Статті в журналах: "Fixed Target Experiment"

1

Meehan, Kathryn C. "The fixed-target experiment at STAR." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 742 (August 2016): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/742/1/012022.

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2

Adamovich, M., M. Adinolfi, Y. Alexandrov, C. Angelini, C. Bacci, D. Barberis, D. Barney, et al. "Trigger for the WA92 fixed-target beauty experiment." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 44, no. 1-3 (November 1995): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(95)80067-0.

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3

Massacrier, L., M. Anselmino, R. Arnaldi, S. J. Brodsky, V. Chambert, W. den Dunnen, J. P. Didelez, et al. "Studies of Transverse-Momentum-Dependent Distributions with a Fixed-Target ExpeRiment Using the LHC Beams (AFTER@LHC)." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 40 (January 2016): 1660107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194516601071.

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We report on the studies of Transverse-Momentum-Dependent distributions (TMDs) at a future fixed-target experiment –AFTER@LHC– using the [Formula: see text] or Pb ion LHC beams, which would be the most energetic fixed-target experiment ever performed. AFTER@LHC opens new domains of particle and nuclear physics by complementing collider-mode experiments, in particular those of RHIC and the EIC projects. Both with an extracted beam by a bent crystal or with an internal gas target, the luminosity achieved by AFTER@LHC surpasses that of RHIC by up to 3 orders of magnitude. With an unpolarised target, it allows for measurements of TMDs such as the Boer-Mulders quark distributions and the distribution of unpolarised and linearly polarised gluons in unpolarised protons. Using polarised targets, one can access the quark and gluon Sivers TMDs through single transverse-spin asymmetries in Drell-Yan and quarkonium production. In terms of kinematics, the fixed-target mode combined with a detector covering [Formula: see text] allows one to measure these asymmetries at large [Formula: see text] in the polarised nucleon.

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4

Gertsenberger, Konstantin. "Event Display for the Fixed Target Experiment BM@N." EPJ Web of Conferences 108 (2016): 02022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201610802022.

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5

Gemme, C. "Beauty hadroproduction at fixed target in the WA92 experiment." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 75, no. 3 (April 1999): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(99)00328-x.

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6

Rabe, Patrick, John H. Beale, Agata Butryn, Pierre Aller, Anna Dirr, Pauline A. Lang, Danny N. Axford, et al. "Anaerobic fixed-target serial crystallography." IUCrJ 7, no. 5 (August 21, 2020): 901–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252520010374.

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Cryogenic X-ray diffraction is a powerful tool for crystallographic studies on enzymes including oxygenases and oxidases. Amongst the benefits that cryo-conditions (usually employing a nitrogen cryo-stream at 100 K) enable, is data collection of dioxygen-sensitive samples. Although not strictly anaerobic, at low temperatures the vitreous ice conditions severely restrict O2 diffusion into and/or through the protein crystal. Cryo-conditions limit chemical reactivity, including reactions that require significant conformational changes. By contrast, data collection at room temperature imposes fewer restrictions on diffusion and reactivity; room-temperature serial methods are thus becoming common at synchrotrons and XFELs. However, maintaining an anaerobic environment for dioxygen-dependent enzymes has not been explored for serial room-temperature data collection at synchrotron light sources. This work describes a methodology that employs an adaptation of the `sheet-on-sheet' sample mount, which is suitable for the low-dose room-temperature data collection of anaerobic samples at synchrotron light sources. The method is characterized by easy sample preparation in an anaerobic glovebox, gentle handling of crystals, low sample consumption and preservation of a localized anaerobic environment over the timescale of the experiment (<5 min). The utility of the method is highlighted by studies with three X-ray-radiation-sensitive Fe(II)-containing model enzymes: the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent L-arginine hydroxylase VioC and the DNA repair enzyme AlkB, as well as the oxidase isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), which is involved in the biosynthesis of all penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics.

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7

Topilskaya, Nataliya, and Alexey Kurepin. "Some proposed fixed target experiments with the LHC beams." EPJ Web of Conferences 204 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920403002.

