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Tipanna, M., and D. D. Kale. "Composites of Waste, Ground Rubber Particles and Poly(Vinyl Chloride)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1997): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538462.
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Abstract Composites of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) were prepared with waste, finely ground printing rollers of nitrile rubber over a wide range of composition (up to 90% by weight of rubber component), through melt blending. The effect of different amounts of waste rubber on the tensile strength, % elongation, hardness, and flex crack resistance was studied. There was a considerable increase in the impact properties of PVC. Flex crack resistance was also significantly improved as the specimen did not crack even after 150,000 cycles for all composition containing more than 40% waste rubber. The waste rubber also imparted a plasticizing effect to PVC. The improvement in these properties could be due to interaction between PVC and the acrylonitrile part of nitrile rubber.
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Otegen, D., K. Shomenov, K. Zhangabay, Desmond Adair, and Md Hazrat Ali. "Development of an AFO with Dual-material using an FDM Printer." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012200.
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Abstract This paper presents a design and development of an Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) printed with a multi-extrusion Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) printer. AFO is crucial in the healing of patients with ankle joint displacement. It helps to heal the foot easily. The model is designed to print with dual materials such as flex and polylactic acid (PLA). The critical problem in building a prototype is to obtain excellent bonding properties between the layers of different materials. The Flex material is softer than the PLA and both have different melting temperatures. Thus, successfully printing with an excellent adhesive is the key concern in multimaterial applications. The paper also presents the simulation results of an AFO to justify the mechanical properties and required materials for sustainable development.
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Arulmozhi, R. Swetha, Mahima Vaidya, M. G. Poojalakshmi, D. Ashok Kumar, and K. Anuraag. "3D DESIGN AND PRINTING OF CUSTOM-FIT FINGER SPLINT." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 30, no. 05 (September 10, 2018): 1850032. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237218500321.
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Finger deformities are a major concern among the Indian population, where the increase of risk factors are higher for people suffering from Rheumatoid Arthritis. The deformities hinder the movements in the finger, affecting their day to day activities. Finger splint is a device which is used to support and correct this deformity in order to improve function. Three-dimensional modeling and 3D printing techniques are the standard measures used. The proposed methodology involves 3D modeling which was done using Solidworks 2013, along with standard measurements taken from the patients with deformities due to Rheumatoid Arthritis. The measurements were obtained using a vernier caliper. The 3D printing was done using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and the materials needed for the same are Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and flex Polylactic Acid (PLA). The 3D printer used for the same is Flashforge Dreamer 3D printer. The volunteers were fitted with the custom finger splint. The finger splint is light-weight, easy to maintain and clean, with an inventive design based on the finger deformity. It is comfortable and helps support the patients during daily activities. It serves as an easy slip-on. Since it is well-ventilated, swelling of the finger does not occur. Future research will focus on the correction of the deformity, in addition to the biomechanical aspect of finger deformities.
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Argyropoulos, Athanasios, and Pantelis N. Botsaris. "Modern Applications of 3D Printing: The Case of an Artificial Ear Splint Model." Methods and Protocols 4, no. 3 (August 6, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mps4030054.
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Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a leading manufacturing technique in the medical field. The constantly improving quality of 3D printers has revolutionized the approach to new challenges in medicine for a wide range of applications including otoplasty, medical devices, and tissue engineering. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of an artificial ear splint model applied to the human auricle for the treatment of stick-out protruding ears. The deformity of stick-out protruding ears remains a significant challenge, where the complex and distinctive shape preservation are key factors. To address this challenge, we have developed a protocol that involves photogrammetry techniques, reverse engineering technologies, a smart prototype design, and 3D printing processes. Specifically, we fabricated a 3D printed ear splint model via fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology by testing two materials, a thermoplastic polyester elastomer material (Z-Flex) and polycaprolactone (PCL 100). Our strategy affords a custom-made and patient-specific artificial ear aligner with mechanical properties that ensures sufficient preservation of the auricular shape by applying a force on the helix and antihelix and enables the ears to pin back to the head.
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Krčma, Martin, David Škaroupka, Petr Vosynek, Tomáš Zikmund, Jozef Kaiser, and David Palousek. "Use of polymer concrete for large-scale 3D printing." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-12-2019-0316.
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Purpose This paper aims to focus on the evaluation of a polymer concrete as a three-dimensional (3D) printing material. An associated company has developed plastic concrete made from reused unrecyclable plastic waste. Its intended use is as a construction material. Design/methodology/approach The concrete mix, called PolyBet, composed of polypropylene and glass sand, is printed by the fused deposition modelling process. The process of material and parameter selection is described. The mechanical properties of the filled material were compared to its cast state. Samples were made from castings and two different orientations of 3D-printed parts. Three-point flex tests were carried out, and the area of the break was examined. Computed tomography of the samples was carried out. Findings The influence of the 3D printing process on the material was evaluated. The mechanical performance of the longitudinal samples was close to the cast state. There was a difference in the failure mode between the states, with cast parts exhibiting a tougher behaviour, with fractures propagating in a stair-like manner. The 3D-printed samples exhibited high degrees of porosity. Originality/value The results suggest that the novel material is a good fit for 3D printing, with little to no degradation caused by the process. Layer adhesion was shown to be excellent, with negligible effect on the finished part for the longitudinal orientation. That means, if large-scale testing of buildability is successful, the material is a good fit for additive manufacturing of building components and other large-scale structures.
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Argyropoulos, Athanasios, and Pantelis N. Botsaris. "Research, study, design and development of an artificial ear splint model by using a 3D printer." MATEC Web of Conferences 318 (2020): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202031801018.
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The aim of this research study centers around the design and development, using a three-dimensional model of an ear-splint. This study results from the need of a non-invasive method, as the current techniques used in otoplasty have succeeded in reducing the risk of complications, but without drastically reducing the rate of postoperative deformity. Indeed, stick out ears present a deformity that occurs in 5% of the population. Factors such as psychosocial impact and intimidation lay the foundations for the need for such a method. This paper essays to create, through 3D printing, a case customized into the ear of any person of all ages. The splint was made on Zortrax M200 3D printer model, equipped with the V3 Hotend head, and the material used for printing was 16 grams of Z-FLEX. It is noted that the creation of the case is innovative and original. After putting the ear-splint into test, by applying it on a human ear, two conclusions emerge. First, it is very light, weight, just 16 grams, and second, it offers comfort and convenience to the user. In order to get results for its practicality, a clinical rehabilitation study is recommended.
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Sajid, Memoon, Hyun Woo Dang, Kyoung-Hoan Na, and Kyung Hyun Choi. "Highly stable flex sensors fabricated through mass production roll-to-roll micro-gravure printing system." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 236 (December 2015): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2015.10.037.
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Malliori, A., A. Daskalaki, A. Dermitzakis, and N. Pallikarakis. "Development of Physical Breast Phantoms for X-ray Imaging Employing 3D Printing Techniques." Open Medical Imaging Journal 12, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874347102012010001.
