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1
Skagen, Susan Knight. "Asynchronous Hatching and Food Limitation: A Test of Lack's Hypothesis." Auk 105, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/105.1.78.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Lack's (1954, 1968) hypothesis that asynchronous hatching of altricial birds is an adaptive response to unpredictable food shortages during the breeding season was examined in the highly granivorous Zebra Finch (Poephila guttata). I compared growth and survival of nestlings in asynchronous and artificially created synchronous broods reared under food-limited and food-abundant conditions in an aviary. I also examined the role of parental experience on survival and growth of nestlings. There was no differential mortality of Zebra Finch nestlings due to either asynchrony or food abundance. Young in abundant food treatments grew more rapidly, however, than those in food-restricted treatments. Heaviest Zebra Finch nestlings in a brood grew more quickly than their lightest siblings when food was limited, supporting Lack's hypothesis. Further, differential survival of light and heavy siblings occurred when food was abundant, suggesting that asynchronous hatching can be maladaptive under some ecological conditions. Nestlings reared by inexperienced parents suffered greater mortality and slower growth when food was abundant than nestlings raised by experienced parents. Prefledging mass was correlated with size at adulthood.
2
Kleindorfer, Sonia, Katharina J. Peters, Georgina Custance, Rachael Y. Dudaniec, and Jody A. O’Connor. "Changes in Philornis infestation behavior threaten Darwin’s finch survival." Current Zoology 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2014): 542–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.4.542.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have been changes in parasite oviposition behavior and host mortality patterns across the first decade (2004-2013) of its known association. The Dipteran parasite Philornis downsi was first discovered in Darwin’s finch nests in 1997 and is the biggest threat to the survival of Galapagos land birds. Host mortality has increased over the past decade. In Dipterans, pupation and pupae size are determined by access to host resources. Here, we test the hypothesis that P. downsi flies are laying eggs in finch nests earlier in the nestling phase to maximize larval feeding time and therefore chance of pupation success before host death. The results show fewer 1st instar larvae later in the host nesting cycle in support of earlier egg laying behavior by female flies. Between 2004 and 2013, parasite intensity increased from ~28 to ~48 parasites per nest, host mortality increased from ~50% to ~90%, and host age at death decreased from ~11 to ~5 days. The earlier age at host death was correlated with fewer pupae (from ~50% to ~20%) and smaller pupae size (~10% decrease). Changes in parasite behavior reveal new fitness costs to both the parasite and Darwin’s finches. These findings underscore the need for urgent conservation action to save Darwin’s finches from extinction due to a novel, lethal and introduced parasite [Current Zoology 60 (4): 542–550, 2014].
3
Chavatte, Jean-Marc, Philippe Giraud, Delphine Esperet, Grégory Place, François Cavalier, and Irène Landau. "An outbreak of trichomonosis in European greenfinches Chloris chloris and European goldfinches Carduelis carduelis wintering in Northern France." Parasite 26 (2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Avian trichomonosis is a common and widespread disease, traditionally affecting columbids and raptors, and recently emerging among finch populations mainly in Europe. Across Europe, finch trichomonosis is caused by a single clonal strain of Trichomonas gallinae and negatively impacts finch populations. Here, we report an outbreak of finch trichomonosis in the wintering populations of Chloris chloris (European greenfinch) and Carduelis carduelis (European goldfinch) from the Boulonnais, in northern France. The outbreak was detected and monitored by bird ringers during their wintering bird ringing protocols. A total of 105 records from 12 sites were collected during the first quarter of 2017, with 46 and 59 concerning dead and diseased birds, respectively. Fourteen carcasses from two locations were necropsied and screened for multiple pathogens; the only causative agent identified was T. gallinae. Genetic characterization was performed by four markers (small subunit ribosomal RNA, hydrogenosomal iron-hydrogenase, and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 genes, and the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) region) and confirmed the T. gallinae strain to be A1, which affects the finch populations of Europe. This was also confirmed by an ITS-based phylogenetic analysis which further illustrated the diversity of the Trichomonas infecting birds. Preliminary data on the survival and dispersion of infected birds were obtained from ring-returns of diseased individuals. The anthropogenic spread of diseases through bird feeding practices is highlighted and some suggestions to prevent pathogen transmission via backyard supplementary feeders for garden birds are given.
