Статті в журналах: "FLEXIBLE BIOSENSOR"

1

Shin, Minkyu, Jinho Yoon, Chanyong Yi, Taek Lee, and Jeong-Woo Choi. "Flexible HIV-1 Biosensor Based on the Au/MoS2 Nanoparticles/Au Nanolayer on the PET Substrate." Nanomaterials 9, no. 8 (July 26, 2019): 1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9081076.

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An electrochemical flexible biosensor composed of gold (Au), molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS2 NPs), and Au (Au/MoS2/Au nanolayer) on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate is developed to detect envelope glycoprotein GP120 (gp120), the surface protein of HIV-1. To fabricate the nanolayer on the PET substrate, Au is sputter coated on the flexible PET substrate and MoS2 NPs are spin coated on Au, which is sputter coated once again with Au. The gp120 antibody is then immobilized on this flexible electrode through cysteamine (Cys) modified on the surface of the Au/MoS2/Au nanolayer. Fabrication of the biosensor is verified by atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. A flexibility test is done using a micro-fatigue tester. Detection of the gp120 is measured by square wave voltammetry. The results indicate that the prepared biosensor detects 0.1 pg/mL of gp120, which is comparable with previously reported gp120 biosensors prepared even without flexibility. Therefore, the proposed biosensor supports the development of a nanomaterial-based flexible sensing platform for highly sensitive biosensors with flexibility for wearable device application.

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Wang, Yi, Tong Li, Yangfeng Li, Rong Yang, and Guangyu Zhang. "2D-Materials-based Wearable Biosensor Systems." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110936.

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As an evolutionary success in life science, wearable biosensor systems, which can monitor human health information and quantify vital signs in real time, have been actively studied. Research in wearable biosensor systems is mainly focused on the design of sensors with various flexible materials. Among them, 2D materials with excellent mechanical, optical, and electrical properties provide the expected characteristics to address the challenges of developing microminiaturized wearable biosensor systems. This review summarizes the recent research progresses in 2D-materials-based wearable biosensors including e-skin, contact lens sensors, and others. Then, we highlight the challenges of flexible power supply technologies for smart systems. The latest advances in biosensor systems involving wearable wristbands, diabetic patches, and smart contact lenses are also discussed. This review will enable a better understanding of the design principle of 2D biosensors, offering insights into innovative technologies for future biosensor systems toward their practical applications.

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3

Fallatah, Ahmad, Nicolas Kuperus, Mohammed Almomtan, and Sonal Padalkar. "Sensitive Biosensor Based on Shape-Controlled ZnO Nanostructures Grown on Flexible Porous Substrate for Pesticide Detection." Sensors 22, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 3522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093522.

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Developing an inexpensive, sensitive, and point-of-use biosensor for pesticide detection is becoming an important area in sensing. Such sensors can be used in food packaging, agricultural fields, and environmental monitoring of pesticides. The present investigation has developed a zinc oxide (ZnO)-based biosensor on porous, flexible substrates such as carbon paper and carbon cloth to detect organophosphates such as paraoxon (OP). Here, the influence of morphology and underlying substrate on biosensor performance was studied. The biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme on ZnO, which is directly grown on the flexible substrates. The ZnO biosensors fabricated on the carbon cloth demonstrated good performance with the detection limit of OP in the range of 0.5 nM–5 µM, higher sensitivity, and greater stability.

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4

Yu, Wei, Pei Jie Cai, Rui Liu, Fang Ping Shen, and Ting Zhang. "A Flexible Ultrasensitive IgG-Modified rGO-Based FET Biosensor Fabricated by Aerosol Jet Printing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 748 (April 2015): 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.748.157.

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High-performance biosensors are the key elements for rapid and real-time detection of specific biomolecules. Herein, an ultrasensitive FET biosensor on a flexible polymer substrate was reported, and the aerosol jet printing (AJP) method offers a unique way for low-cost mass manufacturing of the flexible sensors. The stable PBA functionalized rGO layer and the goat-anti-rabbit IgG layer on the rGO were both printed by AJP method between the source/drain electrodes. The flexibe biosensors exposure to low concentrations of target rabbit IgG showed dramatic increase in the source-drain current, which exhibited great sensing performance with the lowest detection limit of 13 fM.

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Nan, Minghui, Bobby Aditya Darmawan, Gwangjun Go, Shirong Zheng, Junhyeok Lee, Seokjae Kim, Taeksu Lee, Eunpyo Choi, Jong-Oh Park, and Doyeon Bang. "Wearable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensor with Highly Sensitive and Direct Detection of Cortisol in Human Sweat." Biosensors 13, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13020184.

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Wearable biosensors have the potential for developing individualized health evaluation and detection systems owing to their ability to provide continuous real-time physiological data. Among various wearable biosensors, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based wearable sensors can be versatile in various practical applications owing to their sensitive interactions with specific analytes. Understanding and analyzing endocrine responses to stress is particularly crucial for evaluating human performance, diagnosing stress-related diseases, and monitoring mental health, as stress takes a serious toll on physiological health and psychological well-being. Cortisol is an essential biomarker of stress because of the close relationship between cortisol concentration in the human body and stress level. In this study, a flexible LSPR biosensor was manufactured to detect cortisol levels in the human body by depositing gold nanoparticle (AuNP) layers on a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. Subsequently, an aptamer was immobilized on the surface of the LSPR substrate, enabling highly sensitive and selective cortisol capture owing to its specific cortisol recognition. The biosensor exhibited excellent detection ability in cortisol solutions of various concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1000 nM with a detection limit of 0.1 nM. The flexible LSPR biosensor also demonstrated good stability under various mechanical deformations. Furthermore, the cortisol levels of the flexible LSPR biosensor were also measured in the human epidermis before and after exercise as well as in the morning and afternoon. Our biosensors, which combine easily manufactured flexible sensors with sensitive cortisol-detecting molecules to measure human stress levels, could be versatile candidates for human-friendly products.

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Nolan, James K., Tran N. H. Nguyen, Khanh Vy H. Le, Luke E. DeLong, and Hyowon Lee. "Simple Fabrication of Flexible Biosensor Arrays Using Direct Writing for Multianalyte Measurement from Human Astrocytes." SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation 25, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2472630319888442.

