Статті в журналах: "FLAT BED"

1

Coleman, Stephen E., and Bruce W. Melville. "Initiation of Bed Forms on a Flat Sand Bed." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 122, no. 6 (June 1996): 301–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1996)122:6(301).

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2

IZUMI, Norihiro, and Satomi YAMAGUCHI. "THE DUNE-FLAT BED TRANSITION REVISITED." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu B 62, no. 4 (2006): 360–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejb.62.360.

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3

Pollak, V. A., and J. Schulze-clewing. "Electronic Scanning for Flat Bed Densitometry." Journal of Liquid Chromatography 11, no. 7 (May 1988): 1387–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01483918808067181.

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4

Grassini-Strazza, G., V. Carunchio, and A. M. Girelli. "Flat-bed chromatography on impregnated layers." Journal of Chromatography A 466 (January 1989): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)84615-x.

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5

KARUNAKARAN, V., and U. K. BEHERA. "Influence of sequential tillage and residue management practices on soil and root parameters in soybean (Glycine max) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 85, no. 2 (February 10, 2015): 182–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v85i2.46485.

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A field study was conducted in 2009-10 and 2010-11 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effect of sequential tillage and crop establishment and residue management practices on soil health and root parameters in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] - wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The results pertaining to the experiments at the end of the two year study revealed that most of the soil properties except infiltration rate and microbial biomass carbon (MBC); and root parameters of both crops except root length density (RLD) and average root diameter of wheat were non-significant by the sequential tillage and crop establishment treatments. Unlike sequential tillage and crop establishment techniques, all soil properties except bulk density, pH, EC and root parameters of both soybean and wheat responded significantly to the residue management practices. The infiltration rate was significantly higher with skipping the sequence of CT-Flat by ZT-Flat. Skipping the sequence of CT-Flat and bed with ZT-Flat and bed recorded higher soil mean weight diameter (MWD) and grand mean diameter (GMD) at 0- 10 cm soil depth than the counterpart by skipping of ZT-Flat and bed with CT-Flat and bed. The percentage of soil macro-aggregate was high by skipping ZT-Flat and bed with CT-flat and bed at all depths while the reverse was exhibited in case of percentage soil micro-aggregates by skipping CT-Flat and bed with ZT-Flat and bed. By skipping CT-flat and bed with ZT-flat and bed significantly higher soil MBC was recorded than the counterpart skipping tillage treatments. The same significant trend was also exhibited for soil MBC with residue management treatments, where the wheat + soybean residue application recorded 20.90 % higher than the control. Root parameters like RLD, root surface area (RSA), root volume density (RVD), average root diameter (ARD) in soybean while these were partly non-significant (RSD and RVD) in wheat with the sequential tillage and crop establishment treatments, whereas the residue management practices significantly influenced the root parameters of both the crops. Among the residue management practices, wheat + soybean residue obtained higher RLD (2.57 and 1.03 cm/cm3); RSA (0.79 and 0.32 cm2/cm3); RVD (18.11 and 7.46 Ã— 10-3 cm3/cm3) and average root diameter (1.04 and 0.85 mm) both in soybean and wheat crops than rest of the treatments. Thus, impact of short-term zero tillage is short lived for favourable soil health and root parameters when skipping with conventional tillage.

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6

Funt, Richard C., Mark C. Schmittgen, and Glen O. Schwab. "Raised Beds and Microirrigation Influence Peach Production." HortScience 32, no. 4 (July 1997): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.677.

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The performance of peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven/Siberian C.] on raised beds as compared to the conventional flat (unraised) orchard floor surface was evaluated from 1982 to 1991. The raised bed was similar to the flat bed in cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca, P, K, Mg, B, and Zn soil levels in the 0-15 cm depth. Microirrigation, using two 3.7 L.h-1 emitters per tree vs. no irrigation, was applied to trees planted in a north-south orientation on a silt loam, noncalcareous soil. Raised beds increased trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) and yield-efficiency over 5 years. Irrigation increased fruit mass mostly in years of highest evaporation. Significant year to year variations occurred in yield, fruit mass, TCA and yield efficiency. There were significant bed × year interactions for yield and TCA. Irrigation increased leaf boron content regardless of bed type. Leaf potassium was higher in flat beds. Nonirrigated trees had the lowest tree survival on the flat bed, but the opposite was true on the raised bed.

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7

Harrison, Helen C., and Jack E. Staub. "Effects of Sludge, Bed, and Genotype on Cucumber Growth and Elemental Concentrations in Fruit and Peel." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111, no. 2 (March 1986): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.111.2.205.

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Abstract Three cucumber hybrids (Cucumis sativus ‘County Fair’, ‘Calypso’, and ‘Southern Belle’) were grown in order to determine the effects of sludge application, bed type, and genotype on elemental concentration in edible plant tissue, vegetative growth, and crop yield. Actual and available soil elemental levels and soil temperature were recorded. Plants were grown in replicated field plots of silt loam amended with 90 MT/ha/year of industrial or municipal sludge and a control with no sludge application. Three bed types were used — level or flat bed, 15-cm raised bed, and 15-cm raised bed of unamended topsoil over prepared flat bed (overcover bed). Sludge and bed type had no effect on soil temperature. Highest yields were obtained from ‘County Fair’ grown on flat beds amended with municipal sludge. Consistent differences were found among genotypes for elemental accumulation in fruit and peel, with ‘Calypso’ showing the lowest levels for all elements when significant differences occurred. Sludge and bed effects on fruit and peel elemental accumulation were variable among years and elements.

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8

SHARMA, A. R., and U. K. BEHERA. "RESPONSE OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM) TO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION UNDER VARYING TILLAGE AND CROP ESTABLISHMENT PRACTICES IN GREENGRAM (VIGNA RADIATA)–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM." Experimental Agriculture 52, no. 4 (January 14, 2016): 605–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479715000277.

