Статті в журналах: "Firing distance"

1

Reed, Jamie L., Hui-Xin Qi, Pierre Pouget, Mark J. Burish, A. B. Bonds, and Jon H. Kaas. "Modular Processing in the Hand Representation of Primate Primary Somatosensory Cortex Coexists With Widespread Activation." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (December 2010): 3136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00566.2010.

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Neurons in the hand representation of primary somatosensory cortex (area 3b) are known to have discretely localized receptive fields; and these neurons form modules that can be visualized histologically as distinct digit and palm representations. Despite these indicators of the importance of local processing in area 3b, widespread interactions between stimuli presented to locations across the hand have been reported. We investigated the relationship of neuron firing rate with distance from the site of maximum activation in cortex by recording from a 100-electrode array with electrodes spaced 400 μm apart, implanted into the area 3b hand representation in anesthetized owl monkeys. For each stimulated location on the hand, the electrode site where neurons had the highest peak firing rate was defined as the peak activation site. The lesser firing rates of neurons at all other electrode sites in the grid were compared with the firing rates of neurons at the peak activation site. On average, peak firing rates of neurons decreased rapidly with distance away from the peak activation site. The effect of distance on the variance of firing rates was highly significant ( P < 0.0001). However, individual neurons retained high firing rates for distances over 3 mm. The clear decline in firing rate with distance from the most activated location indicates that local processing is emphasized in area 3b, while the distance of neurons with reduced but maintained firing rates ≤3–4 mm from the site of best activation demonstrated widespread activation in primary somatosensory cortex.

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2

Xu, Zhaopeng, Zhidong Wu, Shunjie Wang, and Yan Zhang. "Research on the simulation of factors influencing maximum firing distance of acoustic homing torpedo." ITM Web of Conferences 45 (2022): 01022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224501022.

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In the torpedo attack, the appropriate firing distance is the key to ensure the torpedo hit the target, it’s necessary to ensure the firing distance used is within the maximum firing distance. Therefore, under the premise of known firing conditions, it’s necessary to determine the maximum firing distance and be familiar with the factors that affect the value and the influencing rules of each factor. Based on the firing model of the acoustic homing torpedo, the expression of the maximum firing distance is established, and the main factors affecting the value are obtained. Through the simulation, the influence factors are analyzed quantitatively, and the rule of their influence on the maximum firing distance is founded out. This research can provide the necessary reference for the commanding officer in battle, in order to make full use of the research results and improve the hit probability of the acoustic homing torpedo.

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3

Zeichner, Arie, and Baruch Glattstein. "Improved reagents for firing distance determination." Journal of Energetic Materials 4, no. 1-4 (January 1986): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370658608011341.

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4

Zhou, Shi Hai, Zhen Hui Xu, Zhen Jun Yang, and Jian Hui Lu. "Design of Artillery Recoil Distance Automatic Recording and Limit Distance Alarm Device." Advanced Materials Research 977 (June 2014): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.977.409.

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Recoil distance is an important evaluation index to reflect the performance of gun recoil mechanism. It can not allow to fire of artillery if recoil distance exceeding the prescribed distance. So it played an important role to ensure the normal firing of artillery. Previous artillery recoil distance is read by artificial indicator through the recoil, which affects the firing efficiency and has no conducive to the implementation of fast attack. This paper designed the gun recoil distance memory and alarm device by using the sensor technology and SCM programming. The device not only can record the recoil distance of each firing projectile and the total number of it but also can alarm if the recoil distance exceeds the specified maximum. The device effectively solves the problem that the recoil indicator artificial read and record. It has practical significance to improve the efficiency of the shooting.

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5

Gong, Jiuxin, Yuechang Shi, and Mingwei Xu. "Simulated Curved Firing Electromagnetic Gun." Modern Electronic Technology 4, no. 1 (May 27, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v4i1.3242.

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The device uses a self-made electromagnetic cannon and a control charging and discharging circuit to constitute the launching device of the electromagnetic cannon. The two-degree-of-freedom control PTZ controls the angle and direction of the electromagnetic cannon. It uses dual power supplies to power the main control board and electromagnetic cannon device. The microprocessor STM32F407 is used as the control core of the electromagnetic cannon, and the TCA8418 IIC matrix keyboard is used to adjust the distance and angle. The OpenMV4 automatically searches for the guide mark and captures the image shape and color blocks in real time to control the electromagnetic cannon to hit the round bullseye. . In addition, it also uses Lidar to measure the distance between the calibration point and the ring target, and uses OpenMV4 to realize the automatic search and launch of the electromagnetic cannon.

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6

Fu, Q. G., J. I. Suarez, and T. J. Ebner. "Neuronal specification of direction and distance during reaching movements in the superior precentral premotor area and primary motor cortex of monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 2097–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.5.2097.

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1. Single-unit neuronal activity was recorded in the primary motor and superior precentral premotor areas of two rhesus monkeys during an arm reaching task. The task involved moving a cursor displayed on a video terminal using a draftsman's arm-type manipulandum. From a centrally located start box the animal was required to move to 1 of 48 target boxes at eight different directions (0-360 degrees in 45 degrees intervals) and six distances (1.4-5.4 cm in 0.8-cm increments). Both direction and distance for the upcoming movement were unpredictable. 2. The activity of 197 arm movement-related cells was recorded and evaluated for each of the 48 targets. Histological examination showed the cells to be primarily in the primary motor cortex or in the premotor area around the superior precentral sulcus. Each cell's discharge was aligned on movement onset and averaged over five trials for each target. Movement kinematics including hand path velocity were also determined. The task time was divided into three epochs, a premovement period (PT), a movement period (MT), and total time (TT = PT+MT). For each epoch the average firing was correlated with the direction and distance of the movement using various regression procedures. 3. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the majority of neurons were modulated significantly by movement direction in each of the three time periods, PT (73.7%), MT (68.3%), and TT (78.5%). The relationship of the firing to direction was fit to a cosine tuning function for each significantly modulated cell. In 86.3% of the cells the firing was correlated significantly with a cosine function of movement direction in TT. A cell's preferred direction varied little for different movement distances. The mean difference in preferred direction for the smallest possible change in distance (0.8 cm) was 12.8 +/- 11.4 degrees (SD) and 17.1 +/- 14.7 degrees for the largest change in distance (4.0 cm). 4. Correlation analysis revealed that the activity of the majority of cells was modulated significantly by distance along at least one direction in each of the three time periods, PT (46.8%), MT (68.8%), and TT (67.7%). Subsequently, a univariate linear regression model was used to quantify a cell's discharge as a function of distance. For the regressions of firing with distance with a statistically significant correlation (r > 0.8), the mean slope was 3.59 +/- 0.17 spikes.s-1.cm-1 for the total time. The existence of a significant distance modulation was not invariably correlated with a cell's preferred movement direction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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7

Jeewajee, A., C. Barry, V. Douchamps, D. Manson, C. Lever, and N. Burgess. "Theta phase precession of grid and place cell firing in open environments." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1635 (February 5, 2014): 20120532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0532.