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Objective: This study aims to investigate the use of 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of physical breast phantoms, suitable for conventional and phase contrast breast imaging. Such phantoms could provide essential information for the design, development and optimization of emerging X-ray imaging modalities. Materials and Methods: Physical phantoms were constructed using two 3D printing techniques: Fused Deposition Modeling and Stereolithography. Eight materials suitable for 3D printing, including thermoplastic filaments and photopolymer resins, were investigated for the optimal representation of breast tissues, based on their attenuation and refractive characteristics. The phantoms consisted of a 3D-printed mold, which was then manually filled with paraffin wax. Additionally, a 3D complex-patterned layer and details representing abnormalities were embedded in different depths. Images of the phantoms were obtained in attenuation and phase contrast mode. Experiments were conducted using an X-ray microfocus tube with Tungsten anode set to 55kVp, combined with a photon-counting detector. The distance between source and detector was 56.5cm. The images were acquired at different object-to-detector distances starting from 5cm up to 40cm in a free space propagation set-up. Results and Conclusion: Results show that among all combinations with paraffin used as an adipose substitute, phantoms created with the Stereolithography technique and resins (especially Flex) as glandular equivalent, were found to be more appropriate for both attenuation and phase contrast imaging. The edge enhancement effect was well observed in the experimental images acquired at 35cm object-to-detector distance, indicating the potential for improved feature visualization using this set-up in phase contrast compared to attenuation mode.
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Tungol, Mary Widmark. "Infrared Microscopy As A Failure Analysis Tool In The Thermal Inkjet Cartridge Industry." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 62–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013635.
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Four major components comprise an inkjet cartridge (Fig.lA): (1) the pen body which contains the ink and positions the cartridge in the printer; (2) an ink delivery system which supplies ink at the correct backpressure and flow rate; (3) a flex circuit which provides the electrical interconnect to the printer; and (4) the printhead which generates and directs the drops. Because of its complexity and small critical dimensions, the printhead poses the greatest analytical challenge for many failure analysis problems. Each printhead may contain as many as 300 firing chambers (Fig. IB). Each chamber consists of a resistor surrounded by a polymer-based barrier material which forms a cavity into which ink flows from the ink delivery system. The chamber is capped by a metal or polymer orifice-containing plate. Printing occurs when the resistor is heated to form an ink vapor bubble which subsequently ejects a droplet of ink though the orifice onto the paper.
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Fries, David, and Chase StarrGeran Barton. "2D PCB WITH 3D PRINT FABRICATIONS FOR RIGID-CONFORMAL PACKAGING OF MICROSENSOR IMAGING ARRAYS BASED ON BIOINSPIRED ARCHITECTURES." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2014, DPC (January 1, 2014): 001012–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2014dpc-tp33.
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Macro sensor systems typically measure a localized space above a single sensor element. Expanding these single sensor elements into arrays permits spatial distribution measurements of a particular parameter and allow flux visualizations. Furthermore, applying microsystems technology to macro sensor systems yields imaging arrays and high resolution spatial/temporal sensing functions. Extending the high spatial resolution imaging over large areas is a desirable feature for new “vision” modes on autonomous robotic systems and for deployable environmental sensors. Rigid-flexible PCB's are desirable for miniaturization and integration of systems for mobile technology. The hybrid substrates provide substantial flexibility in systems design and integration of multiple functions into limited spaces. Using this design and construction approach allows lightweight, complex, and space efficient systems. Flex microsystems based on structured, fiber or non-fiber filled PCB laminates permits packaging to occur at two levels, at the local (micro) substrate scale and at the macro scale with the ability to flex the system across millimeter to centimeter lengths on real everyday systems. We continue to explore the use of PCB and PCBMEMS technology for new sensing concepts. In order to create rigid-conformal, large area imaging “camera” systems we have merged flexible PCB substrates with rigid constructions from 3D printing. This approach merges the 2D flexible electronics world of printed circuits with the 3D printed packaging world. Furthermore employing architectures used by biology as a basis for our imaging systems we explored naturally and biologically inspired designs, and their relationships to non-visible imagery, and alternate mechanical systems of perception. Radiolaria are extremely tiny ocean organisms that utilize a similar additive construction process to 3D printing. Their cell bodies secrete a substance mainly composed of silica to form intricate exoskeletons used as a system of protection. A correlation can be made between the radiolaria's construction process and the plastic extrusion system of the 3D fused deposition model printer. The benefits of additive construction are efficient use of materials, reduced cost and energy, and ability to customize forms. Through the use of bio-inspiration, a framework is laid out to base further research on (DFP)-design for packaging. Radiolarian exoskeletons take on a grid-like pattern while creating a cage around each microsensor interior and producing strong scaffolding. Using the 3D printed exoskeleton's form and function with flexible printed circuits one can create systems that are both rigid and form fitting with three-dimensional shape and enable new camera systems for various sensory applications.
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Pei, Eujin, Jinsong Shen, and Jennifer Watling. "Direct 3D printing of polymers onto textiles: experimental studies and applications." Rapid Prototyping Journal 21, no. 5 (August 17, 2015): 556–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-09-2014-0126.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the adhesion of polymer materials printed directly onto fabrics using entry-level fused deposition modelling (FDM) machines. A series of functional and decorative parts were designed to explore the limitations and to identify potential applications. Design/methodology/approach – A series of shapes and structures were designed as 3D computer-aided design (CAD) solids to determine whether complex parts could be printed directly onto the surface of fabrics. The structures were fabricated using an entry-level FDM printer with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polylactic acid (PLA) and nylon on eight different types of synthetic and man-made woven and knit fabrics. The results were recorded according to four parameters – the warp, bond, print quality and flex – before comparing the data sets. Findings – Among the three polymers, PLA showed the best results when printed on the eight different types of fabrics, having extremely good adhesion with little warp, yet displaying a high quality of print with good flexural strength. For the fabrics, woven cotton, woven polywool and knit soy had excellent adhesion when the three polymers were deposited. Research limitations/implications – Future work should cover a wider range of polymers and textiles and incorporate more functional features for testing. Other aspects include modifying the fibre surface through mechanical or chemical means to achieve a more efficient adhesion with the fibre and examining the deposition process in terms of temperature, pressure and build density. Future work should also investigate the feasibility for large-scale production. Practical implications – This paper supports work on wearable electronics by integrating comfortable textiles with hard wearing parts without compromising on quality and fit and combining additive manufacturing processes with textiles to maintain the drape characteristics of the fabric. Polymer–textile deposition will contribute to new applications and functional products such as orthopaedic braces for medical use or for decorative features such as buttons and trimmings for garments. Originality/value – This paper has contributed to new knowledge by providing a better understanding of polymer materials being printed directly onto fabrics using entry-level FDM machines.
