Статті в журналах з теми "Flower plants"
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1
Essenberg, Carla J., Paige E. Guevarra, Hadley M. Moreau, Cody J. Jordan, and Talia Zisman. "A benefit to providing information? Flower size cues, plant attractiveness, and plant visit length." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 4 (May 3, 2019): 1168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz065.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract In many plant species, flower size is correlated with the production of floral rewards such as nectar and pollen and, therefore, provides information to pollinators about flower quality. However, how relationships between flower size and rewards influence plant fitness is not well understood. In particular, it is unclear whether indicating to pollinators which flowers are unrewarding harms or benefits plants. We used a laboratory system with artificial flowers to examine bumblebees’ (Bombus impatiens) responses to plants that had flower size as an informative cue (with large flowers rewarding and small flowers unrewarding) as compared with “deceptive” plants that had a mixture of rewarding and unrewarding large flowers and plants with only large, rewarding flowers. Bees had previously foraged in a context in which only large flowers provided rewards. Small flowers were visited less often than large flowers. In comparing plants with different numbers of flowers, we found that small flowers, although they added less to a plant’s attractiveness than large flowers, did increase a plant’s attractiveness if present in sufficient number. Furthermore, plants with informative cues received substantially fewer flower visits per plant visit in comparison with deceptive plants, even when the plants with informative cues had a larger number of flowers. Cues identifying unrewarding flowers could, therefore, reduce rates of within-plant pollen movement, increasing the plant’s fitness gains per flower visit. Their contribution to whole-plant attractiveness and avoidance of inbreeding could help explain why many plants produce small, relatively unrewarding flowers even though pollinators avoid visiting them.
2
Pemberton, H. Brent, Yin-Tung Wang, and Garry V. McDonald. "Increase of Easter Lily Postharvest Flower Longevity with PBA Application to Young Flower Buds." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 459A—459. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.459a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Case-cooled bulbs of Lilium longiflorum `Nellie White' were potted on 4 Dec. 1995 and forced to flowering using standard growing procedures. Plants were illuminated from shoot emergence to visible bud with supplemental high-intensity-discharge sodium vapor light at 70 μmol·m–2·s–1 from 1700 to 2200 HR each day. When the first primary flower bud (first initiated flower bud most proximal on the shoot) was 5 to 7 cm long, each plant was treated with 3 ml of either de-ionized water or 500 mg·liter–1 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyranyl)-9H-purine (PBA). Sprays were directed at the flower buds and associated bracts. When the tepals on the first primary flower bud split, plants were placed at 2°C in the dark for 0, 4, or 21 days. After storage, plants were placed in a postharvest evaluation room with constant 21°C temperature and 18 μmol·m–2·s–1 cool-white fluorescent light. The first three primary flowers on PBA-treated plants lasted significantly longer than corresponding flowers on control plants, but there was no difference between flowers at the fourth and fifth positions. Also, the total postharvest life of the five primary flowers on PBA treated plants was 3 days longer than those on control plants. Storage time inversely affected the postharvest longevity of the first three primary flowers, but had no effect on the longevity of the fourth or fifth primary flowers or total postharvest life of the five primary flowers. There were no significant interaction effects between PBA treatment and storage duration on primary flower longevity.
3
Cushman, L. C., H. B. Pemberton, and J. W. Kelly. "FLOWER DEVELOPMENT OF MINIATURE POTTED ROSE PLANTS DURING SIMULATED SHIPPING." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1090a—1090. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1090a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Orange end Red Sunblaze miniature rose plants were forced. to flower in a glasshouse in 10 cm pots. At harvest, flower stage (FST) 1 (tight bud), 2 (reflexed calyx), and 3 (petals starting to reflex) flowers were designated and tagged. The plants were then stored at 4, 16 or 28°C for 2, 4, or 6 days. Subsequent to the simulated shipping treatments, plants were evaluated in a simulated home interior environment (21° with 30 μmoles M-2 sec-1 cool-white fluorescent light). After summer forcing, flowers of both cultivars developed at least 1 FST during simulated shipping. Flower development increased as storage duration increased for FST 1 and 2, but storage duration did not affect development of FST 3 flowers. The higher the temperature the faster flowers developed, but development was less than 1 FST at 4°. After winter forcing, flowers developed less than 1 FST during simulated shipping. Flower development increased with increasing temperature. In summer, plants with FST 2 flowers could be shipped at up to 16°, but plants with FST 3 flowers should be shipped at 4°. In winter, plants can be shipped at up to 16° with FST 3 flowers.
4
Lara, Carlos, and Juan Francisco Ornelas. "Flower mites and nectar production in six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 11 (November 1, 2002): 1216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hummingbird flower mites and hummingbirds may compete intensely for the nectar secreted by their host plants. Here, we present the results from field experiments in which flower mites were excluded from flowers of six hummingbird-pollinated plants with contrasting flower longevities. Nectar measurements were taken on flowers from which mites were excluded and those without mite exclusion over their lifespans. The exclusion of mites had a significant positive effect on the amount of nectar available in plants with long-lived flowers. In contrast, nectar availability in short-lived flowers was not significantly reduced after mite exclusion. The significance of the mite-exclusion treatment was independent of floral morph and flower age. Results also suggest that the magnitude of the mite-exclusion treatment depends on the volume of nectar produced by the flower throughout its lifetime. The treatment effect was detected when nectar consumption, presumably by flower mites, exceeded 13% of the nectar produced by the flowers; nectar availability was not significantly reduced when nectar volume was < 7 µL per flower. It appears that flower mites consume proportionately more nectar in long-lived flowers than in short-lived flowers. Parasitic hummingbird flower mites seem to be preferentially taking advantage of plant-pollinator interactions in which flowers last several days and produce large volumes of nectar. The consequences of this finding concerning planthummingbirdmite interactions await further investigation. As a working hypothesis, we propose that nectar production has increased over evolutionary time not only by the selective pressures imposed by the pollinators, but also to compensate for the reduction they suffer after exploitation by nectar robbers and thieves such as flower mites.Key words: Ascidae, flower longevity, hummingbird pollination, multiple-species interactions, mutualism exploitation, nectar theft.
5
Pobudkiewicz, Anna. "The influence of growth retardants and cytokinins on flowering of ornamental plants." Acta Agrobotanica 61, no. 1 (2012): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2008.018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Growth retardants are applied in order to obtain short and well compact plants. They usually inhibit stem elongation, but also can influence the flowering of plants. The aim of cytokinin application is to obtain well branched plants without removing the apical meristem. Cytokinins usually increase the number of axillary shoots but also can influence flowering. Growth retardants and cytokinins can affect flower size, pedicel length, number of flowers, flower longevity, abortion of flower buds and number of days from potting plants to the first open flower. Flowering of growth retardant and cytokinin treated plants might depend on the method of growth regulator used (foliar spray or soil drench), plant species or even a plant cultivar, but in the highest degree it depends on the growth regulator rate used. These growth regulators, when are applied at rates appropriate for height and habit control, very seldom influence flowering of ornamental plants, but applied at high rates can delay flowering, diminish flower diameter or flower pedicel length and also can decrease the number of flowers per plant. In cultivation of bulb plants, growth retardants, used at very high rates, also cause abortion of flower buds.