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Simultaneous measurements of glucose, lactate, and neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate) in cell culture over hours and days can provide a more dynamic and longitudinal perspective on ways neural cells respond to various drugs and environmental cues. Compared with conventional microfabrication techniques, direct writing of conductive ink is cheaper, faster, and customizable, which allows rapid iteration for different applications. Using a simple direct writing technique, we printed biosensor arrays onto cell culture dishes, flexible laminate, and glass to enable multianalyte monitoring. The ink was a composite of PEDOT:PSS conductive polymer, silicone, activated carbon, and Pt microparticles. We applied 0.5% Nafion to the biosensors for selectivity and functionalized them with oxidase enzymes. We characterized biosensors in phosphate-buffered saline and in cell culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. The biosensor arrays measured glucose, lactate, and glutamate simultaneously and continued to function after incubation in cell culture at 37 °C for up to 2 days. We cultured primary human astrocytes on top of the biosensor arrays and placed arrays into astrocyte cultures. The biosensors simultaneously measured glucose, glutamate, and lactate from astrocyte cultures. Direct writing can be integrated with microfluidic organ-on-a-chip platforms or as part of a smart culture dish system. Because we print extrudable and flexible components, sensing elements can be printed on any 3D or flexible substrate.

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7

Khosravi, Safoora, Saeid Soltanian, Amir Servati, Ali Khademhosseini, Yangzhi Zhu, and Peyman Servati. "Screen-Printed Textile-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose in Sweat." Biosensors 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2023): 684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13070684.

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Wearable sweat biosensors for noninvasive monitoring of health parameters have attracted significant attention. Having these biosensors embedded in textile substrates can provide a convenient experience due to their soft and flexible nature that conforms to the skin, creating good contact for long-term use. These biosensors can be easily integrated with everyday clothing by using textile fabrication processes to enhance affordable and scalable manufacturing. Herein, a flexible electrochemical glucose sensor that can be screen-printed onto a textile substrate has been demonstrated. The screen-printed textile-based glucose biosensor achieved a linear response in the range of 20–1000 µM of glucose concentration and high sensitivity (18.41 µA mM−1 cm−2, R2 = 0.996). In addition, the biosensors show high selectivity toward glucose among other interfering analytes and excellent stability over 30 days of storage. The developed textile-based biosensor can serve as a platform for monitoring bio analytes in sweat, and it is expected to impact the next generation of wearable devices.

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8

Liu, Mingyang, Muqun Yang, Muxue Wang, Han Wang, and Jing Cheng. "A Flexible Dual-Analyte Electrochemical Biosensor for Salivary Glucose and Lactate Detection." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040210.

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Electrochemical biosensors have been widely applied in the development of metabolite detection systems for disease management. However, conventional intravenous and fingertip blood tests are invasive and cannot track dynamic trends of multiple metabolites. Among various body fluids, saliva can be easily accessed and is regarded as a promising candidate for non-invasive metabolite detection. Recent works on the development of electrochemical biosensors for monitoring salivary metabolites have demonstrated high sensitivity and wide linear range. However, most of this research has been focused on salivary detection of a single metabolite. Here, we present a dual-channel electrochemical biosensor for simultaneous detection of lactate and glucose in saliva based on a flexible screen-printed electrode with two working electrodes. The sensitivities of glucose and lactate channels were 18.7 μA/(mM·cm2) and 21.8 μA/(mM·cm2), respectively. The dual-channel biosensor exhibited wide linear ranges of 0–1500 μM for the glucose channel and 0–2000 μM for the lactate channel and the cross-talk between the two detection channels was negligible, which made it adequately suitable for sensing low-level salivary metabolites. Such attractive characteristics demonstrate the potential of this dual-analyte biosensor in the development of wearable devices for monitoring disease progression and fitness.

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9

Shalannanda, Wervyan, Ardianto Satriawan, Muhammad Fairuziko Nurrajab, Anchelmia Chyntia Hanna Ayulestari, Diah Ayu Safitri, Finna Alivia Nabila, Casi Setianingsih, and Isa Anshori. "Biosensors for therapeutic drug monitoring: a review." F1000Research 12 (February 13, 2023): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130863.1.

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Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a crucial and essential step for patient care when an accurate medication dosage is necessary. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and immunoassays are commonly used methods for TDM, but they are expensive and incapable of real-time monitoring. Biosensor technology is believed to have the potential to perform TDM effectively. Biosensors are flexible and can be tailored to individual patient needs. This article reviews the development of biosensors for TDM, including the types of biosensors that have been fabricated and the drugs they have successfully monitored. Biosensor technology is expected to have a bright future, particularly for real-time monitoring and integration with internet of things (IoT) systems.

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10

Masurkar, Nirul, Sundeep Varma, and Leela Mohana Reddy Arava. "Supported and Suspended 2D Material-Based FET Biosensors." Electrochem 1, no. 3 (July 23, 2020): 260–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem1030017.

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Field Effect Transistor (FET)-based electrochemical biosensor is gaining a lot of interest due to its malleability with modern fabrication technology and the ease at which it can be integrated with modern digital electronics. To increase the sensitivity and response time of the FET-based biosensor, many semiconducting materials have been categorized, including 2 dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. These 2D materials are easy to fabricate, increase sensitivity due to the atomic layer, and are flexible for a range of biomolecule detection. Due to the atomic layer of 2D materials each device requires a supporting substrate to fabricate a biosensor. However, uneven morphology of supporting substrate leads to unreliable output from every device due to scattering effect. This review summarizes advances in 2D material-based electrochemical biosensors both in supporting and suspended configurations by using different atomic monolayer, and presents the challenges involved in supporting substrate-based 2D biosensors. In addition, we also point out the advantages of nanomaterials over bulk materials in the biosensor domain.

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11

Smith, Dustin D., Joshua P. King, D. Wade Abbott, and Hans-Joachim Wieden. "Development of a Real-Time Pectic Oligosaccharide-Detecting Biosensor Using the Rapid and Flexible Computational Identification of Non-Disruptive Conjugation Sites (CINC) Biosensor Design Platform." Sensors 22, no. 3 (January 26, 2022): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22030948.

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Fluorescently labeled, solute-binding proteins that change their fluorescent output in response to ligand binding are frequently used as biosensors for a wide range of applications. We have previously developed a “Computational Identification of Non-disruptive Conjugation sites” (CINC) approach, an in silico pipeline utilizing molecular dynamics simulations for the rapid design and construction of novel protein–fluorophore conjugate-type biosensors. Here, we report an improved in silico scoring algorithm for use in CINC and its use in the construction of an oligogalacturonide-detecting biosensor set. Using both 4,5-unsaturated and saturated oligogalacturonides, we demonstrate that signal transmission from the ligand-binding pocket of the starting protein scaffold to the CINC-selected reporter positions is effective for multiple different ligands. The utility of an oligogalacturonide-detecting biosensor is shown in Carbohydrate Active Enzyme (CAZyme) activity assays, where the biosensor is used to follow product release upon polygalacturonic acid (PGA) depolymerization in real time. The oligogalacturonide-detecting biosensor set represents a novel enabling tool integral to our rapidly expanding platform for biosensor-based carbohydrate detection, and moving forward, the CINC pipeline will continue to enable the rational design of biomolecular tools to detect additional chemically distinct oligosaccharides and other solutes.

