Статті в журналах: "FLOATING COLUMNS"

1

Singh, S. K., Sarv Priya, Mohd Nadeem, and Md Badar Alam. "Analysis of G+5 Storeys Building With and Without Floating Column." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012008.

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Abstract In current period, several structures are being planned and built with structural complicatedness like building with floating columns on different floors and spaces. The buildings accompanying floating columns are extremely detrimental that is constructed in earthquake-prone regions. The current study analyses and compare the buildings with and without of floating column. The columns which are directly supported by a beam without any rigid base are known as floating columns. Various buildings have been constructed with floating columns in India. Typically, it is required to provide larger spacing between the columns to entertain the requirements of parking or reception lobbies. Some of the functional requirements of a building might be satisfied by providing the floating columns but the structural behaviour of the building changes abruptly. The beams that supported the floating columns require more flexure and shear demand than the surrounding beams. In addition, it leads to stiffness unevenness at a specific joint. Columns are the main structural elements that resist the lateral load in a rigid frame and have the importance in the performance of the building under earthquake load The storey’s stuffiness below the floating column is normally reduced. Therefore, an attempt has been made to analyse the performance of a G+5 storey building with and without floating columns and compare structural parameters such as horizontal displacement, storey drift and storey shear under seismic excitation using (ETABS) Software.

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2

Gajbhiye, Akshay. "Comparative Study of RC Multistorey Building with Floating Column and Shear Wall Subjected To Seismic Load." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 528–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38011.

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Abstract : In modern multistorey building construction, irregularities like the soft storey, vertical and plan irregularities, floating columns etc are very common. Building with an open ground storey for parking is a common feature that results in floating columns. Floating columns provide column free space and a good aesthetic architectural view of the building. floating column means the end of any vertical element that rests on the beam which leads to discontinuity of columns such that the path of load distribution in multi-storey buildings is disturbed. The use of a floating column also tends to increase the moment in the column, storey shear etc which highly undesirable in seismically active areas. So, the study of the best location where the floating column needs to be provided to reduce the impact due to seismic loads is of primordial importance. Shear wall is a vertical member which is provided from foundation to top storey. In this study shear wall is used in the direction of orientation so that it provides additional strength and stiffness to the buildings. In the present analysis, 8 models are studied. The first model considers a multi-storeyed building without any shear wall and floating column. Other models analysed are with shear wall and by varying the location of floating columns. The analysis and design are done by STAAD.pro V8i SS6 version software and the method used is response spectrum analysis in earthquake zone 4. The effect of floating column location on parameters such as Base shear, Displacement, Maximum moment, storey shear and percentage of steel reinforcement are discussed. The comparison of results of different models is also carried out in detail using graphs and bar charts in this study. The suitable location for providing a floating column with the shear wall is also discussed. Keywords: Floating column, Shear wall, Seismic load, STAAD.pro.v8i, Response Spectrum Analysis.

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3

Lallawmkimi and Dr Pankaj Kumar. "Effect of Floating Column in High Rise Building: A Review." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2023): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.f9557.0512623.

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The usage of floating columns for additional space is a recent trend that caters to functional needs. The architectural feature known as the floating column responds poorly to earthquakes. As a result, it should be avoided in areas prone to earthquakes. Earthquakes affect mostly where there is a weak structure; in modern buildings, apertures are widespread for lifts, lighting, and other architectural features. This review displays the results of numerous research studies. Different researchers used various floating column locations across the structure. The main goal of research conducted by various researchers is to compare structures with floating columns and without floating columns. The evaluation is done to see if the building is on the side that is safer or if it is subjected to lateral effects. This review on floating columns examines the behavior and impact on the structure as well as possible mitigation measures.

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4

Chouhan, Rahul, and Mayur Singi. "Study on Reinforced Concrete Building with and without Floating Column Configurations under Earthquake Loading." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 7 (July 31, 2023): 870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.54755.

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Abstract: In the present scenario, due to a lack of available space and an increase in population, open space is typically designated on the bottom level of multi-story buildings (both residential and commercial) for parking, gathering spaces, or theatre uses in the current situation. Floating columns were developed to meet the demand for big open areas with little or little usage of columns. Columns without a foundation are known as floating columns since they rely on beams. Since these columns provide a continuous channel for weight transmission, they are regarded as being unstable during an earthquake. Throughout the study, multiple writers examine various floating column designs. For various seismic zonal zones, their impact on the structure is compared to structures without floating columns, and the safest arrangement is determined.

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5

Al-Auqbi, Sura Tawfeeq, Nahla M. Salim, and Mahmood R. Mahmood. "The Impact of Using Different Types of Soft Soils Treated by Stone Columns on Creep Behavior." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 961, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/961/1/012052.

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Abstract The stone column technique is an effective method to increase the strength of soft cohesive soil, which results in a reduction in foundation settlement and an increase in bearing capacity. The topic of restraining creep settlement through the use of stone columns techniques has gained increasing attention and consideration; because stone columns are widely used to treat soft soil deposits, caution should be applied in estimating creep settlement. We discovered a reversible relation between shear parameters and the creep settlement in floating stone columns; while, in case of end-bearing stone columns shows a direct positive relation between shear parameters and the creep settlement, and the creep settlement began at the primary settlement. The shear parameters affected the improvement factor (n) of creep settlement in both floating and end-bearing stone columns. The standard creep coefficient’s n values in floating and end-bearing conditions were more significant than the low creep coefficient’s n values in forwarded geometric conditions. The stress in both floating and end-bearing stone columns was increasing and uniformly distributed along the length of the floating stone column and in the case of end-bearing stone column was limited to the stiffness layer; the maximum vertical stress was in the central point of the embankment. The embankment’s maximum horizontal displacement occurred on the edge.