6
Obolentseva-Krasivska, О. S. "FEATURES OF DETERMINATION OF THE COST OF PLANTS CERTAIN KINDS WHEN CARRYING OUT FORENSIC MERCHANDISING EXAMINATIONS." Theory and Practice of Forensic Science and Criminalistics 17 (November 29, 2017): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32353/khrife.2017.45.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flowers, ornamental plants, planting material (saplings) and other plants with regard to which the market with possibility of carrying out independent adequate marketing was formed, are the subject of evaluation by the experts in field of forensic merchandising. With the development of the market and market relations such goods as flowers, planting material and others are increasingly encashed in the market of Ukraine and become the objects of forensic merchandising examinations and expert researches. Special feature of merchandising researches of the plant origin objects is the use of the comprehensive approach to the estimation of their quality and cost. Researches are carried out with the purpose of determination of properties, consumer value, conformity to standards and specifications of plants certain kinds. When studying a considerable variety of flower plants, one distinguishes scientific and industrial classifications. In merchandising flowers industrial classification of flower ornamental plants which provides distribution of flower plants to the separate groups similar on biological properties, the agricultural technician of cultivation and practical application in gardening is used. During carrying out merchandising examinations on an establishment of consumer properties of certain kinds plants, namely establishments organoleptic indicators of quality and quantity of flower decorative production given for research, the expert checks conformity of this production to requirements of normative and technical documents. Requirements to quality of flower production are normalised by standards depending on production kind – cutf lowers, pottery blossoming plants, pottery decorative sheet plants, sprouts of flower decorative production, planting material, seeds of flower ornamental plants. At carrying out merchandising researches of flower decorative production, plants and saplings it’s necessary for merchandising experts to pay special attention on definition of quality indicators and a grade of plants according to standards, and also to consider data concerning age of a plant, novelty of a grade and origin country of production.
7
Arfa Hassan, Sarmad Zaheer Ahmad, and Qurat ul Ain. "Flower Detection in Digital Image Processing using Global Image Enhancement Method." Lahore Garrison University Research Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgurjcsit.2019.030382.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flowers are plays an important role on the planet as they contain the reproduction part of plants. The only flower parts of plants have ability to produce different kinds of fruit, vegetable, and seeds for humans. Flower seeds also are used to produce oil. Honey bees collect nectar from flowers to produce honey. In this paper a new approach is proposed for flower detection. The proposed algorithm is use Global image enhancement and thresholdging technique for flower detection in digital images.
8
Niu, Genhua, Royal D. Heins, Arthur Cameron, and Will Carlson. "Temperature and Daily Light Integral Influence Plant Quality and Flower Development of Campanula carpatica 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid'." HortScience 36, no. 4 (July 2001): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.36.4.664.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of temperature on flower size and number of flower buds of Campanula carpatica Jacq. 'Blue Clips', 'Deep Blue Clips', and Campanula 'Birch Hybrid' were investigated in four temperature and light-transfer experiments. In year 1, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were grown initially at 20 °C and then transferred at visible flower bud (VB) to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until flower (Expt. 1). In Expt. 2, 'Blue Clips' and 'Birch Hybrid' plants were transferred from 14 to 26 °C or from 26 to 14 °C at various intervals after flower induction. Flower size of both species was negatively correlated with average daily temperature (ADT) after VB; flowers on plants grown at 14 °C were 35% larger than those on plants grown at 26 °C. In contrast, temperature before VB had only a small effect on final flower size in both species, although flower diameter of 'Birch Hybrid' plants grown at constant 26 °C was 20% smaller than that of the plants grown initially at 20°C and then transferred to VB to 26 °C. For both species, the longer the exposure to high temperature after VB, the smaller the flowers. Number of flower buds at flower in 'Birch Hybrid' decreased as ADT after VB increased. In year 2, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at constant 20 °C under high or low daily light integral (DLI, 17 or 5.7 mol·m-2·d-1) until VB, and then transferred to 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C under high or low DLI (Expt. 3). In Expt. 4, 'Deep Blue Clips' plants were grown at 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26 °C until VB, and then transferred to constant 20 °C under high or low DLI until flower. Flower size (petal length) was negatively correlated with ADT both before and after VB, while flower bud number was negatively correlated with the ADT only after VB, regardless of DLI. In both experiments, petal length decreased by 0.3 to 0.5 mm per 1 °C increase in ADT before or after VB. Flowers were larger and more numerous under high than under low DLIs after VB, regardless of the DLI before VB.
9
Nyankanga, R. O., and H. C. Wien. "Increased Plant Density and Shade Affects Flowering and Fruiting of Pumpkin (C. pepo)." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 526A—526. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.526a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Increase in plant density often results in reduction in reproductive potential of individual plants in cucurbits. The reduction may be due to reduced female flower production or a reduction or a delay in fruit set or to decreased fruit size. To determine the cause of the reduction, flowering, and fruiting of two pumpkin cultivars was evaluated in four field experiments under four plant densities ranging from 4483 plants/ha to 23,910 plants/ha and in a greenhouse using three levels of shade. Weekly flower and flower bud counts were made in the field experiment starting at first anthesis. Flowers were determined to have either set or aborted or not have reached anthesis. Increasing plant population from 4483 plants/ha to 23,910 plants/ha resulted in an increase in number of flowers per unit area up to 11,955 plants/ha, beyond which there was a steep decline. Increased plant density also resulted in an increase in aborted female flower buds that did not reach anthesis. Increase in plant density only reduced fruit set at very high populations. Number of fruits per area increased linearly with plant density up to 11,955 plants/ha, but decreased at higher plant populations. Reducing incident light by 30%, 60%, and 80% in a greenhouse experiment resulted in reduction of both male and female flowers. At 80% shade, there was a complete suppression of female flowers, whereas male flowers were still being produced. The number of female flowers reaching anthesis was positively correlated with total shoot dry weight while floral buds and male flowers were not. Reduction of individual plant biomass under high-density plantings might therefore be limiting female flower production and yield.
10
Serek, Malgorzata. "Ethephon and Silver Thiosulfate Affect Postharvest Characteristics of Rosa hybrida `Victory Parade'." HortScience 28, no. 3 (March 1993): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.3.199.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The postharvest quality of miniature pot roses is limited by bud abscission and premature flower senescence. Rosa hybrida `Victory Parade' plants were treated with ethephon to study their sensitivity to ethylene and with silver thiosulfate (STS) to investigate its inhibitory effects on ethylene action. Bud abscission and flower senescence were promoted by spraying plants with ethephon, and the longevity of individual flowers and whole plants was reduced. All STS concentrations (0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 mM improved postharvest keeping quality. Bud abscission and flower senescence were decreased and the longevity of flowers and whole plants was improved by applying STS. Chemical name used: 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).
11
DeVier, Carrie, and Robert L. Geneve. "Inhibition of Root Formation in Cuttings from Flowering Stock Plants of Chrysanthemum." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 836B—836. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.836b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of flowers on root formation in mum cuttings was evaluated for stock plants grown under long (LD) or short (SD) days. SD plants showed visible flower buds after 20 days and color after 30 days. Cuttings were taken from LD or SD plants at 10-day intervals until flowers were fully open. Cuttings from LD plants rooted at 100% throughout the study, with 24 or more roots per cutting. Cuttings from SD plants showed a gradual reduction in rooting percentage and number as flower development increased. After 30 days, roots per cutting for SD plants was reduced by 85% compared to LD cuttings and only 30% of SD cuttings rooted. In a separate experiment, cuttings were taken from stock plants after 40 long or short days. Partial or all flower buds were removed from SD plants prior to sticking. SD cuttings (regardless of flower bud removal) rooted at <47%. LD cuttings rooted between 23.6 to 43.8, while SD cuttings rooted between 3.1 and 8.5 roots per rooted cutting. The data indicates that cuttings taken from flowering plants show reduced potential for rooting and that this effect was not influenced by removal of flowers prior to sticking cuttings.
12
Karlsson, Meriam, and Jeffrey Werner. "Cyclamen Leaf Unfolding Rate in Response to Temperature." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 447d—447. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nine-week-old plants of Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length. After 8 weeks, the temperature was changed to 16 °C for all plants. Expanded leaves (1 cm or larger) were counted at weekly intervals for each plant. The rate of leaf unfolding increased with temperature to 20 °C. The fastest rate at 20 °C was 0.34 ± 0.05 leaf/day. Flower buds were visible 55 ± 7 days from start of temperature treatments (118 days from seeding) for the plants grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C. Flower buds appeared 60 ± 6.9 days from initiation of treatments for plants grown at 24 °C and 93 ± 8.9 days for cyclamens grown at 8 °C. Although there was no significant difference in rate of flower bud appearance for cyclamens grown at 12, 16, or 20 °C, the number of leaves, flowers, and flower buds varied significantly among all temperature treatments. Leaf number at flowering increased from 38 ± 4.7 for plants at 12 °C to 77 ± 8.3 at 24 °C. Flowers and flower buds increased from 18 ± 2.9 to 52 ± 11.0 as temperature increased from 12 to 24 °C. Plants grown at 8 °C had on average 6 ± 2 visible flower buds, but no open flowers at termination of the study (128 days from start of treatments).