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12

Gao, Panpan, Toshihiro Kasama, Jungchan Shin, Yixuan Huang, and Ryo Miyake. "A Mediated Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor Using Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene." Biosensors 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2022): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12110995.

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Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been applied in many different sensing devices, from mechanical sensors to biochemical sensors. In particular, LIG fabricated on paper (PaperLIG) shows great promise for preparing cheap, flexible, and disposable biosensors. Distinct from the fabrication of LIG on polyimide, a two-step process is used for the fabrication of PaperLIG. In this study, firstly, a highly conductive PaperLIG is fabricated. Further characterization of PaperLIG confirmed that it was suitable for developing biosensors. Subsequently, the PaperLIG was used to construct a biosensor by immobilizing glucose oxidase, aminoferrocene, and Nafion on the surface. The developed glucose biosensor could be operated at a low applied potential (−90 mV) for amperometric measurements. The as-prepared biosensor demonstrated a limit of detection of (50–75 µM) and a linear range from 100 µM to 3 mM. The influence of the concentration of the Nafion casting solution on the performance of the developed biosensor was also investigated. Potential interfering species in saliva did not have a noticeable effect on the detection of glucose. Based on the experimental results, the simple-to-prepare PaperLIG-based saliva glucose biosensor shows great promise for application in future diabetes management.

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13

Fang, Weihao, Xiaoqing Lv, Zhengtai Ma, Jian Liu, Weihua Pei, and Zhaoxin Geng. "A Flexible Terahertz Metamaterial Biosensor for Cancer Cell Growth and Migration Detection." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (April 16, 2022): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040631.

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Metamaterial biosensors have been extensively used to identify cell types and detect concentrations of tumor biomarkers. However, the methods for in situ and non-destruction measurement of cell migration, which plays a key role in tumor progression and metastasis, are highly desirable. Therefore, a flexible terahertz metamaterial biosensor based on parylene C substrate was proposed for label-free and non-destructive detection of breast cancer cell growth and migration. The maximum resonance peak frequency shift achieved 183.2 GHz when breast cancer cell MDA−MB−231 was cultured onto the surface of the metamaterial biosensor for 72 h. A designed polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) barrier sheet was applied to detect the cell growth rate which was quantified as 14.9 µm/h. The experimental peak shift expressed a linear relationship with the covered area and a quadratic relationship with the distance, which was consistent with simulation results. Additionally, the cell migration indicated that the transform growth factor-β (TGF-β) promoted the cancer cell migration. The terahertz metamaterial biosensor shows great potential for the investigation of cell biology in the future.

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Hussain, Arif, Naseem Abbas, and Ahsan Ali. "Inkjet Printing: A Viable Technology for Biosensor Fabrication." Chemosensors 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2022): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10030103.

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Printing technology promises a viable solution for the low-cost, rapid, flexible, and mass fabrication of biosensors. Among the vast number of printing techniques, screen printing and inkjet printing have been widely adopted for the fabrication of biosensors. Screen printing provides ease of operation and rapid processing; however, it is bound by the effects of viscous inks, high material waste, and the requirement for masks, to name a few. Inkjet printing, on the other hand, is well suited for mass fabrication that takes advantage of computer-aided design software for pattern modifications. Furthermore, being drop-on-demand, it prevents precious material waste and offers high-resolution patterning. To exploit the features of inkjet printing technology, scientists have been keen to use it for the development of biosensors since 1988. A vast number of fully and partially inkjet-printed biosensors have been developed ever since. This study presents a short introduction on the printing technology used for biosensor fabrication in general, and a brief review of the recent reports related to virus, enzymatic, and non-enzymatic biosensor fabrication, via inkjet printing technology in particular.

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15

Mitsubayashi, K., J. M. Dicks, K. Yokoyama, T. Takeuchi, E. Tamiya, and I. Karube. "A flexible biosensor for glucose." Electroanalysis 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140070110.

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16

Yang, Xudong, and Huanyu Cheng. "Recent Developments of Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Biosensors." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (February 26, 2020): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030243.

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The skyrocketing popularity of health monitoring has spurred increasing interest in wearable electrochemical biosensors. Compared with the traditionally rigid and bulky electrochemical biosensors, flexible and stretchable devices render a unique capability to conform to the complex, hierarchically textured surfaces of the human body. With a recognition element (e.g., enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, ions) to selectively react with the target analyte, wearable electrochemical biosensors can convert the types and concentrations of chemical changes in the body into electrical signals for easy readout. Initial exploration of wearable electrochemical biosensors integrates electrodes on textile and flexible thin-film substrate materials. A stretchable property is needed for the thin-film device to form an intimate contact with the textured skin surface and to deform with various natural skin motions. Thus, stretchable materials and structures have been exploited to ensure the effective function of a wearable electrochemical biosensor. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent development of flexible and stretchable electrochemical biosensors, including their principles, representative application scenarios (e.g., saliva, tear, sweat, and interstitial fluid), and materials and structures. While great strides have been made in the wearable electrochemical biosensors, challenges still exist, which represents a small fraction of opportunities for the future development of this burgeoning field.

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17

Rodrigues, Daniela, Ana I. Barbosa, Rita Rebelo, Il Keun Kwon, Rui L. Reis, and Vitor M. Correlo. "Skin-Integrated Wearable Systems and Implantable Biosensors: A Comprehensive Review." Biosensors 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10070079.

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Biosensors devices have attracted the attention of many researchers across the world. They have the capability to solve a large number of analytical problems and challenges. They are future ubiquitous devices for disease diagnosis, monitoring, treatment and health management. This review presents an overview of the biosensors field, highlighting the current research and development of bio-integrated and implanted biosensors. These devices are micro- and nano-fabricated, according to numerous techniques that are adapted in order to offer a suitable mechanical match of the biosensor to the surrounding tissue, and therefore decrease the body’s biological response. For this, most of the skin-integrated and implanted biosensors use a polymer layer as a versatile and flexible structural support, combined with a functional/active material, to generate, transmit and process the obtained signal. A few challenging issues of implantable biosensor devices, as well as strategies to overcome them, are also discussed in this review, including biological response, power supply, and data communication.

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18

Mao, Yupeng, Yongsheng Zhu, Tianming Zhao, Changjun Jia, Meiyue Bian, Xinxing Li, Yuanguo Liu, and Baodan Liu. "A Portable and Flexible Self-Powered Multifunctional Sensor for Real-Time Monitoring in Swimming." Biosensors 11, no. 5 (May 8, 2021): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11050147.

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A portable and flexible self-powered biosensor based on ZnO nanowire arrays (ZnO NWs) and flexible PET substrate has been designed and fabricated for real-time monitoring in swimming. Based on the piezoelectric effect of polar ZnO NWs, the fabricated biosensor can work in both air and water without any external power supply. In addition, the biosensor can be easily attached to the surface of the skin to precisely monitor the motion state such as joint moving angle and frequency during swimming. The constant output piezoelectric signal in different relative humidity levels enables actual application in different sports, including swimming. Therefore, the biosensor can be utilized to monitor swimming strokes by attaching it on the surface of the skin. Finally, a wireless transmitting application is demonstrated by implanting the biosensor in vivo to detect angiogenesis. This portable and flexible self-powered biosensor system exhibits broad application prospects in sport monitoring, human–computer interaction and wireless sport big data.