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The physics opportunities offered by using the multi-TeV LHC beams for a fixed target experiment have been widely discussed in recent years. This mode is convenient to investigate rare processes of particle production and polarization phenomena because the expected luminosity exceeds the luminosity of the collider. The main physical goals of these experiments are: i) investigations of the large-x gluon, antiquark and heavy quark content in the nucleon and nucleus; ii) investigations of the dynamics and spin of quarks and gluons inside nucleus; iii) studies of the ion-ion collisions between SPS and RHIC energies towards large rapidities. With the LHC lead beam energy scan on a fixed target it would be possible to investigate the energy range up to 72 GeV to search for the critical point for the phase transition to the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP).

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8

Gertsenberger, K. V. "The unified database for the fixed target experiment BM@N." Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters 13, no. 5 (September 2016): 634–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1547477116050228.

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9

Brodsky, S. J., F. Fleuret, C. Hadjidakis, and J. P. Lansberg. "Physics opportunities of a fixed-target experiment using LHC beams." Physics Reports 522, no. 4 (January 2013): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2012.10.001.

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10

Lansberg, Jean-Philippe, Gianluca Cavoto, Cynthia Hadjidakis, Jibo He, Cédric Lorcé, and Barbara Trzeciak. "Physics at a Fixed-Target Experiment Using the LHC Beams." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/319654.

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11

Pugatch, V. "Heavy-Ion and Fixed-Target Physics in LHCb." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 64, no. 7 (September 17, 2019): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe64.7.619.

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Selected results of the LHCb experiment on heavy ion collisions studied in the collider and fixed-target modes are presented. The clear evidence of the impact of the production mechanism (prompt/delayed, p-p or p-Pb systems) on the pT and rapidity distributions for J/ф, D0 and ϒ(ns) species is demonstrated. The interpretation of the observations in frames of theoretical models is briefly discussed. Some original results, as well as prospects of fixed-target mode studies, are presented.

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12

Massacrier, L., M. Anselmino, R. Arnaldi, S. J. Brodsky, V. Chambert, C. Da Silva, J. P. Didelez, et al. "Physics perspectives with AFTER@LHC (A Fixed Target ExpeRiment at LHC)." EPJ Web of Conferences 171 (2018): 10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817110001.

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AFTER@LHC is an ambitious fixed-target project in order to address open questions in the domain of proton and neutron spins, Quark Gluon Plasma and high-x physics, at the highest energy ever reached in the fixed-target mode. Indeed, thanks to the highly energetic 7 TeV proton and 2.76 A.TeV lead LHC beams, center-of-mass energies as large as [see formula in PDF] = 115 GeV in pp/pA and [see formula in PDF] = 72 GeV in AA can be reached, corresponding to an uncharted energy domain between SPS and RHIC. We report two main ways of performing fixed-target collisions at the LHC, both allowing for the usage of one of the existing LHC experiments. In these proceedings, after discussing the projected luminosities considered for one year of data taking at the LHC, we will present a selection of projections for light and heavy-flavour production.

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13

Gorbunov, D. S. "Testing sterile neutrinos with new fixed target experiment at CERN SPS." Physics of Particles and Nuclei 46, no. 2 (March 2015): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063779615020112.

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14

Adamovich, M., M. Adinolfi, Y. Alexandrov, C. Angelini, F. Antinori, C. Bacci, D. Barney, et al. "WA92: A fixed target experiment to study beauty in hadronic interactions." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 27 (June 1992): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(92)90059-2.

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15

Lansberg, J. P., S. J. Brodsky, F. Fleuret, and C. Hadjidakis. "Quarkonium Physics at a Fixed-Target Experiment using the LHC Beams." Few-Body Systems 53, no. 1-2 (May 1, 2012): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00601-012-0445-8.

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16

Kriz̆an, P. "A fixed target B-physics experiment at the HERA proton ring." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 44, no. 1-3 (November 1995): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5632(95)80005-0.