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SUMMARYWheat grown under zero tillage (ZT) and raised-bed following a legume crop may have a variable N requirement compared with conventionally-tilled flat-sown crop. A field experiment was conducted for two years during 2005–07 to study the effect of varying tillage (conventional and zero), crop establishment (flat and raised-bed sowing) and N fertilization (0–160 kg N ha−1) on wheat grown after greengram at New Delhi, India. Rainy-season greengram performed equally well under flat and raised-bed planting, but the seed yield was 25.9% lower under ZT than conventional tillage (CT) conditions. Wheat following greengram during winter season also showed better growth and yield under CT than ZT, as well as under flat sowing than furrow-irrigated raised-bed (FIRB) system. The grain yield was highest under CT-flat, and decreased by 5.4–9.4% under FIRB system. Nitrogen fertilization up to 120 kg N ha−1under CT and 160 kg N ha−1under ZT increased grain yield, and the optimum doses were worked out to be 147.1 and 154.2 kg ha−1, respectively. Nitrogen-use efficiency decreased with N levels but remained more or less similar under tillage and crop establishment practices. Maximum returns and B:C ratio were obtained under CT-flat, followed closely by ZT-flat.

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9

Sulzbach, LM, BH Munro, and Hirshfeld JWJr. "A randomized clinical trial of the effect of bed position after PTCA." American Journal of Critical Care 4, no. 3 (May 1, 1995): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc1995.4.3.221.

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BACKGROUND: After percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, prolonged supine bedrest with the bed flat frequently causes back pain. This study was conducted to examine whether percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty patients could adjust their bed position to make themselves comfortable without increasing the frequency or severity of bleeding complications. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the risk of bleeding increased in patients who were allowed to use their bed controls to make themselves comfortable, and if the difference in comfort was significant between patients who controlled and elevated their bed position and patients who remained flat in bed. METHOD: A randomized clinical trial was conducted; 54 patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were randomly assigned to either the control group, in which patients remained flat in bed, or the experimental group, in which they controlled their bed position. Outcome measures included amount of bleeding at the catheter sites and patient comfort. RESULTS: No difference in the amount of bleeding at catheter insertion sites was found between the two groups. Few subjects reported pain at any time. Back pain at dinner and bedtime was higher in the control group, but only the bedtime difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that patients may be allowed to adjust their bed position to 30 degrees for comfort without incurring increased risk of catheter entry site bleeding and that requiring patients to remain flat in bed has no scientific basis.

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10

NABI, Mohamed, Kosuke HORIUCHI, Yasuyuki SHIMIZU, and Ichiro KIMURA. "COMPUTATIONAL MODELLING OF FLUVIAL FLAT BED REGIME." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 69, no. 4 (2013): I_103—I_108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejhe.69.i_103.

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11

YANG, Yongdi, Muneo HIRANO, and Kesayoshi HADANO. "Friction Factors for Flat Movable Bed Flows." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 39 (1995): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.39.483.

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12

Lyn, D. A. "Resistance in Flat‐Bed Sediment‐Laden Flows." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 117, no. 1 (January 1991): 94–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1991)117:1(94).

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13

Yizhaq, Hezi, Itzhak Katra, Ori Isenberg, and Haim Tsoar. "Evolution of megaripples from a flat bed." Aeolian Research 6 (October 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.05.001.

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14

John, Arlen Hanel. "Makrofauna Tanah Sebagai Bioindikator pada Areal Perkebunan yang diberi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Pupuk." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.9.2.p.72-79.

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Research on Soil Macrofauna as Bioindicator in Plantation Areas Given Palm Oil Mill Liquid Waste as Fertilizer was conducted in 2021. Samples were taken in Long Bed, Flat Bed, and Control areas using Purposive Sampling and Squares and Hand Sorting methods. Each location is determined by 9 sampling points. Soil macrofauna samples were identified in the USU FMIPA Ecology laboratory. From the results of the study, there were 3 soil macrofauna phyla, namely the Annelida phylum, which consisted of 1 class, 1 order, 2 families, and 2 species. Phylum Arthropoda consists of 5 classes, 10 orders, 16 families, and 27 species. Phylum Mollusca consists of 1 class, 1 order, 1 family, and 1 species. The highest population density (K) was obtained from the species Macrotermes gilvus, which was 81.10 individuals/m2 in the Control area, followed by Ponthoscolex corethrurus at 78.81 individuals/m2 in the Flat Bed area. The highest relative density (KR) was found in the species Macrotermes gilvus, which was 49.1% in the control area, followed by Ponthoscolex corethrurus at 46.84% in the Long Bed area. The highest frequency of presence (FK) was found in the Ponthoscolex corethrurus species, which was 100% in the Control and Flat Bed areas, and 88.88% in the Long Bed areas. Species that can live and reproduce well as bioindicators are Ponthoscolex corethrurus in the Long Bed area, followed by the Flat Bed and Control areas. The highest diversity index value was found in the Flat Bed area, which was 3,831 with the criteria for diversity being high, the distribution of the number of individuals for each species was high, the community stability was good and the soil community had not been polluted, while the Equitabilitas value was 1,258 with the criteria for high uniformity, stable community. The application of palm oil mill effluent as fertilizer to the plantation area can increase the life of the soil macrofauna, and the physical-chemical properties of the soil.

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15

Anderson*, Natalie, and David Byrne. "Stratification Methods for Rosa Germination." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 808B—808. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.808b.

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Poor germination in Rosa has been an obstacle to breeding programs for years. Rose breeders generally stratify rose seed under cool, moist conditions for 4-10 weeks by planting directly into the seedling flat/bed or in a small container followed by planting the germinating seed into the seedling flat/bed. This experiment used 9 genotypes and compared these two approaches combined with variations in the stratification media (sand, perlite, sphagnum moss and Sunshine Mix #4). Over all stratification media and genotypes, germination was not influenced by whether the seed was stratified directly in the seedling flat/bed or in a small container. However, the process of transplantation of the delicate germinating seed from the small container to the flat/bed resulted in greater mortality of the germinating seedlings. he stratification media affected the germination of the rose seed. Sunshine Mix #4 gave the best germination as compared to all other media types tested. As expected the germination of the genotypes varied greatly, ranging from 0.7% to 37.1%.

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16

Elon, Yunus. "TEKANAN DARAH BERDASARKAN POSISI FLAT ON BED, SEMIFOWLER DAN FOWLER PADA VARIASI KELOMPOK USIA." Jurnal Skolastik Keperawatan 3, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/jsk.v3i2.746.