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Tseghai, Granch Berhe, Benny Malengier, Kinde Anlay Fante, Abreha Bayrau Nigusse, and Lieva Van Langenhove. "Development of a Flex and Stretchy Conductive Cotton Fabric Via Flat Screen Printing of PEDOT:PSS/PDMS Conductive Polymer Composite." Sensors 20, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061742.
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In this work, we have successfully produced a conductive and stretchable knitted cotton fabric by screen printing of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and poly(dimethylsiloxane-b-ethylene oxide)(PDMS-b-PEO) conductive polymer composite. It was observed that the mechanical and electrical properties highly depend on the proportion of the polymers, which opens a new window to produce PEDOT:PSS-based conductive fabric with distinctive properties for different application areas. The bending length analysis proved that the flexural rigidity was lower with higher PDMS-b-PEO to PEDOT:PSS ratio while tensile strength was increased. The SEM test showed that the smoothness of the fabric was better when PDMS-b-PEO is added compared to PEDOT:PSS alone. Fabrics with electrical resistance from 24.8 to 90.8 kΩ/sq have been obtained by varying the PDMS-b-PEO to PEDOT:PSS ratio. Moreover, the resistance increased with extension and washing. However, the change in surface resistance drops linearly at higher PDMS-b-PEO to PEDOT:PSS ratio. The conductive fabrics were used to construct textile-based strain, moisture and biopotential sensors depending upon their respective surface resistance.
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Xu, Ming, Cheng Rong, and Long He. "Design and Modeling of a Bio-Inspired Flexible Joint Actuator." Actuators 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10050095.
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Spiders rely on a hydraulic system to stretch their legs but use muscles to make their legs flex. The compound drive of hydraulics and muscle makes an integrate dexterous structure with powerful locomotion abilities, which perfectly meets the primary requirements of advanced robots. Inspired by this hydraulics-muscle co-drive joint, a novel flexible joint actuator was proposed and its driving characteristics were preliminarily explored. The bio-inspired flexible joint manifested as a double-constrained balloon actuator, which was fabricated by the composite process of 3D printing and casting. To evaluate its performance, the mathematical model was deduced, as well as the finite element analysis (FEA) model. A series of experiments on the rotation angles, driving forces, and efficiencies of the flexible joint were carried out and compared with the mathematical calculations and FEA simulations. The results show that the accuracy of the two theoretical models can be used to assess the joint actuator. The locomotion test of a soft arthropod robot with two flexible joints was also implemented, where the moving speed reached 22 mm/s and the feasibility of the proposed flexible joint applied to a soft robot was demonstrated.
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Sudijono, Sudijono. "DUSTY EXPLOITING of CHAFF PADDY UPON WHICH HARD MIXTURE TILE SOIL IN KARANG PENANG SAMPANG." WAKTU: Jurnal Teknik UNIPA 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2011): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/waktu.v9i2.924.
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Chaff Paddy is external shares from paddy item. about/around 20 % from paddy wight is paddy chaff and more or less 15 % from composition lock up is lock up paddy which is always yielded is each time burned. ( Hara - 1986). Ash Lock up Paddy have pozolan element and contain silica. silica represent worthwhile chemicals and its application is very wide of strarting electronic area. mechanic. medical, building till other area. One of the silica serbuk exploiting is upon which ceramic making mixture of art ( hara. 1986). Dusty waste of this paddy chaff will be developed for the materials of bangunnan that is upon which mixture making of clay tile in Rock Penang Coat with lacquer so that can yield qualified Hat land;ground tile as according to SNI 03-2095-1998. Used by Mixture composition is heavy comparison 10 TL : 0 ASP ( control), 10 T : 1 ASP, 10 TL : 2 ASP, 10 TL : 3 ASP, 10 TL : 4 ASP, 10 TL : 5 ASP. Dusty of Chaff Paddy to be used is beforehand sieved so that become refinement and clear of small stones and fibre so that/ to be easy to in course of and mixture printing of tile, is later; then mixed with clay and processed with printing of tile result of from tile printing;mould dried until tile is ready to burned, hereinafter process combustion of rose colored tile until. refinement as according to specification in SNI 03-2095-1998. Examination relate at SNI 03-2095-1998 about visible quality, decision of size measure, form, limber strength and absorbtion. From is sixth of mixture composition indicate that energy diffuse dusty clay tile water of terendah paddy chaff at III mixture ( 10 TL : 2 ASP) equal to 6,28 % below/under SNI 03-2095-1998 equal to 15 % and enter in storey;level quality of II. Strong flex highest at III composition ( 10 TL : 2 ASP) equal to 169,95 Singk / cm enter in storey;level quality of II tile and limber strength of minimum at VI composition ( 10 TL : 5 ASP) equal to 133,67 Singk / cm ( SNI 03-2095-1998 min. 110 Singk / cm2
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Fan, Shou Yuan, Jian Kui Chen, and Zhou Ping Yin. "Curing Kinetics of Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive in the Manufacturing Process of RFID Tags." Advanced Materials Research 798-799 (September 2013): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.798-799.17.
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The study of the epoxy-based anisotropic conductive adhesive in electronic packaging interconnects applications (chip-on-glass, chip-on-flex, etc. especially in RFID applications) has received particular attention. This is due to its potential advantages of finer pitch printing, reducing environmental contamination. The thermal curing process is critical to develop the ultimate electrical and mechanical properties of the ACA devices. In this article, the curing kinetics of ACA was studied with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) under constant heating rates conditions in the range of 520 °C/min. The model free method was used to describe the curing reaction. The degree-of-cure and the activation energy through the whole conversion range were mathematically determined and used to predict the progress of the curing process. Experimental results show that the activation energy of the ACA varies significantly with degree-of-cure during the curing process. The peculiar phenomenon indicates that the ACA underwent a complex series of reactions. The kinetics of curing reaction changes when large conversion values are reached at low heating rates. The change in the reaction kinetics is due to vitrification of the ACA during heating. In addition, the degree-of-cure of the ACA as a function of bonding times during isothermal ACA bonding process was theoretically predicted.
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Claypole, Andrew, James Claypole, Neil Bezodis, Liam Kilduff, David Gethin, and Tim Claypole. "Printed Nanocarbon Heaters for Stretchable Sport and Leisure Garments." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020573.
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The ability to maintain body temperature has been shown to bring about improvements in sporting performance. However, current solutions are limited with regards to flexibility, heating uniformity and robustness. An innovative screen-printed Nanocarbon heater is demonstrated which is robust to bending, folding, tensile extensions of up to 20% and machine washing. This combination of ink and substrate enables the heated garments to safely flex without impeding the wearer. It is capable of producing uniform heating over a 15 × 4 cm area using a conductive ink based on a blend of Graphite Nanoplatelets and Carbon Black. This can be attributed to the low roughness of the conductive carbon coating, the uniform distribution and good interconnection of the carbon particles. The heaters have a low thermal inertia, producing a rapid temperature response at low voltages, reaching equilibrium temperatures within 120 s of being switched on. The heaters reached the 40 °C required for wearable heating applications within 20 s at 12 Volts. Screen printing was demonstrated to be an effective method of controlling the printed layer thickness with good interlayer adhesion and contact for multiple printed layers. This can be used to regulate their electrical properties and hence adjust the heater performance.