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17

Krizan, P. "A Fixed Target B-Physics Experiment at the HERA Proton Ring." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 44, no. 1-3 (November 1995): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5632(95)00504-8.

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18

Valdés Kroff, Jorge R., Paola E. Dussias, Chip Gerfen, Lauren Perrotti, and M. Teresa Bajo. "Experience with code-switching modulates the use of grammatical gender during sentence processing." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2016): 163–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.15010.val.

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Abstract Using code-switching as a tool to illustrate how language experience modulates comprehension, the visual world paradigm was employed to examine the extent to which gender-marked Spanish determiners facilitate upcoming target nouns in a group of Spanish-English bilingual code-switchers. The first experiment tested target Spanish nouns embedded in a carrier phrase (Experiment 1b) and included a control Spanish monolingual group (Experiment 1a). The second set of experiments included critical trials in which participants heard code-switches from Spanish determiners into English nouns (e.g., la house) either in a fixed carrier phrase (Experiment 2a) or in variable and complex sentences (Experiment 2b). Across the experiments, bilinguals revealed an asymmetric gender effect in processing, showing facilitation only for feminine target items. These results reflect the asymmetric use of gender in the production of code-switched speech. The extension of the asymmetric effect into Spanish (Experiment 1b) underscores the permeability between language modes in bilingual code-switchers.

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19

Rakotozafindrabe, A., M. Anselmino, R. Arnaldi, S. J. Brodsky, V. Chambert, J. P. Didelez, B. Genolini, et al. "Spin physics at a fixed-target experiment at the LHC (AFTER@LHC)." Physics of Particles and Nuclei 45, no. 1 (January 2014): 336–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063779614010857.

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20

Wierman, Jennifer L., Olivier Paré-Labrosse, Antoine Sarracini, Jessica E. Besaw, Michael J. Cook, Saeed Oghbaey, Hazem Daoud, et al. "Fixed-target serial oscillation crystallography at room temperature." IUCrJ 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252519001453.

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A fixed-target approach to high-throughput room-temperature serial synchrotron crystallography with oscillation is described. Patterned silicon chips with microwells provide high crystal-loading density with an extremely high hit rate. The microfocus, undulator-fed beamline at CHESS, which has compound refractive optics and a fast-framing detector, was built and optimized for this experiment. The high-throughput oscillation method described here collects 1–5° of data per crystal at room temperature with fast (10° s−1) oscillation rates and translation times, giving a crystal-data collection rate of 2.5 Hz. Partial datasets collected by the oscillation method at a storage-ring source provide more complete data per crystal than still images, dramatically lowering the total number of crystals needed for a complete dataset suitable for structure solution and refinement – up to two orders of magnitude fewer being required. Thus, this method is particularly well suited to instances where crystal quantities are low. It is demonstrated, through comparison of first and last oscillation images of two systems, that dose and the effects of radiation damage can be minimized through fast rotation and low angular sweeps for each crystal.

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21

Tipples, Jason, Andrew W. Young, Philip Quinlan, Paul Broks, and Andrew W. Ellis. "Searching for threat." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 55, no. 3 (August 2002): 1007–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980143000659.

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In a series of experiments, a visual search task was used to test the idea that biologically relevant threatening stimuli might be recognized very quickly or capture visuo-spatial attention. In Experiment 1, there was evidence for both faster detection and faster search rates for threatening animals than for plants. However, examination of the basis of this effect in Experiment 2 showed that it was not due to threat per se, as detection and search rate advantages were found for pleasant rather than threatening animals compared to plants. In Experiment 3, participants searched for the plants and pleasant and threatening animals used in Experiments 1 and 2, among a fixed heterogeneous selection of non-target items. There was no search rate or detection advantage for threatening animals compared to pleasant animals or plants. The same targets and non-targets as those used in Experiment 3 were also used in Experiment 4. In Experiment 4, participants searched for targets that were presented either close to or distant from an initial fixation point. There was no evidence for a “threat” detection advantage either close to or distant from the cross. Finally, an experiment was conducted in which target categories (fruit, flowers, and animals) were not pre-specified prior to each trial block. There were no differences in reaction times to detect pleasant animals, threatening animals, or fruit. We conclude that the visual search paradigm does not readily reveal any biases that might exist for threatening stimuli in the general population.