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Pendahuluan: Tekanan darah merupakan tanda vital untuk menentukan status kesehatan. banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi hasil pengukuran tekanan darah salah satunya adalah posisi tubuh. Pada peneitian ini akan diteliti hasil pengukuran tekanan darah setelah perubahan posisi yaitu pada posisi flat on bed, semifowler dan fowler. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasikan perbedaan hasil pengukuran tekanan darah pada perubahan posisi tubuh. Metode: metode observasi analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa/i SD, SMP dan mahasiswa Universitas Advent Indonesia yang di kategorikan dalam usia anak-anak, remaja dan dewasa. Teknik pengambilan sample yang digunakan purposive sampling dan diperoleh sampel sejumlah 69 orang. Penelitian ini dianalisa dengan menggunakan analisa statistik deskriftif dan uji T Berpasangan. Hasil: Hasil menunjukan nilai rata-rata tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik posisi flat on bed 100.17/69.39, 108.39/73.35, 114.65/71.35 mmHg, posisi semifowler yaitu 99.52/72.43, 101.78/73.83, 112,61/72.87 mmHg dan posisi fowler yaitu 102.57/71.87, 108.22/75.74, 112.91/75.78 mmHg berdasarkan kelompok usia anak-anak, remaja dan dewasa. Ada perbedaan hasil pengukuran tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik pada posisi flat on bed dan semifowler (p value < 0.05) dan diastolik posisi flat on bed dan fowler (p value <0.05). Diskusi: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat di nyatakan bahwa posisi sangat mempengaruhi tekanan darah, dimana semakin tinggi posisi kepala dari jantung maka akan semakin tinggi tekanan darah. Kata kunci: flat on bed, semifowler, fowler, posisi tubuh tekanan darah.

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17

Ram, Hari, Guriqbal Singh, Navneet Aggarwal, and H. S. Sekhon. "Effect of sowing methods, nutrients and seed rate on mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) growth, productivity and water-use efficiency." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1602.

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A experiment comprising of 18 treatments i.e. two sowing methods (flat bed - 30 cm spacing, and raisedbed with two mungbean (Vigna radiata) rows bed–1 on 67.5 cm including 30 cm furrow), three seed rates (10, 15 and 20 kg ha–1 ) and three nutrient treatments (6.25 + 20.0, 9.38 + 30.0 and 12.5 + 40.0 kg N+P2O5 ha–1 ) was conducted at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India during kharif 2007 to 2009. The mungbean grain yield recorded in 2008 was similar in 2009 but higher than 2007. The increase of 3.94% in grain yield was recorded in raised-bed than in flat bed. The grain yield recorded with seed rate of 20 kg ha–1 was higher than with 10 kg ha–1 but similar with 15 kg ha-1 in 2006 and 2008. The grain yield recorded with 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha–1 was higher (p<0.05) than other treatments. Raised-bed planting with 33.3% lesser irrigation water used recorded 3.91% lesser water use than flat bed planting and 9.77% higher water use efficiency (WUE) (p<0.05) as compared to flat bed planting. Seed rate of 20 kg ha–1 recorded 35.9 and 8.9% higher (p<0.05) WUE than with 10 and 15 kg ha-1 . The highest WUE was recorded with 12.5 kg N + 40 kg P2O5 ha–1 which was higher (p<0.05) than 6.25 kg N + 20 kg P2O5 ha–1 but at par with 9.38 kg N + 24 kg P2O5 ha–1 .

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18

Mengist, Yigerm, and Abebe Birara. "Performance Evaluation of Red Pepper Varieties and Types of Seed Bed for The Management of Root Rot (Phytophtora Capsici) Disease at Central Gondar, Northwest, Ethiopia." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN AGRICULTURE 10 (May 4, 2019): 1740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jaa.v10i0.8258.

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Root rot caused by Phytophtora capsici is one of the most important root diseases of pepper. The experiment was conducted at Denbiya and Takusa district with aimed to evaluate effective red pepper varieties and types of seed bed against root rot disease. Five red pepper varieties namely Melka Dera, Melka Oli, Melka Zala, Marco Fana, local; and two seed bed types namely flat and raised bed were used as treatments. Treatments were arranged in a factorial combination in RCBD with three replication. Result showed that the minimum incidence and severity of 28.13 % and 19.8%, respectively was recorded from Melka Oli variety transplanted in a raised bed while the maximum incidence and a severity of 51.03% and 42.8%, respectively were recorded from local red pepper in flat seed bed. The maximum grain yield of 28.81 q/ha and insignificance yield losses were recorded from Melka Oli in raised beds while the minimum grain yield and maximum yield losses 11.12q/ha and 61.44%, respectively were recorded from local red pepper in flat seed bed. Therefore, results suggested that the use of Melka Oli variety transplanted at raised seed bed is promising for significant reduction in root rot incidence and a corresponding increase in yield of red pepper.

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19

Yan, Ge, Heqin Cheng, Lizhi Teng, Wei Xu, Yuehua Jiang, Guoqiang Yang, and Quanping Zhou. "Analysis of the Use of Geomorphic Elements Mapping to Characterize Subaqueous Bedforms Using Multibeam Bathymetric Data in River System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217692.

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Riverbed micro-topographical features, such as crest and trough, flat bed, and scour pit, indicate the evolution of fluvial geomorphology, and have an influence on the stability of underwater structures and overall scour pits. Previous studies on bedform feature extraction have focused mainly on the rhythmic bed surface morphology and have extracted crest and trough, while flat bed and scour pit have been ignored. In this study, to extend the feature description of riverbeds, geomorphic elements mapping was used by employing three geomorphic element classification methods: Wood’s criteria, a self-organization map (SOM) technique, and geomorphons. The results showed that geomorphic element mapping can be controlled by adjusting the slope tolerance and curvature tolerance of Wood’s criteria, using the map unit number and combination of the SOM technique and the flatness of geomorphons. Relatively flat bed can be presented using “plane”, “flat planar”, and “flat” elements, while scour pit can be presented using a “pit” element. A comparison of the difference between parameter settings for landforms and bedforms showed that SOM using 8 or 10 map units is applicable for land and underwater surface and is thus preferentially recommended for use. Furthermore, the use of geomorphons is recommended as the optimal method for characterizing bedform features because it provides a simple element map in the absence of area loss.

