Статті в журналах: "Fireproof Design and construction"

1

Li, Jing, Peng Cao, Shuping Jiang, and Dandan Zhang. "Fire Resistance Test and Numerical Simulation on the Tube Structure of Steel–Concrete–Steel Immersed Tube Tunnel." Buildings 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010033.

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To provide references for the fire prevention design of steel–concrete–steel immersed tube tunnels, four types of test conditions—no fire protection, fireproof coating insulation, single-layer seam fireproof boards, and double-layer seam fireproof boards—were carried out using partial full-size structural test members. Additionally, the thermal insulation effects of various fireproofing technology solutions were contrasted and analyzed. Combined with the numerical simulation analysis, the temperature distribution law inside the tube structure under various fireproofing measures and the temperature rise law of measuring points at different depths were studied, and the protective effect of the fireproof layers on the tube structure under high fire temperature was demonstrated. The results of the numerical simulation and the experimental data agree well. The results show that adding fireproof layers can significantly lower both the steel shell’s surface temperature and the depth of fire impact. Without fire protection, the surface temperature of the bottom steel shell exceeds 300 °C at 69 s, and the member bursts. The fireproof coatings are cracked and flaking and cannot meet the fire resistance limits. Both single-seam and double-seam schemes of calcium silicate boards can meet the fire resistance limit requirements and the latter has a better heat insulation effect.

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Vorosin, A. O., and A. P. Parfenenko. "The research into the heating effect of secondary steel structures, having no fire proofing, on the fire resistance of fireproof steel beams." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 3 (July 12, 2021): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.03.16-30.

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Introduction. The international practice of passive fire protection design, as well as some manufactures of fireproofing products recommend to apply fire proofing substances not only to the main element, whose fire resistance limit is standardized, but also to the elements that do not fall under any fire resistance standards. Various support brackets, pipeline supports (hereinafter — PS), etc. can serve as examples. They are not considered as bearing elements according to SP (Construction Regulations) 2.13130.2020, although they are connected to the structures that have fireproofing applied. It is recommended to apply fireproofing substances to such PS within the range of, at least, 450 mm from the point of attachment to the fireproof structure when the area of the PS cross section exceeds 3,000 mm2. No “supplementary” fireproofing is required by the Russian design and fire protection regulations.The subject of research. A change in the fire resistance limit of steel i-girders, caused by the PS heating, depends on the area of the PS cross section and the location of the point of its attachment.The goal. The goal of the research is to analyze the effect, produced by the area of the cross section and the point of attachment, on the fire resistance limit of fireproof steel i-girders in the course of heating.Materials and methods. ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2 (student version) was applied to perform the numerical simulation.Results. The simulation has shown that the PS, having no fireproofing, influences the fire resistance limit of fireproof structures.Conclusions. Currently available methods of analysis of the fire resistance of steel structures take no account of the fire resistance limit reduction, caused by the heating of the PS that has no fireproofing. The numerical simulation has shown that the fire proofing design must take account of the potential reduction in the fire resistance limit of fireproof structures, exposed to the heated PS that has no fire proofing. The further verification of the effect, produced by the PS, that has no fireproofing, on the time to the limit state of a fireproof steel i-girder requires fire tests and supplementary investigations to evaluate the influence of the PS on the heating of vertical fireproof constructions, including the case of the hydrocarbon fire mode.

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Yang, Wenxu, B. H. Abu Bakar, Hussin Mamat, and Liang Gong. "A New, Green, Recyclable Fireproof Insulation Board for Use in Integrated Composite Structure Fire Protection Systems." Fire 5, no. 6 (November 29, 2022): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5060203.

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A fireproof insulation board can be recycled, and the raw materials used in its production are very environmentally friendly, non-toxic and non-hazardous, and bring no harm to the human body and the surrounding environment. One practical application of fireproof insulation board is in an integrated composite structural fire protection system, which is a multidimensional comprehensive structural fire protection system proposed for the combined construction of buildings with different functions, such as horizontal and vertical, to ensure overall safety in the event of a building fire. The specific new technology of this new system includes an integrated structural fire protection system composed of a 3.00 h fire insulation board, which comes from the collection of textile scraps consisting of metals and buttons removed from clothes. To prove the effectiveness of this fireproof insulation board, its parameters were collected and put into FDS (FirG Dynamics Simulator, a CFD model of fluid flow during combustion developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology), the fire safety goals considering the safety of building and personnel were established, and fire scene design based on the statistics of fire data and building codes was generated to test the safety of evacuation. To ensure the reliability of simulation results, an on-site physical fire test was conducted with the recycled insulation board. The result shows that the function of recycled board optimizes the phased evacuation design plan of personnel and solves the design difficulties of expanding fire zones and long evacuation distances when used in warehouses. Through the innovative design of the roof opening rate set at 30% and a hole spacing of 60 m, this underground fireproof insulation board is guaranteed to possess natural smoke exhaust conditions and can be used to improve public safety areas.

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4

Kim, SunHee, KyongSoo Yom, and SungMo Choi. "Fire Resistance Performance of Welded Built-up Square CFT Columns with Reduced Intumescent Paint." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.6.2.103.