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6

Dash, Sujit Kumar, and Mukul Chandra Bora. "Influence of geosynthetic encasement on the performance of stone columns floating in soft clay." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50, no. 7 (July 2013): 754–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0437.

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This paper investigates the influence of geosynthetic encasement on the performance of stone columns floating in soft clay. It was found that with unencased columns the bearing capacity improvement is about 3.5 fold, but with geogrid encasement the improvement increases to 5 fold, where 60% of the column length is encased. With full-length encasement (i.e., 100%), the improvement is only about 3 fold. It is therefore evident that partially encased floating columns are superior to the fully encased ones. In contrast, with end-bearing stone columns, full-length encasement is reported to have exhibited better performance improvement than the partially encased ones. In the former case (floating columns), it is the bulge formation at a deeper depth that enhances the bearing capacity, while in the latter case (end-bearing columns), it is the stiffening effect of the encasement that enables the column to transmit the surcharge pressure onto the competent strata below.

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7

Karkush, Mahdi O., and Anwar Jabbar. "Improvement of Soft Soil Using Linear Distributed Floating Stone Columns under Foundation Subjected to Static and Cyclic Loading." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091280.

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A stone column is one of the soil improvement methods that are mainly used for improving the geotechnical behavior of soft soils. For deep improvement of soft soil, the floating stone columns are considered the best and effective economically which provide lateral confinement and drainage and longitudinal skin friction. In this study, six tests were carried out on the natural soft soil of undrained shear strength of 5.5 kPa improved by single and two linear distributed floating stone columns. The stone column dimensions are 30 mm in diameter and 180 mm in length and the stone column material is sand of high internal friction angle of 48°. The natural and improved soil samples are tested under isolated raft foundation of dimensions 120×120 mm subjected to vertical static and cyclic loading of frequency 2Hz and continued for 50 seconds. The results showed a significant improvement in soil bearing capacity when reinforced with stone columns despite the small area replacement ratio, where the bearing capacity of improved soil increased by 120 to 145%. The compressibility of improved soil decreased by 57 to 86% in comparison with that of natural soft soil. Also, the floating stone columns reduced the porewater pressure, where the stone columns considered efficient in providing short drainage pathways. This can be one of the reasons why soil reinforced with floating stone columns hold higher cyclic and static stresses regardless the end bearing of stone columns.

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8

Mahajan, Varun. "Dynamic Behaviour Comparison of an Irregular Edifice with Different Locations of Floating Column and Shear Wall." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 1279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39507.

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Abstract: Architects nowadays develop attractive edifices, and floating columns are widely employed in this process. Floating columns are used not only to provide a magnificent perspective but also when a vast open area is necessary. Edifices with irregular configurations are more vulnerable to earthquakes and hence, suitable shear wall placement is required to ensure the edifice's stability. Many multi-storey edifices collapsed in seconds after the Bhuj Earthquake (Jan 26, 2001), due to the presence of soft stories, floating columns, and mass anomalies. As a result, knowing the seismic reactions of these buildings are vital for constructing earthquake-resistant assemblies. The relevance of a Floating Column and the existence of a shear wall in an irregular multistorey building is highlighted in this study. Dynamic seismic behaviour of a G+18 irregular edifice with different locations of the floating column and different positions of the shear wall is explored in this research. The edifice is analysed and compared with the model without shear walls and floating columns to examine the alterations. The dynamic analysis is carried out using Response Spectrum Analysis and storey drift, storey displacement and base shear are calculated and finally, software compression is computed for different zones. The analysis is carried out by Indian standardized codes IS 1893:2016 and IS 456:2000 which are the codes specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards for earthquake resistance edifice design and plain and reinforcement concrete design respectively. Keywords: Floating Column, Shear Wall, Irregular Edifice, Seismic behaviour, Response Spectrum Analysis, storey drift, storey displacement, base shear.

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9

Patange, Ms Shivani, Dr R. K. Jain, and Mrs Girija Deshpande. "Seismic Analysis of a Floating Column with Two Different Position of Building Using Software’s." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 2 (February 28, 2023): 1348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.49188.

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Abstract: In present scenario buildings with floating columns is typical features in the modern multi-storey construction in urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in building built in seismically active areas. This study highlights the importance of explicitly recognising the presence of the first storey and the storey above, are proposed to reduce the irregularity introduced by the floating column. The behaviour of concrete structures is more vulnerable with the effect of floating columns resulted in failure of structures and severe damaged. The present project work is to the find the severity and effect of floating columns on the parameters of support reactions, axial forces, displacements, shear forces and twisting moments. In this paper using 3D finite element method & Matrix Displacement method seismic analysis of floating column With two different position is done for a multi-storey building. The structural response of the building models with respect to, base shear and storey displacements is investigated. The analysis is carried out using software ETABS & STAAD-PRO

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10

Chmielewska, Iwona. "Bearing capacity of floating geosynthetic encased columns (GEC) determined on the basis of CPTU penetration tests." Open Engineering 10, no. 1 (July 14, 2020): 699–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2020-0078.

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AbstractFloating geosynthetic encased columns (GEC) are an increasingly popular method of strengthening weak subsoil. Design of floating columns is a difficult and not fully recognized issue. This paper treats the floating GEC column as a special kind of “pile” and its bearing capacity is calculated using five selected methods for calculating the bearing capacity of piles based on CPTU penetration tests. The calculations were done on the basis of insitu tests carried out on one of the sections of the Bargłów Kościelny bypass. The paper contains a comparison of the bearing capacities of floating GEC columns calculated with different methods based on CPTU penetration tests.