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20

Ziaf, Haider, Malik, Anwar, and Riaz. "Optimizing Planting Method and Fertilizer Application Rate for Producing High Quality Nursery of Onion cv. Phulkara." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036084.

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Onion (Allium cepa L.), locally famous as “Piaz”, occupies a prominent place among commercial crops of Pakistan, by supplementing the income of small/marginal land-hold farmers. One of the major constraints of onion farming in Pakistan is poor nursery due to adoption of traditional planting methods and overfertilization, which ultimately increases cost of production and loss of resources. The current study, comprised of two experiments, was carried out at Vegetable Area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, to determine the most suitable nursery raising system and fertilizer application rate for onion nursery in order to get maximum plant population of good quality seedlings. The first experiment comprised of four different nursery growing methods: (1) flat bed + broadcast sowing, (2) flat bed + line sowing, (3) raised bed (6 inches height from ground surface) + broadcast sowing, and (4) raised bed + line sowing. The largest plant population, and highest plant fresh and dry weights were obtained on flat beds under line sowing. The smallest plant population was obtained on raised beds under broadcast sowing, however, the lowest fresh and dry weights of seedlings were found with flat beds under broadcast sowing. The second experiment comprised of three diammonium phosphate (DAP) application rates (50 g, 100 g and 150 g per 272.25 ft−2 applied at one-week interval) and a control. The maximum shoot and root lengths as well as fresh and dry weights were obtained with 100 g DAP 272 ft−2. In conclusion, line sowing on flat beds and application of 100g DAP 272 ft−2 at one-week interval produced high quality nursery of onion cv. Phulkara. But, flat bed system must be coupled with proper drainage to avoid excessive water due to frequent rainfall in tropical areas.

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21

Sherman, Douglas J. "Megaripple/Flat Bed Transition in Rip Current Channels." Journal of Coastal Research 85 (May 2018): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2112/si85-050.1.

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22

ASANO, TOSHIYUKI. "Analysis of oscillating flow on flat movable bed." PROCEEDINGS OF COASTAL ENGINEERING, JSCE 36 (1989): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proce1989.36.249.

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23

Radcliff, Kristen E., Gursukhman D. S. Sidhu, Christopher K. Kepler, Jordan Gruskay, David Greg Anderson, Alan Hilibrand, Todd J. Albert, and Alexander R. Vaccaro. "Complications of Flat Bed Rest After Incidental Durotomy." Clinical Spine Surgery 29, no. 7 (August 2016): 281–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0b013e31827d7ad8.

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24

Falk, Howard. "Flat‐bed, sheet‐fed and hand‐held scanners." Electronic Library 12, no. 1 (January 1994): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb045274.

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25

Yi, Zijing, Yi Sun, Xiekang Wang, Daoxudong Liu, and Xufeng Yan. "Numerical analysis of hydrodynamics influenced by a deformed bed due to a near-bank vegetation patch." Water Supply 22, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 1546–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.334.

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Abstract This study uses a 2D hydro-morphological model to analyze hydrodynamics over flat and deformed beds with a near-bank vegetation patch. By varying the patch density, the generalized results show that the hydrodynamics over deformed beds differs a lot from those over flat beds. It is found that the deformed bed topography leads to an apparent decrease in longitudinal velocity and bed shear stress in the open region and longitudinal surface gradient for the entire vegetated reach. However, the transverse flow motion and transverse surface gradient in the region of the leading edge and trailing edge is enhanced or maintained, suggesting the strengthening of secondary flow motion. Interestingly, the deformed bed topography tends to alleviate the horizontal shear caused by the junction-interface horizontal coherent vortices, indicating that the turbulence-induced flow mixing is highly inhibited as the bed is deformed. The interior flow adjustment through the patch for the deformed bed requires a shorter distance, La, which is related to the vegetative drag length, (Cda)−1, with a logarithmic formula (La = 0.4ln[(Cda)−1] + b, with b = 3.83 and 4.03 for the deformed and flat beds). The sloping bed topographic effect in the open region accelerating the flow may account for the quick flow adjustment.

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26

Ibrahim, P. A., A. U. Gbanguba, J. N. Eze, and Yabagi A. Abdullah. "Effects of Different Seed Beds and Intercropping Systems on Weed Growth and Productivity of Sorghum and Sunflower at Badeggi, Central Nigeria." British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 3, no. 2 (January 3, 2023): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0064.

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The trial was carried out at the experimental field of National Cereals Research Institute Badeggi during the 2020 and 2021 cropping seasons. The main objective was to determine the effects of different seed beds and intercropping system on weed growth and productivity of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and Sunflower (Helianthus annuus). The different seed beds were: ridge, flat and broad bed while the cropping systems were sole Sorghum, sole Sunflower and Sorghum / Sunflower intercrop. The results showed highest weed density and dry matter/m2 were recorded in sole Sorghum planted on ridge while the least weed density and dry matter/m2 were found in Sorghum /Sunflower intercrop planted on broad bed. Tallest Sorghum plants were recorded when intercropped with Sunflower on flat while the highest Sorghum grain yield was obtained in sole plots planted on broad bed. The height of Sunflower was not affected by both seed bed types and intercrop while the highest and least grain yield of Sunflower were obtained when planted sole on flat and ridge respectively. Planting of Sorghum/Sunflower intercrop on broad bed controlled weed most and sole Sorghum on broad bed gave the highest Sorghum grain yield while maximum Sunflower grain yield was produced in sole planting hence be practiced by farmers

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27

Maloney, K. E., W. F. Wilcox, and J. C. Sanford. "Raised Beds and Metalaxyl for Controlling Phytophthora Root Rot of Raspberry." HortScience 28, no. 11 (November 1993): 1106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.11.1106.