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Welded built-up square CFT columns are widely employed in construction field thanks to their structural efficiencies by avoiding stress concentration area and improving workability in fabrication and maximizing the composite effect enabled by bent ribs. Although welded built-up square CFT columns have structural advantages over other members and are widely used, they are classified as non-fireproof in Korea because the steel tubes are directly exposed to a fire. Thus, fire coating required for the columns by the law results in inefficient design. This study suggests welded built-up square CFT columns with reduced coating to enable improved fire-resistance performance for 2˜3 hours. The purpose of the study is to analyse their fire-resistance performance using the variable of axial Load ratio which is the major factor in the performance and suggest efficient functional design with reduced coating.

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5

Ayyasamy, Leema Rose, Anbarasu Mohan, Dhanasingh Sivalinga Vijayan, Agoramoorthy Sattainathan Sharma, Parthiban Devarajan, and Aravindan Sivasuriyan. "Finite element analysis of behavior and ultimate strength of composite column." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2022-0017.

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Abstract Composite sections are found to be a novel technique in modern day scenario of construction. This stands tall than the ordinary and conventional type of constructions. Columns as a structural element play a vital role in structural frame. This research comments on the behavior of composite columns. The main objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of steel-encased concrete composite columns as experimentally under axial compression and the mode of failure under ultimate failure and yield point. The steel-concrete composite system combines the formability and rigidity of reinforced concrete with the ductility and strength of structural steel to meet the demand for earthquake-resistant constructions. Three specimens were chosen for this study: one was a composite column, the other two were ordinary RC columns and structural steel columns. The raw materials' natural properties are assessed. As a result, material testing for cement, fine aggregate, and coarse aggregate was completed, as well as a concrete mix design. A comparative analysis of the local and post-local buckling behavior of different composite sections has been studied and the column sections have been designed according to Eurocode 4 (ENV 1994) to determine the plastic resistance of the section. These three specimens underwent compression test and the results are tabulated and compared. The corrosion resistance and fireproof nature (resistance to fire at higher temperatures) that are transmitted into the member are related to the steel being encased within the concrete. These are the two major drawbacks of any steel construction combined with an earthquake-resistant structure. Rather than a traditional steel construction, earthquake structures benefit from this type of load handling capabilities. The portion can be used before it completely collapses if proper design factors are taken into account.

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6

Lin, Jiawei, Limin Song, and Dingding Ren. "Applying paper material to landscape architecture design: a systematic review and a pioneer experiment (1995 – 2020)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1074, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1074/1/012024.

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Abstract With the support of new technology, recyclable paper is capable of being both waterproof and fireproof, and it has been used in architectural design to some extent. However, there are limited studies on the use of paper materials in landscape architecture. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential of paper materials practice in landscape architecture design from both functional and aesthetic perspectives. The method includes two parts: 1. a systematic review to investigate paper’s properties and capabilities to demonstrate it is qualified as a landscape construction material; 2. Provide a prototype to illustrate how to use paper materials in a practical landscape design. This paper found that the application of paper materials in landscape architecture has the following benefits: low-cost material, easy assemble and removal, build fast, easy transport, recyclable, unique material aesthetic feeling, low technical requirement, educational. Through a systematic review and case studies, this study explored the practical application value of paper materials in landscape architecture, and provided a feasible idea and direction for the landscape architecture industry to practice the concept of sustainable development.

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7

Kao, Shih Feng, Yu Shiang Wu, Chi Jan Huang, and Tsung Min Kuo. "Performance Tests of Surface Burning for Firestop Materials." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 809–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.809.

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To prevent improper design and construction of fire compartments through-penetration in buildings, and in order to reinforce public building safety management, all beams, pillars, ceilings, floors, doors, walls, and interior decorative materials must have fireproof properties. Moreover, cable conduits, water pipes, and air ducts located in through-penetration sites within buildings should be properly designed to block the spread of smoke and hot air, thus, reducing losses due to fire disasters. This study used common firestop materials, such as firestop sheets, mineral wool, and two-pack fire barrier foam to conduct 10-min surface burning tests on individual substrates. The flame spread distance and smoke per minute were measured and recorded in order to calculate the Flame Spread Index (FSI) and Smoke Developed Index (SDI). The results showed that all three firestop materials meet with the ASTM E84 Class A.

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8

Szulborski, Michał, Sebastian Łapczyński, and Łukasz Kolimas. "Thermal Analysis of Heat Distribution in Busbars during Rated Current Flow in Low-Voltage Industrial Switchgear." Energies 14, no. 9 (April 24, 2021): 2427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092427.