13
Llewellyn, David, Katherine Schiestel, and Youbin Zheng. "Increasing Levels of Supplemental LED Light Enhances the Rate Flower Development of Greenhouse-grown Cut Gerbera but does not Affect Flower Size and Quality." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 4, 2020): 1332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To investigate the influence of supplemental lighting intensity on the production (i.e., rate of flower development, flower quality, and yield) of cut gerbera during Canada’s supplemental lighting season (November to March), trials were carried out at a research greenhouse. Five supplemental light emitting diode (LED) light intensity (LI) treatments provided canopy-level photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) ranging from 41 to 180 µmol m−2 s−1. With a 12-h photoperiod, the treatments provided 1.76 to 7.72 mol m−2 d−1 of supplemental light. Two cultivars of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook.f) were used to evaluate vegetative growth and flower production. Plugs of ‘Ultima’ were assessed for vegetative growth and rate of flower development. There were minor LI treatment effects on number of leaves and chlorophyll content index and flowers from plants under the highest versus the lowest LI matured 10% faster. Reproductively mature ‘Panama’ plants were assessed for flower yield and quality. ‘Panama’ flowers from the highest LI treatment had shorter stems than the three lowest LI treatments, and flowers from the middle LI treatment had larger diameter than the other treatments. Flowers from the lowest LI treatment had lower fresh mass than the three highest LI treatments. There were linear relationships between LI and numbers of flowers harvested, with the highest LI treatment producing 10.3 and 7.0 more total and marketable flowers per plant than the lowest LI treatment. In general, increasing levels of supplemental light had only minor effects on vegetative growth (young plants) and size and quality of harvested flowers (mature plants), but flowers from plants grown under higher LIs were more numerous and matured faster.
14
Williams, Millie S., Terri Woods Starman, and James E. Faust. "Effect of High Temperatures on the Postharvest Flowering of Specialty Floral Crop Species." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 447f—448. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447f.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flower growers experience decreased consumer satisfaction with plant species that cease flowering during the summer. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the heat tolerance of four specialty floral crop species in order to predict their summer performance in the different climatalogical regions of the United States. The effect of increasing temperatures on the duration of postharvest flower development was determined for Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby', Brachycome hybrid `Ultra', and Sutera cordata `Snowflake'. Plants were grown in a 18 °C greenhouse until marketable with foliage covering the container and flowers distributed evenly across the plant canopy. Plants were then placed in a phytotron to determine their heat tolerance. Temperature set points of 18, 23, 28, and 33 °C were delivered serially at 2-week intervals, starting at 18 °C. Plants were then returned to 18 °C after the 33 °C treatment. Immature flower bud, mature flower bud, flower and senesced flower numbers were collected once per week. Sutera `Snowflake', and Brachycome `Ultra' had the greatest flower number at the 23 °C temperature, decreasing in the 28 °C environment. Argeranthemum `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' had greatest flower number at 28 °C, but flowers were smaller and of lower quality than at 23 °C. Flower development of all cultivars ceased at 33 °C, but when plants were returned to the 18 °C production greenhouse, flower development resumed. According to normal average daily temperatures in Knoxville, Tenn., Ageranthemum frutescens `Butterfly' and `Sugar Baby' would flower until mid-June, while Brachycome hybrid `Ultra' and Sutera cordata `Snowflake' would flower until mid-May.
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Wolfe, Lorne M. "REGULATION OF SEX EXPRESSION IN DESERT AND MEDITERRANEAN POPULATIONS OF AN ANDROMONOECIOUS PLANT (GAGEA CHLORANTHA, LILIACEAE)." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 13, 1998): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined issues related to the ecology of andromonoecy in Gagea chlorantha (Liliaceae), a perennial geophyte that grows in desert and Mediterranean-type habitats in Israel. Andromonoecy is a plant sexual system where individuals produce both male and hermaphrodite flowers and is thought to have evolved to optimize resource allocation to male and female function. Individuals of this species produced 1–6 flowers, and flower production was significantly correlated with the size of the storage organ (bulb). Three sexual phenotypes were found to exist: those that made only male flowers, plants that made only hermaphrodite flowers, and those that produced both flower types. Two lines of evidence suggest that hermaphroditic reproduction is more costly than male reproduction: (1) hermaphroditic flowers were heavier than male flowers in terms of dry biomass; (2) bulb size was greater on single-flower plants that were hermaphrodite compared to male. In addition, bulb size was greater on multiple-flowered plants that made a hermaphrodite flower as the last flower, compared to those that made a male flower. The floral sex ratio varied extensively along a latitudinal rainfall gradient within Israel. The five Mediterranean populations were male-biased. In contrast, the production of males in the three Negev desert populations was extremely rare, and approximately 94% of the flowers were hermaphrodite. The difference in sex ratio between the two habitat types is explained in terms of environmental unpredictability.
16
Shen, Dan, and Yang Liu. "Design of Landscape Architecture for the Huaiyin Garden as Flower Theme Park to Inherit Flower Culture, Jinan City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 2005–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.2005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On the basis of analyzing the location and scope of the project area and its natural environmental conditions, this design responded to the functional theme, satisfied park functions of sightseeing, visiting, leisure, entertainment, keeping fit, disaster prevention, production and marketing, formed seven design ideas: creating flower plants landscape mainly, promoting the "flower culture", building natural harmony with flowers, birds, insects and fishes, the destination of flowers, the originality of "flower" structural shape, people-centered, the creating concept of idioms on "flowers", and finally finished the design of landscape architecture of the park by the layout method of modern landscape architecture according to the thematic orientation of flower theme park, in order to inherit flower culture by the showing and creative concept of flower plants landscape, to call on the concern and pursue for the future of human residential environment, and to quest the development direction of landscape architecture and human residential environment.
17
Firempong, S., and MP Zalucki. "Host Plant-Selection by Helicoverpa-Armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) - Role of Certain Plant Attributes." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 6 (1989): 675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890675.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of some plant properties in host plant selection by adults of the polyphagous H. armigera were investigated. Those factors found to positively influence host plant selection included presence of flowers, plant height and application of soil fertiliser. The presence of flowers greatly increased a plant's attractiveness to oviposition. Non-hosts, on which larvae did not survive, were readily oviposited on when offered in flower along with known hosts not in flower. The attractiveness of flowers may provide a mechanism for the expansion of host range. However, no effect of crude plant extracts (including various flowers) on oviposition could be detected. The role of chemical attractants is discussed. Tall plants attracted heavy oviposition and it is suggested that moths use silhouette as a cue to locating plants. There was no effect of plant water status on oviposition.
18
Sakai, William S., and Trudy Hanohano. "STUDIES OF LIQUID FERTILIZATION OF ANTHURIUM." HortScience 29, no. 12 (December 1994): 1409c—1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.12.1409c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anthuriums appear to be very salt sensitive. Small plants of Anthurium andraeunum `Marian Seefurth' were fertilized daily with 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm N of 12N-16P-30K + micros (75% nitrate-25% ammonium) liquid fertilizer corresponding to 0.50, 0.74, 0.98, 1.22, 1.45, and 1.69 mS·cm-1 of electrical conductivity (EC). After 1 year, flower production was greatest [5.2 flowers per plant (fl/pl)] at 0.50 mS·cm-1 (25 ppm N). Flower production decreased gradually with increasing EC to 3.9 fl/pl at 1.45 mS·cm-1 (125 ppm N), then dropped to 1.8 fl/pl at 1.69 mS·cm-1 (150 ppm N). Flower stem length and flower size followed the same pattern. With larger `Ellison Onizuka' plants, the number of flowers, flower stem length, and flower size all peaked at 0.74 mS·cm-1 (75 ppm N). A drop was again observed at 1.69 mS·cm-1 (125 ppm N). Other workers recommend 0.60 to 0.80 mS·c m-1 for anthurium production. Our findings are in agreement. However, for smaller plants, 0.50 mS·cm-1 would produce better growth.