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22

Baranov, Dmitriy, Pavel Batyuk, Konstantin Gertsenberger, and Sergei Merts. "Track Reconstruction in the BM@N Experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 226 (2020): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202022603003.

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The BM@N experiment (Dubna, JINR) within the NICA complex is a running fixed target experiment. This paper mainly discusses the software support of the experimen and presents the status of the development and testing algorithms to be used for the reconstruction of heavy-ion collisions. Algorithms of reconstruction are described and tested with Monte Carlo input demonstrating a reasonable level of quality assurance. First results on particle identification being a good probe to estimate quality of reconstruction are also mentioned.

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23

Kapishin, Mikhail. "The fixed target experiment for studies of baryonic matter at the Nuclotron (BM@N)." EPJ Web of Conferences 182 (2018): 02061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818202061.

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BM@N (Baryonic Matter at Nuclotron) is the first experiment to be realized at the accelerator complex of NICA-Nuclotron. The aim of the BM@N experiment is to study interactions of relativistic heavy ion beams with fixed targets. The BM@N setup, results of Monte Carlo simulations, the BM@N experimental program and results of technical runs are presented.

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24

Maciuła, R. "Production of \(\nu _{\tau }\) and \(\bar {\nu }_{\tau }\) in Fixed Target SHiP Experiment." Acta Physica Polonica B 51, no. 6 (2020): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.5506/aphyspolb.51.1461.

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25

Zhou, Kai, Zhengyu Chen, and Pengfei Zhuang. "Antishadowing Effect on Charmonium Production at a Fixed-Target Experiment Using LHC Beams." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/439689.

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We investigate charmonium production in Pb + Pb collisions at LHC beam energyElab=2.76A TeV at fixed-target experiment (sNN= 72 GeV). In the frame of a transport approach including cold and hot nuclear matter effects on charmonium evolution, we focus on the antishadowing effect on the nuclear modification factorsRAAandrAAfor theJ/ψyield and transverse momentum. The yield is more suppressed at less forward rapidity (ylab≃2) than that at very forward rapidity (ylab≃4) due to the shadowing and antishadowing in different rapidity bins.

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26

COX, B. "Fixed-Target Hadroproduction of Beauty: In Fermilab Experiment E771 and at the SSC." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 578, no. 1 The Fourth Fa (December 1989): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb31330.x.

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27

Mikkelsen, Rune E., Allan H. Sørensen, and Ulrik I. Uggerhøj. "Bremsstrahlung from Relativistic Heavy Ions in a Fixed Target Experiment at the LHC." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/625473.

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We calculate the emission of bremsstrahlung from lead and argon ions in ultraperipheral collisions in a fixed target experiment (AFTER) that uses the LHC beams. With nuclear charges ofZeequal to 82eand 18e, respectively, these ions are accelerated to energies of 7 Tev ×Z. The bremsstrahlung peaks around ≈100 GeV and the spectrum exposes the nuclear structure of the incoming ion. The peak structure is significantly different from the flat power spectrum pertaining to a point charge. Photons are predominantly emitted within an angle of 1/γto the direction of ion propagation. Our calculations are based on the Weizsäcker-Williams method of virtual quanta with application of existing experimental data on photonuclear interactions.

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28

Lansberg, Jean-Philippe, and Hua-Sheng Shao. "Double-quarkonium production at a fixed-target experiment at the LHC (AFTER@LHC)." Nuclear Physics B 900 (November 2015): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2015.09.005.

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29

Kaplan, D. M., L. D. Isenhower, M. Atac, C. N. Brown, and C. W. Darden. "A fast ring-imaging Cherenkov counter for a fixed-target heavy-quark experiment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 343, no. 1 (April 1994): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)90572-x.