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11

Karkush, Mahdi O., Amer G. Jihad, Karrar A. Jawad, Mustafa S. Ali, and Bilal J. Noman. "Seismic Analysis of Floating Stone Columns in Soft Clayey Soil." E3S Web of Conferences 318 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131801008.

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The response of floating stone columns of different lengths to diameter ratio (L/D = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10) ratios exposed to earthquake excitations is well modeled in this paper. Such stone column behavior is essential in the case of lateral displacement under an earthquake through the soft clay soil. ABAQUS software was used to simulate the behavior of stone columns in soft clayey soil using an axisymmetric finite element model. The behavior of stone column material has been modeled with a Drucker-Prager model. The soft soil material was modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion assuming an elastic-perfectly plastic behavior. The floating stone columns were subjected to the El Centro earthquake, which had a magnitude of 7.1 and a peak ground acceleration of 3.50 m/s2. The surface displacement, velocity, and acceleration in soft clayey enhanced by floating stone columns are also smaller than in natural soft clay. The findings of this research revealed that under the influence of earthquake waves, lateral displacement varies with stone columns of various lengths.

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12

Liu, Feng, Panpan Guo, Xunjian Hu, Baojian Li, Haibo Hu, and Xiaonan Gong. "A DEM Study on Bearing Behavior of Floating Geosynthetic-Encased Stone Column in Deep Soft Clays." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2023): 6838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116838.

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The use of geosynthetic-encased stone columns has been proven to be an economical and effective method for soft soil foundation treatment. This method is widely used in civil engineering projects at home and abroad. When the geosynthetic-encased stone columns are applied to deep soft clays, they are in a floating state. The load-bearing deformation mechanism of geosynthetic-encased stone columns has changed. The interaction between the aggregates, geogrid, and soil is worth studying, especially at the bottom of the column. In this paper, the discrete element method is used to simulate a floating geosynthetic-encased stone column with a 280 mm encasement depth in deep soft clays. The load-bearing deformation characteristics and mesoscopic mechanism of the floating geosynthetic-encased stone column are studied. The results show that there are large vertical and radial stresses in the top region. Moreover, the porosity and sliding fraction of aggregates in this region increase with settlement, and the coordination number decreases with settlement. The vertical and radial stresses of the soil near the column body are not affected much by the column body. When the encasement depth exceeds 280 mm, the bearing capacity of the FGESC does not increase much. The encasement depth controls the failure mode of the floating geosynthetic-encased stone column. As the encasement depth increases, the failure mode of the floating geosynthetic-encased stone column gradually transitions from swelling deformation to penetration failure.

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13

Raj, Ranjana. "Analysis of RC Framed Post Tensioned Slab Structure to Evaluate the Performance of Floating Column with and without Shear Wall using ETABS." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 5279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36201.

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This research aims to develop analytical study of post tensioned slab with floating column. In present scenario buildings with floating columns are of typical feature within the fashionable multi storey construction practices in urban India. Such sorts of constructions are highly undesirable in building inbuilt seismically active areas. For this buildings are given floating columns at one or more storey. These floating columns are highly disadvantageous during a building inbuilt seismically active area. The earthquake forces that are developed at different floor levels during a building got to be carried down along the peak to the bottom by the shortest path. Deviation or discontinuity during this load transfer path leads to poor performance of the building. In this paper, analytical study of post tensioned slab to evaluate the performance of floating column at ground level or at alternative story for G + 10 story building without shear wall, shear wall at corner, shear wall at center, shear wall at external middle and combined shear wall are provided for regular building is taken for study. The response of building like storey drift, storey displacement and storey shear has been wont to evaluate the results obtained using ETABS software.

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14

BASHIR, ABDELRAHIM ABDALLA. "Performance of Structures with Floating Columns System Subjected to Lateral Loads." FES Journal of Engineering Sciences 10, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52981/fjes.v10i1.538.

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Increasing population and scarcity of spaces in commercial districts, especially in the city center where crowding and number of cars require more parking spaces, and also the need for large areas un-interrupted by columns within the building, it was essential to find innovative structural design to fulfill these requirements. This was achieved by abandoning the continuity of some columns and replacing them with transfer beams that transfer their loads to the adjacent columns. In this paper the effect of wind loads on a building containing a floating column has been studied using ETABS program, three buildings of different heights were studied (G+5, G+10 and G+15). The wind loads were assumed to be resisted by the rigid frame system for one case of analysis and by the shear walls system at another case and compared models with others without a floating column to determine the percentage difference between them. Also the results were compared with the permissible limits in a number of parameters such as Drift, P-Delta, Soft Story and Torsional Irregularity. A number of results were obtained, the most important are that there are no major differences between (floating column) building and (normal) building, they behave almost the same. The use of the shear walls system reduces the difference in results, especially in the soft story item. Also, the difference between the results of the floating column building and the normal building were found to decrease as the number of stories increased.

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15

Anggriawan, Ferdin Satria, and Anis Rosyidah. "Respon Struktur Bangunan Dengan Floating Column Akibat Beban Gempa." Potensi : Jurnal Sipil Politeknik 22, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.35313/potensi.v22i1.1703.