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Bai, Junkai, Hongfu Guo, Hua Li, Chen Zhou, and Hanchao Tang. "Flexible Microwave Biosensor for Skin Abnormality Detection Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons." Micromachines 12, no. 12 (December 12, 2021): 1550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12121550.

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Point-of-care testing plays an important role in the detection of skin abnormalities. The detection of skin abnormalities requires sufficient depth and no harm. A flexible microwave biosensor based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons was designed to meet the requirements of skin abnormalities. The designed biosensor, which works at 11.3 GHz, is small and can be flexibly attached to the skin surface of any part of the human body for measurement. The health status of the skin can be evaluated by the resonant frequency and the magnitude of the reflection coefficient of the sensor. The sensor was tested on pork skin. The experiment results showed that the sensor can detect skin abnormalities such as skin burn, skin tumor, and others. Compared with other sensors, the sensor has sufficient penetration depth because of the strong penetration of microwave electromagnetic waves. It is the first flexible microwave biosensor used for skin, which involves point-of-care testing, and continuous monitoring of skin.

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Marculescu, Catalin, Petruta Preda, Tiberiu Burinaru, Eugen Chiriac, Bianca Tincu, Alina Matei, Oana Brincoveanu, Cristina Pachiu, and Marioara Avram. "Customizable Fabrication Process for Flexible Carbon-Based Electrochemical Biosensors." Chemosensors 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2023): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11040204.

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In recent research, 3D printing has become a powerful technique and has been applied in the last few years to carbon-based materials. A new generation of 3D-printed electrodes, more affordable and easier to obtain due to rapid prototyping techniques, has emerged. We propose a customizable fabrication process for flexible (and rigid) carbon-based biosensors, from biosensor design to printable conductive inks. The electrochemical biosensors were obtained on a 50 µm Kapton® (polyimide) substrate and transferred to a 500 µm PDMS substrate, using a 3D-extrusion-based printing method. The main features of our fabrication process consist of short-time customization implementation, fast small-to-medium batch production, ease of electrochemical spectroscopy measurements, and very good resolution for an extrusion-based printing method (100 µm). The sensors were designed for future integration into a smart wound dressing for wound monitoring and other biomedical applications. We increased their sensibility with electro-deposited gold nanoparticles. To assess the biosensors’ functionality, we performed surface functionalization with specific anti-N-protein antibodies for SARS-CoV 2 virus, with promising preliminary results.

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Jiang, Yanke, Meng Xu, and Vamsi K. Yadavalli. "Silk Fibroin-Sheathed Conducting Polymer Wires as Organic Connectors for Biosensors." Biosensors 9, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios9030103.

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Conductive polymers, owing to their tunable mechanical and electrochemical properties, are viable candidates to replace metallic components for the development of biosensors and bioelectronics. However, conducting fibers/wires fabricated from these intrinsically conductive and mechanically flexible polymers are typically produced without protective coatings for physiological environments. Providing sheathed conductive fibers/wires can open numerous opportunities for fully organic biodevices. In this work, we report on a facile method to fabricate core-sheath poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) PEDOT:PSS-silk fibroin conductive wires. The conductive wires are formed through a wet-spinning process, and then coated with an optically transparent, photocrosslinkable silk fibroin sheath for insulation and protection in a facile and scalable process. The sheathed fibers were evaluated for their mechanical and electrical characteristics and overall stability. These wires can serve as flexible connectors to an organic electrode biosensor. The entire, fully organic, biodegradable, and free-standing flexible biosensor demonstrated a high sensitivity and rapid response for the detection of ascorbic acid as a model analyte. The entire system can be proteolytically biodegraded in a few weeks. Such organic systems can therefore provide promising solutions to address challenges in transient devices and environmental sustainability.

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Mao, Yupeng, Yongsheng Zhu, Changjun Jia, Tianming Zhao, and Jiabin Zhu. "A Self-Powered Flexible Biosensor for Human Exercise Intensity Monitoring." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2997.

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We report a flexible and portable biosensor for real-time monitoring body exercise intensity without power supply. The biosensor consists of ZnO NWs and flexible PDMS substrate. The flexible and portable biosensor can be attached to tester’s skin surface. Through piezoelectric signal, exercise intensity can be real-time monitored in sport process. After sweating, the sweat on the skin can flow to the modified ZnO NWs according to the set route through the guide channel of PDMS substrate. It also can monitor the variations of lactic acid concentration in sweat, and the output piezoelectric voltage depends on the sweat concentration, so as to judge the exercise intensity of sport. The biosensor can charge miniature capacitor and the capacitor can charge other small electronic equipment. This multidisciplinary study point out a new development direction of human exercise intensity monitoring and sport big data transmission in the field of sport science, and promote the development of self-powered flexible multifunctional nano-system.

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Vázquez, Antonio, Joannes Diaz, Edgar Vazquez, Lina Acosta, and Lisandro Cunci. "Inkjet Electrodes for Developing Wearable Sensors for the Detection of Peptides and Neurotransmitters in Sweat Using Flexible Materials." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 62 (October 9, 2022): 2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02622279mtgabs.

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In recent years, there has been an increased interest in the research and development of 2D materials for use and application in different fields, such as new technologies, medicine, health care, flexible biosensors, and wearable devices. Our goal is based on developing a flexible wearable biosensor for the skin to detect in real-time neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in human sweat. The development of flexible biosensors for detecting molecules in sweat has been of great interest. However, the problem is that most research has focused on a limited number of molecules such as lactate, chloride and potassium ions, glucose, and pH, and there is a great need to develop flexible biosensors that can monitor real-time molecules that are not yet studied in sweat. One of our molecules of great interest is neuropeptide Y (NPY). NPY has an essential role in the energy balance and is related to different diseases and conditions such as diabetes, obesity, depression, anxiety, and sleep problems and has recently been found to be associated with cardiovascular problems. Our biosensor consists of flexible, low-cost materials that do not require much manufacturing time. The proposed flexible sensor system consists of paper-based microfluidics that serve as our system's passive flow method and silver inkjet electrodes printed on the PET surface. Microfluidic systems can be characterized as active or passive, depending on the force applied to the sample or flow. We can perform minimal flow or particles in a minimum amount of liquid or a sample flow with paper-based microfluidics systems. Among the passive microfluidic systems, paper-based microfluidics, also known as micro-pads, are among the most promising methods because they are easy to manufacture, inexpensive, and have low sample volume. One of the most popular techniques to develop electrochemical wearable biosensors is the fabrication of microelectrode arrays through inkjet printing. To fabricate our electrode arrays, we first created the design in AutoCAD and then printed it using silver conductive ink and a commercial inkjet printer. Since sweat is a complex fluid, it is necessary to modify the working electrode's surface to give the electrode's selectivity towards the molecule to be analyzed or detected. To achieve the detection of NPY, we first add carboxyl groups to the surface of the working electrode, which will serve as an anchor for the specific aptamer for NPY. We use different buffer solutions like artificial cerebrospinal fluid, phosphate buffer solutions, and artificial sweat to perform electrochemical characterization on our silver inkjet electrodes through cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We decreased the oxidation of the surface of our electrodes by changing the buffer and modifying the surface for greater selectivity towards NPY. Using 2D materials, we managed to manufacture and electrochemically characterize our flexible biosensor system prototypes to detect neuropeptides and neurotransmitters in sweat, applying the use of paper-based microfluidics and silver inkjet electrodes printed on PET and paper surfaces.