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30

Schub, M. H., T. A. Carey, R. G. Jeppesen, M. J. Leitch, J. C. Peng, C. N. Brown, Y. B. Hsiung, et al. "Use of a track and vertex processor in a fixed-target charm experiment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 376, no. 1 (June 1996): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(96)00208-2.

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31

Adamovich, M., M. Adinolfi, Y. Alexandrov, C. Angelini, F. Antinori, C. Bacci, G. Barber, et al. "WA92: a fixed target experiment to trigger on and identify beauty particle decays." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 379, no. 2 (September 1996): 252–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(96)00480-9.

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32

Zhao, Wenhui, Bin Xu, and Xinzhong Wu. "Robot grasping system based on deep learning target detection." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2450, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 012071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2450/1/012071.

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Abstract The traditional robot grasping system often uses fixed point grasping or demonstrative grasping, but with the increase in the diversity of grasping targets and the randomness of poses, the traditional grasping method is no longer sufficient. A robot grasping method based on deep learning target detection is proposed for a high error rate of target recognition and low success rate of grasping in the robot grasping process. The method investigates the robotic arm hand-eye calibration and the deep learning-based target detection and poses estimation algorithm. The Basler camera is used as the visual perception tool of the robot arm, the AUBO i10 robot arm is used as the main body of the experiment, and the PP-YOLO deep learning algorithm performs target detection and poses estimation on the object. Through the collection of experimental data, several grasping experiments were conducted on the diversity of targets randomly placed in the poses under real scenes. The results showed that the success rate of grasping target detection was 94.93% and the robot grasping success rate was 93.37%.

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33

Sorkin, Robert D., Frederic L. Wightman, Doris S. Kistler, and Greg C. Elvers. "An Exploratory Study of the Use of Movement-Correlated Cues in an Auditory Head-Up Display." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872088903100205.

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An auditory head-up display (AHUD) can provide a pilot with information about target azimuth and elevation. The AHUD presents headphone stimuli whose apparent position is fixed relative to the cockpit and invariant with respect to head movement. In normal (movement-linked) operation the AHUD samples the head position and then corrects the headphone stimuli so that they are perceived to be at fixed positions in physical space. This experiment tested the ability of observers to localize targets with an AHUD under different movement conditions. After listening to a sequence of three signals, the observer had to indicate the target's location. Three different conditions relating the observer's head movement to the target's spatial position were tested: (a) target fixed in physical space (normal AHUD mode), (b) no head movement allowed, and (c) target fixed in position relative to the observer's head. Azimuthal localization was much better when the position of the stimulus was veridically correlated with head movement, demonstrating the contribution of visual, kinesthetic, and vestibular cues to sound localization.

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34

Ceccopieri, Federico Alberto. "Studies of Backward Particle Production with a Fixed-Target Experiment Using the LHC Beams." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/652062.

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The foreseen capability to cover the far backward region at a Fixed-Target Experiment using the LHC beams allows one to explore the dynamics of the target fragmentation in hadronic collisions. In this report we briefly outline the required theoretical framework and discuss a number of studies of forward and backward particle production. By comparing this knowledge with the one accumulated in Deep Inelastic Scattering on target fragmentation, the basic concept of QCD factorisation could be investigated in detail.

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35

Casco, Clara, and Michael Morgan. "Detection of Moving Local Density Differences in Dynamic Random Patterns by Human Observers." Perception 16, no. 6 (December 1987): 711–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160711.

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The way in which movement enhances target visibility has been investigated by measuring the detectability of the direction of motion of a dot pattern added to a background of dynamic visual noise. When the positions of all the dots were changed randomly from frame to frame, so that there was no dot configuration to define the target area (experiments 1 and 2), the threshold density difference necessary was for direction of motion detection less than 3 dots/frame (between 20% and 50% density difference). The spatial displacement (S) at which optimal detection occurs increased when a target elongated in the direction of motion was used. If S was either larger or smaller than its optimal value, thresholds rose progressively. The rise in threshold when S was smaller than 0.25 deg (the width of the target area) decreased when the target dots had a fixed spatial arrangement (experiment 3). It is suggested that in both fixed and random target configurations there is a grouping of dots with similar trajectories via a global directionally-selective process. The strength of the overall motion signal is greater in the fixed-dot configuration because each target dot has associated with it a vector precisely aligned in the direction of the target motion.