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Ning, Guo-Gui, Xue-Ping Shi, Hui-Rong Hu, Yan Yan, and Man-Zhu Bao. "Development of a Range of Polyploid Lines in Petunia hybrida and the Relationship of Ploidy with the Single-/Double-flower Trait." HortScience 44, no. 2 (April 2009): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.2.250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A set of Petunia hybrida plants encompassing a range of ploidy levels was developed through colchicine-mediated induction of chromosome doubling. The resulting double-flower tetraploid plants were cross-hybridized with inbred single-flower diploid lines to generate F1 populations with segregation for ploidy level and flower type. The initial in vivo application of colchicine to seedling apical tips produced mixoploid plants of petunia at a high rate of efficiency. Thus, 95% of the shoot tips treated with colchicine for 48 h resulted in polyploid mutant plants, and no difference in this efficiency was observed using concentrations of colchicine between 0.2 and 2.0 mg·mL−1. Of the polyploid plants, 10% were found to be tetraploid and 85% were mixoploid (chimeric). Compared with their diploid counterparts, polyploid plants underwent reduced elongation growth during the first 2 weeks and had thicker stems and shorter internodes resulting in dwarfing of the whole plant. In extreme cases, very slow growth rates produced stunted plantlets. Polyploid plants also had larger, thicker leaves and, in some cases, the leaves that developed after 1 month of growth appeared seriously malformed. Octoploid plants were also obtained and these tended to have more extreme phenotypes. Pure tetraploid plants of double-flower petunia were isolated by the in vitro culture of explants from the initial chimeric tetraploid mutants. These were crossed with three inbred single-flower diploid lines (S1, S2, and S3) thereby generating F1 populations that showed segregation for flower type and ploidy level and included the generation of triploid plants. In the tetraploid plants, flower diameter and the number of flower petals were not changed significantly (P > 0.05) compared with the original diploid double-flower plants, but observation of the pollen grains revealed segregation for size consistent with the increased ploidy level. Analysis of the F1 progeny plants also indicated that chromosome number is not necessary but sufficient to cause the production of semidouble-flowered plants. Flower color and flower diameter were also analyzed in the F1 progeny and complex patterns of inheritance were inferred. In addition to single and double flowers, semidouble-flowered plants were also suggested to be generated by the hybridization of 2n or 3n pollen from the double-flower tetraploid plants with the single-flower diploid lines.
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Tapkı, Nuran, Tuğçe Kızıltuğ, and Ahmet Duran Çelik. "Türkiye’de Kesme Çiçek Üretim ve Ticaretinde Mevcut Durum, Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 6, no. 3 (March 19, 2018): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v6i3.313-321.1697.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, cut flower production has become an income-generating activity branch. Global cut flower production area was 609.000 ha in 2014 which was 39% of total indoor plants production area. Primary continents in cut flower production are; Asia, Pacific and America, and primary countries are; USA, Japan, Italy, Holland, Ecuador, Colombia and Kenya. Europe has a 63% of share and American Continent has 29% of share in global cut flower export. The biggest cut flower exporters in the world are; Holland (56%), Colombia (17%) and Ecuador (11%), and the biggest cut flower importers are; USA (18%), Germany (15%) and Holland (14%). Due to geographical location and climate conditions, Turkey has an advantage in cut flower production. In terms of production area size, cut flowers take a 26% of share among the indoor plants area in Turkey. According to Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) data, total cut flower production area in Turkey was 1.195 ha by 2016, and it has a 68% of share in indoor plants production. Mediterranean region comes first that has a 46% of share in cut flower production area in Turkey with 5.095 da. In terms of production area, İzmir has the largest share (41.25%). Turkey’s indoor plants export volume is 81.5 million USD which is 26th in the world. Among product groups, cut flower has a 34% of share in export with 27.7 million USD, and Holland is the country that Turkey exports cut flower most (19.29%). Among the cut flowers, carnation is produced and exported most in Turkey. Cut flower sector is open for improvement, therefore taking actions towards market demands, and product diversification would be beneficial for the sector improvement.
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Karlsson, Meriam. "Control of Ranunculus asiaticus Flowering by Photoperiod and Temperature." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 680f—681. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.680f.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three-month-old plants of Ranunculus asiaticus L. `Bloomingdale Mix' were transplanted into 10-cm pots and placed in growth chambers at 12, 16, or 20°C and 8, 12, or 16 hours day length. The irradiance was 12 mol·d–1·m–2. The fastest appearance of flower buds and flowering occurred for plants grown at 16 hours day length and 16°C or 12 hours day length and 20°C. At 16°C, plants grown at 8 hours photoperiod required 7–10 more days to reach the stage of visible flower bud than those plants grown at 12 or 16 hours day length. The number of days to flower from the initiation of experimental conditions varied from 53 ± 3.7 days (168 days from seeding) for plants at 16-hour days and 16°C or 12-hour days and 20°C to 74 ± 2.7 days (189 days from seeding) for plants at 8-hour days and 16°C or 12-hour days and 12°C. Largest number of buds and flowers (15 ± 2.2 flower buds) was observed on plants grown at 12 or 16°C and 12-hour photoperiod. Conditions with 8- or 16-hour days at 16°C or 12-hour days at 20°C resulted in a smaller number of buds and flowers (9 ± 3.2 flower buds).
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Dias, Gláucia Moraes. "Quality maintenance Tropical Plants." Ornamental Horticulture 22, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/oh.v22i3.961.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The climatic characteristics of the country favor the cultivation of tropical flowers. The continued expansion of this market is due the beauty, exoticit nature and postharvest longevity of flower. However, little is known about the postharvest of tropical plants. Therefore, this paper provides information on harvest, handling and storage of cut tropical plantspostharvest, storage temperature, conditioning solution.
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Oetting, Ronald D. "Control of Western Flower Thrips in Flowers, Georgia, 1985." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/11.1.378.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The plants were maintained on raised greenhouse benches Each 6.5 in plastic azalea pot contained 4 plants. All plants were heavily infested with thrips of all stages. The Western flower thrips made up over 90% of the flower thrips species found in the flowers. The experimental design was a RCB with single pot treatment and each plot replicated 4 times. All materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer at 30-35 psi until runoff. Five days after treatment, 25 flowers were removed from the plants in each pot. These flowers were placed in Berlese funnels for 3 days. Thrips were collected from the funnels in 70% ethanol and were counted (adults and immatures) with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
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Karlsson, Meriam, and Jeffrey Werner. "260 Temperature Change during Development Affects Flowering in Cyclamen persicum." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 436B—436. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.436b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cyclamen persicum (`Miracle Deep Salmon') was grown at 16 or 20 °C starting at transplant (70 d from seeding). Plants were maintained at the initial temperature of 16 or 20 °C for 3, 6, 9 weeks, or until flowering. Plant development was faster at 20 than 16 °C. Average time at 20 °C was 42 d to color appearance in the flower buds and 68 d to first open flower. At 16 °C, the average time was 58 d to flower bud color and 84 d for first open flower. Plants at 3 weeks of 16 °C flowered at a similar time as plants grown at 20 °C for 9 weeks or throughout. Three initial weeks at 20 °C resulted in similar time to flower as 16 °C throughout although flower color was recorded 9 d earlier for the plants initially at 20 °C. Time between flower bud color and open flowers averaged 26 d at both 16 and 20 °C. Significantly slower development from flower bud color to open flower was recorded with 3 or 6 initial weeks at 20 °C followed by 16 °C.