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Place and grid cells in the rodent hippocampal formation tend to fire spikes at successively earlier phases relative to the local field potential theta rhythm as the animal runs through the cell's firing field on a linear track. However, this ‘phase precession’ effect is less well characterized during foraging in two-dimensional open field environments. Here, we mapped runs through the firing fields onto a unit circle to pool data from multiple runs. We asked which of seven behavioural and physiological variables show the best circular–linear correlation with the theta phase of spikes from place cells in hippocampal area CA1 and from grid cells from superficial layers of medial entorhinal cortex. The best correlate was the distance to the firing field peak projected onto the animal's current running direction. This was significantly stronger than other correlates, such as instantaneous firing rate and time-in-field, but similar in strength to correlates with other measures of distance travelled through the firing field. Phase precession was stronger in place cells than grid cells overall, and robust phase precession was seen in traversals through firing field peripheries (although somewhat less than in traversals through the centre), consistent with phase coding of displacement along the current direction. This type of phase coding, of place field distance ahead of or behind the animal, may be useful for allowing calculation of goal directions during navigation.

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8

Even, Haviva, Pinchas Bergman, Eliot Springer, and Asne Klein. "The Effects of Water-Soaking on Firing Distance Estimations." Journal of Forensic Sciences 33, no. 2 (March 1, 1988): 11945J. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jfs11945j.

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9

Marty, W., T. Sigrist, and D. Wyler. "Determination of firing distance using the rhodizonate staining technique." International Journal of Legal Medicine 116, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004140100220.

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10

Bartha, Attila, and D. Dumitrescu. "Perturbation in Population of Pulse-Coupled Oscillators Leads to Emergence of Structure." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 6, no. 2 (January 6, 2011): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2011.2.2169.

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A new synchronization model based on pulse-coupled oscillators is proposed. A population of coupled oscillators is represented as a cellular automaton. Each cell periodically enters a firing state. Firing of a cell is sensed by other cells in a neighborhood of radius R. As a result the sensing cell may change its firing rate. The interaction strength between a firing and a sensing cell decreases with the squared distance between the two cells. For most starting conditions waves of synchronized firing cells emerge. Simulations indicate that for certain parameter values the emergence of synchronization waves occurs only if there is dispersion in the intrinsic firing frequencies of the cells. Emergence of synchronization waves is an important feature of the model.

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11

Nag, N. K., and P. Sinha. "A note on assessability of firing distance from gunshot residues." Forensic Science International 56, no. 1 (September 1992): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(92)90140-r.

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12

Capannesi, Geraldo, Claudio Ciavola, and Antioco Franco Sedda. "Determination of firing distance and firing angle by neutron activation analysis in a case involving gunshot wounds." Forensic Science International 61, no. 2-3 (October 1993): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(93)90216-w.

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13

V. Vladimirov, Lyubomir. "RISK OF THE IGNITION OF FLUID FUELS AND SOAKED MATERIALS DURING OXYACETYLENE CUTTING OF METALS." Journal scientific and applied research 2, no. 1 (October 10, 2012): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/jsar.v2i1.50.

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The purpose of this study is to establish the regularities of the process of firing of liquid fuels and materials, soaked with liquid fuels, during oxyacetylene cutting. By means of suitable methods and a plant, we studied the firing of petrol and diesel fuel and paper, textile and wood chips, soaked with fuel. Three basic tasks have been solved – physical modeling of dangerous event and dangerous action, determination of danger indexes and assessment of firing in the zone of distribution of waste metal spatters. Regression models of probability and time of firing depending on the distance, height and materials subject to cutting and other factors have been formulated.

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14

Qu, Jingyi, Rubin Wang, and Ying Du. "Measuring effects of different noises in a model using ISI-distance methods." International Journal of Biomathematics 08, no. 04 (June 22, 2015): 1550043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524515500436.

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This paper examines the effects of current and conductance noises in a minimal Hodgkin–Huxley type model of a cold receptor neuron. Current noise enters the membrane equation directly while conductance noise is propagated through the activation variables. Compared with common used interspike interval method, ISI-distance is a simple complementary approach to measure the different effects of current and conductance noises. ISI-distance extracts information from the interspike intervals by evaluating the ratio of instantaneous firing rates, which is parameter-free, time scale-independent and easy to visualize. Simulation results show that the most significant differences between different noise implementations in a pacemaker-like tonic firing regime at the transition to chaotic burst discharges.

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15

Perebetiuk, Anatolii, Serhiy Prokopenko, Lyudmila Fomina, Valerii Gunas, and Olena Terehovska. "PECULIARITIES OF ADDITIONAL SHOT FACTORS DEPOSITION WHEN FIRING FROM «FORT 9R» AND «FORT 17R» PISTOLS." Forensic-medical examination, no. 2 (February 23, 2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2707-8728.2.2022.6.

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Additional factors of the shot are one of the key pieces of physical evidence that are investigated in the case of a gunshot injury in order to establish the distance and identify the weapon of the shot, as evidenced by the results of numerous scientific works. However, publications related to the study of non-lethal firearms are isolated cases and incomplete both in the world and in the domestic scientific literature. The purpose of the work is to investigate the deposition of additional factors of the shot on different cover materials and bare blocks, which are imitating the tissues of the human body at different shot distances, using «Fort 9R» and «Fort 17R» pistols. Material and methods. In order to achieve the goal, 120 gelatin blocks covered with different fabrics or left without a coating were fired. The shooting was carried out using «Fort 9R» and «Fort 17R» pistols. The fired blocks were examined for the presence of soot using a descriptive method and microscopic examination, and subsequently using a chromatographic-mass spectrometric method of examination and infrared microscopy on a combined IR-Fourier spectrometer in order to detect diphenylamine and centralite. Results. When shooting from «Fort 9R» and «Fort 17R», the deposition of soot was observed at a distance of a shot at close range and 25 cm on all studied blocks, and also when shooting from «Fort 17R» on blocks covered with cotton fabric and in bare blocks, soot was detected microscopically on shot distance 50 cm; diphenylamine and centralite was observed when firing from «Fort 9R» in bare blocks (close and 25 cm) and blocks covered with leatherette (25 cm), while when firing from «Fort 17R» it was detected only at a shot distance of 25 cm on blocks covered with denim fabric. Conclusions. The presence of clothing and the peculiarities of the material of its manufacture fundamentally change the macro, microscopic and laboratory picture of the deposition of additional factors of the shot at different distances, using the «Fort 9R» and «Fort 17R» pistols, with the exception of the soot deposition when firing from the «Fort 9R» pistol.