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36

Massacrier, Laure, Dmitry Popov, Patrick Robbe, and Michael Winn. "Fitting fixed-target and ion collisions in the LHCb Gauss simulation framework." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921402023.

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The LHCb experiment has been operating in various beam configurations in Run 1 and 2 of the LHC, with collisions of lead ion beams or in a fixed-target setup. In order to analyse these data, the Gauss simulation software has been extended to be able to generate events describing these configurations, based mainly on the EPOS event generator. These proceedings give details about the methods employed.

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37

Feng, Weike, Jean-Michel Friedt, and Pengcheng Wan. "SDR-Implemented Passive Bistatic SAR System Using Sentinel-1 Signal and Its Experiment Results." Remote Sensing 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010221.

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A fixed-receiver mobile-transmitter passive bistatic synthetic aperture radar (MF-PB-SAR) system, which uses the Sentinel-1 SAR satellite as its non-cooperative emitting source, has been developed by using embedded software-defined radio (SDR) hardware for high-resolution imaging of the targets in a local area in this study. Firstly, Sentinel-1 and the designed system are introduced. Then, signal model, signal pre-processing methods, and effective target imaging methods are presented. At last, various experiment results of target imaging obtained at different locations are shown to validate the developed system and the proposed methods. It was found that targets in a range of several kilometers can be well imaged.

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38

Lansberg, J. P., R. Mikkelsen, and U. I. Uggerhøj. "Near-Threshold Production ofW±,Z0, andH0at a Fixed-Target Experiment at the Future Ultrahigh-Energy Proton Colliders." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/249167.

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We outline the opportunities to study the production of the Standard Model bosons,W±,Z0, andH0, at “low” energies at fixed-target experiments based on possible future ultrahigh-energy proton colliders, that is, the High-Energy LHC, the Super proton-proton Collider, and the Future Circular Collider hadron-hadron. These can be indeed made in conjunction with the proposed future colliders designed to reach up tos=100 TeV by using bent crystals to extract part of the halo of the beam which would then impinge on a fixed target. Without disturbing the collider operation, this technique allows for the extraction of a substantial amount of particles in addition to serving for a beam-cleaning purpose. With this method, high-luminosity fixed-target studies at centre-of-mass energies above theW±,Z0, andH0masses,s≃170–300 GeV, are possible. We also discuss the possibility offered by an internal gas target, which can also be used as luminosity monitor by studying the beam transverse shape.

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39

Caricato, A. P., M. Martino, I. Oceano, F. Oliva, S. Spagnolo, G. Chiodini, F. Bossi, et al. "The physics program of the PADME experiment." Physica Scripta 97, no. 2 (January 14, 2022): 024003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ac41eb.

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Abstract PADME (Positron Annihilation into Dark Matter Experiment) is a fixed target experiment located at the Beam Test Facility (BTF) at the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF) designed to search for a massive dark photon A ′ in the process e + e − → γ A ′ , using a positron beam of energy up to 550 MeV. The experiment exploits the missing mass technique which allows for a search of A ′ in a model independent way. A sensitivity on the mixing constant ϵ > 10−3 for a dark photon mass in the range 1 ≤ m A ′ ≤ 23.7 MeV /c2 can be achieved by collecting 4 × 1013 positrons on target. Run 2 data taking finished in December 2020 and allowed to reach an integrated luminosity of 5 × 1012 positrons on target.

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40

Mariani, S., L. Anderlini, P. Di Nezza, E. Franzoso, G. Graziani, and L. L. Pappalardo. "A neural-network-defined Gaussian mixture model for particle identification applied to the LHCb fixed-target programme." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2438, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2438/1/012107.