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Mozaffar, Omer M. "The Arab Mind." American Journal of Islam and Society 21, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v21i3.1776.
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It is Raphael Patai’s ambition to chart the fundamental components of theArab worldview that most compels the reader to leaf through the 400 pages of The Arab Mind. In one text, in less than 20 brief chapters, he seeks toprovide the elements that define the culture and mindset of the entire halfbillion-strong Arab world. For many readers, this enormous goal provokesenough skepticism to prevent any hope for objectivity before reading a singleword. In this new printing, however, Norvell B. DeAtkine (director ofMiddle East Studies, JFK Special Warfare Center, Fort Bragg, NC) providesa foreword that offers the highest praise for Patai’s work. Forinstance, he acknowledges that this book provides the foundation for hisown instruction and coursework.Hatherleigh Press, the publisher of this revised edition, is known forits Body Sculpting Bible series, its Living With line of health books, andits Flex series of athletic books. A more unlikely pairing reveals itselfwhen we discover that the original edition of The Arab Mind appeared in1973, the same year as Clifford Geertz’s groundbreaking TheInterpretation of Cultures. Though Patai republished this book a decadelater, and this new, current edition appears less than a decade after hisdeath, it is clear that despite his familiarity with Geertz’s writings, hechose not to embrace Geertz’s methods. Though none can deny the widthand depth of Patai’s insights, his own methods provide more problemsthan solutions ...
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Alajoki, Teemu, Matti Koponen, Arttu Huttunen, Markus Tuomikoski, Mikko Heikkinen, Antti Keränen, Kimmo Keränen, et al. "Hybrid In-Mould Integration." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2013, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 000188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2013-ta64.
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Next generation of electronic modules and systems in different application areas such as automotive, medical and home appliances will utilize various electronic, optical and mechanical functions integrated in freeform intelligent products with benefits such as decreased volume and weight, lower costs and higher freedom of design when compared to currently available electronics manufacturing and packaging methods. The hybrid in-mould integration technology concept is based on combination of roll-to-roll (R2R) printed electronics, discrete component assembly, film forming and injection overmoulding/in-mould labelling (IML) processes. In this study, compatibility and feasibility of the technology for low-cost disposable healthcare sensor applications, especially pulse oximeters, was investigated. Flexible printed circuit (FPC) substrates for pulse oximeter applications were manufactured in high-volume and low cost fashion by R2R printing and etching processes. Surface mount technology (SMT) and leadframe components were assembled on FPCs by using adhesive bonding technology. The assembly process was also demonstrated using automated, high-volume capable machine. It was proven that SMD components and their interconnections on flex withstand the injection overmoulding process and can thus be embedded seamlessly inside plastic parts. By the use of the same injection moulding process it was also demonstrated that rigid mechanical locking features manufactured by film overmoulding can be combined with the flexibility of FPC. In order to speed up the iteration cycles of the hybrid integration design flow, a new method was developed for rapid prototyping of in-mould integrated products. In the method, 3D printing was used to create a master for a silicone mould, and assembled FPC was overmolded in vacuum casting process with polyurethane material. This paper presents also other research activities at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland in the field of hybrid system integration carried out in various collaborative projects with companies and research institutes in Europe. The demonstrators realised in these projects include autonomous, intelligent lighting and signaling systems for automotive and traffic signs, in-molded optical touch panel and flexible printed organic light-emitting diode (OLED) embedded into 3D plastic structure using IML-like process in which active OLED foils are used instead of graphic foils. The demonstrators prove that hybrid in-mould integration could be a feasible technology enabling seamless integration of optical, electrical and mechanical features into 3D plastic products.
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Maikap, Akshay N., Shikha Jain, Hari K. Singh, Ashish Gupta, and Sidharath Behl. "Effect of primers and surface treatments on the gas barrier, mechanical, optical, printing, and flex-crack properties of the polyvinylidene chloride coated biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate films." Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting 31, no. 2 (November 20, 2014): 158–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756087914559863.
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Nolasco, Dyanika P. "Embracing the Challenges of Modular Approach in Teaching in the Time of Pandemic." Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education 36, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/apjee2021.36.2.9.
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This study was conducted to explore the challenges that college instructors faced during module preparation in this time of pandemic when educational systems around the globe are forced to flex and adjust to the new normal. Mixed methods was used as research design to quantitatively and qualitatively delve into the challenges of college instructors towards preparation of selfpaced learning modules used for teaching in this time of pandemic. Forty-nine instructorrespondents form a Higher Education Institution in the Philippines were selected to participate in the study; they were assigned to teach in various courses, have different length of service, academic preparations and subjects handled. A questionnaire that underwent experts’ validity and reliability test was used as primary instrument to gather quantitative data which were later subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Qualitative data were gathered through interviews and gave deeper insights on numerical results. Findings revealed that college instructors were dominantly non-education graduates but with Professional Educational Subjects (PES), relatively young in teaching, mostly teaching core/major subjects and have minimal preparations and modules crafted for the current semester. They experienced serious to very serious problems regarding module preparation which challenged and pressured them. Those who were new to the service were better in handling pressure as to meeting deadlines and were more flexible about giving examples in explaining concepts; but those who were veterans were problematic that modules did not undergo instructional material review. Non-education graduates with PES were very particular on the availability or sufficiency of materials for the printing. Those who have more preparations did not find the unavailability or insufficiency of references and making explanations easier to be understood as serious as those who have lesser module preparations. The various problems and challenges that college instructors faced during their preparation of modules in adherence to the government’s directive of non-face-to-face conduct of classes pose a greater challenge for educational systems to assist these teachers by providing sufficient resources, technologies and tools; proper training and a sort of expressive emotional reinforcement.
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Xiao, Zhi Jian. "Study on the Adjustment to the Pressure of Flexible Printing on the Board." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the flexo printing process of corrugated flexible resin version, precise pressure control is the key technical indicators of ink transfer, printing graphic reproduction as well as reducing the the loss of physical properties of corrugated board. The gaps △L between the printing roller and the impression cylinder were adjusted by the worm in this paper, different printing pressures are produced in the printing process, the impact of pressure change on flexo printing quality was described quantitatively. The results showed that: 7.5mm thick corrugated board used AB-type hardness of 36 Shore A, when a thickness of 3.94mm DuPont flexible resin was printed, the optimal pressure gap △L was 10.9mm, the flexible resin version of the real size was 3.73mm, and the thickness of corrugated board was 7.17mm, the board thickness was 7.30mm after decompression, the thickness of corrugated board after the printing was compressed by 2.7%. The result of this paper offers a certain theoretical reference and practical guidance to improve the quality of flexo and the production of high quality corrugated board.