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Konstruksi gedung bertingkat di daerah perkotaan diharuskan memiliki ruang bebas kolom karena kekurangan ruang dan juga untuk kebutuhan fungsional. Bangunan tipe floating columns termasuk bangunan irregular karena memiliki letak kolom yang tidak sejajar sehingga pusat massa dan kekakuannya tidak berimpit secara vertikal. Massa dan kekakuan baik arah horizontal maupun vertikal tidak terdistribusi secara merata. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode analisis pushover untuk mendapatkan nilai displacement dan level kinerja struktur pada bangunan floating columns. Tahapan analisis mengacu pada SNI1726:2012, SNI1727:2013 dan SNI 2847:2013. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai displacement pada bangunan dengan floating columns 3% terbesar adalah 0,7813 m dan pada floating columns 1% sebesar 0,4667 m. Berdasarkan nilai performance point pada metode analisis pushover didapatkan bahwa pada model floating columns rasio 3% berada pada kategori damage control, sedangkan pada model floating columns 1% berada pada kategori immediate occupancy. Hal itu berarti level kinerja belum mencapai target kinerja desain yaitu life safety tetapi sudah mendekati nilai kerja desain dengan level kinerja yang lebih baik.

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16

Mu, Xiangpeng, Juan Bao, and Yunfei Chen. "Floating Ice Transport Conditions at the Cross-Sections Between Pier Columns in Open Ice-Water Two-Phase Flow Canals." Water 12, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061813.

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Floating ice is easy to jam at the cross-sections contracted by bridge pier, gate pier, etc., in ice-water two-phase flow canals. To solve the problem, the critical hydraulic conditions of floating ice transport at the cross-sections between pier columns were explored in this study. Based on the generalized physical model of the cross-sections between pier columns of water transfer canals, the movement and transport characteristics of floating ice in front of the pier columns were studied under different hydraulic conditions and ice conditions, and the critical hydraulic conditions necessary for floating ice to pass through the cross-sections between pier columns were analyzed. Moreover, dimensional analysis and regression analysis were carried out in order to establish an empirical equation for calculating the critical water flow Fr (Froude number) for the floating ice to be transported through the cross-sections between pier columns, thus providing a basis for the ice jam risk assessment and hydraulic regulation of ice-water two-phase flow canals, as well as control of the emergent ice drainage of canals during freezing periods.

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17

Liu, Zhenqing, Yicheng Fan, Wei Wang, and Guowei Qian. "Numerical Study of a Proposed Semi-Submersible Floating Platform with Different Numbers of Offset Columns Based on the DeepCwind Prototype for Improving the Wave-Resistance Ability." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061255.

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DeepCwind semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines have been widely examined, and in some countries this type of floating offshore wind turbine has been adopted in the construction of floating wind farms. However, the DeepCwind semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbines still experience large surge motion that limits their operational time. Therefore, in this study, a semi-submersible floating platform with different numbers of offset columns, but with the same total weight, based on the DeepCwind prototype is proposed. From the free-decay test, it was found that the number of the floating columns will affect the natural frequency of the platform. Furthermore, the regular wave test in the time domain and the irregular wave test in the frequency domain show that increasing the number of the floating columns will reduce the surge motion greatly, while the effects in the heave and pitch motions are not obvious.

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Abbil, A., A. Kassim, A. Ullah, A. S. A. Rashid, and M. J. Roshan. "Numerical analysis of embankment resting on floating bottom ash columns improved soft soil." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1022, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012023.

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Abstract The construction of embankment over soft clay is quite a challenging job for the geotechnical engineer, which may results in a large settlement, bearing failure and stability issues. Stone columns can be used to minimize the settlement and increase the bearing capacity in such conditions. This study was carried out to investigate the behaviour of bottom ash columns underneath embankments using numerical modelling. The soft soil improved with bottom ash columns under the embankment subjected to traffic-induced loading was simulated in Plaxis 3D foundation software. The study variables include three area replacement ratios (Ar) of 10%, 15% and 20% and two columns length of 5m and 7.5m. The results indicated that enlarging the Ar and length of columns significantly reduced the final settlement and consolidation time. The maximum settlement reduction of 58% was reported for the Ar of 20% with 7.5m column depth. The study suggests that bottom ash columns can be used to improve soft soil underneath the embankment.

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Ng, K. S., and S. A. Tan. "Design and analyses of floating stone columns." Soils and Foundations 54, no. 3 (June 2014): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.04.013.

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20

Pawar, Neha, Kuldeep Dabhekar, Prakash Patil, Isha Khedikar, and Santosh Jaju. "“Effect of floating columns on buildings subjected to seismic forces”." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012018.

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Abstract In Recent Trends, buildings are planned to fulfill their architectural and functional requirements but sometimes this creates complexity in its structural strength. One such element is the floating column. It is used to boost Floor Space Index. The Earthquake forces developed at different storey need to be carried down by the shortest path. Discontinuity in the load transfer path leads to poor seismic performance of the structure. Hence as per IS: CODE-1893:2016 clause no-7.1, the Construction of Floating Column is restricted. But there is no limit to research work. The purpose of this research is to analyze the structural irregularity occurring due to floating columns and also to find out the optimized solution to decrease the risk due to earthquake excitation. For Simplicity, the focus of this study is limited to symmetrical G+8 Structure. Finite element Based ETabs software has been used for the analysis. Response spectrum analysis was done in the software. Total ten models are considered with different conditions and their results were compared in terms of Storey displacement, Storey drifts, Base Shear and Overturning moments. All results are compared with the conventional building.

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Shahu, J. T., and Y. R. Reddy. "Estimating long-term settlement of floating stone column groups." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 7 (July 2014): 770–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0477.

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Design charts for estimating long-term drained settlement of floating stone column group foundations are presented based on three-dimensional, elastoplastic, finite element analyses. In the analyses, the soft soil behavior is represented by the modified Cam-clay model while the stone column and mat are represented by the Mohr–Coulomb model. The finite element predictions are calibrated against model test results. A detailed parametric study of prototype stone column group foundations of various configurations is carried out to evaluate the relative importance of various foundation parameters on the group response. Next, finite element analyses of corresponding unit cells and single columns are performed. Reasonable correlations of load responses are found between single column and group behavior. Group and single column responses are then used to investigate Sg/S1 relationship with different foundation parameters, where Sg and S1 represent the settlement of the group and single column, respectively.