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Abstract Particle identification at high-energy physics experiments typically relies on classifiers combining different experimental observables. In this document, an innovative approach employing machine learning techniques to describe their dependence from the relevant features is presented. The proposed method is applied to the fixed-target programme at the LHCb experiment, where the sample size of the particle identification calibration channels affects the experimental performance. It is demonstrated to perform better than a model based on the LHCb detailed simulation and to be fast and suitable to a large variety of use cases.

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41

Kapishin, M. N. "The Fixed Target Experiment for Studies of Baryonic Matter at the Nuclotron (BM@N)." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 80, no. 10 (December 2017): 1613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063778817100027.

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42

Costantini, Flavio. "LHB, a fixed target experiment at LHC to measure CP violation in B mesons." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 333, no. 1 (August 1993): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(93)90193-l.

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43

Arleo, François, and Stéphane Peigné. "Quarkonium Suppression from Coherent Energy Loss in Fixed-Target Experiments Using LHC Beams." Advances in High Energy Physics 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/961951.

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Quarkonium production in proton-nucleus collisions is a powerful tool to disentangle cold nuclear matter effects. A model based on coherent energy loss is able to explain the available quarkonium suppression data in a broad range of rapidities, from fixed-target to collider energies, suggesting coherent energy loss in cold nuclear matter to be the dominant effect in quarkonium suppression in p-A collisions. This could be further tested in a high-energy fixed-target experiment using a proton or nucleus beam. The nuclear modification factors ofJ/ψandΥas a function of rapidity are computed in p-A collisions ats=114.6 GeV, and in p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions ats=72 GeV. These center-of-mass energies correspond to the collision on fixed-target nuclei of 7 TeV protons and 2.76 TeV (per nucleon) lead nuclei available at the LHC.

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44

JOHNS, WILL E. "SEMILEPTONIC AND RARE D AND Ds CHARM DECAYS AT FOCUS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 02 (January 2011): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194511000596.

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Over 1 million charm decays were collected by the E831 photoproduction experiment (FOCUS) during the 1996–1997 Fermilab fixed target run. Analysis techniques and results particular to semileptonic and rare D and Ds charm decays from the FOCUS experiment are reviewed.

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45

Zhang, Lu Ping, Biao Li, and Lu Ping Wang. "A Infrared Small Moving Object Extraction Method in the Context of Complex Background Motion." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 1879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.1879.

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The detection of small moving target in the context of complex background is a difficult issue. A method combining interframe differential registration and adaptive wiener filtering aimed to suppress background to detect moving object in complex background is proposed. The fixed background in the fore-and-aft frames can be filtered out by the interframe registration which preserves the moving target, parts of background and noise due to interframe movement and the gray-scale fluctuation. On one hand the complex background is estimated by an adaptive wiener filter, and the background suppression leaves the high-frequency regions containing the moving target in image. On the other hand, most of the high-frequency regions corresponding to non-target area are eliminated by the inter-frame registration in the differential images. The motion of target is continual in image sequences, while the position of the leaked background is relatively fixed and the noise is of small size. The fusion of the background suppression and inter-frame registration makes the discrimination of targets, background and noise possible. The small moving target is detected by trajectory association based on its interframe trajectory continuity. Experiment results verify the feasibility of the method.

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46

Kennedy, Alan, Marc Brysbaert, and Wayne S. Murray. "The Effects of Intermittent Illumination on a Visual Inspection Task." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 51, no. 1 (February 1998): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755746.