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Gong, Ying, Bei Qing Huang, and Xian Fu Wei. "Research on Environmentally Friendly Water-Based Covering Ink and its Application in Scratch-Type Invoice Printing." Advanced Materials Research 937 (May 2014): 508–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.937.508.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the development of printing technology, greater emphasis has been laid on environmentally friendly materials. Due to its printability and environmental friendliness, Water-based flexo ink is gradually gaining popularity at home and abroad, and has been widely applied in the field of printing. Different from other kinds of bills, scratch-type invoices have an additional scratch area on the surface, which highly covering performance is required for the ink applied. This paper emphatically analyzes and discusses: (a) flexo water-based covering ink and its application in scratch-type invoice covering region printing; (b) how to explore and evaluate new developed green inks. Compared with traditional inks, the water-based flexo ink is free of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), and its popularization might have significant meanings for the environment protection and sustainable development.
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Brumm, Pauline, Hans Sauer, and Edgar Dörsam. "Scaling Behavior of Pattern Formation in the Flexographic Ink Splitting Process." Colloids and Interfaces 3, no. 1 (March 13, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids3010037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We considered pattern formation, i.e. viscous fingering, in the ink splitting process between an elastic flexographic printing plate and the substrate. We observed an unexpected scaling behavior of the emerging pattern length scale (i.e., finger width) as a function of printing velocity, fluid viscosity, surface tension, and plate elasticity coefficients. Scaling exponents depended on the ratio of the capillary number of the fluid flow, and the elastocapillary number defined by plate elasticity and surface tension. The exponents significantly differed from rigid printing plates, which depend on the capillary number only. A dynamic model is proposed to predict the scaling exponents. The results indicate that flexo printing corresponded to a self-regulating dynamical equilibrium of viscous, capillary, and elastic forces. We argue that these forces stabilize the process conditions in a flexo printing unit over a wide range of printing velocities, ink viscosities, and mechanical process settings.
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Grebenikov, V. V., R. V. Gamaleya, and A. N. Sokolovsky. "ELECTRIC MACHINE WITH AXIAL MAGNETIC FLUX, PERMANENT MAGNETS AND MULTILAYERED PRINTING WINDINGS." Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika 2020, no. 2 (February 26, 2020): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/techned2020.02.028.
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Aydemir, Cem, and Samed Ayhan Özsoy. "Environmental impact of printing inks and printing process." Journal of graphic engineering and design 11, no. 2 (December 2020): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2020-2-011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the Printing Industry, printing inks, varnishes, lacquers, moistening solutions and washing solvents (ethanol, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, isopropanol, n-propanol, hexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, isopropyl acetate, propyl acetate, dimethyl ketone, glycols and glycol ethers) contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and air pollutants (HAPs). Especially solvent based inks used for flexo, gravure and screen printing, offset printing dampening solutions and cleaning solvents contain high concentration of VOC. These organic compounds evaporate during the production process or contribute to the photochemical reaction. VOCs and HAPs, together with sunlight and nitrogen oxides, cause photochemical smoke, air particles and ground level ozone emission in the atmosphere. The VOCs and heavy metals can lead to soil and even water pollution when left in landfill. The amount of solvent retained by flexo, gravure and screen-printed products is 3-4% of total ink solvent used. The solvent in the printed ink content, except for the one held by the printed material evaporates in its own environment after the printing process. Most of these solvents and organic compounds used in printing environment contain at least one carbon and hydrogen atom and have negative effects on health and environment.In this study, the environmental impacts and risks of inks and solvents used in the printing industry have been evaluated. Measures to be taken to reduce and manage these environmental effects and risks have been addressed and recommendations have been made.
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Hassan, S., Mohd Sallehuddin Yusof, M. I. Maksud, M. N. Nodin, and Noor Azlina Rejab. "A Feasibility Study of Roll to Roll Printing on Graphene." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 402–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.402.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Roll to roll process is one of the famous printing techniques that are possible to create graphic and electronic device on variable substrate by using conductive ink. Graphene is an example of material that can be used as printing ink which usually used in producing micro-scale electronic devices. Here, it is proposed that extending roll to roll printing technique into the multiple micro-scale printing fine solid line onto substrate by using graphene as a printing ink. Flexography is a high speed roll to roll printing technique commonly used in paper printing industry. And this study elaborates the feasibility of graphene as a printing ink use in combination of flexography and micro-contact or micro-flexo printing for micro fine solid line. This paper will illustrates the review of graphene in producing multiple micro-solid lines printing capability for the application of printing electronic, graphic and bio-medical.
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Belarbi, Yassine Elias, Sofiane Guessasma, Sofiane Belhabib, Ferhat Benmahiddine, and Ameur El Amine Hamami. "Effect of Printing Parameters on Mechanical Behaviour of PLA-Flax Printed Structures by Fused Deposition Modelling." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 5883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195883.
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Few studies have reported the performance of Polylactic acid (PLA) flax feedstock composite for additive manufacturing. In this work, we report a set of experiments conducted by fused filament technology on PLA and PLA-flax with the aim of drawing a clear picture of the potential of PLA-flax as a feedstock material. Nozzle and bed temperatures are both combined with the printing angle to investigate their influence on structural and mechanical properties. The study shows a low sensitivity of PLA-flax to process parameters compared to PLA. A varied balance between shearing and uniaxial deformation is found consistent with tensile results where filament crossing at −45/+45° provides the optimal load-bearing capabilities. However, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and high-speed camera recording shows a limiting reinforcing effect of flax fibre due to the presence of intra-filament porosity and a significant amount of fibre pull-out resulting from the tensile loading. These results suggest that the quality of the bond between PLA matrix and flax fibre, intra-filament porosity, and surface roughness should receive more attention as well as the need for more continuous fibre reinforcement in PLA filaments to optimise the performance of PLA-flax printed materials.
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Belarbi, Yassine Elias, Ferhat Benmahiddine, Ameur El Amine Hamami, Sofiane Guessasma, and Sofiane Belhabib. "Hygrothermal and Microstructural Investigation of PLA and PLA-Flax Printed Structures." Fibers 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib10030024.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this work is to explore the manufacturing of insulation structures using fused filament deposition of biosourced materials. The approach considers printing of Polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA-flax (PF) structures using varied infill density and printing temperatures. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermal Gravimetry analysis are performed to study thermal behaviour of PLA and PF and derive weight content of fibres within PF. Thermal measurements show a strong dependence of thermal conductivity with infill density and slightly improved thermal insulation of PF compared to PLA. Moreover, both PF and PLA show a hydrophobic behaviour unlike conventional green concretes based on hemp or flax. In addition, both scanning electron and optical microscopies show marked morphological changes induced by the laying down process for PF. This latter exhibits a more complex and tortuous microstructure compared to PLA marked by the presence of inter-filament porosity. This work concludes with superior hygrothermal properties of PLA and PF compared to other biosourced materials such as hemp or flax concrete. This work also concludes with the beneficial role of flax fibres that provides better hygrothermal properties to the printed structures as well as on the need to optimize the infill characteristics including density and cell morphology density.