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Saleh, Nasser M., Mohie Elmashad, Waleed Dawood, and M. M. AbdelMonem. "Effect of installing columns from different solid waste materials on the soft clay bearing capacity." E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336802032.

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Soft clay deposits cause many problems due to low bearing capacity and high deformation. This paper presents the results of laboratory model tests for studying the improvement of soft clay-bearing capacity using two kinds of soil columns, the first is slag-cement dust columns and the second is bentonite column. Three columns from SCC (slag-cement dust columns) encased by Woven Geotextile are installed beneath a steel plate representing a footing. Four bentonite Columns (BC) encased with non-woven geotextile are installed around the steel plate at a distance of 1 B, where B is steel plate width. The research aims to assess the increase in the SCC length effect on clay-bearing capacity. A series of 4 experimental tests were performed. The results show that, the clay bearing capacity increased with the increase of column length because slag and bentonite can absorb the clay water content, leading to an increase clay shear strength. Floating columns gives better improvement than the end bearing columns. The slag partially replaced with cement dust is weak enough to transfer the total applied stress to a strong soil layer.

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Shahverdi, Mohsen, and Abdolhosein Haddad. "Use of recycled materials in floating stone columns." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Construction Materials 173, no. 2 (April 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcoma.18.00086.

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Singh, Jaswinder. "Seismic Analysis of Multistoried Buildings with Floating Columns." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 7, no. 3 (March 31, 2019): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2019.3028.

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Daukšys, Mindaugas, Vytenis Girčys, and Svajūnas Juočiūnas. "Research on Installation Technology of Floating Stone Columns." Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 27, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.27.2.27580.

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In this study three already finished projects in Lithuania were investigated, the problems faced in the projects were examined, and the main advantages and drawbacks of the chosen geopile installation technology were identified. Three alternative solutions for geopile installation were selected for the investigation: driving a hollow steel pipe into the ground using a deep vibrator and using geosynthetic material to reinforce soils (A1); driving a closed-ended hollow steel pipe into the ground and using geosynthetic material to reinforce soils (A2); driving an open-ended hollow steel pipe into the ground and using geosynthetic material to reinforce soils (A3). Those alternatives were evaluated according to the following criteria: geopile installation cost (K1), level of mechanization (K2), load bearing capacity (K3), installation options (K4), impact on the environment (K5), duration of the installation of geopiles (K6). In order to find out the significance of the evaluation criteria a survey questionnaire and a ranking procedure were used. The same order of criteria importance, namely K1˃K3˃ K2˃K4˃K6˃K5, was obtained using the selected rank-order weighting method. Basing on the selected criteria, a rational option for geopile foundations was identified using the multi-criteria assessment method TOPSIS. The results show that driving an open-ended hollow steel pipe into the ground and using geosynthetic material to reinforce soils (A3) is the most rational option for the installation of geopiles in the investigated finished projects in Lithuania. This article is based on Master thesis topic “Research on installation technology of geopiles”.

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26

Bouassida, Mounir, Belgacem Jellali, and Ali Porbaha. "Limit Analysis of Rigid Foundations on Floating Columns." International Journal of Geomechanics 9, no. 3 (May 2009): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1532-3641(2009)9:3(89).

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27

Shrivastav, Arpit, and Aditi Patidar. "Seismic Analysis of Multistorey Buildings having Floating Columns." International Journal of Civil Engineering 5, no. 5 (May 25, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v5i5p101.

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28

Faulwetter, J. L., M. D. Burr, A. B. Cunningham, F. M. Stewart, A. K. Camper, and O. R. Stein. "Floating treatment wetlands for domestic wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 10 (November 1, 2011): 2089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.576.

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Floating islands are a form of treatment wetland characterized by a mat of synthetic matrix at the water surface into which macrophytes can be planted and through which water passes. We evaluated two matrix materials for treating domestic wastewater, recycled plastic and recycled carpet fibers, for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal. These materials were compared to pea gravel or open water (control). Experiments were conducted in laboratory scale columns fed with synthetic wastewater containing COD, organic and inorganic nitrogen, and mineral salts. Columns were unplanted, naturally inoculated, and operated in batch mode with continuous recirculation and aeration. COD was efficiently removed in all systems examined (>90% removal). Ammonia was efficiently removed by nitrification. Removal of total dissolved N was ∼50% by day 28, by which time most remaining nitrogen was present as NO3-N. Complete removal of NO3-N by denitrification was accomplished by dosing columns with molasses. Microbial communities of interest were visualized with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) by targeting specific functional genes. Shifts in the denitrifying community were observed post-molasses addition, when nitrate levels decreased. The conditioning time for reliable nitrification was determined to be approximately three months. These results suggest that floating treatment wetlands are a viable alternative for domestic wastewater treatment.

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29

Tomer, Sahil, and Mohit Bhandari. "Evaluation of Seismic Response of Irregular Buildings Subjected to Near-Field Earthquakes." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 975–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.609.