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Two experiments are described in which eye movements were monitored as subjects performed a simple target-spotting task under conditions of intermittent illumination produced by varying the display-screen frame rate on a computer VDU. In Experiment 1, subjects executed a saccade from a fixation point to a target which appeared randomly at a fixed eccentricity of 14 character positions to the left or right. Saccade latency did not differ reliably as a function of screen refresh rate, but average saccade extent at 70 Hz and 110 Hz was reliably shorter than at 90 Hz and 100 Hz. Experiment 2 examined the same task using a range of target eccentricities (7, 14, and 28 character positions to the left and right) and across a wider range of screen refresh rates. The results confirmed the curvilinear relationship obtained in Experiment 1, with average saccade extent reliably shorter at refresh rates of 50 Hz and 125 Hz than at 75 Hz and 100 Hz. While the effect was greater for remote targets, analyses of the proportional target error failed to show a reliable interaction between target eccentricity and display refresh rate. In contrast to Experiment 1, there was a pronounced effect of refresh rate on saccade latency (corrected for time to write the screen frame), with shorter latencies at higher refresh rates. It may be concluded that pulsation at frequencies above fusion disrupts saccade control. However, the curvilinear functional relationship between screen refresh rate and saccade extent obtained in these studies differs from previously reported effects of intermittent illumination on the average size of “entry saccades” (the first saccade to enter a given word) in a task involving word identification (Kennedy & Murray, 1993a, 1996). This conflict of data may arise in part because within-word adjustments in viewing position, which are typical of normal reading, influence measures of average saccade extent.

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47

Gianotti, Paola. "Status and prospects for the PADME experiment at LNF." EPJ Web of Conferences 166 (2018): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201816600009.

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The PADME collaboration aims to search for signals of a light dark photon A′ using the beam of the LNF LINAC. The experiment, approved by INFN at the end of 2015, foresees to detect A′, produced in the annihilation of positrons on a thin fixed target, by searching for missing mass signals. The detector construction is ongoing and should be completed within the end of 2017 in order to allow the collection of about 1013 positrons on target which are necessary to get a 10−3 sensitivity on the mixing parameter ε up to a dark photon mass of 23.7 MeV/c2.

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48

Herrmann, Norbert. "Status and Perspectives of the CBM experiment at FAIR." EPJ Web of Conferences 259 (2022): 09001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202225909001.

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The CBM experiment, a fixed target experiment, designed to explore the QCD matter phase diagram in the baryon rich domain, is currently being constructed at the FAIR facility at GSI. The status of the construction towards the startup configuration of CBM and the initial physics goals are described. An outlook to the future physics perspectives is given.

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49

Fisyak, Yuri, Victor Ivanov, Hongwei Ke, Ivan Kisel, Pavel Kisel, Grigory Kozlov, Spyridon Margetis, Aihong Tang, Iouri Vassiliev, and Maksym Zyzak. "Application of the missing mass method in the fixed-target program of the STAR experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 04029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125104029.

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The search for short-lived particles is usually the final stage in the chain of event reconstruction and precedes event selection when operating in online mode or physics analysis when operating in offline mode. Most often such short-lived particles are neutral and their search and reconstruction is carried out using their daughter charged particles resulting from their decay. The use of the missing mass method makes it possible to find and analyze also decays of charged short-lived particles, when one of the daughter particles is neutral and is not registered in the detector system. One of the most known examples of such decays is the decay Σ− → nπ−. In this paper, we discuss in detail the missing mass method, which was implemented as part of the KF Particle Finder package for the search and analysis of short-lived particles, and describe the use of the method in the STAR experiment (BNL, USA). The method was used to search for pion (π± → μ±ν) and kaon (K± → μ±ν and K± → π±π0) decays online on the HLT farm in the express production chain. An important feature of the express production chain in the STAR experiment is that it allows one to start calibration, production, and analysis of the data immediately after receiving them. Here, the particular features and results of the real-time application of the method within the express processing of data obtained in the BES-II program at a beam energy of 3.85 GeV/n when working with a fixed target are presented and discussed.

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Lansberg, J. P., M. Anselmino, R. Arnaldi, S. J. Brodsky, V. Chambert, W. den Dunnen, J. P. Didelez, et al. "Spin physics and TMD studies at A Fixed-Target ExpeRiment at the LHC (AFTER@LHC)." EPJ Web of Conferences 85 (2015): 02038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20158502038.

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