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`Titan' red raspberry (Rubis idaeus L.), highly susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora fragariae Hickman var. rubi Wilcox & Duncan (syns. P. erythroseptica Pethyb., “highly pathogenic” P. megasperma Drechs.), was planted in June 1990 in a silt loam naturally infested with the pathogen. Raked beds (0.36 m high) dramatically reduced disease incidence and severity relative to flatbed treatments. In contrast, metalaxyl at 372 mg·m-1 of row provided little benefit when applied to flat beds and provided consistently moderate but statistically insignificant effects when applied to raised beds. Relative to the flat bed system, primocane vigor was increased in 1992 by 16%, 190%, and 224% in the flat bed plus metalaxyl, raised bed, and raised bed plus metalaxyl treatments, respectively; total yields were increased by 7%, 231%, and 272% with these same respective treatment. The results indicate that raised-bed planting systems can provide substantial control of phytophthora root rot of red raspberries even when highly susceptible varieties are grown on otherwise marginal sites. Metalaxyl appears more effective as a supplement rather than substitute for raised beds under such conditions. Chemical name used: N- (2,6-dimethylphenyl) -N- (methoxyacetyl)alanine methyl ester (metalaxyl).

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Islam, MS, H. Saif, MR Islam, Q. Naher, and ASMMR Khan. "Soil salinity management for increasing potato yield in the coastal area of southern Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 655–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v43i4.39164.

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The study was conducted at farmers’ field of Charfashion upazila in Bhola district under AEZ-18 during the Rabi season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 to find out suitable soil salinity management practice(s) for maximizing potato yield as well as farmers’ income. Two planting systems viz. raised bed and flat land, and four management systems with fertilizers and mulching were considered in a factorial experiment. The rate of increase in soil salinity in raised beds was significantly lower than that of flat land. On an average, raised bed planting produced 13.04% higher tuber yield than flat land planting. The combination of raised bed + recommended fertilizer (RF) with cowdung @ 5 t ha-1 as IPNS+ straw mulch (@ 3.5 t ha-1) produced the highest tuber yield in both the years (average 21.66 t ha-1) and it was 75.10% higher than flat planting system with no mulch. This treatment combination also provided the highest average gross margin (Tk. 115945 ha-1) and BCR (2.26). Besides, combination of raised bed + RF+25% K+ straw mulch provided average tuber yield (20.91 t ha-1), gross margin (Tk. 110969 ha-1) and BCR (2.25), which were very close to above treatment combination. The lowest average potato yield (12.51 t ha-1), gross margin (Tk. 39835 ha-1) and BCR (1.50) were obtained from combination of flat land planting + RF +no mulching. So, combination of raised bed + mulching+ RF along with IPNS basis cowdung @ 5 tha-1 or 25% extra K can help minimize soil salinity and produce significantly higher potato yield in the coastal areas.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 43(4): 655-668, December 2018

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Haque, Mohammad Asadul. "Identifying coastal saline soil management practices to reduce land degradation and increase crop production in Bangladesh." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 44, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v44i2.51459.

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A consecutive three year duration field experiment was carried out to identify which of a suitable mulch material and a planting bed or their combinations potentially reduce salt accumulation in soil and increase snake gourd yield in coastal saline soils. There were nine treatment combinations having three kinds of mulch materials: no mulch (control), rice straw mulch and plastic mulch, and three kinds of planting beds: convex bed, flat bed and concave bed. Plastic mulch reduced electrical conductivity of soil by 32% and increased soil temperature by 23% and gravimetric soil moisture content by 25% over control treatment. Plastic mulch had a fruit yield of 30.73, 28.06 and 26.32 t ha-1, which was 72, 237 and 268 % higher than control treatment in 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively. The convex bed planting had significantly higher fruit yield than flat bed and concave bed planting. Plastic mulching and convex bed planting may therefore be recommended for reducing soil salinity and improving snake gourd yield in coastal saline regions. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 2, 145-159, 2020

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30

NEZU, Iehisa, Kouki ONITSUKA, and Keiji ESAKI. "TURBULENT STRUCTURE IN OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW OVER FLAT BED WITH BED-LOAD TRANSPORT." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 43 (1999): 755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.43.755.

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P.K. KINGRA and R. K. MAHEY. "Moisture extraction pattern and ET-yield models in wheat under different management practices in central Punjab." Journal of Agrometeorology 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v15i1.1438.

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Under water limiting conditions, evaluation of sensitivity of crop growth stages to evapotranspiration is indispensable for efficient and judicious use of irrigation water. The present investigation was carried out at the research farm, School of Climate Change and Agricultural Meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during rabi 2006-07 and 2007-08. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with two planting methods i.e. flat planting (F) and planting on raised beds (B) and five irrigation levels. Flat planting method recorded higher soil moisture depletion / ET as compared to bed planting during both the years of investigation. During 2006-07, soil moisture depletion for rainfed and four post-sowing irrigation treatments was 256 and 376 mm for bed planted, whereas it was 285 and 402 mm for flat sown crop, respectively. Similarly during 2007-08, soil water depletion for the corresponding treatments was 286 and 437 mm for bed planted; whereas it was 337 and 467 mm for flat sown crop. Multiplicative and additive ET and yield models suggested reproductive growth to be the most sensitive crop growth stage to soil moisture.

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32

Shuster, Melanie Horbal, L. Kathleen Sekula, John C. Kern, and Jorge A. Vazquez. "Measuring Intrabladder Pressure With the Head of the Bed Elevated 30º: Evidence to Support a Change in Practice." American Journal of Critical Care 20, no. 4 (July 1, 2011): e80-e89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/ajcc2011744.

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Background A 30° head-of-bed elevation is recommended for most critically ill patients. Measuring intrabladder pressure with the patient in this position is controversial. Objective To assess the feasibility of measuring intrabladder pressure with a 30° head-of-bed elevation. Methods A prospective, randomized, and experimental study. Patients had intrabladder pressure measured first while positioned supine with a 30° head-of-bed elevation and 25 mL of saline instilled into the bladder and again after the patients were randomly repositioned to supine without any head-of-bed elevation (flat) or with a 30° head-of-bed elevation while supine or in right lateral or left lateral position with either 25, 50, or 200 mL of saline instilled into the patient’s bladder. Results Intrabladder pressures measured with the patient in all 3 head-of-bed elevated positions were higher than pressures measured with patients supine and flat after instillation of 25 mL of saline into the bladder, but intrabladder pressure did not differ between the 30° head-of-bed elevated positions and the supine and flat positions when 50 or 200 mL of saline was instilled into the bladder. Two-way analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between volume of saline instilled (P = .05), patient’s position (P = .007), and bladder instill volume and position interaction (P = .004). Conclusion It is feasible to measure intrabladder pressure with a 30° head-of-bed elevation, and that position could be an alternative to supine positioning of patients for measurement of intrabladder pressure.