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This study deals with the evaluation of the seismic performance of irregular buildings by comparing various seismic responses of six types of building, namely regular building, setback building, stepped building, mass irregular building, stiffness irregular building, and building with floating columns which are constructed of Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) subjected to extreme earthquake loads. The nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) method is carried out to obtain different seismic response parameters for all considered irregular and regular buildings. The structural response results are compared by applying real earthquake records of different near-field and Far-field earthquakes and were compared for four different seismic response parameters which include top storey displacement, inter-storey drift, top base shear, and pattern of plastic hinges formation. This research concludes that the storey displacement, storey drift, and top base shear is significantly less for stepped and setback buildings, and significantly high for mass irregular, stiffness irregular, and floating columns buildings as compared to a regular building. Stepped buildings yield less responses and high responses are yielded in the building with floating columns.

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30

Yang, Ho-Seong, Ali Alkhabbaz, Dylan Sheneth Edirisinghe, Watchara Tongphong, and Young-Ho Lee. "FOWT Stability Study According to Number of Columns Considering Amount of Materials Used." Energies 15, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051653.

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Considering stability and fabrication cost, 3–4 columns are usually adopted for semi-submersible platform designs. Although increasing the number of columns provides more stability for both floating platform and system as a whole, it is generally not economically viable. In this respect, the present work provides a high-fidelity analysis of semi-submersible platform stability and hydrodynamic response for different design concepts. The number of columns was considered as the main design parameter and was varied from 3–6 columns. The semi-submersible weight was kept constant during the simulation period by changing the column diameter and amount of ballast water. The investigation was carried out using the potential code Orcawave, the results of which were input directly to the engineering tool OrcaFlex. Four different types of semi-submersible platforms with a varying number of columns were tested and compared under extreme environmental conditions in order to ensure their stability and hydrodynamic response. The simulation findings revealed that platform stability was more affected by the geometrical features of the floater than by the number of columns. Furthermore, the number of columns did not have a significant impact on hydrodynamic behavior for the same platform geometry.

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31

Yang, Li Hua, Heng Wang, and Zhi Guo Han. "Analysis and Reinforcement on the Up-Floating Accident of the Basement of a Large Commercial Complex." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.240.

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This paper introduces the failure law of the floating structures by an engineering examples of the up-floating accident. The reasons of the accident are insufficience of anti-floating anchor rod, short of the length of anchor rod and early termination of precipitation, according to the analysis about the design and the construction information. Through the new anti-floating anchor and new reinforced concrete slab, the whole anti-uplift and partial anti-uplift of underground parts of the floating structure are strengthened. The frame columns and beams with cracking damage caused by the up-floating accident are strengthened with enlarging section method and the enclosure steel method.

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32

Dongare, Trupti, and Preeti Kulkarni. "Response Reduction Factor for Lateral Load Resisting Frames with Vertical Discontinuity of Asymmetrical Structure." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012005.

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Abstract In recent times, the RC building construction with vertical discontinuity that is floating column structures are unavoidable feature and increases trends day by day. To reduce lateral forces the earthquake resistance structures are designed so the response reduction factor (R) is used to determine these lateral forces by using base shear values. The R factor depends upon the overstrength factor, ductility factor, redundancy factor also the sizes of columns, types of soil, zones and load transferring path, etc. The IS code provides response reduction factor only for OMRF and SMRF along with other structures like Braced frame system, Structural wall system, Dual system, Flat slab structure wall system, etc. so there are no codal provisions for floating column structures. Thus it is essential to study the real behaviours of RC buildings with discontinuity in load transferring path through non-linear static analysis, so the present research work is done on trying to find R factor for vertical discontinuous asymmetrical structure for different soil conditions and different positions of floating column using moment resisting frames. And the structure is analyzed by response spectrum analysis and non-linear static analysis using SAP2000 software.

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33

., Vikash kumar, and Tarandeep Singh . "STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF R.C.C FRAMED BUILDING WITH FLOATING COLUMNS." International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology 4, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 558–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33564/ijeast.2019.v04i03.085.

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34

Ng, K. S., and S. A. Tan. "Nonlinear Behaviour of an Embankment on Floating Stone Columns." Geomechanics and Geoengineering 10, no. 1 (May 2, 2014): 30–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2014.902118.

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35

., Nabeel Musthafa. "SEISMIC RESPONSE OF MULTI-STOREY BUILDINGS INCORPORATING FLOATING COLUMNS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 05, no. 32 (November 25, 2016): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2016.0532017.

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36

Elkafas, Ahmed G., Yasser M. Ahmed, and Mohamed M. Elgohary. "Hydrodynamic Analysis of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine With Different Numbers of Offset Columns." Marine Technology Society Journal 56, no. 2 (April 27, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.56.2.1.

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Abstract Currently, there is a strong interest to develop offshore wind energy because of the great impact of greenhouse gases and the energy crisis. Extraordinary endeavors have been dedicated to creating floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) innovations such as the DeepCwind semi-submersible FOWT that can be relied upon to harness wind energy in deep water. However, DeepCwind structure faces a significant surge motion limiting the operational time. Therefore, this paper presents three different configurations for the DeepCwind semi-submersible FOWT by varying the number of offset columns from three to five columns to improve the wave resistance ability. Hydrodynamic analysis is carried out to figure and compare the performance of these platforms via the ANSYS-AQWA tool. The free-decay test has shown that the natural frequency is affected by the number of offset columns. The results of statistics on regular waves and irregular waves have shown that the surge response is inversely proportional to the number of offset columns; the statistics decrease with the increase of the offset columns number, while the impacts of increasing offset columns are negligible for the heave and pitch motions.

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37

Liu, Yuanchuan, Dunjie Ge, Xinglan Bai, and Liang Li. "A CFD Study of Vortex-Induced Motions of a Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine." Energies 16, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020698.