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16

Park, Won-Seok, Sang-huun Lee, Eun-Jin Park, Seung-Cheol Yeom, Young-min Jung, Tae-Hun Lee, and Bong-Hwan Lim. "Distribution of Primer Residue and Gunshot Impact Marks by Firing Distance." Korean Academy of Scientific Criminal Investigation 14, no. 4 (November 30, 2020): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20297/jsci.2020.14.4.284.

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17

Samonds, Jason M., and A. B. Bonds. "From Another Angle: Differences in Cortical Coding Between Fine and Coarse Discrimination of Orientation." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 3 (March 2004): 1193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00829.2003.

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We measured the information available for orientation discrimination from metric distances for 24 cells in area 17 of cats that were paralyzed and anesthetized with Propofol and N2O. The metric distance information confirms fundamental coding differences for discrimination between fine (<10°) and coarse (>10°) orientation differences. The information for discriminating larger orientation differences is contained mainly in the firing rate, with minor enhancements from the coarse (30-70 ms) temporal structure in the firing rate. Both precise spike timing (9.2 ms) and intervals (6.8 ms) sustained over the stimulus presentation provide information for fine discrimination of orientation, where almost no reliable information is provided by the spike count. We compare and confirm the results (using the same data set) to vector distances based on classification theory. The results support a dynamic spiking mechanism where coordinated activity could provide fast and reliable information about detailed angle and/or direction information in the region of the preferred orientation.

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18

Kim, Gunzung, Imran Ashraf, Jeongsook Eom, and Yongwan Park. "Concurrent Firing Light Detection and Ranging System for Autonomous Vehicles." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13091767.

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We proposed a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) system that changes the measurement strategy from a LIDAR system of sequential emission and measuring method to a concurrent firing measuring method. The proposed LIDAR was a 3D scanning LIDAR method that consisted of 128 output channels in one vertical line in the measurement direction and concurrently measured the distance for each of these 128 channels. The scanning LIDAR emitted 128 laser pulse streams encoded by carrier-hopping prime code (CHPC) technology with identification and checksum. When the reflected pulse stream was received and demodulated, the emission channel could be recognized. This information could be used to estimate the time when the laser pulse stream was emitted and calculate the distance to the object reflecting the laser. By using the identification of the received reflected wave, even if several positions were measured at the same time, the measurement position could be recognized after the reception. Extensive simulations indicated that the proposed LIDAR could provide autonomous vehicles or autonomous walking robots with good distance images to recognize the environment ahead.

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19

As'ad, Kurnia Gunadi, Rachmad Setiawan, and Moch Rameli. "Designing a Firing Control System on S-60 57mm Cannon." ELKHA 13, no. 2 (October 22, 2021): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/elkha.v13i2.47343.

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The firing system on the S-60 57mm cannon uses the foot of the cannon crew, which is very dangerous with the position of the crew on top of the cannon when firing. So, a firing system that can be remotely controlled by a computer is required. The design of the S-60 57mm gun firing control system uses a personal computer (PC) as the firing command input, with data communication using WiFi received by the Atmega8535 microcontroller as a voltage regulator for solenoids. The solenoid has a tensile force to drive the hydraulic system where the actuator functions to drive the firing cylinder. Accelero sensor MMA7361, as a variable controller in firing, provides input data simulating the tilt position of the cannon, the position of the 0g sensor is simulated by the cannon in a balanced position. From the test results, there is a difference in sensor designation data with arc angles i.e., angle X by 2.83 degrees and angle Y by 1.86 degrees. The magnetic field produced by the solenoid 0.53 T can attract a maximum load of 20 kg. By changing the distance ratio of mechanical lever to 39.11 cm and 8.89 cm, the solenoid can drive an 88-kg firing cylinder.

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20

Sarraguça, Jorge M. G., Catarina Lima, Filipe Machado, João A. Lopes, Agostinho Almeida, Luís Fernandes, Teresa Magalhães, and Agostinho Santos. "A FT-NIR spectroscopy methodology to estimate firing distance based on the direct analysis of the bullet impact surface." Analyst 141, no. 14 (2016): 4410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an00247a.

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21

Zhou, Yang, and Dewei Wu. "A Model of Generating Visual Place Cells Based on Environment Perception and Similar Measure." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3253678.

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It is an important content to generate visual place cells (VPCs) in the field of bioinspired navigation. By analyzing the firing characteristic of biological place cells and the existing methods for generating VPCs, a model of generating visual place cells based on environment perception and similar measure is abstracted in this paper. VPCs’ generation process is divided into three phases, including environment perception, similar measure, and recruiting of a new place cell. According to this process, a specific method for generating VPCs is presented. External reference landmarks are obtained based on local invariant characteristics of image and a similar measure function is designed based on Euclidean distance and Gaussian function. Simulation validates the proposed method is available. The firing characteristic of the generated VPCs is similar to that of biological place cells, and VPCs’ firing fields can be adjusted flexibly by changing the adjustment factor of firing field (AFFF) and firing rate’s threshold (FRT).

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22

Qiu, Lei, and Dawei Hao. "Study on projectile number of anti-aircraft gun based on future airspace window." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2303, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2303/1/012077.

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Abstract The future airspace window can improve the overall damage capability of the anti-aircraft gun by configuring the weapon’s aiming point to form a regional kill surface. In the general process of airspace window shooting in the future, solving the number of projectiles in the area is an important step, and studying the optimal projectiles can effectively improve the firing efficiency of weapons. By analyzing the deficiency of determining projectile number based on firing distance, a method of projectile number solving based on firing probability density is proposed, and the feasibility of this method is verified by simulation, which provides a new reference for future shooting application of airspace window.

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23

Reyes-Puerta, Vicente, Yael Amitai, Jyh-Jang Sun, Itamar Shani, Heiko J. Luhmann, and Maoz Shamir. "Long-range intralaminar noise correlations in the barrel cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 9 (May 2015): 3410–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00981.2014.

