between open and almost closed orifice conditions. The smallest orifice achieved a CHF value of 5 W cm−2 less than the largest orifice size for a mass flux of 186 kg m−2 s−1, and 7 W cm−2 less for a mass flux of 433 kg m−2 s−1. For mass fluxes higher than 433 kg m−2 s−1, subcooled conditions were present at the orifice inlet, and the highest CHF values occurred with an orifice hydraulic diameter of 35 percent of fully open. For the higher mass flux cases, orifice sizes in the range of 1.8 percent to 28 percent of fully open caused CHF to occur at lower values than less restrictive orifice sizes. This was due to loss of cooling capacity from rapid pressure drop through the orifice. Slightly higher average channel pressures also decrease the refrigerant’s latent heat of vaporization. For the orifice sizes from 35 to 70 percent of unrestricted flow, a very minimal increase in pressure drop over fully open inlet conditions occurred and the general trend was higher CHF values. Very small inlet orifices are beneficial for steady state conditions that do not approach CHF; however, overly restricting the flow at the inlet to microchannels reduces cooling capacity significantly and will cause early onset of CHF. A slightly restrictive inlet orifice will increase CHF.
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Yang, Zehao, Daniel T. Pollock, and John T. Wen. "Multivariable Control of Vapor Compression Cycle With Transient Heat Flux." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63610.
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This paper investigates feedback control of refrigeration cycles for high heat-flux cooling applications, where large transient heat loads may be present. We apply H∞ controller synthesis for disturbance rejection, with the evaporator heat-flux treated as the disturbance input. The controller synthesis is based on model linearization about a chosen operating point. We analyze model uncertainty due to the linearization error to ensure robustness of the closed-loop systems. We use a low-order, lumped-element nonlinear model for the vapor compression cycle. We obtain linearized systems at different operating points, and quantify system nonlinearity using the H∞ norm. Controllers synthesized for the chosen nominal systems are tested for both nominal (near the operating point) and the worst-case performance in nonlinear simulations. For systems close to critical heat-flux (CHF), it is shown that a trade-off exists between the nominal performance and robust stability. For systems far away from CHF, it is shown that the open-loop system has the optimal cooling capacity. The performance of H∞ controller for systems near CHF is validated by experiment.