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33

Linn, Rodman R., Judith L. Winterkamp, David R. Weise, and Carleton Edminster. "A numerical study of slope and fuel structure effects on coupled wildfire behaviour." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 2 (2010): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07120.

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Slope and fuel structure are commonly accepted as major factors affecting the way wildfires behave. However, it is possible that slope affects fire differently depending on the fuel bed. Six FIRETEC simulations using three different fuel beds on flat and upslope topography were used to examine this possibility. Fuel beds resembling grass, chaparral, and ponderosa pine forests were created in such a way that there were two specific locations with identical local fuel beds located around them. These fuel beds were each used for a flat-terrain simulation and an idealised-hill simulation in order to isolate the impacts of the topography without the complications of having different local fuels. In these simulations, fuel bed characteristics have a significant effect on the spread rate and perimeter shape of the fires on both flat ground and on the idealised smooth hill topography. The analysis showed that these simulated fires evolved as they travelled between the locations even on flat ground, and the accelerations and decelerations that affect the fire occurred at different times and at different rates depending on the fuel bed. The results of these simulations and analyses indicate that though some general principles are true for all fuel beds, there are differences in the way that fires react to non-homogeneous topographies depending on the fuel bed.

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34

Zaman, R., A. R. Akanda, S. K. Biswas, and M. R. Islam. "Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Raised Bed Wheat Cultivation." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 50, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0032.

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Abstract The experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Regional Agricultural Research station, BARI, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh, to determine the water requirements of wheat on raised bed and the effect of different deficit irrigation on yield, water use efficiency and applied water productivity under raised bed wheat. This study consisted of following irrigation treatments: T1 = Irrigations up to 100% field capacity (FC) at crown root initiation (CRI), botting and grain filling stages (flat bed), T2 = Irrigations up to 100% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed, T3 = Irrigations up to 80% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed and T4 = Irrigations up to 60% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed and laid out in a randomize complete block design with three replications. The result showed that significant effect of irrigation treatments were observed on plant height, spike per m2 and grain yield. Highest grain yield (4.66 t/ha) was obtained from treatment, irrigations up to 100% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed, followed by irrigation up to 100% FC at same stages on flat bed. At raised bed wheat cultivation saving 14.30% water with increasing 15.66% grain yield than flat bed. Besides, comparing deficit irrigation (20% and 40% of full irrigation) and full irrigation condition on raised bed seeding system water use could be reduced about 4.18% to 5.57%, while scarifying 18.20% to 32.33% grain yield, where reduced 14.17% to 27.54% water use efficiency. Maximum applied water productivity 1.81 kg m−3 was observed in raised bed full irrigation condition. The rate of daily evaporation started to increase as the temperature started to rise and humidity started to decrease during the crop growing period. The results will be helpful for taking policy decision regarding efficient irrigation and water management under prevailing water scarce situation.

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35

Paryani, Mukesh, Neeraj Israni, Shruti Kochar, and Karishma Aggarwal. "Microkeratome chronicles: Management of a free flap." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 71, no. 7 (July 2023): 2926–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_756_23.

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Background: In LASIK (laser in situ keratomileusis), a hinged corneal flap is made, which enables the flap to be lifted and the excimer laser to be applied to the stromal bed. If the hinge of the corneal flap detaches from the cornea, the flap is called a free cap. A free cap is a rare intra-operative complication of LASIK most commonly associated with the use of a microkeratome on corneas with flat keratometry, which predisposes to a small flap diameter. Free caps are preventable and treatable. Rarely does the complication lead to a severe or permanent decrease in visual acuity. Purpose: As free caps are avoidable, prevention is critical. Our video gives some tips and tricks on how to avoid a free flap and also focuses on how to manage a cut through a free flap. Synopsis: If a free cap is created, the surgeon must decide whether to continue with excimer laser ablation or to abort the procedure. When to abort: If the stromal bed is irregular, the flap is replaced without applying laser ablation. Without ablation, generally, there is no change in refractive error or significant loss of visual acuity. When to continue: If the stromal bed is regular and the cap is of normal thickness, the surgeon may proceed with ablation. To prevent desiccation, the free cap should be handled with caution and should be placed on a drop of balanced salt solution. The free cap should be placed epithelial facing up, along with a bandage contact lens. The endothelial cell pump mechanism typically allows the cap to re-adhere tightly. Highlights: Risk factors for a free cap are generally anatomic or mechanical. Especially in flat corneas, an appropriate ring and stop size should be chosen looking at the nomogram on the basis of the keratometry values. Deep orbits and deep-seated eyes should be looked for as PRK is a better option in such cases. Inadequate suction should be dealt with a lot of care, and once this is done, the vacuum should be stopped. Re-docking of the microkeratome with suction can be done again. Prior testing of the microkeratome and a good verbal anesthesia are a few more such important points to be pondered upon. This video gives us such tips and is a comprehensive video for a novice surgeon performing microkeratome LASIK. Video link: https://youtu.be/piU9nK6rbm4 Key words: Flat cornea, free flap, microkeratome LASIK

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36

Beecher, H. G., B. W. Dunn, J. A. Thompson, E. Humphreys, S. K. Mathews, and J. Timsina. "Effect of raised beds, irrigation and nitrogen management on growth, water use and yield of rice in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 10 (2006): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04136.