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The manuscript presents advanced coupled analysis: Maxwell 3D, Transient Thermal and Fluent CFD, at the time of a rated current occurring on the main busbars in the low-voltage switchgear. The simulations were procured in order to aid the design process of such enclosures. The analysis presented the rated current flow in the switchgear busbars, which allowed determining their temperature values. The main assumption of the simulation was measurements of temperature rise during rated current conditions. Simulating such conditions is a valuable asset in order to design better solutions for energy distribution gear. The simulation model was a precise representation of the actual prototype of the switchgear. Simulations results were validated by experimental research. The heat dissipation in busbars and switchgear housing through air convection was presented. The temperature distribution for the insulators in the rail bridge made of fireproof material was considered: halogen-free polyester. The results obtained during the simulation allowed for a detailed analysis of switchgear design and proper conclusions in practical and theoretical aspects. That helped in introducing structural changes in the prepared prototype of the switchgear at the design and construction stages. Deep analysis of the simulation results allowed for the development concerning the final prototype of the switchgear, which could be subjected to the full type tests. Additionally, short-circuit current simulations were procured and presented.

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9

Álvarez, Manuel, Daniel Ferrández, Patricia Guijarro-Miragaya, and Carlos Morón. "Characterization and under Water Action Behaviour of a New Plaster-Based Lightened Composites for Precast." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 16, 2023): 872. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020872.

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Plaster is a construction material widely used for the production of prefabricated parts in building construction due to its high capacity for hygrothermal regulation, its good mechanical performance, and its fireproof nature, among other factors. Its historical use has been linked to ornamental elements, although more recent research is oriented towards the industrialisation of plaster composites and the design of prefabricated parts for false ceilings and interior partitions. In this work, the behaviour against water of four new plaster-based composite materials is studied, using additions of two types of super absorbent polymers (sodium polyacrylate and potassium polyacrylate) and a lightening material (vermiculite) in their manufacturing process. In addition, the transmission of water vapour through the samples was studied together with the water absorption capacity of the samples in order to check the suitability of the use of plaster-based materials exposed to these environments. The results of this study show that composites with the addition of super absorbent polymers as well as vermiculite significantly improve their water performance compared to traditional materials up to 7.3% water absorption with a minimal (13%) reduction in mechanical strength compared to current materials with similar additions. In this sense, a plaster material is obtained with wide possibilities of application in the construction sector that favours the development of sustainable and quality buildings, in line with Goal 9 for Sustainable Development included in the 2030 Agenda.

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10

Meng, Xian Hong, Chan Fang Zhou, and Jing Hai Zhou. "Lattice Concrete Wall Structure Optimization and Numerical Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1628–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1628.

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Polystyrene formwork of lattice concrete wall is a set of lightweight, insulation, sound insulation, fireproof, bearing multi-function in one of the "EPS new energy-saving" wall structure system. Through the polystyrene formwork structure forms of optimized improvement built in construction process of collapse produced high wall plate phenomenon. Do an axial compression ratio of 0.2 lattice specimens of reinforced concrete shear wall in axis pressure and reciprocating level forces test. The damage form of that wall for wall bottom beam-column central cross core ring crack and appear "X" type crack and are crushed. The mesh wall formed strong vertical limb and weak horizontal limb，belongs to the ductility structure , and has more yield , and energy dissipation capacity , and wall overall performance is strong , and avoid brittle failure , and has good ductility、deformation ability and bearing capacity of the characteristics of big .The finite element analysis and experimental results indicated that the ultimate bearing capacity of the wall are the same. For new formworks do wall by finite element analysis, in do not affect its aseismic capacity premise that wall structure forms are optimized design.

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11

Yao, Jia Wei, Zhao Ming Hou, and Yi Shu Yao. "Insulation and Fireproof Performance of Several New Materials for Exterior Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1290.

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Exterior insulation is currently promoting a building energy-saving insulation technology. Compared with internal insulation, it is a reasonable technique and has its obvious advantages. However, in the insulation material, thermal insulation effect is better, fireproof performance is often worse. Through analyzing several external wall insulation materials’ insulation and fireproof performance, the article recommends a kind of external wall thermal insulation material with good insulation and fireproof performance, to meet the construction needs.

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12

Shao, Jun Yi, and Dong Wang. "The Integration of New Technology Research on Composite Inorganic Fiber Acoustic Insulation Spray in Engineering Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2239.

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Composite inorganic fiber spray technology was based on high-strength interfacial agent, then sprayed an appropriate mixed proportion of ultrafine diameter (D <4μm) composite inorganic fibers, adhesives, cement and other raw materials through a dedicated spray equipment on the building roof (ceiling) or flank, which formed a homogeneous, porous, durable and eco-friendly cover layer. The key technology is combined composite inorganic fiber sprays’ adhesive, mixing, porous, insulation and acoustic fireproof mechanism with three key technology working principles " high-strength interfacial agent sector coverage ", " composite inorganic fibers + adhesive multiple mixed spray " and " continuous overall seamless fireproof insulating layer ", to achieve integrate engineering effects of insulation, fastness, energy-efficient, sound-absorbing and homogeneous coverage. The new technology solves acoustic insulation problems of public buildings with fireproof requirements as: underground garage ceiling, elevator shafts and fire passage, etc.

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13

Ma, Lan, Zhao Fei Wang, and Qiu Xia Yang. "Fireproof Design on City Traffic Road Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 2338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.2338.

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The paper analyses the characteristics and reasons of fire occurring inside city traffic road tunnel, With an example of road tunnel project from Guangzhou, The paper presents the contents and emphases of fireproof design on city traffic road tunnel, which covers framework design , aeration design and refuge establishment .