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Rumetna, Matheus Supriyanto, Otniel Otniel, Friendly Litaay, Carlie Sibarani, Ruben Tahrin, Tirsa Ninia Lina, and Ratna Rosmauli Pakpahan. "Optimasi Pendapatan Pembuatan Spanduk dan Baliho Menggunakan Metode Simpleks (Studi Kasus: Usaha Percetakan Shiau Printing)." JURIKOM (Jurnal Riset Komputer) 7, no. 2 (April 26, 2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/jurikom.v7i2.1922.
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Shiau Printing is one of the businesses engaged in printing. This business often experiences production optimization problems, namely in terms of determining the maximum profit from the two types of products produced, namely banners and billboards. Constraints faced in the form of limited production resources, such as flexi materials. This problem can be solved by implementing linear programming using the simplex method and then testing it using the POM-QM application for Windows. Based on the results of calculations that have been made, a decision was drawn that the Shiau Printing could obtain a maximum income of IDR 15,000,000 -, / month.
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Huo, Li Xia, Shi Yong Luo, Yong Hao, Wen Cai Xu, and Zai Zhu Ma. "A New Black Water Based Ink Prepared by Chinese Traditional Materials for Screen Printing Ancient Books." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.69.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ink is one of “the four treasures in the study”. Inks prepared by the traditional materials is usually in the form of Chinese ink and ink stick, which are unsuitable for the modern printing technology such as screen printing, offset print, gravure or flexo printing. On the other hand, modern commodity printing inks most prepared by modern chemical pigments and chemical reagents, which would emit a certain amount of pollutants. Reproduction of Chinese ancient books, if printed by using modern commodity printing inks, would lost their lasting ancient charm such as antique, quaint, hoary, vintage, archaic, etc. In the present research, a new black water based ink is prepared by Chinese traditional materials such as, Chinese wood oil soot, bone glue, borneol, musk, pepper, etc. not including any modern chemical reagents which could cause pollution of the environment. The viscosity, fineness and rheology property of the ink were characterized. As an application example, the ink is used to duplicate the Tripitaka book sample by screen printing on Xuan papers. The original is the Tripitaka printed in the Ming Dynasty and from the temple of Wutaishan, Shanxi Province, China. The Reproduce is lasting ancient charm and durable.
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Konyukhov, V. Yu, L. Yu Komarova, and I. G. Rekus. "The Changing of Deformation Properties of Flexo Plates in the Process of Swelling in Solvents." Materials Science Forum 1031 (May 2021): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1031.75.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article covers the research on the changing of flexo plates' deformation properties during swelling in various solvents that are used in the printing industry. The acquired data was processed with the equation from the Kelvin-Voigt model, the constant models and times of relaxation of the initial and swelled photopolymer have been determined.
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Savickas, Arnas, Rimantas Stonkus, and Eugenijus Jurkonis. "Investigation of anilox roller cell clogging." Journal of graphic engineering and design 11, no. 2 (December 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2020-2-061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One vital component in the flexo inking system of high-line screen engrav-ing technologies is anilox rollers. These deliver a precise and consistent amount of ink during the process of flexography, making it possible to produce high-resolution prints of exceptional quality. However, as print quality continues to improve, printing houses are experiencing more fre-quent problems with anilox rollers, such that ink transfer during printing operations is being unpredictably reduced. Due to the lack of research into anilox rollers there is insufficient objective information on how to maintain them at peak performance and condition. This study investigates the clogging of anilox roller cells (without assessing cell wear) in a num-ber of printing houses in the Baltic States. Cell clogging of anilox rollers was determined depending on cell size, ink type and washing method.
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Zhou, Ying Mei, Zhong Min Jiang, and Zhi Wei Qian. "Analysis of Electroluminescence Application on Display." Key Engineering Materials 814 (July 2019): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.814.107.
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With the development of electroluminescence application on display, the traditional structures are very classic and often monopolized by special companies in the world. Nowadays, technologies have developed very quickly so that lots of countries focus on the nanoink and substrate material. In fact, the process of producing various flexo screen display can be applied into the variable sized consumer packages by other conductive and phosphor printing material. In this paper, two different sequences of printing will be introduced to compare the advanced style on new structure design. This study also attempts to show the referable ways on materials to help optimize ways in electroluminescence application.
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Hill, Brian, and George Gray. "Printing flax/polyester blends-a new approach." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 108, no. 10 (October 22, 2008): 419–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1992.tb01379.x.
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Hsieh, Yung Cheng, and Hung Sheng Lin. "A Study of the Functionalities and Workflow for Web-to-Print Platform." Advanced Materials Research 174 (December 2010): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.174.151.
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“Web-to-Print” has become a new trend of printing industry all over the world recently. It combines the advantages of internet with printing processes in a highly digitalized way, and has been used in the U.S. and Europe for a while. Nowadays in the 21st century, whether offset printing, gravure printing, flexo printing, screen printing or digital printing cannot survive without internet, and it will be the trend for printers to develop Web-to-Print platform to reduce cost and increase productivity. Most of Asian printers still use traditional processes to print orders. Comparing to the printers in the U.S. or European countries, these printers in Asia seem not so active in the development of Web-to-Print. Under the influence of digitalization, it will be very important for them to consider how to provide “Web-to-Print” services. To begin with, this research conduct case study analyses of major successful stories of Web-to-Print by literature and actual examples. Functionalities of profitable web-to-print platform, based on our findings, may include various basic on-line operations such as on-line editing, on-line proofing and on-line ordering. Besides, in order to offer a user-friendly environment for foreign customers, the platform should take bilingual user interface into account. The platform should also provide copyright management and on-line legal advice service. After basic functionalities are implemented, educational service such as knowledge learning function are included to illustrate basic and professional printing knowledge which will be useful for those customers who are not familiar with print processes. The results of this study should help traditional printers invest on web-to-print business and provide a good reference for future studies related web-to-print technology and services.
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Gvoic, Vesna, Miljana Prica, Djurdja Kerkez, Milena Becelic-Tomin, Aleksandra Kulic, Anita Leovac-Macerak, and Bozo Dalmacija. "Oxidative degradation of cyan flexo dye with Heterogeneous Fenton reagent - Fe2(MoO4)3 particle." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 50 (2019): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt1950077g.