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To remain economically and environmentally sustainable, Australian rice growers need to be able to readily respond to market opportunities and increase cropping system productivity and water productivity. Water availability is decreasing whereas its price is increasing. Alternative irrigation layouts and water management approaches could contribute to reduced water use and increased irrigation efficiency. This paper reports results for the first crop (rice) in a cropping system experiment to compare permanent raised bed and conventional layouts on a transitional red-brown earth at Coleambally, New South Wales. The performance of conventional ponded rice grown on a flat layout was compared with rice grown on 1.84-m wide, raised beds with furrow and subsurface drip irrigation. In addition, deep and shallow ponded water depth treatments (15 and 5 cm water depth over the beds) were imposed on the rice on beds during the reproductive period. A range of nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates (0–180 kg N/ha) was applied to all treatments. The traditional flat flooded treatment (Flat) achieved the highest grain yield of 12.7 t/ha, followed by the deep (Bed 15) and shallow (Bed 5) ponded beds (10.2 and 10.1 t/ha, respectively). The furrow (Furrow) irrigated bed treatment yielded 9.4 t/ha and the furrow/drip (Furr/Drip) treatment yielded the lowest grain yield (8.3 t/ha). Grain yield from all bed treatments was reduced owing to the wide furrows (0.8 m between edge rows on adjacent beds), which were not planted to rice. Rice crop water use was significantly different between the layout–irrigation treatments. The Flat, Bed 5 and Bed 15 treatments had similar input (irrigation + rainfall – surface drainage) water use (mean of 18.3 ML/ha). The water use for the Furrow treatment was 17.2 ML/ha and for the Furr/Drip treatment, 15.1 ML/ha. Input WP of the Flat treatment (0.68 t/ML) was higher than the raised bed treatments, which were all similar (mean 0.55 t/ML). This single season experiment shows that high yielding rice crops can be successfully grown on raised beds, but when beds are ponded after panicle initiation, there is no water saving compared with rice grown on a conventional flat layout. Preliminary recommendations for the growing of rice on raised beds are that the crop be grown as a flooded crop in a bankless channel layout. This assists with weed control and allows flooding for cold temperature protection, which is necessary with current varieties. Until we find effective herbicides and other methods of weed control and N application that do not require ponding, there is little scope for saving water while maintaining yield on suitable rice soil through the use of beds.

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37

Cavero, J., R. Gil Ortega, and C. Zaragoza. "Clear Plastic Mulch Improved Seedling Emergence of Direct-seeded Pepper." HortScience 31, no. 1 (February 1996): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.1.70.

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Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. `Piquillo de Lodosa') was seeded and then covered with clear plastic mulch, and various cultural practices to improve seedling emergence were compared. Planting dates (8, 12, and 25 Apr. 1991), seeding systems (raised bed vs. flat, 1991), and one or two rows per bed (1991 and 1992, respectively) were evaluated for their effects on stand establishment and yield. Plant stand was 60% when seed was under plastic mulch, compared to 0% when no mulch was used. Maximum plant stand was obtained 4 weeks after seeding in mulched soil. With plastic mulch, earlier (on or before 12 Apr.) season plantings were best because soil temperatures were so high (≥35C) later as to reduce plant stands. The risk of excessive high temperatures was greater when seeding was on a raised bed rather than flat ground; however, using plastic mulch, temperatures were higher, often resulting in acceptable plant stands regardless of bed arrangement. Higher yields were realized with raised beds compared to flat ground sowing. When two rows per bed were used, higher temperatures on the south side reduced emergence compared to the north side of the east–west-oriented beds. Direct seeding of pepper appears to be commercially acceptable in our Mediterranean conditions, provided seed is under plastic mulch and seeding is completed on or before 12 Apr.

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38

Shetty, Nischit V., and Todd C. Wehner. "Evaluation of Oriental Trellis Cucumbers for Production in North Carolina." HortTechnology 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 130a. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.130a.

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Eighteen cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars (15 oriental trellis and three standard American slicers) were grown on trellis and flat-bed production systems during the spring and summer seasons of 1995. Vine, flower, fruit quality, keeping ability, and yield traits were measured. Vine length, incidence of powdery mildew, fruit shape, fruit quality, fruit firmness, yield of Fancy plus No. 1 grade slicer fruits, marketable yield, and percentage of culled fruits were all higher when cultivars were grown on trellis support. Anthracnose damage, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit mass, fruit color, overall impression, fruit shriveling, seedcell size, branch number, percentage of staminate nodes, and total yield were not significantly affected by production system. The best cultivars for marketable yield (mass of Fancy, No. 1 and 2 grade slicers) were `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `Sprint 440' on trellis support and `Sprint 440' and `Poinsett 76' on flat bed. The cultivars with the best fruit quality were `Tasty Bright', `Summer Top', and `Sprint 440' on trellis and `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `Tasty Bright' on flat bed. The best cultivars overall on the trellis production system were `Sprint 440', `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `89-211', and the worst were `Sky Horse', `Hongzhou Green 55', and `Fengyan'. The best cultivars overall on the flat bed were `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `89-211', while the worst cultivars were `Sky Horse' and `Hongzhou Green 55'.

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39

Shetty, Nischit V., and Todd C. Wehner. "Evaluation of Oriental Trellis Cucumbers for Production in North Carolina." HortScience 33, no. 5 (August 1998): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.5.891.

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Eighteen cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars (15 oriental trellis and three standard American slicers) were grown on trellis and flat-bed production systems during the spring and summer seasons of 1995. Vine, flower, fruit quality, keeping ability, and yield traits were measured. Vine length, incidence of powdery mildew, fruit shape, fruit quality, fruit firmness, yield of Fancy plus No. 1 grade slicer fruits, marketable yield, and percentage of culled fruits were all higher when cultivars were grown on trellis support. Anthracnose damage, fruit length, fruit diameter, average fruit mass, fruit color, overall impression, fruit shriveling, seedcell size, branch number, percentage of staminate nodes, and total yield were not significantly affected by production system. The best cultivars for marketable yield (mass of Fancy, No. 1 and 2 grade slicers) were `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `Sprint 440' on trellis support and `Sprint 440' and `Poinsett 76' on flat bed. The cultivars with the best fruit quality were `Tasty Bright', `Summer Top', and `Sprint 440' on trellis and `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `Tasty Bright' on flat bed. The best cultivars overall on the trellis production system were `Sprint 440', `Summer Top', `Tasty Bright', and `89-211', and the worst were `Sky Horse', `Hongzhou Green 55', and `Fengyan'. The best cultivars overall on the flat bed were `Poinsett 76', `Sprint 440', and `89-211', while the worst cultivars were `Sky Horse' and `Hongzhou Green 55'.