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14

Sharova, E. A., V. N. Krasovskii, E. L. Smirnova, and V. I. Klochkov. "Heat-Shielding and Fireproof Material for Power Machinery Construction." International Polymer Science and Technology 33, no. 12 (December 2006): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0603301210.

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15

Wouters, Ine, and Michael de Bouw. "The Development of Fireproof Construction in Brussels Between 1840–1870." Industrial Archaeology Review 28, no. 1 (May 2006): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581906x106589.

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Liu, Wen Si, Zhi Qing Yang, Chen Hua Zhong, and Hai Feng Mo. "New Type of Fireproof Structure Experimental Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 897–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.897.

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this paper firstly designed a three-layer fabric and a fireproof air layer structure which is formed by the three-layer fabric, then studied fireproof and heat insulation performance of the designed structure by analysing results of a series of contrast experiments, finally got the best design project, experimental results show that it is feasibility to apply the designed air layer structure in fire safety work.

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17

Wu, Ansheng, Bo Zhang, and Le Tian. "Fire-resistance Rating of Square Steel Tubes and Concrete-filled Square Steel Tubular Columns Protected with Ultra-thin Fire-retardant Coating." Revista de Chimie 71, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.6.8210.

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To promote and criterionize the application of ultra-thin the fireproof coating s to building structures, four concrete-filled square steel tubular (CFSST) pillars as well as two square steel tubes, each protected along with ultra-thin the fireproof coating , were subjected to full-scale fire tests to investigate their fireproof level on the basis of the ISO 834 criterion time�degrees curve. Test results revealed not only the temperature variation characteristics of specimens suffered from inconsistent fire exposure, but also effects of the steel ratio of the test specimen and the number of fire-exposed sides on the fire-refractory level of the test specimen. Test results demonstrated that when protected with an ultra-thin the fireproof coating , the heating rate of the specimens was considerably lower than that of the test furnace, suggesting that the ultra-thin the fireproof coating exhibits good thermal insulation performance. The test results were compared with China�s current criterions for the fire-refractory level of square steel tubes and CFSST pillars, indicating that the criterions would lead to a relatively conservative fire-safe design for four-side fire exposure.

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18

HAYAMI, Kiyotaka. "CONSTRUCTION AFTER APPLICATION OF THE FIREPROOF BUILDING BELT IN OFUNATO TOWN." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 87, no. 791 (January 1, 2022): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.87.184.

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KAKAE, Norichika, Takuzo IDA, Hideki ISHII, and Keiichi MIYAMOTO. "EFFECTS OF PAINTING AND INSULATION ON A FIREPROOF COATING." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 27, no. 65 (February 20, 2021): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.27.259.

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Kovalov, Andrii, Roman Purdenko, Yurii Otrosh, Vitalii Tоmеnkо, Nina Rashkevich, Eduard Shcholokov, Mykola Pidhornyy, Nina Zolotova, and Oleg Suprun. "Assessment of fire resistance of fireproof reinforced concrete structures." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 1 (119) (October 30, 2022): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.266219.

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A finite-element model for the heat engineering calculation of fireproof reinforced concrete slab has been built, which is designed to assess the fire resistance of unprotected reinforced concrete structures. A feature of the model is the correct choice of types of heat transfer in the cavities of reinforced concrete ceilings. An algorithm that includes experimental and calculation procedures in determining the fire resistance of unprotected reinforced concrete structures has been applied. The initial, boundary conditions for the construction of the model were formulated; the thermophysical properties of materials were substantiated. Thermal calculation of fireproof multi-hollow reinforced concrete ceiling under conditions of fire was carried out. The adequacy of the developed finite-element model was checked. A satisfactory convergence of experimental and calculated temperatures with an accuracy of 10 % was established, which would suffice for the engineering calculations. The model built makes it possible to assess the fire resistance of unprotected reinforced concrete structures. Thus, there is reason to argue that the model constructed can partially or completely replace the experimental assessment of fire resistance, provided that the construction and setting of the model parameters are correct

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Yao, Hong Bo, Da Zhang, and Wei Zhu. "Discussion of the Fireproof Wall Insulation Materials." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 360–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.360.

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This article put forward several suggestions for the design of new type of fire insulation materials, and cited several new types of fire protection materials; advocate the use of fire insulation materials to prevent fires from the material roots.

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Gravit, Marina, Boris Klementev, and Daria Shabunina. "Fire Protection of Steel Structures with Epoxy Coatings under Cryogenic Exposure." Buildings 11, no. 11 (November 14, 2021): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110537.