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Identifying the properties of correlations in the firing of neocortical neurons is central to our understanding of cortical information processing. It has been generally assumed, by virtue of the columnar organization of the neocortex, that the firing of neurons residing in a certain vertical domain is highly correlated. On the other hand, firing correlations between neurons steeply decline with horizontal distance. Technical difficulties in sampling neurons with sufficient spatial information have precluded the critical evaluation of these notions. We used 128-channel “silicon probes” to examine the spike-count noise correlations during spontaneous activity between multiple neurons with identified laminar position and over large horizontal distances in the anesthetized rat barrel cortex. Eigen decomposition of correlation coefficient matrices revealed that the laminar position of a neuron is a significant determinant of these correlations, such that the fluctuations of layer 5B/6 neurons are in opposite direction to those of layers 5A and 4. Moreover, we found that within each experiment, the distribution of horizontal, intralaminar spike-count correlation coefficients, up to a distance of ∼1.5 mm, is practically identical to the distribution of vertical correlations. Taken together, these data reveal that the neuron's laminar position crucially affects its role in cortical processing. Moreover, our analyses reveal that this laminar effect extends over several functional columns. We propose that within the cortex the influence of the horizontal elements exists in a dynamic balance with the influence of the vertical domain and this balance is modulated with brain states to shape the network's behavior.

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24

Cecchetto, Giovanni, Chiara Giraudo, Alessandro Amagliani, Guido Viel, Paolo Fais, Fabiano Cavarzeran, Giampietro Feltrin, Santo Davide Ferrara, and Massimo Montisci. "Estimation of the firing distance through micro-CT analysis of gunshot wounds." International Journal of Legal Medicine 125, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-010-0533-6.

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25

Wang, J., S. F. Chang, X. C. Fan, and X. J. Li. "Analysis of firing after shortest distance between target and anti-aircraft gun." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1507 (April 2020): 082002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1507/8/082002.

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26

Ma, Zhi Qiang, Yuan Zeng Cheng, Shi Yu Sun, and Chun Ping Wang. "Research of Closed-Loop Calibration Model Based on Kalman Filtering Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 2280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.2280.

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The firing calibration of Artillery fire control system with closed-loop calibration manner can improve the firing accuracy significantly. The miss distance prediction is the theory core of closed-loop calibration. Whether the prediction algorithm of closed-loop calibration corrects or not is directly related to the calibration’s success or failure. Mainly for the external error sources not caused by fire control computer system, this paper established a closed-loop calibration model based on Kalman filtering algorithm, researched the specific implementation process of algorithm model, and applied the MATLAB software simulating the model. Simulation results show that the closed-loop calibration model based on Kalman filtering algorithm can significantly inhibit firing error and is a feasible algorithm and provides a good theoretical basis for forecasting error.

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27

Burgess, Neil, James G. Donnett, Kathryn J. Jeffery, and John O–keefe. "Robotic and neuronal simulation of the hippocampus and rat navigation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1360 (October 29, 1997): 1535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0140.

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The properties of hippocampal place cells are reviewed, with particular attention to the nature of the internal and external signals that support their firing. A neuronal simulation of the firing of place cells in open–field environments of varying shape is presented. This simulation is coupled with an existing model of how place–cell firing can be used to drive navigation and is tested by implementation as a miniature mobile robot. The sensors on the robot provide visual, odometric and short–range proximity data, which are combined to estimate the distance of the walls of the enclosure from the robot and the robot's current heading direction. These inputs drive the hippocampal simulation, in which the robot's location is represented as the firing of place cells. If a goal location is encountered, learning occurs in connections from the concurrently active place cells to a set of ‘goal cells’, which guide subsequent navigation, allowing the robot to return to an unmarked location. The system shows good agreement with actual place–cell firing, and makes predictions regarding the firing of cells in the subiculum, the effect of blocking long–term synaptic changes, and the locus of search of rats after deformation of their environment.

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28

Jamaludin, Abdul Rashid, Shah Rizal Kasim, and Zainal Arifin Ahmad. "Effects of Different Gloss Firing Temperature on the Crystallization of Zinc-Based Crystal Glaze." Advanced Materials Research 173 (December 2010): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.173.44.

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Ceramic products with crystalline structure on its body give an artistic effect. The usage of zinc oxide which acts as a flux material has a beneficial effect in many colored glazes amongst which is crystalline glaze. Samples are fired at different gloss firing temperature of 1200oC to 1250oC for half an hour and hold for five hours at crystal growth temperature. After firing, the morphology of crystalline structure on the ceramic substrate body was identified using visual observation. The result show crystals start to develop at 1230oC of gloss firing temperature. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis shows that these crystals are made of acicular needle shape crystals. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) analysis of the phases identified these crystals as willemite, Zn2SiO4 which formed spherulites. The results also show obvious growth and distance distribution between each of spherulites as the gloss firing temperatures increase to 1250oC.

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29

Chen-Huang, Chiju, and Robert A. McCrea. "Effects of Viewing Distance on the Responses of Horizontal Canal–Related Secondary Vestibular Neurons During Angular Head Rotation." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2517–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.5.2517.

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Effects of viewing distance on the responses of horizontal canal–related secondary vestibular neurons during angular head rotation. The eye movements generated by the horizontal canal–related angular vestibuloocular reflex (AVOR) depend on the distance of the image from the head and the axis of head rotation. The effects of viewing distance on the responses of 105 horizontal canal–related central vestibular neurons were examined in two squirrel monkeys that were trained to fixate small, earth-stationary targets at different distances (10 and 150 cm) from their eyes. The majority of these cells (77/105) were identified as secondary vestibular neurons by synaptic activation following electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve. All of the viewing distance–sensitive units were also sensitive to eye movements in the absence of head movements. Some classes of eye movement–related vestibular units were more sensitive to viewing distance than others. For example, the average increase in rotational gain (discharge rate/head velocity) of position-vestibular-pause units was 20%, whereas the gain increase of eye-head-velocity units was 44%. The concomitant change in gain of the AVOR was 11%. Near viewing responses of units phase lagged the responses they generated during far target viewing by 6–25°. A similar phase lag was not observed in either the near AVOR eye movements or in the firing behavior of burst-position units in the vestibular nuclei whose firing behavior was only related to eye movements. The viewing distance–related increase in the evoked eye movements and in the rotational gain of all unit classes declined progressively as stimulus frequency increased from 0.7 to 4.0 Hz. When monkeys canceled their VOR by fixating head-stationary targets, the responses recorded during near and far target viewing were comparable. However, the viewing distance–related response changes exhibited by central units were not directly attributable to the eye movement signals they generated. Subtraction of static eye position signals reduced, but did not abolish viewing distance gain changes in most units. Smooth pursuit eye velocity sensitivity and viewing distance sensitivity were not well correlated. We conclude that the central premotor pathways that mediate the AVOR also mediate viewing distance–related changes in the reflex. Because irregular vestibular nerve afferents are necessary for viewing distance–related gain changes in the AVOR, we suggest that a central estimate of viewing distance is used to parametrically modify vestibular afferent inputs to secondary vestibuloocular reflex pathways.