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Bai, Yongchang, and Shuang Li. "Oxidative Stress Sensing System for 8-OHdG Detection Based on Plasma Coupled Electrochemistry by Transparent ITO/AuNTAs/PtNPs Electrode." Biosensors 13, no. 6 (June 12, 2023): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13060643.

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8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is the most widely used oxidative stress biomarker of the free radical-induced oxidative damage product of DNA, which may allow a premature assessment of various diseases. This paper designs a label-free, portable biosensor device to directly detect 8-OHdG by plasma-coupled electrochemistry on a transparent and conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. We reported a flexible printed ITO electrode made from particle-free silver and carbon inks. After inkjet printing, the working electrode was sequentially assembled by gold nanotriangles (AuNTAs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). This nanomaterial-modified portable biosensor showed excellent electrochemical performance for 8-OHdG detection from 10 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL by our self-developed constant voltage source integrated circuit system. This work demonstrated a portable biosensor for simultaneously integrating nanostructure, electroconductivity, and biocompatibility to construct advanced biosensors for oxidative damage biomarkers. The proposed nanomaterial-modified ITO-based electrochemical portable device was a potential biosensor to approach 8-OHdG point-of-care testing (POCT) in various biological fluid samples, such as saliva and urine samples.

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25

Khor, Sook Mei, Joonhwa Choi, Phillip Won, and Seung Hwan Ko. "Challenges and Strategies in Developing an Enzymatic Wearable Sweat Glucose Biosensor as a Practical Point-Of-Care Monitoring Tool for Type II Diabetes." Nanomaterials 12, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12020221.

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Recently, several studies have been conducted on wearable biosensors. Despite being skin-adhesive and mountable diagnostic devices, flexible biosensor patches cannot truly be considered wearable biosensors if they need to be connected to external instruments/processors to provide meaningful data/readings. A realistic and usable wearable biosensor should be self-contained, with a fully integrated device framework carefully designed and configured to provide reliable and intelligent diagnostics. There are several major challenges to achieving continuous sweat monitoring in real time for the systematic and effective management of type II diabetes (e.g., prevention, screening, monitoring, and treatment) through wearable sweat glucose biosensors. Consequently, further in-depth research regarding the exact interrelationship between active or passive sweat glucose and blood glucose is required to assess the applicability of wearable glucose biosensors in functional health monitoring. This review provides some useful insights that can enable effective critical studies of these unresolved issues. In this review, we first classify wearable glucose biosensors based on their signal transduction, their respective challenges, and the advanced strategies required to overcome them. Subsequently, the challenges and limitations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic wearable glucose biosensors are discussed and compared. Ten basic criteria to be considered and fulfilled in the development of a suitable, workable, and wearable sweat-based glucose biosensor are listed, based on scientific reports from the last five years. We conclude with our outlook for the controllable, well-defined, and non-invasive monitoring of epidermal glucose for maximum diagnostic potential in the effective management of type II diabetes.

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26

Zhang, Yani, Ting Miao, Qiyuan Mu, Lei Zhou, Cheng Meng, Jia Xue, and Yiming Yao. "A Novel High-Sensitivity Terahertz Microstructure Fiber Biosensor for Detecting Cancer Cells." Photonics 9, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9090639.

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Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. In recent years, various kinds of biosensors based on optical fiber have been proposed for detection of cancer cells due to their advantages of accurate diagnosis, small size, low cost, and flexible design parameters. In the present study, a microstructure fiber (MSF) biosensor with porous-core structures was designed to detect cancer cells using a terahertz time-domain system (TDS). The fiber characteristics of the proposed MSF were optimized by adopting a finite element numerical technique and perfectly matching layer absorption boundary conditions. The numerical results show that the proposed biosensor presented an ultrahigh sensitivity for detection of cancer cells. Under the optimal condition of 0.9 THz, the relative sensitivity of the proposed structure to breast cancer cells was as high as 99.8%. Moreover, other optical fiber parameters, such as effective material loss (EML), confinement loss (CL), numerical aperture (NA), power fraction, and effective area (Aeff), were optimal according to the reported results. The proposed structure can be easily fabricated by 3D printing and flexibly applied in the fields of biomedicine and biosensing with a terahertz (THz) waveguide.

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27

Zhao, Yunong, Yanbing Tao, Qing Huang, Jing Huang, Jiayu Kuang, Ruiqin Gu, Pei Zeng, Hua-Yao Li, Huageng Liang, and Huan Liu. "Electrochemical Biosensor Employing Bi2S3 Nanocrystals-Modified Electrode for Bladder Cancer Biomarker Detection." Chemosensors 10, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020048.

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Bladder cancer is a kind of malignant tumor with high incidence in the urinary system, complex pathogenic causes, and the high recurrence rate. Biosensors capable of rapid, on site, and accurate bladder cancer diagnosis method continue to be lacking. Here, the electrochemical biosensor for detecting cytokeratin 18 (CK18, bladder cancer biomarker) was constructed based on the chemically modified electrode (CME). The work electrode (WE) was modified by bismuth sulfide semiconductor nanocrystals (Bi2S3 NCs), and then immobilized with CK18 antibodies and blocking agents to complete the electrode preparation. The results indicated that the interface of a flexible carbon electrode with Bi2S3 NCs film was steady with reliable charge transfer capability. With the large specific area and quantum size effect, the proposed sensor could detect CK18 antigen protein with an ultralow detection limit of 1.87 fM (fmol L−1) and wide linear dynamic range of 1–1000 pg mL−1, respectively. Detecting results could be read in less than 30 s with the portable, planar flexible CME. The sensitive and specific electrochemical biosensor possessed the characteristics of rapidity, ease-of-use, and non-invasive detection, indicating the application prospect in the early screening of bladder cancer and other diseases.