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Heterogeneous Fenton catalyst Fe2(MoO4)3 was prepared and the process efficiency was evaluated for oxidation of water-based Cyan flexo dye in synthetic aqueous solution and printing wastewater. The removal process of printing dye was analyzed by UV/VIS spectrophotometry, while dye mineralization was evaluated by the determination of total organic carbon content and chemical oxygen demand. Four determinants of the heterogeneous Fenton system, including initial dye concentration, iron concentration, pH and hydrogen peroxide concentration were investigated. Statistical method, definitive screening design was applied to generate optimal operational conditions of the four variables, which maximizes the process of dye removal. The initial dye concentration of 20 mgL-1, catalyst dosage of 0.75 mgL-1, pH of 2 and H2O2 concentration of 11 mM were chosen as the best operational conditions, contributing to 82% of the process efficiency. The Fenton process efficiency of 79% was achieved within the treatment of printing wastewater under optimal conditions for a 90 minute reaction time. The maximum COD removal efficiency was 61.1%, while 67% mineralization was achieved. The obtained results confirmed synergistic effect of Fe3+ and MoO4 2? which contributed to high catalytic activity and high heterogeneous Fenton efficiency.
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Barbosa, Flavia V., José C. F. Teixeira, Senhorinha F. C. F. Teixeira, Rui A. M. M. Lima, Delfim F. Soares, and Diana M. D. Pinho. "Rheology of F620 solder paste and flux." Soldering & Surface Mount Technology 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssmt-08-2018-0027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose The aim of this paper is to characterize the rheological properties of the flux media exposed to different levels of solicitation and to determine its influence on the rheology of the solder paste. The data obtained experimentally are fundamental for the development of numerical models that allow the simulation of the printing process of printed circuit boards (PCB). Design/methodology/approach Rheological tests were performed using the Malvern rheometer Bohlin CVO. These experiments consist of the analysis of the viscosity, yield stress, thixotropy, elastic and viscous properties through oscillatory tests and the capacity to recover using a creep-recovery experiment. The results obtained from this rheological analysis are compared with the rheological properties of the solder paste F620. Findings The results have shown that the flux is viscoelastic in nature and shear thinning. The viscosity does not decrease with increasing solicitations, except in the case where the flow is withdrawn directly from the bottle. Even if the solder paste shows a thixotropic behavior, this is not the case of the flux, meaning that this property is given by the metal particles. Furthermore, the oscillatory tests proved that the flux presents a dominant solid-like behavior, higher than the solder paste, meaning that the cohesive/tacky behavior of the solder paste is given by the flux. Research limitations/implications To complement this work, printing tests are required. Originality/value This work demonstrates the importance of the rheological characterization of the flux in order to understand its influence in the solder paste performance during the stencil printing process.
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Zhang, Haiguang, Xu Lei, Qingxi Hu, Shichao Wu, Mohamed Aburaia, Joamin Gonzalez-Gutierrez, and Herfried Lammer. "Hybrid Printing Method of Polymer and Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites (CFRTPCs) for Pipes through Double-Nozzle Five-Axis Printer." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 20, 2022): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most widely used 3D process, fused deposition modeling (FDM), has insufficient interlayer adhesion due to its layer-by-layer forming method. A support material is also essential for the hollow parts and cantilevers. Moreover, the polymer materials used have limited mechanical properties. These issues have restricted the application of FDM in high-performance fields. Continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites (CFRTPCs) have high mechanical properties and have recently become the focus of research in the field of 3D printing. This paper, using pipe parts as an example, proposes a hybrid of pure polymer (pure PLA used) and CFRTPC (flax fiber pre-impregnated filament) material to develop a printing method based on the outstanding mechanical properties of CFRTPC material. After studying the printing path planning algorithm, the CFRTPC filament is laid along the axial and radial directions on the surface of the polymer base to improve the printed parts’ properties. The method feasibility and algorithm accuracy are verified through the development of five-axis printing equipment with a double nozzle. Through the printed sample’s tensile, compression and bending tests, the results show that the tensile, compressive and bending properties of PLA pipe can be significantly enhanced by laying CFRTPC filament along the axial and radial directions of the pipe. To summarize, the introduction of CFRTPCs greatly improved the mechanical properties of the printed parts, and the implementation of our method provides an effective way to solve the defects of the FDM process.
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Schwartz, Jeffrey J., J. Nathan Hohman, Elizabeth I. Morin, and Paul S. Weiss. "Molecular Flux Dependence of Chemical Patterning by Microcontact Printing." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5, no. 20 (October 14, 2013): 10310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am403259q.
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Burri, Peter, Cathy Ridgway, and Joachim Schoelkopf. "Parameters Influencing Flexo Printing on White Top Liner Board." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 63, no. 10 (2009): 1180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.63.1180.
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Holmvall, M., and T. Uesaka. "Nip Mechanics of Flexo Post-printing on Corrugated Board." Journal of Composite Materials 41, no. 17 (September 2007): 2129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998307074135.
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Karpova, Marja, Nina Roznina, Dmitriy Paliy, Elena Lapina, and Oksana Galyuta. "Cultivation of promising oil flax varieties in the Trans-Urals." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700109.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Russia, flax has been cultivated since ancient times; fiber linen fabrics and other products were produce to meet needs of the population and for exchange. Oil flax was a less common crop, but its cultivation is of great interest.In recent years, worldwide interest in the use of flaxseed oil has increased due to its healing properties and high content of linolenic acid. Flaxseed oil removes cholesterol, improves the metabolism of proteins and fats, normalizes blood pressure, and reduces the likelihood of blood clots and tumors. Flaxseed oil reduces the risk of cardiovascular and oncological diseases and allergies. Whole flaxseed is used in various countries as an additive to bread and cereal mixtures. Proteins extracted from flaxseed have a gelatinizing effect and can be used in cooking.Oil flax is a valuable food and industrial crop (seeds, oil, short-fiber, cake and meal). Its seeds contain up to 50% of the most valuable vegetable oil which is the richest source of omega-3 and omega-6. Linseed oil ranks first among industrial oils by the volume of production. It is used in the manufacture of environmentally friendly varnishes, paints, drying oils, which serve as a standard for reliability and durability. Linseed oil is widely used in printing, rubber, electrical and many other industries.
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Korniejenko, Kinga, Michał Łach, Shih-Yu Chou, Wei-Ting Lin, An Cheng, Maria Hebdowska-Krupa, Szymon Gądek, and Janusz Mikuła. "Mechanical Properties of Short Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers Made by Casted and 3D Printing Methods: A Comparative Study." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2020): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030579.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main objective of this article is to develop ceramic-based materials for additive layer manufacturing (3D printing technology) that are suitable for civil engineering applications. This article is focused on fly ash-based fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites. It is based on experimental research, especially research comparing mechanical properties, such as compressive and flexural strength for designed compositions. The comparison includes various composites (short fiber-reinforced geopolymers and plain samples), different times of curing (investigation after 7 and 28 days), and two technologies of manufacturing (casted and injected samples—simulations of the 3D printing process). The geopolymer matrix is based on class F fly ash. The reinforcements were green tow flax and carbon fibers. The achieved results show that the mechanical properties of the new composites made by injection methods (simulations of 3D technology) are comparable with those of the traditional casting process. This article also discusses the influence of fiber on the mechanical properties of the composites. It shows that the addition of short fibers could have a similar influence on both of the technologies.