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Febrianto, Rohman, Rahmad Santoso, and Indah Martha Fitriani. "The DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF EFFECTIVE DISTANCE MEASUREMENT ON BOLAWRAP EQUIPMENT PERSONNEL IN PERFORMING TASKS." Jurnal Elkasista 2, Oktober (October 31, 2021): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54317/elka.v2ioktober.204.

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Abstract - Various threats that occur in the field are a problem for individuals who are faced with human rights law where personnel must make decisions quickly and accurately, the innovation of the Bola wrap weapon can paralyze the enemy without injuring the enemy by firing Kevlar ropes to bind the enemy unable to move optimally. The researcher used the experimental method to get the results that confirm the causal relationship between the variables designed, research and develop a basic circuit by determining the effective firing range of the Bola wrap, we use the Sharp Gp2y0a710k0f sensor as an effective sensor measuring distance with a maximum range of 550 cm, the distance detected by the Sharp Gp2y0a710k0f sensor. will be processed by Arduino nano as a programming controller whose output will be displayed on the Oled LCD according to the Sharp Gp2y0a710k0f sensor in the form of a light emitting diode (LED) as an indicator, the solenoid will open the trigger with an effective firing range, and laser as a point shot. From the target, the Bola wrap weapon uses 9mm caliber munitions as a Kevlar rope projectile amplifier to bind enemies or rebels, from the results of the research it can open a predetermined lock between a range of 200 cm - 500 cm which is displayed on the Oled LCD, and the green indicator light and the Solenoid are open. The trigger will help optimally in shooting Bola wrap to paralyze enemies or rebels from moving optimally, Bola wrap weapons are used as personnel equipment in carrying out the main tasks of achieving TNI tasks effectively and optimally.

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Haalman, Iris, and Eilon Vaadia. "Dynamics of neuronal interactions: Relation to behavior, firing rates, and distance between neurons." Human Brain Mapping 5, no. 4 (1997): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1997)5:4<249::aid-hbm8>3.0.co;2-3.

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32

Tkachenko, Mykola, Oleg Skorokhvatov, Alexey Kovalchuk, and Alexey Malishkin. "SMALL ARMS FOR UNDERWATER SHOOTING." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, no. 15 (September 30, 2021): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2021.15.128-133.

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The article analyses the possible risks that may arise during the use of small arms for underwater shooting when combat swimmers are performing combat missions. The shortcomings that affect the accuracy and range of underwater and airborne special weapons are identified, which will reduce the likelihood of abnormal situations that can lead to tragic consequences and failure to perform the assigned combat mission. Ways to develop new small arms for use under water and on land have been identified. Extensive research into the development of underwater small arms was launched after World War II. The result is a variety of systems: rubber, spring, pneumatic, fire. Based on a brief analysis of the main characteristics of the weapon, which uses the energy of a compressed spring, the energy of a stretched rubber bundle or compressed air to throw the defeating element, it is possible to conclude that these types of underwater weapons are large, large weight and low rate of fire. They are characterized by a small power of the shot, which provides the actual movement of the bullet (harpoon, needle) at a distance of 5-10 m and a low firing density. Fulfillment of these requirements (the effect of the bullet on the target, the density and accuracy of firing, the distance of effective firing), as shown by the calculations and results of experiments, can be ensured only through the use of firearms (in which to throw the element using powder energy). Today, the armies of developed countries have a number of similar systems. Among the most significant developments is the BUW-2 submarine pistol, developed in 1971 in Germany by AJW. This is a multi-charge semi-automatic launcher that fires, active-jet bullets with hydrodynamic stabilization. The cartridges are located in 4 barrels, which create a disposable unit. In terms of firing distance, the pistol has an advantage over most samples of weapons used for spearfishing. Keywords: pistol, assault rifle, accuracy, APS, SPP.

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Conev, Conyu, and Tsanko Karadzhov. "EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE POWDER QUANTITY IN THE IGNITION CARTRIDGE FOR THE REUSABLE TRAINING-PRACTICE MORTAR ROUND FOR FIRING ON SHORT DISTANCES." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6575.

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The article presents an experimental investigation for the powder quantity in the ignition cartridge for the reusable training-practice mortar round for firing on short distances, which is part of a training simulator for mortar crews. A formula for approximately calculating of the required amount of quantity of the gun powder in the ignition cartridge for many times used training-practice mine for shooting at a distance of 100 meters is presented in the article. The experimental investigation and the statistical hypothesis checking confirm that the formula can be used for practically determination of the required amount of charge in the ignition cartridge.

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Churchland, Mark M., Gopal Santhanam, and Krishna V. Shenoy. "Preparatory Activity in Premotor and Motor Cortex Reflects the Speed of the Upcoming Reach." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 6 (December 2006): 3130–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00307.2006.

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Neurons in premotor and motor cortex show preparatory activity during an instructed-delay task. It has been suggested that such activity primarily reflects visuospatial aspects of the movement, such as target location or reach direction and extent. We asked whether a more dynamic feature, movement speed, is also reflected. Two monkeys were trained to reach at different speeds (“slow” or “fast,” peak speed being ∼50–100% higher for the latter) depending on target color. Targets were presented in seven directions and at two distances. Of 95 neurons with tuned delay-period activity, 95, 78, and 94% showed a significant influence of direction, distance, and instructed speed, respectively. Average peak modulations with respect to direction, distance and speed were 18, 10, and 11 spikes/s. Although robust, modulations of firing rate with target direction were not necessarily invariant: for 45% of neurons, the preferred direction depended significantly on target distance and/or instructed speed. We collected an additional dataset, examining in more detail the effect of target distance (5 distances from 3 to 12 cm in 2 directions). Of 41 neurons with tuned delay-period activity, 85, 83, and 98% showed a significant impact of direction, distance, and instructed speed. Statistical interactions between the effects of distance and instructed speed were common, but it was nevertheless clear that distance “tuning” was not in general a simple consequence of speed tuning. We conclude that delay-period preparatory activity robustly reflects a nonspatial aspect of the upcoming reach. However, it is unclear whether the recorded neural responses conform to any simple reference frame, intrinsic or extrinsic.