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Cases of fire with highly flammable, combustible liquids and combustible gases with high potential heat emission at oil and gas facilities are assumed to develop as a hydrocarbon fire, which is characterized by the temperature rising rapidly up to 1093 ± 56 °C within five minutes from the test start and staying within the same range throughout the test, as well as by overpressure being generated. Although various fireproof coating systems are commonly used to protect steel structures from high temperatures, a combination of fire protection and cryogenic spillage protection, i.e., protection from liquefied natural gas (LNG), is rather an international practice novelty regulated by standards ISO 20088. Thanks to their outstanding features, i.e., ability to sustain chemical and climatic impact, these epoxy-based materials are able to ensure positive fireproof performance for steel structures in the case of potential cryogenic impact. The article discusses tests on steel structures coated with epoxy fireproof compounds, specifically PREGRAD-EP, OGRAX-SKE and Chartek 2218. The test records show the time from the start of cryogenic exposure to the said sample reaching the limit state, as well as the time from the start of heat impact to the sample reaching the limit state in case of hydrocarbon fire temperature.

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FUJIGA, Masato, and Mitsuki NIHASHI. "IMPLEMENTATION OF THE REBUILDING FURTHERANCE IN SPECIFIC DISTRICT FOR FIREPROOF." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 25, no. 59 (February 20, 2019): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.25.383.

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Wan, Fu Xiong. "Experimental Research on Fireproofing Measure of Slabs Strengthened by Carbon Fiber Sheet Bonded with Inorganic Adhesive." Applied Mechanics and Materials 507 (January 2014): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.507.332.

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Because of high temperature above 1000°C on fire, and Oxidation of carbon fiber at high temperature, fireproofing measure should be make to take advantage of inorganic adhesive for slabs strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive. The problem of which fireproofing material should be choose and how to make fireproofing measure needs to resolve. Fireproofing test is make for slabs strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive protected by Thick-typed Fireproof Coating for steel structure (TFCSS) and Thick-typed Fireproof Coating for tunnel (TFCT). Typical damage state of the two typical coating is compared during and after fire, Temperature field of slab specimen is analyzed, and fireproofing effect is compared. The test results indicate that, steel wire mesh in the middle of coating layer can prevent coating from falling fully, so steel wire mesh is necessary for fireproofing coat which is not too thick. under the protection of fireproof coating with proper construction, TFCT and TFCSS can supply effective fireproofing protection for carbon fiber sheet, but the former is inferior to the latter because the latter is easier to drop and crack in fire. So, TFCT with steel wire mesh can supply the most effective protection for slabs strengthened by carbon fiber sheet bonded with the adhesive.

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Niu, Shu Guang, Xiao Lei Wang, Xiao Mei Jiang, and Zhi Ya Hou. "New Structural Design of Coal Mine Rescue Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 470 (December 2013): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.470.650.

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Abstract: Based on the particularity analysis of coal mine accidents and fire occurred, a rescue robot is designed for coal mine and fire rescue. This robot adopts four tracks composite drive mechanism with front and rear machine hinged, and has good climbing, obstacle capability, the ground adaptability, mechanical properties, waterproof, fireproof, explosion-proof and other functions. It carries oxygen, food, lighting, water, self-help equipment and first-aid medicines to achieve effective relief.

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Wang, Fang, Yun Juan Sun, Dan Li, and Min Zhang. "Design of Compound and Intelligent Fire Detector." Advanced Materials Research 529 (June 2012): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.529.327.

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Along with the rapid development of computer, IC and signal disposal technology,fire alarm system has been more integrated,intelligent and multi-functional. The method of fire detection has also changed from single signal to multiple signal. Temperature sensorPhotoelectric smog sensor and CO sensor are integrated to a compound detector for fireproof. All kinds of signal will be judged by single-chip microcomputer. NN intelligent arithmetic is applied to software design. The Multi-signal synchronization detection is simulated by MATLAB.

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Ma, Tongtong, Liping Li, Changtong Mei, Qingwen Wang, and Chuigen Guo. "Construction of sustainable, fireproof and superhydrophobic wood template for efficient oil/water separation." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 9 (January 3, 2021): 5624–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05615-1.

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Wang, Jin Ping. "The Discussion on Fire Load Maximum of Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2709–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2709.

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Fire load exists in the building, and it is generally not the origin of fire occurred and spread, so attention has not been beloved paid although the fire size is closely related with it. It plays an important role in performance-based fireproof design, but the abroad data is used always, then which is not in accordance to the situation of our country. The article is based on national and international standards, and calculated the fire load theoretical maximum of the building to protect the building fire safety and can be referred by performance-based fireproof designer, so we can control the fire dangerous of the building, and then grasp the critical moment while the fire happened.

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Kang, Kyeongsin, Gihyun Hong, and Jaesung Lee. "Experimental Study on Construction Performance of Infilled-Type Fire Resistant Materials." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.5.97.

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In this study, the physical properties of the material were tested to ensure the applicability of the filling-type fireproof construction method when using spraying materials, and the changes in the material in different filling locations were evaluated. The filler, ET-1013 mixture without admixture, showed proper fluidity. When using the lower filling method, cracking and sagging occurred over time because of the increase in internal pressure. At the same time, cracking and deflection did not occur in the case of the upper filling method. The filling tests were performed using manufactured 1,000 and 3,000 mm columns. In the case of the lower filling method, cladding steel plates of the column underwent out-of-plane buckling, and the material separation occurred.

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30

Herr, Christiane M. "Design Is Construction, Construction Is Design." She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation 5, no. 4 (2019): 367–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2019.11.007.