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Vortex-induced motion (VIM) is a critical issue for floating structures made of one or more columns, due to its significant impacts on their operational stability. Supported by column-type floating platforms, floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) may also experience large-amplitude VIM responses in current flow. Existing research on FOWTs has mostly focused on their wind/wave induced responses, yet less attention has been paid to their responses in current flow. In this paper, the VIM of the OC4 semi-submersible FOWT platform is studied numerically over a wide range of flow velocity. Three incidence angles, i.e., 0°, 90°, and 180°, are considered and the effect of current incidence on platform VIM is analysed. Results show that the so-called lock-in phenomenon is present and that a large transverse response amplitude of more than 0.3D persists until Vr = 30, with its maximum reaching over 0.8D at Vr = 8. Meanwhile, the transverse response amplitude for cases with the incidence angle of 180° is generally smaller, with a narrower lock-in regime, than those under the other two incidence scenarios. Flow field visualisation reveals that upstream vortices continuously interact with the downstream side column when the incidence angle turns to 180°, impacting the vortex shedding process and consequently fluid forces of the downstream column.

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38

Aboutalebi, Payam, Fares M’zoughi, Itziar Martija, Izaskun Garrido, and Aitor J. Garrido. "Switching Control Strategy for Oscillating Water Columns Based on Response Amplitude Operators for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Stabilization." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 5, 2021): 5249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115249.

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In this article, a new strategy for switching control has been proposed with the aim of reducing oscillations in floating offshore wind turbines. Such oscillations lead to a shortage in the system’s efficiency, lifespan and harvesting capability of wind and wave energies. In order to study the decreasing of undesired oscillations in the system, particularly in pitch and top tower fore-aft movements, a square-shaped platform barge equipped with four symmetric oscillating water columns has been considered. The oscillating water columns’ air flux valves allow to operate the air columns so that to control the barge movements caused by oscillatory motion of the waves. In order to design the control scheme, response amplitude operators have been used to evaluate the performance of the system for a range of wave frequency profiles. These response amplitude operators analysis makes it possible to implement a switching control strategy to adequately regulate the valves opening/closing transition. The obtained results show that the proposed controlled oscillating water column-based barge present a better performance compared to the traditional barge one. In the case study with the period of 10 s, the results indicate the significant oscillation reduction for the controlled oscillating water column-based system compared to the standard barge system by 30.8% in pitch angle and 25% in fore-aft displacement.

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39

Jiang, Z. B., R. Ishikura, and N. Yasufuku. "Evaluation of settlement behavior of the improved ground by using floating type columns during consolidation." Lowland Technology International 17, no. 2 (2015): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14247/lti.17.2_59.

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40

Ivanov, Glib, I.-Jen Hsu, and Kai-Tung Ma. "Design Considerations on Semi-Submersible Columns, Bracings and Pontoons for Floating Wind." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 9 (August 24, 2023): 1663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091663.

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Floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) is an innovative technology with little industry guidance for its hull design. Various FOWT floaters with different hull shapes claim to support the same turbines. Structural integrity and material expense analyses of different pontoon shapes were conducted, and it was found that some configurations, such as those with every two columns connected by both pontoon and bracing, have advantages over others. However, it is important to note that the choice of pontoon shape should be based on the wave loading conditions the floater will be exposed to. While a T-shaped pontoon provides a cost-effective solution under certain wave loading scenarios, it may not be the best option for all conditions. Specifically, ring pontoon designs with full bracing were found to be necessary for withstanding certain wave loads. Therefore, it is important to consider different Dominant Load Parameters (DLP) and ensure that a FOWT floater can withstand all applicable DLPs. An uneven hexahedral column shape, which combines the best attributes of square and round shapes, is proposed as a better alternative to cylindrical columns. It offers ease of manufacture and reasonably low drag. Bracing is found to be necessary for withstanding the wind turbine’s incurred moment and forces. The conclusion is that platform design should prioritize manufacturing costs and strength over maximizing hydrodynamic performance.

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41

Liu, Zhenqing, Qingsong Zhou, Yuangang Tu, Wei Wang, and Xugang Hua. "Proposal of a Novel Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Turbine Platform Composed of Inclined Columns and Multi-Segmented Mooring Lines." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 12, 2019): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091809.

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The semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine has been studied in detail due to its good stability. However, the occurrence of typhoons are very frequent in China’s offshore area, putting forward a higher requirement for the stability of the floating wind turbine system. By changing the connection mode of the mooring line as well as the structural form of the platform based on the original OC4 model, two groups of models were examined by an in-house developed code named as the Analysis Tool of Floating Wind Turbine (AFWT). The influence of the arrangement of the mooring lines and the inclination angle of the upper columns on the motion response were clarified. It was found that the surge motion of the platform would be obviously decreased by decreasing the length of the upper segments of the mooring lines, while the heave motion of the platform would be significantly decreased as increasing the inclined angle of the columns. Therefore, a new model integrating the optimized multi-segmented mooring lines and the optimized inclined columns was proposed. The examinations showed that compared with the response motions of the original OC4 semi-submersible model, the proposed model could reduce both the surge and heave motions of the platform effectively.

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42

Tandel, Y. K., C. H. Solanki, and A. K. Desai. "Laboratory Experimental Analysis on Encapsulated Stone Column." Archives of Civil Engineering 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0020.