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Bondarenko, Y. L., A. V. Husakiwskij, V. V. Movchan, and Y. G. Uvarov. "METHODOLOGY FOR CHECKING AND BRINGING THE 5.45-MM AK-74 ASSAULT RIFLE TO NORMAL FIREARM READINESS AT A SHORT DISTANCE." Проблеми створення, випробування, застосування та експлуатації складних інформаційних систем, no. 23 (December 28, 2022): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.46972/2076-1546.2022.23.07.

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The article substantiates and proposes a methodology for checking of the 5.45-mm AK-74 assault rifle and bringing it to normal firearm readiness at a short distance. There are determined shooting distances with sight settings, requirements for a control target, the order of firing and finding the average point of impact, as well as the adjustment of the front sight based on the results of target shooting. The practical test results of the performance of the proposed method are presented. As you know, firearm training is one of the main subjects of combat training and an integral part of the troops field craft. Its purpose is to train personnel and units to maintain weapons in constant combat readiness and conduct effective fire to defeat the enemy in the conditions of modern combat in order to perform their combat tasks. It can be said more simply that the task of firearm training is to teach the personnel to hit targets (solve firing tasks) with the least consumption of ammunition in the shortest possible time. However, most often it looks completely different, the personnel spends an excessive amount of ammunition trying to hit the target during firearm training. Of course, this will happen if the serviceman is not trained in the basic rules of shooting: correctness and uniformity in aiming, taking the correct and convenient position for shooting, firing. However, in most cases, this is affected by weapons that are not brought to normal firearm readiness. One of the most important factors that affects the results of shooting, and in general, the combat readiness of the unit, is checking and bringing the weapons to normal firearm readiness. Shooting weapons does not brought to normal firearm readiness and with uncalibrated sights is prohibited, because it leads not only to poor results in shooting, but also causes harm to the personnel, causing lack confidence in the capabilities of their weapons. Keywords: methodology; firearm readiness; bringing; short distance; 5.45-mm AK-74.

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Haalman, Iris, and Eilon Vaadia. "Emergence of Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Neuronal Activity." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 53, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1998): 657–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1998-7-818.

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Abstract Neuronal Activity, Emergence of Spatio-Temporal Patterns This paper explores if dynamic modulation of coherent firing serves cortical functions. We recorded neuronal activity in the frontal cortex of behaving monkeys and found that tempo ral coincidences of spikes firing of different neurons can emerge within a fraction of a second in relation to the animal behavior. The temporal patterns of the correlation could not be predicted from the modulations of the neurons firing rate and finally, the patterns of correla tion depend on the distance between neurons. These findings call for a revision of prevailing models of neural coding that solely rely on firing rates. The findings suggest that modification of neuronal interactions can serve as a mechanism by which neurons associate rapidly into a functional group in order to perform a specific computational task. Increased correlation between members of the groups, and decreased or negative correlation with others, enhance the ability to dissociate one group from concurrently activated competing groups. Such modu lation of neuronal interactions allows each neuron to become a member of several different groups and participate in different computational tasks.

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Xu, Ailei, Ying Du, Rubin Wang, and Jinde Cao. "Interaction between Different Cells in Olfactory Bulb and Synchronous Kinematic Analysis." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/808792.

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Olfactory bulb plays an important part in signal encoding of olfactory system. The interaction between excitatory mitral cell (MC) and inhibitory granule cell (GC) is particularly crucial. In this paper, the current situation of synchronous oscillation in the network of olfactory system is firstly introduced. Then we set up a dynamical model of MC and GC in the olfactory bulb. The simulation shows the firing patterns of single MC and single GC, as well as these two kinds of cells having a coupling relationship. The results indicate that MCs have an excitatory effect on GCs, and GCs have an inhibitory effect on MCs. The firing pattern varies with different synaptic strength. In addition, we set up simple olfactory network models, discussing the influence of ring-like and grid-like neuronal networks of GCs on the synchronization of two MCs. Different types of firing synchronization are quantified by means of ISI-distance method. The numerical analysis indicates that grid-like neuronal network can make MCs synchronize better.

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FURMANEK, Wojciech, Józef GACEK, and Grzegorz P. JĄCZEK. "Evaluation of a Novel Method of Fuse Programming Based on the Number of Projectile Revolutions." Problems of Mechatronics Armament Aviation Safety Engineering 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8107.

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This paper presents an innovative method of programming fuses for airburst munitions based on the principle of counting the number of revolutions a projectile makes around its centre line along the flight trajectory in order to determine the distance travelled by the projectile. The proposed innovative method of fuse programming was compared to other known methods of fuse programming based on the results of a computer simulation of firing a 40 mm grenade launcher under near-real conditions. For this purpose, a methodology was developed for external ballistic calculations using a mathematical model of the three-dimensional motion of a non-deformable flying object considered to be a rigid body with six degrees of freedom in an ISO 1151 coordinate system. Simulations were carried out taking into account actual firing conditions for 40 mm grenade launcher ammunition armed with fuses programmed by each of the methods evaluated. Targets located at various distances were fired upon and the level of scatter of actual fuse ignition points relative to the expected fuse ignition point was evaluated for each programming method. It was concluded that the method of determining the distance travelled by the projectile with the principle of counting the projectile’s revolutions under real conditions resulted in a scatter of the fuse ignition points greater than with the time delay-based methods. In conclusion it was observed that the method of determination for the revolving projectile based on counting the projectile’s rotations along the flight trajectory did not guarantee the required precision of the fuse ignition point locations. This means that the application of the methods to determine the distance of projectile burst along the flight trajectory did not increase the effectiveness of airburst fragmentation munitions.

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Vega, J. A., E. Jiménez, J. L. Dupuy, and R. R. Linn. "Effects of flame interaction on the rate of spread of heading and suppression fires in shrubland experimental fires." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 8 (2012): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10124.