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Wang, Xiaoming, Yineng Xiao, Fangming Deng, Yugen Chen, and Hailiang Zhang. "Eye-Movement-Controlled Wheelchair Based on Flexible Hydrogel Biosensor and WT-SVM." Biosensors 11, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios11060198.

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To assist patients with restricted mobility to control wheelchair freely, this paper presents an eye-movement-controlled wheelchair prototype based on a flexible hydrogel biosensor and Wavelet Transform-Support Vector Machine (WT-SVM) algorithm. Considering the poor deformability and biocompatibility of rigid metal electrodes, we propose a flexible hydrogel biosensor made of conductive HPC/PVA (Hydroxypropyl cellulose/Polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogel and flexible PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane) substrate. The proposed biosensor is affixed to the wheelchair user’s forehead to collect electrooculogram (EOG) and strain signals, which are the basis to recognize eye movements. The low Young’s modulus (286 KPa) and exceptional breathability (18 g m−2 h−1 of water vapor transmission rate) of the biosensor ensures a conformal and unobtrusive adhesion between it and the epidermis. To improve the recognition accuracy of eye movements (straight, upward, downward, left, and right), the WT-SVM algorithm is introduced to classify EOG and strain signals according to different features (amplitude, duration, interval). The average recognition accuracy reaches 96.3%, thus the wheelchair can be manipulated precisely.

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Furusawa, Hiroyuki, Yusuke Ichimura, Kuniaki Nagamine, Rei Shiwaku, Hiroyuki Matsui, and Shizuo Tokito. "Detection of 1,5-anhydroglucitol as a Biomarker for Diabetes Using an Organic Field-Effect Transistor-Based Biosensor." Technologies 6, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies6030077.

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Sensor devices that can be fabricated on a flexible plastic film produced at a low cost using inkjet-printing technology are suitable for point-of-care applications. An organic field-effect transistor (OFET)-based biosensor can function as a potentiometric electrochemical sensor. To investigate the usefulness of an OFET-based biosensor, we demonstrated the detection of 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) and glucose, which are monosaccharides used as biomarkers of diabetes. An OFET-based biosensor combined with a Prussian blue (PB) electrode, modified with glucose oxidase (GOx) or pyranose oxidase (POx), was utilized for the detection of the monosaccharides. When the GOx- or POx-PB electrode was immersed in glucose solution at the determined concentration, shifts in the low-voltage direction of transfer characteristic curves of the OFET were observed to be dependent on the glucose concentrations in the range of 0–10 mM. For 1,5-AG, the curve shifts were observed only with the POx-PB electrode. Detection of glucose and 1,5-AG was achieved in a substrate-specific manner of the enzymes on the printed OFET-biosensor. Although further improvements are required in the detection concentration range, the plastic-filmOFET-biosensors will enable the measurement of not only diabetes biomarkers but also various other biomarkers.

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30

Mie, Masayasu, Rena Hirashima, Yasumasa Mashimo, and Eiry Kobatake. "Construction of an Enzymatically-Conjugated DNA Aptamer–Protein Hybrid Molecule for Use as a BRET-Based Biosensor." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 7646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217646.

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DNA-protein conjugates are useful molecules for construction of biosensors. Herein, we report the development of an enzymatically-conjugated DNA aptamer–protein hybrid molecule for use as a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based biosensor. DNA aptamers were enzymatically conjugated to a fusion protein via the catalytic domain of porcine circovirus type 2 replication initiation protein (PCV2 Rep) comprising residues 14–109 (tpRep), which was truncated from the full catalytic domain of PCV2 Rep comprising residues 1–116 by removing the flexible regions at the N- and C-terminals. For development of a BRET-based biosensor, we constructed a fusion protein in which tpRep was positioned between NanoLuc luciferase and a fluorescent protein and conjugated to single-stranded DNA aptamers that specifically bind to either thrombin or lysozyme. We demonstrated that the BRET ratios depended on the concentration of the target molecules.

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31

Faruk Hossain, Md, and Gymama Slaughter. "Flexible electrochemical uric acid and glucose biosensor." Bioelectrochemistry 141 (October 2021): 107870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107870.

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32

Chou, Jung-Chuan, Cian-Yi Wu, Po-Yu Kuo, Chih-Hsien Lai, Yu-Hsun Nien, You-Xiang Wu, Si-Hong Lin, and Yi-Hung Liao. "The Flexible Urea Biosensor Using Magnetic Nanoparticles." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 18 (2019): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2019.2895137.

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Serban, Simona, and Nabil El Murr. "Redox-flexible NADH oxidase biosensor: A platform for various dehydrogenase bioassays and biosensors." Electrochimica Acta 51, no. 24 (July 2006): 5143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2006.03.052.

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34

Wallace, Shay Goff, Michael C. Brothers, Zachary E. Brooks, Sonal V. Rangnekar, David Lam, Michael J. St Lawrence, William A. Gaviria Rojas, Karl W. Putz, Steve S. Kim, and Mark C. Hersam. "Fully printed and flexible multi-material electrochemical aptasensor platform enabled by selective graphene biofunctionalization." Engineering Research Express 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 015037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ac5e27.

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Abstract The demand for flexible biochemical sensors has increased with advances in computational functionality and wireless communication. Advances in materials science and biochemistry have enabled the development and fabrication of biosensors for selective detection of biological analytes leveraging ink-printed technologies, including in flexible form-factors. However, despite these advances, minimal effort has been devoted to translating the multi-material, three-electrode electrochemical cell, which is widely regarded as the standard for laboratory-scale studies, into a flexible form-factor for use in immunosensors, especially in a manner that is compatible with rapid and scalable additive manufacturing. Here, we report a fully printed and flexible electrochemical non-enzymatic immunosensor platform that integrates four chemically compatible inks and a non-covalent, two-step biofunctionalization scheme. The robustness of the platform is demonstrated using a model aptasensor that enables lysozyme detection using both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and square wave voltammetry. The flexible, fully ink-printed aptasensor shows competitive performance to commercially available rod/disc electrodes in a bath cell. Overall, this work establishes a methodology for high-throughput fabrication of robust, flexible, multi-material, three-electrode immunosensors that can be generalized to a range of biosensor applications.

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35

Costa, Nuna G., Joana C. Antunes, Antonio J. Paleo, and Ana M. Rocha. "A Review on Flexible Electrochemical Biosensors to Monitor Alcohol in Sweat." Biosensors 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2022): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12040252.