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Black, Lori A., Terril A. Nell, and James E. Barrett. "Postproduction Performance of `Gloria' Azalea in Response to Flower Maturity and Simulated Transport." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 571–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.571.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dormant-budded `Gloria' azaleas (Rhododendron sp.) at various maturity levels (one, eight, or 32 individual open flowers) were moved from the greenhouse to postproduction rooms. Postproduction rooms were maintained at 21 ± 1C, relative humidity 50% ± 5%, and 12 hours of daily irradiance at 12 μmol·s–1·m–2 from cool-white fluorescent lamps to simulate home conditions. Using predetermined categories, the number of tight, showing-color, candle, and open-flower inflorescences were recorded. After 2 weeks postproduction, plants chosen at the start of postproduction with eight or 32 individual open flowers had the best flowering uniformity and flower color. In a second experiment, azaleas with one, eight, or 32 individual open flowers were placed into simulated transport for 4 days at 16 ± 1C. Plants with one individual open flower had greatest longevity, but those with eight open flowers had the best overall postproduction performance. In a final experiment, azaleas at similar maturity levels were placed in simulated transport at 5, 16, or 27C for 2, 4, or 6 days. After 2 weeks postprodudion, there was no difference due to simulated-transport temperature or duration on flowering performance or flower color. Longevity was good for plants held 2, 4, or 6 days at 5C and for plants held for 2 days at 16 or 27C.
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Gonçalves, Charleston, Armando Reis Tavares, Silvia Moreira Rojo Vega, Daniela Merida, and Carlos Eduardo Ferreira de Castro. "Heliconias with pendent inflorescences as cut flowers." Ornamental Horticulture 27, no. 2 (June 2021): 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2447-536x.v27i2.2265.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Heliconia species with pendent inflorescences and colorful bracts are a good option as a cut flower for floriculture market, but only a few species of this type of Heliconia eg. H. rostrata, H. rauliniana and H. chartacea are commercially produced in Brazil. This study was carried out to characterize 36 Heliconia accessions, with pendent inflorescences, to be used as cut flower, intending to increase knowledge and use of these exceptional plants among tropical flower enthusiasts and consumers. The evaluations were performed on plants of the Germplasm Collection of the Instituto Agronômico (IAC) growing in shade, partial shade or full sun conditions. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics, related to clump growth and flower stem aspects were analyzed. A point scoring system was used to determine the species most suitable for cut flower utilization. All evaluated genotypes reached enough points to be considered suitable for use as cut flowers, even those with large inflorescences and bracts arranged in different planes, facts that affect and limit handling, packaging and transportation. H. mariae, H. fernandezii, H. platystachys, H. rauliniana, H. rostrata, H. standley, H. necrobracteata and H. laxa were considered outstanding. This characterization and scoring system were important to facilitate the selection of heliconia genotypes for use as cut flowers.
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Karlsson, Meriam. "Control of Flowering in Petunia by Photoperiod and Irradiance." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 681a—681. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.681a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Petunia `Midnight Madness' plants were grown for 4 weeks starting 3 weeks after seeding, at 8 or 16 hours photoperiod and 3, 7.5, or 12 mol·d–1·m–2. The temperature was 20 ± 1°C throughout the study. The plants were allowed to flower following the 4 weeks photoperiod treatment at 16 hours of 6 mol·d–1·m–2. Petunias grown at long days flowered (first open flower) faster than those exposed to 8 hours day length for 4 weeks. Plants grown at short days required 8 to 10 more days for flowering compared to plants grown at the same irradiance delivered during a 16-hour day. Flowering was first observed 61 ± 0.9 days from seeding for the plants at long days and 12 mol·d–1·m–2. Plants grown at 8 hours and 3 mol·d–1·m–2 required on average 84 ± 0.8 days from seeding to reach flowering. The number of flowers and flower buds (10 ± 1.8 flower buds) was lower for plants grown at 12 mol·d–1·m–2 independent of day length. There were no significant differences in the number of flower buds (16 ± 2.6 flower buds) at termination of the experiment for the plants grown at the two lower irradiance levels for either 8 or 16 hours day length.
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Câmara, T., X. Arnan, V. S. Barbosa, R. Wirth, L. Iannuzzi, and I. R. Leal. "Disentangling the effects of foliar vs. floral herbivory of leaf-cutting ants on the plant reproductive success of Miconia nervosa (Smith) Triana (Family Melastomataceae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 110, no. 1 (June 13, 2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485319000294.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractFlower and leaf herbivory might cause relevant and negative impacts on plant fitness. While flower removal or damage by florivores produces direct negative effects on plant fitness, folivores affect plant fitness by reducing resource allocation to reproduction. In this study, we examine the effects of both flower and leaf herbivory by leaf-cutting ants on the reproductive success of the shrub species Miconia nervosa (Smith) Triana (Family Melastomataceae) in a fragment of Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. We conducted a randomized block-designed field experiment with nine replicates (blocks), in which three plants per block were assigned to one of the three following treatments: undamaged plants (ant exclusion), leaf-damaged plants (ant exclusion from reproductive organs, but not from leaves), and flower + leaf-damaged plants (no exclusion of ants). We then measured flower production, fruit set, and fruit production. Our results showed that flower + leaf-damaged plants reduced flower production nearly twofold in relation to undamaged plants, while flower set in leaf-damaged plants remained constant. The number of flowers that turned into fruits (i.e., fruit set), however, increased by 15% in flower + leaf-damaged plants, while it slightly decreased in leaf-damaged compared to undamaged plants. Contrastingly, fruit production was similar between all treatments. Taken together, our results suggest a prominent role of ant floral herbivory across different stages of the reproductive cycle in M. nervosa, with no consequences on final fruit production. The tolerance of M. nervosa to leaf-cutting ant herbivory might explain its high abundance in human-modified landscapes where leaf-cutting ants are hyper-abundant.
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Scagel, C. F. "Inoculation with Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobacteria Alters Nutrient Allocation and Flowering of Harlequin Flower." HortTechnology 14, no. 1 (January 2004): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.14.1.0039.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We assessed whether addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) inoculum or rhizosphere organisms from AMF inoculum alters aspects of flowering, corm production, or corm quality of harlequin flower (Sparaxis tricolor) for two growth cycles after inoculation. Using pasteurized and nonpasteurized growth medium, plants were inoculated with either inoculum of the AMF, Glomus intraradices, or washings of the inoculum containing rhizobacteria. Shoots of plants inoculated with AMF emerged 2 days earlier than shoots on noninoculated plants or plants inoculated with inoculum washings. Flowers on AMF-inoculated plants opened 7-8 days earlier and plants produced more flowers per plant and per inflorescence than noninoculated plants. AMF-inoculated plants partitioned a higher proportion of biomass to cormel production than to daughter corms and had higher concentration and contents of zinc, sulfur, nitrogen, amino acids, and carbohydrates than corms from noninoculated plants. The rhizosphere organisms associated with the AMF inoculum influenced several measures of plant development, growth, and corm production suggesting that there are organisms associated with our AMF inoculum that have beneficial effects on the growth and productivity of harlequin flower. While inoculation with AMF can promote shoot emergence, leaf production, and flower production of harlequin flower, inoculation also alters aspects of biomass partitioning and corm composition that play an important role in the production of this crop for corms and cormels.
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Hara, A. H., and D. J. Kawakami. "Phytotoxicity on Dendrobium, Hawaii, 1986." Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/12.1.344.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on matured dendrobium orchid plants, grown under 30% polypropylene net shade in no. 3 crushed basalt rock. Four weekly applications of selected insecticides at 4 x the recommended use rate were applied on 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jun to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with a no. 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. On 18 Jul, raceme length, flower length and the number of flowers per spray were recorded. Racemes were excised from the cane and measured for total length. Flower length was measured from the base of the most matured flower to the base of the youngest flower. Flowers and leaves were observed weekly for phytotoxic symptoms. Each treatment consisted of 12 plants replicated twice.
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Staab, Michael, Maria Helena Pereira-Peixoto, and Alexandra-Maria Klein. "Exotic garden plants partly substitute for native plants as resources for pollinators when native plants become seasonally scarce." Oecologia 194, no. 3 (October 20, 2020): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-020-04785-8.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Urban green spaces such as gardens often consist of native and exotic plant species, which provide pollen and nectar for flower-visiting insects. Although some exotic plants are readily visited by pollinators, it is unknown if and at which time of the season exotic garden plants may supplement or substitute for flower resources provided by native plants. To investigate if seasonal changes in flower availability from native vs. exotic plants affect flower visits, diversity and particularly plant–pollinator interaction networks, we studied flower-visiting insects over a whole growing season in 20 urban residential gardens in Germany. Over the course of the season, visits to native plants decreased, the proportion of flower visits to exotics increased, and flower-visitor species richness decreased. Yet, the decline in flower-visitor richness over the season was slowed in gardens with a relatively higher proportion of flowering exotic plants. This compensation was more positively linked to the proportion of exotic plant species than to the proportion of exotic flower cover. Plant–pollinator interaction networks were moderately specialized. Interactions were more complex in high summer, but interaction diversity, linkage density, and specialisation were not influenced by the proportion of exotic species. Thus, later in the season when few native plants flowered, exotic garden plants partly substituted for native flower resources without apparent influence on plant–pollinator network structure. Late-flowering garden plants support pollinator diversity in cities. If appropriately managed, and risk of naturalisation is minimized, late-flowering exotic plants may provide floral resources to support native pollinators when native plants are scarce.