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Suppression fires are frequently used in wildland firefighting operations. However, little is known about how suppression fires behave and how the main front and the suppression fire interact. Lack of information limits the operational use and effectiveness of suppression fires and compromises the safety of firefighters. A series of experimental fires were conducted in a shrubland fuel complex in Galicia to quantify the effect of the interaction between a heading fire burning upslope with the prevailing wind and a suppression fire burning downslope from a control line against the wind. An empirical model was developed to estimate the possible effect of interaction between fronts on the rate of spread of both fronts. For heading fires, the explanatory variables were: wind speed on the windward side of the fire, distance between fronts and slope angle. In contrast, for suppression fires, the only significant explanatory variable was the distance between fronts. The models reflected the observed low to moderate acceleration in the rate of spread of both fronts and the short distance over which interaction occurred (<20 m). The study revealed that the safe and effective use of suppression firing is more limited than previously expected. In fact, with moderately high wind velocities on flat and moderately steep terrain, the use of line firing appeared unsafe.

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40

Ben-Abu, Yuval, Hezi Yizhaq, Haim Eshach, and Ira Wolfson. "Interweaving the Numerical Kinematic Symmetry Principles in School and Introductory University Physics Courses." Symmetry 11, no. 2 (January 29, 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11020148.

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The “super-gun” class of weaponry has been around for a long time. However, its unusual physics is largely ignored to this day in mainstream physics. We study an example of such a “super gun”, the “Paris gun”. We first look into the historic accounts of the firing distance of such a gun and try to reconcile it with our physical understanding of ballistics. We do this by looking into the drag component in the equations of motion for ballistic movement, which is usually neglected. The drag component of the equations of motion is the main reason for symmetry breaking in ballistics. We study ballistics for several air density profiles and discuss the results. We then proceed to look into the effects of muzzle velocity as well as mass and ground temperature on the optimal firing angle and firing range. We find that, even in the simplest case of fixed air density, the effects of including drag are far reaching. We also determine that in the “sensible” range of projectile mass, the muzzle velocity is the most important factor in determining the maximal firing range. We have found that even the simplest of complications that include air density, shifts the optimal angle from the schoolbook’s 45-degree angle, ground temperature plays a major role. While the optimal angle changes by a mere two degrees in response to a huge change in ground temperature, the maximal distance is largely affected. Muzzle velocity is perhaps the most influential variable when working within a sensible projectile mass range. In the current essay, this principle is described and examples are provided where students can apply them. For each problem, we provide both the force consideration solution approach and the energy consideration solution approach.

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Mazur, Julia, and Paweł Faliszewski. "The significance of ricochet marks in finding bullets at the shooting scene and in determining shooter location." Issues of Forensic Science 287 (2015): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2015.287.5.

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The article offers an overview of the ricochet phenomenon. The authors addresses the issue of examining bullet trajectories that have been deflected as a result of coming into contact with different types of obstacles. Ricochet marks are used by forensic experts to determine bullet trajectory, pattern, caliber and shooter location. Finding the ricocheted projectiles is difficult due to the fact that the angles of incidence (impact) and reflection are not equal. This article, devoted to ballistics and ricochet phenomenon, is based on the findings of the study conducted by specialists of the MWD Academy, Volgograd, Russia. The above study involved the use of a small semiautomatic 5.45 mm PSM pistol. Experimental firing was conducted with 5.45 mm pistol cartridges with central ignition (MPC); 2.5 g steel-core bullet; 0.15-0.17 g powder charge (Sf 040 gunpowder); muzzle velocity: 315–325 m/s. The shooting targets involved 16 mm particleboards (DSP) covered with laminate and without laminate, removed from old furniture. The results of 17 experimental firings are shown in this article. For all the firing trials, the muzzle was positioned at a distance of 2 m from the anticipated impact site. Based on the obtained results, it can be inferred that for all the ricochet incidents, the angle of reflection was greater than the angle of incidence. The projectile penetrated the particleboard over a certain distance and exited out the front site. The analysis of findings will in the future serve the formulation of the conclusions about the shooting scene, including finding the projectiles. The authors developed the following sequence of recommended expert activities: determining the type of projectile, trajectory, angles of incidence and reflection, shooter position and finally, the search for a projectile.

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Antonov, Stamen Iliev, and Hristo Angelov Hristov. "Increasing Productivity with the Combined Use of CAD/CAM/CAE Software Platforms for Collective Work During the Design of the Multipurpose Training-Practice Mortar Round for Short Distance Engagements." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0106.

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AbstractThe paper investigates the capabilities for increased productivity, reduced lead times, and higher product quality with the concerted use of CAD/CAM/CAE and software platforms for workgroups. For the purposes of this report, the design of the reusable training-practice mortar round for short distance firing is used as an example.

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Conev, Conyu Grigorov. "Analytical Method for the Estimated Calculation of the Required Amount of Propellant Charge for the Reusable Training-Practice Mortar Round for Small Distance Firing." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0120.

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AbstractThe paper presents an analytical method for determining the estimated amount of propellant charge for the reusable training-practice mortar round intended for short distance firing, as a part of simulator for mortar crews. For verification of the analytical method an experimental research was conducted where the 82mm training-practice mortar round was fired at a distance of 100 meters. The experimental research and the verification of the statistical hypothesis confirm that the formula can be used to practically determine the required amount of propellant charge.

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Morley, J. W., S. J. Judge, and J. W. Lindsey. "Role of monkey midbrain near-response neurons in phoria adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): 1475–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.6.1475.

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1. One striking characteristic of the way in which accommodation and convergence of the eyes are organized is that although the two responses are usually tightly coupled, a brief period of binocular viewing through prisms that require extra convergence brings about a persistent, adaptive alteration in the relationship between the two responses: the vergence during monocular viewing of a target at a given distance is biased in a convergent direction. We sought to discover the role of the near-response neurons we have previously described in the monkey midbrain in such phoria adaptation. 2. Phoria adaptation was produced in two monkeys by having them view binocularly stereoscopic targets under conditions that mimicked prism viewing, i.e., the mirrors of the stereoscope were set so as to require more convergence than that associated with a real target at the same distance as the images seen in the stereoscope. The activity of 57 near-response neurons located dorsally and dorsolaterally to the oculomotor nucleus was recorded before and after adaptation while the monkeys monocularly viewed targets at a range of distances. 3. Comparison of a neuron's response in normal binocular viewing with the response when the accommodation and vergence stimuli were in conflict allowed us to distinguish 24 neurons that behaved as though they were related exclusively to the vergence response. 5 neurons that behaved as though they were exclusively related to the accommodation response, and 12 neurons whose firing was not so simply related to either response. We were unable to classify the remaining 16 near-response cells by this method. 4. In accommodation-related neurons, the relationship between firing rate and accommodation did not alter, or only altered slightly, when the animal's phoria was adapted. 5. The relationship between firing rate and vergence was unaltered by phoria adaptation in only a small proportion of vergence-related neurons, showing that most neurons do not carry the entire signal responsible for phoria adaptation. On the other hand, in the majority of vergence-related neurons the relationship between firing rate and accommodation was altered by phoria adaptation, showing that most neurons do carry part of the phoria adaptation signal. 6. The implication is that the increase in vergence observed after adaptation is mediated at more than one site. A proportion of the phoria adaptation signal is present at the level of the midbrain vergence-related neurons, with the remainder of the signal being added later, presumably at the motoneurons.