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The continued focus on improving the quality of human life has encouraged the development of increasingly efficient, durable, and cost-effective products in healthcare. Over the last decade, there has been substantial development in the field of technical and interactive textiles that combine expertise in electronics, biology, chemistry, and physics. Most recently, the creation of textile biosensors capable of quantifying biometric data in biological fluids is being studied, to detect a specific disease or the physical condition of an individual. The ultimate goal is to provide access to medical diagnosis anytime and anywhere. Presently, alcohol is considered the most commonly used addictive substance worldwide, being one of the main causes of death in road accidents. Thus, it is important to think of solutions capable of minimizing this public health problem. Alcohol biosensors constitute an excellent tool to aid at improving road safety. Hence, this review explores concepts about alcohol biomarkers, the composition of human sweat and the correlation between alcohol and blood. Different components and requirements of a biosensor are reviewed, along with the electrochemical techniques to evaluate its performance, in addition to construction techniques of textile-based biosensors. Special attention is given to the determination of biomarkers that must be low cost and fast, so the use of biomimetic materials to recognize and detect the target analyte is turning into an attractive option to improve electrochemical behavior.

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36

Kongkaew, Supatinee, Lingyin Meng, Warakorn Limbut, Guozhen Liu, Proespichaya Kanatharana, Panote Thavarungkul, and Wing Cheung Mak. "Craft-and-Stick Xurographic Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidic Electrochemical Sensing Platform." Biosensors 13, no. 4 (March 31, 2023): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13040446.

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An innovative modular approach for facile design and construction of flexible microfluidic biosensor platforms based on a dry manufacturing “craft-and-stick” approach is developed. The design and fabrication of the flexible graphene paper electrode (GPE) unit and polyethylene tetraphthalate sheet (PET)6/adhesive fluidic unit are completed by an economic and generic xurographic craft approach. The GPE widths and the microfluidic channels can be constructed down to 300 μm and 200 μm, respectively. Both units were assembled by simple double-sided adhesive tapes into a microfluidic integrated GPE (MF-iGPE) that are flexible, thin (<0.5 mm), and lightweight (0.4 g). We further functionalized the iGPE with Prussian blue and glucose oxidase for the fabrication of MF-iGPE glucose biosensors. With a closed-channel PET fluidic pattern, the MF-iGPE glucose biosensors were packaged and sealed to protect the integrated device from moisture for storage and could easily open with scissors for sample loading. Our glucose biosensors showed 2 linear dynamic regions of 0.05–1.0 and 1.0–5.5 mmol L−1 glucose. The MF-iGPE showed good reproducibility for glucose detection (RSD < 6.1%, n = 6) and required only 10 μL of the analyte. This modular craft-and-stick manufacturing approach could potentially further develop along the concept of paper-crafted model assembly kits suitable for low-resource laboratories or classroom settings.

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37

Paul K, Brince, Asisa Kumar Panigrahi, Vikrant Singh, and Shiv Govind Singh. "A multi-walled carbon nanotube–zinc oxide nanofiber based flexible chemiresistive biosensor for malaria biomarker detection." Analyst 142, no. 12 (2017): 2128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7an00243b.

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38

Xue, Qiannan, Zheyu Li, Qikun Wang, Wenwei Pan, Ye Chang, and Xuexin Duan. "Nanostrip flexible microwave enzymatic biosensor for noninvasive epidermal glucose sensing." Nanoscale Horizons 5, no. 6 (2020): 934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nh00098a.

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39

Xue, Jia, Yani Zhang, Zhe Guang, Ting Miao, Zohaib Ali, Dun Qiao, Yiming Yao, et al. "Ultra-High Sensitivity Terahertz Microstructured Fiber Biosensor for Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease Marker Detection." Sensors 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2023): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042020.

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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) are among top causes of patient health issues and fatalities in many countries. At present, terahertz biosensors have been widely used to detect chronic diseases because of their accurate detection, fast operation, flexible design and easy fabrication. In this paper, a Zeonex-based microstructured fiber (MSF) biosensor is proposed for detecting DM and CHD markers by adopting a terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system. A suspended hollow-core structure with a square core and a hexagonal cladding is used, which enhances the interaction of terahertz waves with targeted markers and reduces the loss. This work focuses on simulating the transmission performance of the proposed MSF sensor by using a finite element method and incorporating a perfectly matched layer as the absorption boundary. The simulation results show that this MSF biosensor exhibits an ultra-high relative sensitivity, especially up to 100.35% at 2.2THz, when detecting DM and CHD markers. Furthermore, for different concentrations of disease markers, the MSF exhibits significant differences in effective material loss, which can effectively improve clinical diagnostic accuracy and clearly distinguish the extent of the disease. This MSF biosensor is simple to fabricate by 3D printing and extrusion technologies, and is expected to provide a convenient and capable tool for rapid biomedical diagnosis.

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Abadi, Zahra, Vahid Mottaghitalab, Mansour Bidoki, and Ali Benvidi. "Flexible biosensor using inkjet printing of silver nanoparticles." Sensor Review 34, no. 4 (August 26, 2014): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-07-2013-704.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present a sophisticated methodology for inkjet printing of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the range of 80-200 nm on different flexible substrate. AgNPs was chemically deposited by ejection of silver nitrate and ascorbic acid solutions onto different substrates such as paper and textile fabrics. The fabricated pattern was used to employ as electrode for electrochemical sensors. Design/methodology/approach – The morphology of deposited AgNPs was characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, conductivity and electrochemical behavior were identified, respectively, using four probe and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Acquired image shows a well-defined shape and size for the deposited AgNP. Findings – The conductivity of the paper substrate after printing process reached 5.54 × 105 S/m. This printed electrode shows a sharp electrochemical response for early determination of glucose. The proposed electrode provides a new alternative to develop electrochemical sensors using AgNPs chemically deposited on paper and textile fabric surfaces.

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41

Muhammad, Naseer, Qiang Liu, Xiaopin Tang, Tao Fu, Adnan Daud Khan, and Zhengbiao Ouyang. "Highly Flexible and Voltage Based Wavelength Tunable Biosensor." physica status solidi (a) 216, no. 6 (January 30, 2019): 1800633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201800633.

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42

Nien, Yu-Hsun, Zhi-Xuan Kang, Tzu-Yu Su, Chih-Sung Ho, Jung-Chuan Chou, Chih-Hsien Lai, Po-Yu Kuo, et al. "Investigation of Flexible Arrayed Lactate Biosensor Based on Copper Doped Zinc Oxide Films Modified by Iron–Platinum Nanoparticles." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 2062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132062.

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Анотація:

Potentiometric biosensors based on flexible arrayed silver paste electrode and copper-doped zinc oxide sensing film modified by iron-platinum nanoparticles (FePt NPs) are designed and manufactured to detect lactate in human. The sensing film is made of copper-doped zinc oxide (CZO) by a radio frequency (RF) sputtering system, and then modified by iron-platinum nanoparticles (FePt NPs). The surface morphology of copper-doped zinc oxide (CZO) is analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). FePt NPs are analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The average sensitivity, response time, and interference effect of the lactate biosensors are analyzed by voltage-time (V-T) measurement system. The electrochemical impedance is analyzed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The average sensitivity and linearity over the concentration range 0.2–5 mM are 25.32 mV/mM and 0.977 mV/mM, respectively. The response time of the lactate biosensor is 16 s, with excellent selectivity.