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31

Gravit, Marina, Yana Simonenko, and Arkady Larionov. "Method single burning item (SBI) for fire hazard of wood constructions." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 02049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199102049.

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This research covers fire risk classification for construction materials in the countries of the European Union and a full methodological approach to the assessment of the fire hazard, providing requirements, characteristics, and test methods depending on the field of their usage and functional purpose. Application of fireproof coating and constructive fireproofing are considered to be one of the most widespread ways to increase fire safetyof wood constructions. The need to improve approaches tothe development and application of fireproofing ofwood materials, methodological assessment of their efficiency providing fire safety are also specified. The evaluation of the fire behavior of the fireproofed wood samples has been carried out. Two methods were used to get the results: Russian National StandardR 53292-2009 “Fireproof compositions and substances for the wood and materialsbased on it. General requirements. Test methods” and EN 13823:2003 (SBI) method.The purpose of test using a single source of flame (SBI) also involves an application of the larger selection model than the standard test methods in order to get the results, which are much closer to the full-scale reference phase of the fire propagation.Several conclusions have been made:whether it is possible to introduce European standards for the assessment of the construction materials fire risk to the national practice and incorporation of the requirements stipulated in the similar European regulations to the Russian standards.

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32

MORITA, Takeshi, and Shiro KONDO. "DEVELOPMENT OF FIRE RESISTIVE SEPARATING CONSTRUCTION CONSISTING OF STEEL BEAM AND FIREPROOF PARTITION WALL." AIJ Journal of Technology and Design 20, no. 44 (2014): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijt.20.153.

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33

Yang, Hsi-Chi, Tsung-Pin Tsai, and Chien-Te Hsieh. "Enhancement on fireproof performance of construction coatings using calcium sulfate whiskers prepared from wastewater." Chemical Papers 71, no. 7 (January 27, 2017): 1343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0126-z.

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34

Prusakov, Vasiliy, Marina Gravit, Yana Simonenko, Anna Minnullina, and Alexandra Artyukhina. "Fire retardant for expansion and linear joints in buildings and tunnels." MATEC Web of Conferences 239 (2018): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823905010.

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The review of fire-prevention barriers of deformation seams both foreign, and domestic manufacturers is provided in article. It is shown that the fire-prevention barriers which are specially developed for application in deformation seams, guaranteed working at compression, stretching and shift of a seam are applied to protection of deformation seams at the fire it is established that production of innovative fireproof materials is one of the main objectives of fire safety, it and ways of consecutive transformation of the idea to the goods passing stages of researches, design developments, productions and realization in projects of civil and industrial function of buildings. The prime purpose – to pick up the complex decision providing the maximum satisfaction of requirements when performing fireproof works on protection of a deformation seam at impact of the fire.

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35

Yao, Ya Dong, Guang Fu Yin, Xiao Wei Cheng, and Xiang Li Gou. "Design and Properties of Fire-Proof Coating for Tunnels." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1753–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1753.

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Silicate fireproof coatings for tunnels (FCT) have many eminent properties. But low adhesion strength and poor water/fire-resistance of this kind of materials largely limit its applications. Here we reported a new kind of FCT based on high alumina cement as principle adhesive, redispersible powder as assisting adhesive, ammonium polyphosphate as fire-retardant material, vermiculite as adiabatic padding, and magnesium hydroxide as assisting reagents. The influence of various experimental conditions on fire resistance, adhesion strength and water resistance were carefully studied. Results showed that dispersible emulsoid powder was a key component affecting adhesion strength and water resistance of FCT, whereas fire-retardant material posed significant effects on the fire resistance.

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36

Lazes, Richard. "THE EFFECTS OF IN SITU BURNING OF OIL ON FIRE BOOM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 836–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-836.

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ABSTRACT In situ burning of oil is an efficient way to get rid of spilled oil at sea. Recent tests have proven that the benefits associated with in situ burning of oil far outweigh the potential health hazards of the smoke from the oil fire. Fire-resistant materials are available for use in the construction of fireproof oil booms. The effects of oil fires on these booms were studied: more than a dozen tests were carried out on fire booms to evaluate the effectiveness of the booms for use with in situ burning of oil.

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37

Mustakimov, R., V. Kodolov, and V. Kodolova-Chukhontseva. "Fireproof intumescent systems modification by means of phosphorus-containing metal/carbon nanocomposites for construction applications." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 693 (November 28, 2019): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/693/1/012033.

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38

Wang, Yaw Long, Yi Ming Chang, Mei Li You, Kun Yue Chen, Chun Ping Lin, and Chi Min Shu. "Fire Safety Assessment Research for High-Tech Plants." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.920.

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Most of the buildings for high-tech plants are fireproof and the process equipment in the clean room is in compliance with high-standard fire prevention evaluation regulations such as National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), Factory Mutual (FM),and Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International (SEMI). However, fire management is usually neglected though fire protection higher than domestic fire control regulations is applied. Fireproof and smoke-proof design of the original buildings can be damaged due to expansion of production facilities, causing a potential danger of a fire. Cases of fires in domestic semiconductor manufacturing factories were explored in this research and claim settlements provided by MSIG Mingtai InsuranceCo.,Ltd., Taiwan to high-tech plants were analyzed for determination of the quantified weights used by the insurance companies when evaluating fire risks of a building. The fire safety badge promoted by Architecture and Building Research Institute, and Ministry of the Interior was also discussed for reference of fire safety assessments of high-tech factory buildings in the future.