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Wagner, Ewald. "Ein amharischer Atlas aus Malta." Aethiopica 13 (July 7, 2011): 104–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.13.1.52.
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In August 2008 Professor Dr. Hans H. Kaminsky of the Institute of History of the University of Giessen, gave me an Amharic atlas, printed in Malta, which he had bought several years ago, at the Giessen flee-market. The atlas is now in the possession of the Hiob Ludolf Zentrum für Äthiopistik of the Asien-Afrika-Institut, Universität Hamburg. The article places the atlas into the historical context of the educational efforts of German protestant missionaries who worked under the auspices of the Church Missionary Society in Ethiopia, during the first half of the 19th century. It also sheds light on the Society’s printing activities in Malta.
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Miloš, Slaven, Đorđe Vujčić, and Igor Majnarić. "Use and analysis of UV varnish printed braille information on commercial packaging products." Journal of graphic engineering and design 12, no. 4 (December 2021): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/jged-2021-4-005.
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This paper investigates the possibility of reproducing Braille by UV ink-jet printing on self-adhesive labels, previously printed by flexo printing technol- ogy. The aim was to determine whether it is possible to reproduce Braille, the degree of quality of created Braille dots (cells), the legibility of Braille text, and how many layers of varnish are necessary for quality reproduc- tion. The Braille letter was applied to the previously printed label (design) using 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 layers of varnish. It has been found that it is possible to reproduce a quality and legible Braille. With the increase in the number of layers, the assessment of legibility and quality of reproduction by the respondents also increased. Samples reproduced with 12 layers of varnish received a very good grade of legibility and good grade for quality of Braille. Samples reproduced with 8 and 10 layers received bad grades for legibility, and even worse for quality, while samples with a higher number of layers of varnish, 14 and 16, received even better grades. The threshold for quality reproduction would therefore be the use of 12 layers of varnish, where a good ratio of workmanship and economy is obtained.
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Le Duigou, A., A. Barbé, E. Guillou, and M. Castro. "3D printing of continuous flax fibre reinforced biocomposites for structural applications." Materials & Design 180 (October 2019): 107884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107884.
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Gong, Yun, Ping Gu, Zhonghua Yu, and Quanhui Tian. "Study on the Reduction Treatment of ink Sludge in Flexo Printing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 300 (August 9, 2019): 032028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/300/3/032028.
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Korniejenko, Kinga, Pavel Kejzlar, and Petr Louda. "The Influence of the Material Structure on the Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Composites Reinforced with Short Fibers Obtained with Additive Technologies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Additive manufacturing technologies have a lot of potential advantages for construction application, including increasing geometrical construction flexibility, reducing labor costs, and improving efficiency and safety, and they are in line with the sustainable development policy. However, the full exploitation of additive manufacturing technology for ceramic materials is currently limited. A promising solution in these ranges seems to be geopolymers reinforced by short fibers, but their application requires a better understanding of the behavior of this group of materials. The main objective of the article is to investigate the influence of the microstructure of the material on the mechanical properties of the two types of geopolymer composites (flax and carbon-reinforced) and to compare two methods of production of geopolymer composites (casting and 3D printing). As raw material for the matrix, fly ash from the Skawina coal power plant (located at: Skawina, Lesser Poland, Poland) was used. The provided research includes mechanical properties, microstructure investigations with the use of scanning electron microscope (SEM), confocal microscopy, and atomic force microscope (AFM), chemical and mineralogical (XRD-X-ray diffraction, and XRF-X-ray fluorescence), analysis of bonding in the materials (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy analysis (NMR). The best mechanical properties were reached for the sample made by simulating 3D printing process for the composite reinforced by flax fibers (48.7 MPa for the compressive strength and 9.4 MPa for flexural strength). The FT-IR, XRF and XRD results show similar composition of all investigated materials. NMR confirms the presence of SiO4 and AlO4 tetrahedrons in a three-dimensional structure that is crucial for geopolymer structure. The microscopy observations show a better coherence of the geopolymer made in additive technology to the reinforcement and equal fiber distribution for all investigated materials. The results show the samples made by the additive technology had comparable, or better, properties with those made by a traditional casting method.
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Zhang, Haiguang, Di Liu, Tinglong Huang, Qingxi Hu, and Herfried Lammer. "Three-Dimensional Printing of Continuous Flax Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites by Five-Axis Machine." Materials 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071678.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A method for printing continuous flax fiber-reinforced plastic (CFFRP) composite parts by five-axis three-dimensional (3D) printer, based on fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology, has been developed. FFF printed parts usually need supporting structures, have a stair step effect, and unfavorable mechanical properties. In order to address these deficiencies, continuous natural fiber prepreg filaments were first manufactured, followed by curved path planning for the model for generation of the G-code, and finally printed by a five-axis 3D printer. The surface quality of printed parts was greatly improved. The tensile strength and modulus of CFFRP increased by 89% and 73%, respectively, compared with polylactic acid (PLA) filaments. The flexural strength and modulus of the 3D-printed CFFRP specimens increased by 211% and 224%, respectively, compared with PLA specimens. The maximal curved bending force load and stiffness of the 3D-printed CFFRP specimens increased by 39% and 115%, respectively, compared with the flat slicing method. Advanced light structures, such as leaf springs, can be designed and manufactured by taking advantage of the favorable properties of these composites, which endow them with significant potential for application in the field of automobiles.
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Essassi, Khawla, Jean-Luc Rebiere, Abderrahim El Mahi, Mohamed Amine Ben Souf, Anas Bouguecha, and Mohamed Haddar. "Dynamic Characterization of a Bio-Based Sandwich with Auxetic Core: Experimental and Numerical Study." International Journal of Applied Mechanics 11, no. 02 (March 2019): 1950016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825119500169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The flexural vibration and damping performances of a bio-based sandwich structure with auxetic core are investigated in this paper. The material studied is made up of an auxetic core and two skins. Each of the skins and core are made up of a polylactic acid reinforced with flax fibers. The whole sandwich structure was manufactured using a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique. Experimental analysis was used to evaluate the damping properties of this material. The skins, the core and the whole sandwich structure were tested experimentally in a clamp-free configuration. In addition, a finite element model was developed to evaluate the loss factors and natural frequencies regarding different cases. The influence of the relative core densities and thicknesses on the dynamic stiffness and loss factors were measured and discussed. The results obtained from the experiment and the numerical analysis were in a close agreement.