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Mahrer, Kenneth D., and Brian J. Zook. "A field test of an electrodeless arc discharge, borehole seismic source." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 11 (November 1993): 1558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443371.

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Waveforms generated by an impulsive, 1.2 kJ, seven‐conductor wireline electrodeless arc discharge borehole seismic source or sparker at Texaco’s Humble, TX field test site were recorded by three borehole sensor arrays: two free‐hanging hydrophone streamers in in‐line boreholes at 82 m and 170 m from the source well and a grouted, three‐component geophone string in a borehole 110 m from the source well. A repeatability test of the source, consisting of single firings of the source at a rate of 1 firing per 5 s, showed very clean, very strong, Ricker‐like wavelets. Despite a high‐degree of attenuation (exact value of Q is not known), the useful frequency passband of the wavelets was from 200 Hz to 1200 Hz for the data recorded by the 82-m offset hydrophones and 200 Hz to 500 Hz for the 170-m hydrophones. Using 62 single‐firing wavelets recorded in the 82-m offset well gave mean and median crosscorrelations greater than 0.96 with standard deviations less than 0.02. A stack test, consisting of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32-stacked waveforms, confirmed the shape, strong S/N ratio, and high correlation of the sparker output. The 32-stack, which took less than 3 minutes to generate, was recorded by the noisy, near-surface geophones at a raypath distance of nearly 300m.

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46

Wongpakdee, Thinnapong, Supatana Buking, Nuanlaor Ratanawimarnwong, Phoonthawee Saetear, Kanchana Uraisin, Prapin Wilairat, Warawut Tiyapongpattana, and Duangjai Nacapricha. "Simple gunshot residue analyses for estimating firing distance: Investigation with four types of fabrics." Forensic Science International 329 (December 2021): 111084. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111084.

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47

Gagliano-Candela, Roberto, Anna P. Colucci, and Salvatore Napoli. "Determination of Firing Distance. Lead Analysis on the Target by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)." Journal of Forensic Sciences 53, no. 2 (March 2008): 321–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00668.x.

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48

Du, Ying, Rubin Wang, and Jingyi Qu. "Noise and Synchronization Analysis of the Cold-Receptor Neuronal Network Model." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/173894.

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This paper analyzes the dynamics of the cold receptor neural network model. First, it examines noise effects on neuronal stimulus in the model. FromISIplots, it is shown that there are considerable differences between purely deterministic simulations and noisy ones. TheISI-distance is used to measure the noise effects on spike trains quantitatively. It is found that spike trains observed in neural models can be more strongly affected by noise for different temperatures in some aspects; meanwhile, spike train has greater variability with the noise intensity increasing. The synchronization of neuronal network with different connectivity patterns is also studied. It is shown that chaotic and high period patterns are more difficult to get complete synchronization than the situation in single spike and low period patterns. The neuronal network will exhibit various patterns of firing synchronization by varying some key parameters such as the coupling strength. Different types of firing synchronization are diagnosed by a correlation coefficient and theISI-distance method. The simulations show that the synchronization status of neurons is related to the network connectivity patterns.

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49

Conev, Conyu Grigorov, and Hristo Angelov Hristov. "Determination of the Trajectory Elements for the Reusable Training-Practice Mortar Round Intended for Short Distance Firing." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0119.

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AbstractThe paper presents an analytical method for calculating the initial velocity and flight distance of a reusable training-practice mortar round for short distance firing intended as a simulator for mortar teams. This is the first stage in the overall development of the simulator and the results obtained will be used to determine the elements of the mortar’s internal ballistics. The paper also presents a simulation model developed with MATLAB software program, with which calculations were made for 60 mm, 82 mm and 120 mm training-practice mortars.

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Chen-Huang, Chiju, and Robert A. McCrea. "Effects of Viewing Distance on the Responses of Vestibular Neurons to Combined Angular and Linear Vestibular Stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 5 (May 1, 1999): 2538–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.5.2538.

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Effects of viewing distance on the responses of vestibular neurons to combined angular and linear vestibular stimulation. The firing behavior of 59 horizontal canal–related secondary vestibular neurons was studied in alert squirrel monkeys during the combined angular and linear vestibuloocular reflex (CVOR). The CVOR was evoked by positioning the animal’s head 20 cm in front of, or behind, the axis of rotation during whole body rotation (0.7, 1.9, and 4.0 Hz). The effect of viewing distance was studied by having the monkeys fixate small targets that were either near (10 cm) or far (1.3–1.7 m) from the eyes. Most units (50/59) were sensitive to eye movements and were monosynaptically activated after electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve (51/56 tested). The responses of eye movement–related units were significantly affected by viewing distance. The viewing distance–related change in response gain of many eye-head-velocity and burst-position units was comparable with the change in eye movement gain. On the other hand, position-vestibular-pause units were approximately half as sensitive to changes in viewing distance as were eye movements. The sensitivity of units to the linear vestibuloocular reflex (LVOR) was estimated by subtraction of angular vestibuloocular reflex (AVOR)–related responses recorded with the head in the center of the axis of rotation from CVOR responses. During far target viewing, unit sensitivity to linear translation was small, but during near target viewing the firing rate of many units was strongly modulated. The LVOR responses and viewing distance–related LVOR responses of most units were nearly in phase with linear head velocity. The signals generated by secondary vestibular units during voluntary cancellation of the AVOR and CVOR were comparable. However, unit sensitivity to linear translation and angular rotation were not well correlated either during far or near target viewing. Unit LVOR responses were also not well correlated with their sensitivity to smooth pursuit eye movements or their sensitivity to viewing distance during the AVOR. On the other hand there was a significant correlation between static eye position sensitivity and sensitivity to viewing distance. We conclude that secondary horizontal canal–related vestibuloocular pathways are an important part of the premotor neural substrate that produces the LVOR. The otolith sensory signals that appear on these pathways have been spatially and temporally transformed to match the angular eye movement commands required to stabilize images at different distances. We suggest that this transformation may be performed by the circuits related to temporal integration of the LVOR.

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