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39

Zhao, Gengqi, Wanqiong Chen, Dapeng Zhao, and Ke Li. "Mechanical Properties of Prefabricated Cold-Formed Steel Stud Wall Panels Sheathed with Fireproof Phenolic Boards under Out-of-Plane Loading." Buildings 12, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12070897.

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In this paper, new prefabricated cold-formed light-gauge steel stud wall panels sheathed with fireproof phenolic boards, which are fabricated by connecting the steel studs and the boards by using structural silicone sealant, was proposed. The proposed prefabricated wall has a good fireproof performance and can be manufactured rapidly in a factory. Full-scale tests on the mechanical properties of the prefabricated wall system, consisting of the prefabricated wall and the connection between the wall and the surrounding steel structure under out-of-plane loading, were performed. A total of six specimens were tested considering the effects of the arrangement of the cold-formed light-gauge steel studs, the shape and thickness of the steel connector for jointing the prefabricated wall panel and the surrounding steel structure, and the number of self-tapping screws connecting the surrounding structure. The results show that the out-of-plane stiffness of the prefabricated wall system in the elastic stress state under out-of-plane loading can be increased by increasing the number of self-tapping screws, increasing the thickness of the steel connector, or adopting the symmetrical arrangement of the light-gauge steel studs. The out-of-plane stiffness of the prefabricated wall system and the stiffness contribution of a single special-shaped steel connector can both be increased by increasing the number of special-shaped steel connectors. Furthermore, the special-shaped steel connector is more beneficial to a greater out-of-plane stiffness than the L-shaped steel connector. In addition, the theoretical calculation methods for deflection of the proposed prefabricated wall and flexural stress of the CFS C-channel stud considering the fireproof phenolic board sheathing effect under elastic state were proposed. The predicted results using the proposed method are compared with test results and the predicted results by using other methods. It was found that the predicted results by using the proposed method agreed better with the test results compared with the predicted results using the transformed-section method or the reduced stiffness method, which demonstrates the acceptability and accuracy of the proposed mothed for calculating deflection of the proposed prefabricated wall and flexural stress of the CFS C-channel stud.

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40

Maraveas, C., Y. C. Wang, and T. Swailes. "Fire resistance of 19th century fireproof flooring systems: A sensitivity analysis." Construction and Building Materials 55 (March 2014): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.022.

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41

Zhang, Fan, Deqing Yang, and Weiqiang Qiu. "Design and experimental study of lightweight fireproof bidirectional bead bulkheads in a cruise ship." Marine Structures 83 (May 2022): 103180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2022.103180.

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42

Gravit, Marina, Daria Shabunina, Sergey Antonov, and Andrey Danilov. "Thermal Characteristics of Fireproof Plaster Compositions in Exposure to Various Regimes of Fire." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 9, 2022): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050630.

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The problems of the fire safety of oil and gas facilities are particularly relevant due to the increasing complexity of technological processes and production. Experimental studies of steel structures with three different types of plasters are presented to determine the time taken to reach the critical temperature and loss of bearing capacity (R) of the sample, as a result of reaching a rate of deformation growth of more than 10 mm/min and the appearance of the ultimate vertical deformation. The simulation of the heating of steel structures showed a good correlation with the results of the experiment. The consumption of the plaster composition for the steel column was predicted, which allowed a 38% reduction in the consumption of fireproofing. It was found that to obtain the required fire resistance limit, it is necessary to consider the fire regime and apply plaster compositions with a thickness of 30–35 mm, depending on their thermal characteristics. The dependence of thermal conductivity and temperature on density is obtained, showing that the use of plaster compositions with a density of 200 to 600 kg/m3 is optimal to ensure a higher fire resistance limit. It is shown that the values of thermal conductivity of plaster compositions at 1000 °C are higher by 8–10% if the structure is exposed to a hydrocarbon fire regime. It is shown that the values of the heat capacity of plaster compositions at 1000 °C are higher by 10–15% if the structure is exposed to a standard fire regime.

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43

Gervas, Nikolai Vladimirovich, Evgeny Leonidovich Romanov, and Wolfram Hardt. "Classification for Quality Assessment of the User Interface and its Application in the Development of Web-applications." Embedded Selforganising Systems 8, no. 1 (July 13, 2021): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14464/ess.v8i1.481.

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The article considers a classification for validation and quality assessment of the user interface (UI) from the point of view of the main aspects of design and its application in the development of web-applications. The problem with inaccurately crafted user interface requirements is relevant and as a result, developers often have to redesign the interface and architecture of the application. The article analyzes the role and place of UI in the architecture of client-server applications, analyzes aspects of UI design, on the basis of which the classification is formed. The classification is used to analyze UI design oversights of the developed web-applications for BPMS “Fireproof Corporation” company. Based on the results of UI validation, a set of typical UI design oversights has been added.