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Menzel, Randolf, Andreas Gumbert, Jan Kunze, Avi Shmida, and Misha Vorobyev. "POLLINATORS' STRATEGIES IN FINDING FLOWERS." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45, no. 2-3 (May 13, 1997): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1997.10676680.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two phases of foraging flights of hymenopteran pollinators are discussed: localization of food sources over far distances (hundreds of meters to several kilometers); and spotting of flowers within their visual catchment area. In the first part, evidence from navigational tasks with honeybees is presented which favors the interpretation that bees possess a rich and unique spatial memory of qualified and localized objects. Depending on the motivation, the bee is rather free to navigate with reference to this memory. In particular, bees are guided towards feeding places with specific expectations of their signal and reward properties. In the second part, the processes guiding the bee during its final approach to the flower are analyzed. When arriving in the close vicinity of a rewarding flower, bees first detect and recognize the achromatic green signal and then the chromatic color signal. The dependence on the optical signals of the flowers and the habitat features is studied in a comparison between plants growing in the Israeli Mediterranean and desert habitats. We find that the green contrasts of flowers in desert plants are less prominent than in Mediterranean plants because the green signal of the desert background is more similar to that of flowers, not because the green signals of desert and Mediterranean plants are different. These results are interpreted on the assumption that the green signal of flowers used in further distance detection is an adaptive property of plant species only in the context of all features supporting navigation of insects. The low density growth of desert plants may allow for the possibility that the plants are located by insect pollinators as specified places relative to landmarks. Therefore, further distance visual signals emanating from the flower may be less important in a desert habitat, and reduced green contrast does not become an unfavorable property in desert plants. We conclude that both habitat features and flower signals contribute to the navigational system of insect pollinators, and that the evolutionary development of flower signals needs to be evaluated in the context of the plant species' habitat.
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Cai, Dongna, Zhi Li, and Yongjian Huai. "3D Reconstruction and Visual Simulation of Double-Flowered Plants Based on Laser Scanning." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 33, no. 10 (September 2019): 1955013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001419550139.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Flower plants have become a major difficulty in virtual plant research because of their rich external morphological structure and complex physiological processes. Computer vision simulation provides powerful tools for exploring powerful biological systems and operating laws. In this paper, Chrysanthemum and Chinese rose, double flowers as the symbolic flowers of Beijing, are chosen as the study subject. On the basis of maximizing the protection of flower growth structure, an effective method based on laser scanning for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and visual simulation of flower plants is proposed. This method uses laser technology to scan the sample and store it as point cloud data. After applying a series of image analysis and processing techniques such as splicing, denoising, repairing and color correction, the digital data optimized by the sample is obtained accurately and efficiently, and a highly realistic 3D simulation model of the plant is formed. The results of the research indicate that it is a convenient research method for the 3D reconstruction of flower plants and computer vision simulation of virtual plants. It also provides an effective way for in-depth study of scientific experiments and digital protection of rare and endangered plants.
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Scagel*, Carolyn. "Mycorrhiza-induced Changes in Partitioning and Composition Alters Flower and Vegetative Production of Floral Geophytes." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 767C—767. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.767c.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Resource partitioning and plant storage components are important factors that influence the productivity and profitability of geophyte species produced as floral crops. We determined that inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can alter different plant characteristics affecting productivity and quality of bulb and cut flower production of several floral geophytes including Brodiaea laxa, Zephyranthes sp., Sparaxis tricolor, Freesia × hybrida, Zantedeschia sp., and Canna sp. Plant growth, flower production, bulb/corm/tuber (bulb) production and composition were measured for two growth cycles after inoculation with Glomus intraradices. In general, shoots and flowers on plants inoculated with AMF emerged earlier than shoots and flowers on non-inoculated plants for species that produced most of their leaf area prior to flower emergence. However for species that produced leaves throughout the growth cycle or large flowers early in the growth cycle, AMF inoculation delayed shoot emergence and flower emergence. Many species that exhibited an earlier flower emergence or produced more flowers in response to AMF inoculation also produced smaller daughter bulbs and more offsets than non-inoculated plants. Across all species, the concentrations and contents of several storage components (Zn, S, and N, amino acids, and carbohydrates) that influence bulb quality were increased by AMF inoculation. Changes in partitioning between bulb and flower production resulting from AMF inoculation altered important aspects of commercial geophyte production for flowers or bulbs. AMF-induced increases in mineral uptake and resource storage are also related to aspects of quality important in the production of vegetative propagates.
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Freyre, Rosanna, and Robert J. Griesbach. "Inheritance of Flower Color in Anagallis monelli L." HortScience 39, no. 6 (October 2004): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.6.1220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Plants of Anagallis monelli in their native habitat or in cultivation have either blue or orange flowers. Clonally propagated cultivars, seed obtained from commercial sources and the resulting plants were grown in a greenhouse at the University of New Hampshire. F2 progeny obtained from hybridization between blue- and orange-flowered plants had blue, orange or red flowers. There were no significant differences in petal pH of orange-, blue-, and red-flowered plants that could explain the differences in flower color. Anthocyanidins were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results indicated that blue color was due to malvidin, orange to pelargonidin, and red to delphinidin. Based on our segregation data, we propose a three-gene model to explain flower color inheritance in this species.
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Burnett, Stephanie E., Donglin Zhang, Lois B. Stack, and Zhongqi He. "Effects of Phosphorus on Morphology and Foliar Nutrient Concentrations of Hydroponically Grown Scaevola aemula R. Br. ‘Whirlwind Blue’." HortScience 43, no. 3 (June 2008): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.3.902.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In commercial greenhouses, fan flower ‘Whirlwind Blue’ (Scaevola aemula R. Br.) plants are sensitive to phosphorus applications in the range typically applied to other floricultural crops. To quantify this response, fan flower plants were grown in Hoagland solutions containing 0, 20, 40, 60, or 80 mg·L−1 P. Plants fertilized with either the highest (80 mg·L−1) or lowest (0 mg·L−1) P concentrations had significantly shorter stems and smaller shoot dry weights and leaf areas than plants fertilized with 20 to 60 mg·L−1 P. Low or high P concentrations negatively impacted flower number; fan flower fertilized with 0, 60, or 80 mg·L−1 P had fewer flowering branches and flowers compared with plants fertilized with 20 to 40 mg·L−1 P. Plants receiving no P had longer roots than those receiving any P and had greater root dry weights than plants receiving all other P concentrations except 20 mg·L−1. Foliar nutrient analysis indicated that although P treatments significantly impacted foliar concentrations of at least some essential macro- and micronutrients, all essential elements were within or near recommended ranges except P. Foliar P concentrations exceeded 1 mg·g−1 in fan flower that received even the lowest concentration of supplemental P, but leaf chlorosis was only observed in plants grown in 60 to 80 mg·L−1 P. As a result of rapid accumulation of P in fan flower foliage and subsequent reductions in flower number and shoot elongation, fan flower should be fertilized with no more than 20 mg·L−1 P.