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Abstract The application of stone column technique for improvement of soft soils has attracted a considerable attention during the last decade. However, in a very soft soil, the stone columns undergo excessive bulging, because of very low lateral confinement pressure provided by the surrounding soil. The performance of stone column can be improved by the encapsulation of stone column by geosynthetic, which acts to provide additional confinement to columns, preventing excessive bulging and column failure. In the present study, a detailed experimental study on behavior of single column is carried out by varying parameters like diameter of the stone column, length of stone column, length of geosynthetic encapsulation and stiffness of encapsulation material. In addition, finite-element analyses have been performed to access the radial deformation of stone column. The results indicate a remarkable increase in load carrying capacity due to encapsulation. The load carrying capacity of column depends very much upon the diameter of the stone column and stiffness of encapsulation material. The results show that partial encapsulation over top half of the column and fully encapsulated floating column of half the length of clay bed thickness give lower load carrying capacity than fully encapsulated end bearing column. In addition, radial deformation of stone column decreases with increasing stiffness of encapsulation material.

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43

Rashid, Ahmad Safuan A., Ahmad Beng Hong Kueh, and Hisham Mohamad. "Behaviour of soft soil improved by floating soil–cement columns." International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics 18, no. 2 (March 2018): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.15.00041.

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44

B. B., Manjunatha, Chaithra M., and Avinash A. R. "Comparative Study on Dynamic Response of Buildings with Floating Columns." Civil Engineering and Architecture 10, no. 3 (May 2022): 1212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2022.100336.

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45

Fattah, Mohammed Y., Mohammed A. Al-Neami, and Ahmed Shamel Al-Suhaily. "Estimation of bearing capacity of floating group of stone columns." Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 20, no. 3 (June 2017): 1166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jestch.2017.03.005.

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46

Kang, Y., B. T. Min, J. B. Nah, and S. D. Kim. "Mass transfer in continuous bubble columns with floating bubble breakers." AIChE Journal 36, no. 8 (August 1990): 1255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360815.

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47

BOUASSIDA, Mounir, and Souhir ELLOUZE. "Optimized design of foundations on soil reinforced by floating columns." ce/papers 2, no. 2-3 (June 2018): 165–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.667.

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48

Żyliński, Bartłomiej. "Finite element local analysis of wave slamming on offshore structure." Polish Maritime Research 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10012-008-0004-x.

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Finite element local analysis of wave slamming on offshore structure Offshore platforms are exposed to waves slamming event. Waves hitting the columns with a high velocity are in many cases the design criteria for column structure. This paper focuses on the analysis of wave slamming on floating platform column. Significant for wave slamming pressure is load history, which is usually based on model test. Wave slamming loads were defined on all four walls of column to assess the worst place. For south wall of column three positions exposed to slamming loads between elevation 21.000 (SWL) and elevation 35.500 were checked. Dynamic analysis has been performed with nonlinear FEM program ABAQUS/explicit. The steel was modeled as an elastic-plastic material with isotropic hardening.

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49

Cheng, Ye, Xiaocong Cai, Haizhao Mo, and Meixiang Gu. "Numerical Analysis on the Behavior of Floating Geogrid-Encased Stone Column Improved Foundation." Buildings 13, no. 7 (June 25, 2023): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071609.

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The ordinary (OSC) and geosynthetic-encased stone column (ESC) with different bearing strata significantly influenced its behavior. The paper established seven models for studying the behavior of floating stone columns using the finite difference method (FDM). The effect of geogrid and column length on the load-settlement behavior, bulging deformation, failure mode, and load transfer coefficient were also analyzed based on proposal models. The results showed that the bearing capacity of F-OSCs and F-ESCs increased with the increase in column and encasement length, respectively, and a critical length (i.e., 4D, where D was the column diameter) was found in settlement improvement. The bulging deformation was significant in F-OSCs and was observed at the top of a long column and the full length of a short column. The geogrid encasement could constrain the OSC to decrease the bulging deformation. The failure mode in F-OSCs was mainly a punching failure with bulging deformation for a short column (e.g., less than 4D), and was relative to the vertical pressure for a long column. The failure mode in F-ESCs was a punching failure, and the punching degree increased with an increase in encasement length. The load transfer coefficient of F-OSCs or F-ESCs was relatively stable as the column length increased to a critical value (e.g., 4D) or the encasement length increased to a critical value (e.g., 4D).

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Zhang, Chaozhe, Dingwen Zhang, Songyu Liu, Jianyong Han, Chen Jiang, and Yue Zhao. "Analytical Solution for Consolidation Behaviors of Combined Composite Foundation Reinforced with Penetrated PCCSs and Floating DM Columns." Geofluids 2023 (February 18, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7371850.

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As the composite pile, the precast concrete piles reinforced with cement-treated soil (PCCS) is formed by driving the precast cement (PC) pile into the deep mixing (DM) column, which has been successfully and widely utilized to support buildings and embankments over soft soil. To increase the pile spacing and give full play to the economic merits of the PCCS, a reinforcement scheme, which involves the combined use of rigid piles and flexible columns, employing penetrated PCCSs and floating DM columns is proposed and utilized for soft soil ground treatment. However, there is a lack of feasible method for consolidation behaviors of this combined composite foundation (CCF) reinforced with penetrated PCCSs and floating DM columns under flexible loads. This paper developed an analytical solution to predict the average consolidation degree of this CCF based on a cylinder consolidation model and double-layer ground consolidation theory. The excess pore pressure and average consolidation degree were calculated by considering the composite pile penetration into the cushion. The analytical method agrees well with results obtained by numerical analysis. Additionally, a parametric study was conducted systematically to analyze the effect of key influence factors on the average consolidation degree of this CCF. The results indicate that the consolidation rate of this CCF can be much faster than that of the natural ground. The consolidation rate strongly depends on the compressive modulus and area replacement ratio of PCCSs. The increasing inner core-outer core modulus ratio and the inner core-subsoil modulus ratio increase the consolidation rate of this CCF. In addition, the consolidation rate increases with the gravel cushion-subsoil modulus ratio, while it decreases with the loading period.

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