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43

Weng, Bo, Aoife Morrin, Roderick Shepherd, Karl Crowley, Anthony J. Killard, Peter C. Innis, and Gordon G. Wallace. "Wholly printed polypyrrole nanoparticle-based biosensors on flexible substrate." J. Mater. Chem. B 2, no. 7 (2014): 793–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tb21378a.

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Анотація:

The development of inkjet printable polypyrrole(PPy)/enzyme bio-ink successfully introduce bio-selectivity of specific bio-moleculars into conducting polymers. This method is suitable for massive industrial biosensor production.

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Li, Yi-Chen Ethan, and I.-Chi Lee. "The Current Trends of Biosensors in Tissue Engineering." Biosensors 10, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10080088.

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Анотація:

Biosensors constitute selective, sensitive, and rapid tools for disease diagnosis in tissue engineering applications. Compared to standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analytical technology, biosensors provide a strategy to real-time and on-site monitor micro biophysiological signals via a combination of biological, chemical, and physical technologies. This review summarizes the recent and significant advances made in various biosensor technologies for different applications of biological and biomedical interest, especially on tissue engineering applications. Different fabrication techniques utilized for tissue engineering purposes, such as computer numeric control (CNC), photolithographic, casting, and 3D printing technologies are also discussed. Key developments in the cell/tissue-based biosensors, biomolecular sensing strategies, and the expansion of several biochip approaches such as organs-on-chips, paper based-biochips, and flexible biosensors are available. Cell polarity and cell behaviors such as proliferation, differentiation, stimulation response, and metabolism detection are included. Biosensors for diagnosing tissue disease modes such as brain, heart, lung, and liver systems and for bioimaging are discussed. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced by current biosensing techniques and highlight future prospects of biosensors for tissue engineering applications.

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Feng, Yingzhu, Zhangzhang Xie, Xuanlong Jiang, Zhen Li, Yuping Shen, Bochu Wang, and Jianzhong Liu. "The Applications of Promoter-gene-Engineered Biosensors." Sensors 18, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 2823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18092823.

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A promoter is a small region of a DNA sequence that responds to various transcription factors, which initiates a particular gene expression. The promoter-engineered biosensor can activate or repress gene expression through a transcription factor recognizing specific molecules, such as polyamine, sugars, lactams, amino acids, organic acids, or a redox molecule; however, there are few reported applications of promoter-enhanced biosensors. This review paper highlights the strategies of construction of promoter gene-engineered biosensors with human and bacteria genetic promoter arrays with regard to high-throughput screening (HTS) molecular drugs, the study of the membrane protein’s localization and nucleocytoplasmic shuttling mechanism of regulating factors, enzyme activity, detection of the toxicity of intermediate chemicals, and probing bacteria density to improve value-added product titer. These biosensors’ sensitivity and specificity can be further improved by the proposed approaches of Mn2+ and Mg2+ added random error-prone PCR that is a technique used to generate randomized genomic libraries and site-directed mutagenesis approach, which is applied for the construction of bacteria’s “mutant library”. This is expected to establish a flexible HTS platform (biosensor array) to large-scale screen transcription factor-acting drugs, reduce the toxicity of intermediate compounds, and construct a gene-dynamic regulatory system in “push and pull” mode, in order to effectively regulate the valuable medicinal product production. These proposed novel promoter-engineered biosensors aiding in synthetic genetic circuit construction will maximize the efficiency of the bio-synthesis of medicinal compounds, which will greatly promote the development of microbial metabolic engineering and biomedical science.

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Musliha Ajmal Mokhtar, Siti, Mastura Omar, Zahari Abu Bakar, Yusmeeraz Yusof, Zairi Ismael Rizman, and . "Graphene-Based Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor: A Review." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.14 (July 25, 2018): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.16902.

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An overview of recent advancement in wearable glucose biosensor has been reviewed. The large sensing area, superior conductivity and high tensile strength has become key factors of graphene as material for flexible and wearable electronic device. This review discusses development and challenges based on graphene and its related materials of recent electrochemical glucose biosensor towards fast response, good selectivity, superb reproducibility and outstanding flexibility. A details comparison in terms of sensitivities, low detection limits and long-term stabilities are included. This review will also provide new insight into invasive and non-invasive methods as future prospect of wearable glucose biosensor.

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Upasham, Sayali, Serena Bhadsavle, and Shalini Prasad. "Non-invasive monitoring of a circadian relevant biomarker from easily accessible body fluids using hybrid aqueous–ionic buffer interfaces on flexible substrates." Analytical Methods 11, no. 9 (2019): 1180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ay02620c.

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Kim, Wan-Sun, Gi-Ja Lee, Je-Hwang Ryu, KyuChang Park, and Hun-Kuk Park. "A flexible, nonenzymatic glucose biosensor based on Ni-coordinated, vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays." RSC Adv. 4, no. 89 (2014): 48310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra07615j.

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We evaluated the use of flexible biosensors based on Ni-coordinated, vertically aligned carbon nanotubes on a flexible graphite substrate (Ni/VCNTs/G) for the nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose.

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Bouherour, M., N. Aouabdia, M. Lamri Zeggar, N. H. Touidjen, and S. Rouabah. "A wearable flexible graphene biosensor for environmental toxicity monitoring." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 17, no. 3 (June 2022): 695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2022.173.695.

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"Toxic gases are responsible for the loss of many human lives around the world, which is increasing every year. Toxicity can have various biological aspects on the human body. The exposure to its gases leads to harmful consequences for the organism, which leads to metabolic reactions and even death. For this purpose, the initial step is to detect these gases with miniature flexible structures and solid progressed estimation methods using a simulation software tool. The studied sensor is based on the frequency characterization of an RF Planar Resonant Structure, in which the active element is a patch of radiating graphene printed on a polyimide film (Kapton). The objective of this work is to use our Graphene-Kapton sensor for non-invasive testing applications. In our case, the device is tested to detect and recognize several dangerous and toxic gases such as Fluorine azide (F2N), Hydrogen Iodide (HI), Nitrogen (N2), Methane (CH4), and Carbon monoxide (CO). The simulation results indicate that the Graphene-Kapton flexible sensor exhibits an important sensing performance. The sensor is able to detect all the tested gases with a good sensitivity depending on each gas. As well as, the sensor shows a high sensitivity (0.1± 0.01)* 106 [ppm]-1 (0.1 [ppt]-1) of methane (CH4) gas with detection limit of (9±0.1) *10-6 ppm (9 ppt). "

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Jin, Xiaofeng, Guanhua Li, Tailin Xu, Lei Su, Dan Yan, and Xueji Zhang. "Fully integrated flexible biosensor for wearable continuous glucose monitoring." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 196 (January 2022): 113760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2021.113760.

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