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Karlsson, Meriam, and Jeffrey Werner. "Cyclamen Flower Development in Response to Temperature." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 447e—447. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.447e.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Commercially plug-produced Cyclamen persicum `Miracle Salmon' were transplanted into 10-cm pots 15 weeks from seeding and placed at 16 °C. The irradiance was 10 mol/day per m2 during a 16-h day length throughout the study. Three weeks from transplant, the plants were placed at 8, 12, 16, 20, or 24 °C. At the time of temperature change, flower buds were first visible. Time to first open flower decreased with increasing temperature to 20 °C. On average, the cyclamens grown at 20 °C required 60 ± 4.5 days from transplant (165 days from seeding) to first open flower. There was no difference in rate of flowering for the plants grown at 16 or 24 °C (74 ± 9.5 days from transplant). Cyclamens grown at 12 °C required on average 28 more days and cyclamens grown at 8 °C, 45 more days to first open flower compared to plants grown at 20 °C. There was no difference in number of leaves per plant (55 ± 14.4). However, the plants grown at 24 °C had significantly larger leaves and total leaf area per plant (1060 ± 235 cm2) than plants in the other temperature treatments (585 ± 104 cm2). The number of flowers and buds per plant was 45 ± 10.6 for plants grown at 16, 20 or 24 °C. Significantly less flowers and buds were produced by plants grown at 12 °C (34 ± 7.9) or 8 °C (17 ± 3.7).
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Kambalapally, V. R., and Nihal C. Rajapakse. "Spectral Filters Affect Growth, Flowering, and Postharvest Quality of Easter Lilies." HortTechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 134a. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.134a.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of light quality on growth, flowering, and postharvest characteristics of `Nellie White' Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) was evaluated in two growing seasons using 4% CuSO4 and water (control) as spectral filters. The CuSO4 filter significantly reduced plant height and internode length. However, the height reduction was smaller in the 1994-95 season (9%) than in the 1995-96 growing season (32%). The number of days to flower bud appearance and flower opening, and the number and diameter of flowers were not significantly affected by the spectral filters in either season. The CuSO4 filters reduced flower longevity by 3 days in nonstored plants, and by 5 days when plants were subjected to 1 week storage at 4 °C prior to placing in the postharvest room. Results suggest that spectral filters are effective in controlling height and producing compact Easter lily plants without causing a delay in flowering or reducing number of flowers per plant but flower longevity can be adversely affected.
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Kambalapally, V. R., and Nihal C. Rajapakse. "Spectral Filters Affect Growth, Flowering, and Postharvest Quality of Easter Lilies." HortScience 33, no. 6 (October 1998): 1028–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.6.1028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The role of light quality on growth, flowering, and postharvest characteristics of `Nellie White' Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) was evaluated in two growing seasons using 4% CuSO4 and water (control) as spectral filters. The CuSO4 filter significantly reduced plant height and internode length. However, the height reduction was smaller in the 1994—95 season (9%) than in the 1995—96 growing season (32%). The number of days to flower bud appearance and flower opening, and the number and diameter of flowers were not significantly affected by the spectral filters in either season. The CuSO4 filters reduced flower longevity by 3 days in nonstored plants, and by 5 days when plants were subjected to 1 week storage at 4 °C prior to placing in the postharvest room. Results suggest that spectral filters are effective in controlling height and producing compact Easter lily plants without causing a delay in flowering or reducing number of flowers per plant but flower longevity can be adversely affected.
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Rendi, Andi M., Supriadi Supriadi, and Suherman Suherman. "Flower Extracts of Cage Plants (Canavalia virosa) as an Indicator of Acid Base." Jurnal Akademika Kimia 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/j24775185.2020.v9.i4.pp191-198.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cage plants (Canavalia virosa) are classified as nuts. This study aims to prove the flowers of the cage plants as acid-base indicators and determine the type of acid-base titration that is suitable for indicators of cage plants. The flowers of the cage plants were macerated with ethanol. Extras were tested as indicators in acid-base solutions, buffer solutions, and compared with phenolphthalein and methyl orange for acid-base titration, namely: strong acid with a strong base, a weak acid with a strong base, and weak base with strong acid. The results obtained in this study, namely: flower extracts of cage plants in strong red acid, in weak acid pink, in strong green bases, and weak bases in light green. In a buffer solution of pH 1 to pH 11, the flower extract of the cage plants gives 4 color groups, namely: a buffer solution with pH 1 colored red, pH 3 colored pink, pH 5 to pH 9 being light green, and pH 11 being dark blue. Cage plant flower extract can be used as an indicator of acid-base, cage plant flower extract can be used on strong-base strong acid titration, strong weak-acid base, and weak-strong base acid titration.
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Cocks, PS. "Dynamics of flower and pod production in annual medics (Medicago spp.). I. spaced plants." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 5 (1990): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9900911.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Two experiments were conducted in Syria to examine flower production in annual medics. Flowers and pods of seven species were monitored throughout the flowering period in Experiment 1 and the relationships among 13 flowering attributes were investigated for 16 species in Experiment 2. Between 34% (M. rigidula) and 8 1% (M. minima) of flowers survived to maturity in Experiment 1 and between 27% (M. blancheana) and 93% (M. radiata) survived in Experiment 2. Flower and pod production and flower survival in most species increased until about node 7 and decreased thereafter. Seed size was greatest in pods produced before nodes 2-7; the seed in late-produced pods was only 50% as heavy as early-produced seeds. Seed number per pod was almost constant, indicating that ovule abortion was rare. Cluster and regression analysis suggested that greater flower retention was associated with low number of seeds per plants, small seeds, and small pods, and the data support the hypothesis that flower survival is determined by the potential mass of pods (pod mass by flower number) at each raceme. The ecological and agronomic significance of flower shedding and seed size is discussed, and it is suggested that more attention should be paid to the characteristics of successful ecotypes in a given area, when selecting cultivars for that area.
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Doust, Jon Lovett. "The influence of plant density on flower, fruit, and leaf demography in bush bean, Phaseolus vulgaris." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-120.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influence of plant population density on bush beans is analyzed in terms of its effect on flower, fruit, and leaf demography, biomass, and yield. Plants grown at the lowest density (solitary plants) did best in terms of leaf production, total leaf days, flowers, and production of marketable pods (i.e., having at least one seed). These plants also accumulated more biomass and had greater numbers of all components of yield. In addition, they showed greater proportionate allocation to reproduction. In all density treatments the second flower cohort (produced 33–35 days after seeds were sown) made the greatest contribution to yield (43–78%). When flower production began, the rate of leaf initiation declined; leaf mortality seemed coupled to the onset of fruit production and was most severe in plants that had many pods to mature. The probability that flowers produced under any density regime would become pods and that these pods in turn would become marketable pods was assessed. Pod production was broken down into two stages: the transition from flower to fruit and from fruit to marketable pod. The results suggest that the transition from flower to fruit is not resource-limited, but the transition from fruit to marketable pod is dependent on current resource supply. When the data are examined on a per pot basis, plants at the highest density were most productive in terms of nonproductive tissues. However, an intermediate density (equivalent to 200 plants/m2) produced the greatest total reproductive biomass and the greatest number of marketable pods per unit area. The value of leaf and flower demography as measures of uniformity of maturation, optimal planting density, and cultivar performance is discussed. Key words: density, flower demography, fruit demography, leaf demography, Phaseolus vulgaris, yield.
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Duarte, Carlos M. "Use of Echosounder Tracings to Estimate the Aboveground Biomass of Submerged Plants in Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 732–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A method is presented to estimate the aboveground biomass of submerged macrophytes in lakes from echosounder tracings and from the growth form of the dominant species in the stand. The equation is[Formula: see text]where species that reach the surface to flower are categorized as form class 1, short understory species with floating flowers as form class 2, and species with underwater flowers, those lacking flowers, and those that, although able to produce flower, never flower in nature as form class 3. The standard error of the estimates is 421 g fresh wt.∙m−2, a value comparable with the standard error of direct harvest by SCUBA divers. The echosounder-based method is limited to stands growing at depths greater than 70 cm with plants taller than 20 cm.