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44

Rowen, Jonah. "Building Fears of Fire." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2022): 476–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2022.81.4.476.

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Abstract While scholars have studied both the visual and material culture of slavery and the history of efforts to design cities to avert fire, the two topics have not often overlapped. In the southern United States during the antebellum period, fire was a “weapon of the weak,” and architects devised instruments for fire deterrence—or at least fire suppression—in response to perceived threats. In Building Fears of Fire: Architecture and the Suppression of Black Insurrection in the U.S. Antebellum South, Jonah Rowen brings these two lines of inquiry together to ask: Where do architectural aesthetics convey traces of enslavementŒ If architects designed buildings for security, and enslaved people constituted internal threats, how did the apprehensions of white southerners appear in the built objects and environments that constituted the cityŒ Rowen analyzes Robert Mills’s Fireproof Building in Charleston, South Carolina (1822–26) in the context of the abortive 1822 uprising of Black people allegedly planned by Denmark Vesey, demonstrating how architecture emerged as a means of protecting against arson. Artifacts such as the Fireproof Building reveal the traces of a society in constant fear of the destructive impact of insurrection.

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45

Zheng, Li Xin, Xiao Xiong Zha, and Chen Jie Ma. "Research of Fireproof Performance of Steel Frame after Subjecting to Impact Loads." Key Engineering Materials 400-402 (October 2008): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.400-402.807.

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In recent years, many structures subjected to impact load and fire collapse, such as the event of “9.11”, which is the largest tragedy in the 21 century. Structures subjected to impact load can be damaged in varying degree. This damage can reduce the bearing capacity withstanding fire badly. So how to study the response is very urgent. This paper mainly studies the bearing capacity withstanding fire after subjecting impact load using the finite element software ABAQUS. we use the simplified model studying the bearing capacity withstand fire of the structure elements after subjecting impact load, finally we use the software MATLAB get a coefficient, This coefficient can give a reference when we design some important structures withstanding fire.

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46

Ma, Xiaomeng, Jinlong Pan, Jingming Cai, Zhuoyang Zhang, and Jinsheng Han. "A review on cement-based materials used in steel structures as fireproof coating." Construction and Building Materials 315 (January 2022): 125623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125623.

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47

Hu, Xiaochun, Xiaojun Zhu, and Zhiqiang Sun. "Fireproof performance of the intumescent fire retardant coatings with layered double hydroxides additives." Construction and Building Materials 256 (September 2020): 119445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119445.

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48

Yang, Hai Rong, and Yan Yuan. "Formation Design of Sandwich External Wall Panel in Cold Climate Area Made of Paper Honeycomb Board." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 1533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.1533.

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The sandwich external wall panel is made of fireproof Paper Honeycomb Board (PHB) as kernel material, and the external surface is covered by colorful extruded steel board, while the internal surface is coated with the thermal insulating frothing ceramic board or the calcium silicate board, which works as the insulating layer or protecting layer of the panel. Two types of formation design are suggested, i.e., Type-A and Type-B. After corresponding thermal calculation, the maximum thermal transmission factor is determined as 0.424W/(m2• K), which complies with the threshold stipulated in the National Code for external wall panel used in cold climate area. The newly designed wall panel will save 65% of energy when compared with the traditional one made in 1980.

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49

Murakami, Suminao. "Trends in Disaster Management Measures in Post World War II in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 1 (August 1, 2006): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0073.

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This review presents historical transformation on urban planning approaches in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Urban areas in Japan have always been threated by urban conflagrations due to the high number of wooden structures. The Tokyo metropolitan area which was previously known as Edo until the Meiji Revolution in 1864. Dramatic changes in power was successful but few urban structure reformation occurred, and Tokyo was damaged by urban conflagrations in the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa Eras. The fervent wishes of Japanese urban planners centered on construction of fireproof urban areas. Such wishes accounted for little in actual policy, however, as witnessed to by the failure of Tokyo officials to construct fireproof urban architectures following the massive destruction left by World War II. In September 1959, the Ise-Wan (Ise Bay) Typhoon caused tremendous damage and left over 5,000 dead. As measures against such disasters, the Japanese government enacted the Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act in 1961. Howevers, measure against Earthquake-induced disasters were yet far from sufficient although Japan experienced hit by the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. In 1964, the Niigata Earthquake clearly demonstrated modern Niigata City's vulnerability to earthquakes despite its facilities for the National Sports Festival were equipped with modern technology, all of these facilities were destroyed. Reflecting such disasters, reexamination of measure against earthquake disaster began at coastal cities of Japan, which were constructed in post war time. This paper tracks developments in Japanese urban planning movement that the author took part in for about 20 years from 1964.

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50

YAMAGUCHI, Tomoyo, Daisuke KAMIKAWA, Yuji HASEMI, Noboru YASUI, Ryo TAKASE, Masayuki MIYABAYASHI, and Jun-ichi SUZUKI. "ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE DESIGN OF WOODEN FIREPROOF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS BASED ON THE SACRIFICE-LAYER CONCEPT." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 81, no. 730 (2016): 1065–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.81.1065.

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