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40

NEZU, Iehisa, Kouki ONITSUKA, Masa-aki KURATA, and Keiji ESAKI. "Characteristics of Turbulent Structure over Movable Flat Sand Bed." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 621 (1999): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1999.621_65.

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41

Winterwerp, Johan C., Maarten B. de Groot, Dick R. Mastbergen, and Henk Verwoert. "Hyperconcentrated Sand‐Water Mixture Flows Over a Flat Bed." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 116, no. 1 (January 1990): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1990)116:1(36).

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42

Monazam, Esmail R., Ronald W. Breault, Justin Weber, and Ky Layfield. "Minimum spouting velocity of flat-base spouted fluid bed." Particuology 36 (February 2018): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2017.02.008.

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43

Schmitt and Eggers. "Flat-bed scanning as a tool for quantitative neuroimaging." Journal of Microscopy 196, no. 3 (December 1999): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2818.1999.00604.x.

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44

Constantin, A. "Stokes waves in water with a non-flat bed." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 740 (January 8, 2014): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.635.

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AbstractWe investigate the relevance of Stokes waves for the propagation of ocean swell in the absence of strong currents. By providing estimates for the depth of the near-surface layer to which the main effects of a Stokes flow are confined, we show that wind-generated uniform wave trains can be modelled as Stokes waves over a fictitious flat bed, immersed in the water. Throughout the lower parts of this layer the deviations of the flow from a pure current are negligible.

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45

Schmid, H. G. "Characterization of MMC's and PMC's using Flat Bed Scanners." Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 33, no. 4 (April 2002): 190–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4052(200204)33:4<190::aid-mawe190>3.0.co;2-#.

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46

Willetts, Brian B., and And M. Ann Rice. "Particle dislodgement from a flat sand bed by wind." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 13, no. 8 (December 1988): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3290130806.

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47

Lei, Song, Jun Sheng Wang, Min Gang Shen, Xue Bo Chen, and Sheng Li Li. "Vacuum Flat Bed Filter Control System for Cold Strip Rolling Mill." Advanced Materials Research 152-153 (October 2010): 1561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.152-153.1561.

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The vacuum flat bed filter is important equipment for the cold strip rolling because the surface quality of cold rolled strip is paid more attention by customer. In the paper, the function, mechanical structure and operation modes of the vacuum flat bed filter for cold strip rolling mill are introduced. The control logic of emulsion liquid level in the filter is discussed. The filter fabric running modes are designed. The control system for vacuum filter is developed based on PCS7 software and S7-400 PLC hardware of SIMENS.

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48

Termini, Donatella. "Experimental Analysis of Horizontal Turbulence of Flow over Flat and Deformed Beds." Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics 62, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2015): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/heem-2015-0021.

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AbstractLaboratory experiments in a straight flume were carried out to examine the evolution of large-scale horizontal turbulent structures under flat-bed and deformed-bed conditions. In this paper, the horizontal turbulence of flow under these conditions is analyzed and compared. The conditioned quadrant method is applied to verify the occurrence of turbulent events. The distributions of horizontal Reynolds shear stress and turbulent kinetic energy are also presented and discussed. Results show the occurrence of an “initial” sequence of horizontal vortices whose average spatial length scales with the channel width. Under deformed-bed conditions, this spatial length does not change.

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49

VAN OYEN, TOMAS, and PAOLO BLONDEAUX. "Grain sorting effects on the formation of tidal sand waves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 629 (June 15, 2009): 311–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112009006387.

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A model is developed to investigate the process which leads to the formation of sand waves in shallow tidal seas characterized by a heterogeneous sea bed composition. The main goal of the analysis is the evaluation of the effects that a graded sediment has on the formation of the bottom forms and the investigation of the sorting process induced by the growth of the bottom forms. The analysis is based on the study of the stability of the flat bed configuration, i.e. small amplitude perturbations are added to the flat bottom and a linear analysis of their time development is made. For an oscillatory tidal current dominated by one tidal constituent, the results show that the graded sediment can stabilize or destabilize the flat bottom configuration with respect to the uniform sediment case, depending on the standard deviation σ* of the grain size distribution and on the ratio between the horizontal tidal excursion and the water depth. For moderate values of , i.e. values just larger than the critical value for which the sediment is moved and sand waves appear, the presence of a sand mixture stabilizes the flat bed. On the other hand, for large values of , the mixture has a destabilizing effect. In both cases the effect that a sand mixture has on the stability of the flat bed configuration is relatively small. Moreover, for moderate values of , the fine fraction of the mixture tends to pile up at the crests of the bottom forms while the coarse fraction moves towards the troughs. For large values of , the grain size distribution depends on the value of σ*. The results are physically interpreted and provide a possible explanation of the apparently conflicting field observations of the grain size distribution along the sand wave profile, carried out in the North Sea.

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Proença, Barbara, Florian Ganthy, Richard Michalet, and Aldo Sottolichio. "Observations of Tidal Flat Sedimentation within a Native and an Exotic Spartina Species." Water 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111566.

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Field measurements of bed elevation and related wave events were performed within a tidal marsh, on two cordgrass species, Spartina anglica (exotic) and Spartina maritima (native), in the Bay of Arcachon (SW France). Bed- and water-level time series were used to infer on the sediment behavior patterns from short to long term. A consistent response was found between the bed-level variation and the wave forcing, with erosion occurring during storms and accretion during low energy periods. Such behavior was observed within the two species, but the magnitude of bed-level variation was higher within the native than the exotic Spartina. These differences, in the order of millimeters, were explained by the opposite allocation of biomass of the two species. On the long term, the sedimentation/erosion patterns were dominated by episodic storm events. A general sediment deficit was observed on the site, suggested by an overall bed-level decrease registered within both species. However, further verification of within species variation needs to be considered when drawing conclusions. Despite possible qualitative limitations of the experimental design, due to single point survey, this work provides original and considerable field data to the understanding the different species ability to influence bed sediment stabilization and their potential to build marsh from the mudflat pioneer stage. Such information is valuable for coastal management in the context of global change.

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