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Panchen, Zoe A. "Arctic Plants Produce Vastly Different Numbers of Flowers in Three Contrasting Years at Lake Hazen, Quttinirpaaq National Park, Ellesmere Island, Nunavut, Canada." Canadian Field-Naturalist 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v130i1.1806.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To maximise reproductive success in the short Arctic growing season, plants pre-form flower buds the year prior to flowering. Flower bud production depends on warm ambient temperatures. Thus, although currently Arctic plants have low rates of sexual reproductive success, the warming climate may increase reproductive success. Following the long, warm growing season in 2012, plants at Lake Hazen, Ellesmere Island, produced many flowers in the short, cold growing season of 2013. Conversely, few flowers were produced in 2014, a long, warm growing season, but many flowers were produced in 2015, another long, warm growing season. Potentially higher rates of reproductive success in a warming climate could be compromised if consecutive years do not have long, warm growing seasons.
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Kiełtyk, Piotr. "Patterns of floral allocation along an elevation gradient: variation in Senecio subalpinus growing in the Tatra Mountains." Alpine Botany 131, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00035-021-00247-w.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThis study examined the morphological variation in Senecio subalpinus W.D.J. Koch. (Asteraceae) along a 950-m elevation gradient in the Tatra Mountains, Central Europe, with emphasis on floral allocation patterns. Fifteen morphological traits were measured in 200 plants collected in the field from 20 sites then the findings were modelled by elevation using linear mixed-effects models. Plant aboveground biomass and height decreased steadily with increasing elevation; however, the most distinctive feature was the elevational shift in floral allocation patterns. Low-elevation plants had greater numbers of smaller flower heads with a lower overall number of flowers, while high-elevation plants had smaller numbers of bigger flower heads and a greater overall number of flowers. Accordingly, the mean individual flower mass increased significantly with increasing elevation. Interestingly, the width of the outer ligulate flowers also increased considerably with increasing elevation, increasing the fill of the overall circumference of the flower head. Results of this study confirmed that elevation is an important ecological gradient driving variation in vegetative and floral traits of S. subalpinus. Possible causes of the observed variations are subsequently discussed, including the varying effects of both abiotic and biotic factors with elevation gradients.
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Sepriana, Citra, and Eti Sumiati. "Identifikasi Dan Uji Daya Hambat Isolat Bakteri Endofit Bunga Tanaman Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Terhadap Bakteri Patogen." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 6, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v6i1.340.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research was conducted to find out the capabilities of endophytic bacteria isolated from flowers of the clove plants in inhibiting the growth of bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli and to identify endophytic bacteria that potensial to produce an antibacterial. Stages of this research include the isolation of endophytic bacteria from flowers of the clove plants, antibacterial test, and molecular identification based on 16S rRNA. Isolates of endophytic bacterial of clove plants flower produce 5 isolates, 4 isolate inhibited the bacteria S. aureus. Based on 16S rRNA molecular identification, endophytic bacterial isolates of clove plants flower which have inhibitory closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefasiens, Staphylococcus epidermidis 1034 MPA and Bacillus cereus JL.
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Kwon, Young-Seok, and Fenny Dane. "462 Inheritance of Light-Green Flower Color (gf) in Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)." HortScience 34, no. 3 (June 1999): 524B—524. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.3.524b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb. Matsum. and Nakai) flower petals usually are yellow, but in watermelon line Kw-695, light-green flowers were detected. To study the inheritance of light-green flower color, Kw-695 plants were crossed with yellow-flowered Korean cultures `SS-4' and `Dalgona'. The resulting F1, F2, and reciprocal backcross generations were analyzed for flower color. Segregation ratios in the F2 and backcross to Kw-695 were 3 yellow: 1 light green and 1 yellow: 1 light green, respectively. Backcross generations to the yellow-flowered parents showed yellow flowers only. These results indicate that inheritance of the light-green flower character in Kw-695 is governed by a single recessive gene. We propose the gf gene symbol for the green flower trait. Kw-695 plants have large vines with large, light-green leaves. The plants are andromonoecious, have large, oval, bright yellow-green fruit with irregular dark-green stripes, bright yellow-orange, inedible flesh with very low sugar content (about 3.2 °Brix), and light-yellow seeds. The trait should be useful as a marker in watermelon breeding programs. Linkages between this trait and other genetic markers in watermelon will be investigated.
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Monteiro, José A., Terril A. Nell, and James E. Barrett. "Postproduction of Potted Miniature Rose: Flower Respiration and Single Flower Longevity." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 126, no. 1 (January 2001): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.126.1.134.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research was conducted to investigate the relationship between flower respiration and flower longevity as well as to assess the possibility of using miniature rose (Rosa hybrida L.) flower respiration as an indicator of potential flower longevity. Using several miniature rose cultivars as a source of variation, four experiments were conducted throughout the year to study flower respiration and flower longevity under interior conditions. For plants under greenhouse as well as interior conditions, flower respiration was assessed on one flower per plant, from end-of-production (sepals beginning to separate) up to 8 days after anthesis. Interior conditions were 21 ± 1 °C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity with a 12-hour photoperiod of 12 μmol·m-2·s-1 (photosynthetically active radiation). Flower respiration was higher if the plants were produced during spring/summer as compared to fall/winter. `Meidanclar', `Schobitet', and `Meilarco' miniature roses had higher flower respiration rates than `Meijikatar' and `Meirutral'. These two cultivars with the lowest respiration rates showed much greater flower longevity if grown during spring/summer as compared to fall/winter. The three cultivars with the higher respiration rates did not show differences in flower longevity between seasons. For plants under greenhouse or interior conditions, flower respiration was negatively correlated with longevity in spring/summer but a positive correlation between these parameters was found in fall/winter. During spring/summer, flower respiration rate appears to be a good indicator of potential metabolic rate, and flowers with low respiration rates last longer.
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Martínez-Adriano, Cristian Adrian, Enrique Jurado, Joel Flores, Humberto González-Rodríguez, and Gerardo Cuéllar-Rodríguez. "Flower, fruit phenology and flower traits inCordia boissieri(Boraginaceae) from northeastern Mexico." PeerJ 4 (May 17, 2016): e2033. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2033.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We characterized variations inCordia boissieriflowers and established if these variations occur between plants or between flowering events. Flowering and fruiting was measured for 256 plants. A GLM test was used to determine the relationship between flowering and fruit set processes and rainfall. We performed measurements of floral traits to detect variations within the population and between flowering events. The position of the anthers with respect to the ovary was determined in 1,500 flowers. Three out of four flowering events of >80%C. boissieriplants occurred after rainfall events. Only one flowering event occurred in a drought. Most plants flowered at least twice a year. The overlapping of flowering and fruiting only occurred after rainfall. Anthesis lasted three-to-five days, and there were two flower morphs. Half of the plants had longistylus and half had brevistylus flowers. Anacahuita flower in our study had 1–4 styles; 2–9 stamens; 6.5–41.5 mm long corolla; sepals from 4.5–29.5 mm in length; a total length from 15.5–59 mm; a corolla diameter from 10.5–77 mm. The nectar guide had a diameter from 5–30.5 mm; 4–9 lobes; and 5 distinguishable nectar guide colors. The highest variation of phenotypic expression was observed between plants.
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Lin, Huan-Keng, Tzu-Yao Wei, Chin-Mu Chen, and Der-Ming Yeh. "Relationship between Phloem Fiber and Trailing Habit, and Independent Inheritance of Growth Habit and Flower Form in Periwinkle." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 143, no. 1 (January 2018): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04292-17.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stem anatomy and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were compared between upright and trailing cultivars of periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus (G.) Don.]. The inheritance of growth habit and flower form was also studied. Internode cross sections revealed that phloem fiber was distributed at the inner cortex in upright cultivars but not in trailing cultivars. Except the youngest internode, the upright ‘Vitesse Pink’ had the highest MOE throughout the 1st–13th internodes above the cotyledon. The more trailing ‘Cora Cascade Strawberry’ had consistently lower MOE than a less trailing ‘Cora Cascade Polka Dot’. All F1 plants between upright and trailing cultivars were upright, and the F2 generation derived from self-pollinating F1 fit a 3 upright : 1 trailing segregation ratio. All F1 plants between upright/double-flower and trailing/single-flower exhibited upright and single-flowers, whereas plants in the F2 generation fitted a 9 upright/single-flower : 3 trailing/single-flower : 3 upright/double-flower : 1 trailing/double-flower ratio. New double-flowered periwinkle selections with trailing growth habit were successfully developed from the F2 population.