4
Berntsen, Henrik H., and Claus Bech. "Incubation temperature and physiological aging in the zebra finch." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 29, 2021): e0260037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In birds, incubation temperature has received increased attention as an important source of phenotypic variability in offspring. A lower than optimal incubation temperature may negatively affect aspects of nestling physiology, such as body growth and energy metabolism. However, the long-term effects of sub-optimal incubation temperature on morphology and physiology are not well understood. In a previous study, we showed that zebra finches from eggs incubated at a low temperature (35.9°C) for 2/3 of the total incubation time suffered a lower post-fledging survival compared to individuals that had been incubated at higher temperatures (37.0 and 37.9°C). In the present study, we investigated whether these variations in incubation temperature could cause permanent long-lasting differences in body mass, body size, or basal metabolic rate. Furthermore, we tested whether the observed differences in survival between treatment groups would be reflected in the rate of physiological deterioration, assessed through oxidative damage and decreased metabolic rate with age (i.e. ‘metabolic aging’). Incubation temperature did not significantly affect embryonic or nestling body growth and did not influence final adult body mass or body size. Nor was there any long-term effect on basal metabolic rate. Birds from eggs incubated at the lowest temperature experienced an accumulation of oxidative damage with age, although this was not accompanied by an accelerated rate of metabolic aging. The present results suggest that the low survival in these birds was possibly mediated by increased oxidative stress, but independent of body growth and the basal metabolic rate.
5
Grant, B. Rosemary, and Peter R. Grant. "High Survival of Darwin's Finch Hybrids: Effects of Beak Morphology and Diets." Ecology 77, no. 2 (March 1996): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265625.
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6
Nolan, Paul M., Geoffrey E. Hill, and Andrew M. Stoehr. "Sex, size, and plumage redness predict house finch survival in an epidemic." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 265, no. 1400 (June 7, 1998): 961–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0384.
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7
Gressler, DT, and MÂ Marini. "Striped-tailed Yellow-finch nesting success in abandoned mining pits from central Brazilian cerrado." Brazilian Journal of Biology 75, no. 1 (March 2015): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.10813.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Suitability of degraded areas as breeding habitats can be tested through assessment of nest predation rates. In this study we estimated nest success in relation to several potential predictors of nest survival in the Stripe-tailed Yellow-finch (Sicalis citrina) breeding in abandoned mining pits at Brasília National Park. We monitored 73 nests during the 2007-breeding season. Predation was the main cause of nest failure (n = 48, 66%); while six nests were abandoned (8%) and 19 nests produced young (26%). Mayfield’s daily survival rates and nest success were 0.94 and 23%, respectively. Our results from nest survival models on program MARK indicated that daily survival rates increase linearly towards the end of the breeding season and decrease as nests aged. None of the nest individual covariates we tested - nest height, nest size, nest substrate, and edge effect - were important predictors of nest survival; however, nests placed on the most common plant tended to have higher survival probabilities. Also, there was no observer effect on daily survival rates. Our study suggests that abandoned mining pits may be suitable alternative breeding habitats for Striped-tailed Yellow-finches since nest survival rates were similar to other studies in the central cerrado region.
8
Noguera, José C., Neil B. Metcalfe, and Pat Monaghan. "Experimental demonstration that offspring fathered by old males have shorter telomeres and reduced lifespans." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1874 (March 14, 2018): 20180268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0268.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Offspring of older parents frequently show reduced longevity, but the mechanisms driving this so-called ‘Lansing effect' are unknown. While inheritance of short telomeres from older parents could underlie this effect, studies to date in different species have found mixed results, reporting positive, negative or no association between parental age and offspring telomere length (TL). However, most of the existing evidence is from non-experimental studies in which it is difficult to exclude alternative explanations such as differential survival of parents with different telomere lengths. Here we provide evidence in the zebra finch that offspring from older parents have reduced lifespans. As a first step in disentangling possible causes, we used an experimental approach to examine whether or not we could detect pre-natal paternal effects on offspring TL. We found that zebra finch embryos fathered by old males have shorter telomeres than those produced by the same mothers but with younger fathers. Since variation in embryonic TL persists into post-natal life, and early life TL is predictive of longevity in this species, this experimental study demonstrates that a paternally driven pre-natal TL reduction could at least in part underlie the reduced lifespan of offspring from older parents.
9
Beausoleil, Marc-Olivier, Luke O. Frishkoff, Leithen K. M'Gonigle, Joost A. M. Raeymaekers, Sarah A. Knutie, Luis F. De León, Sarah K. Huber, et al. "Temporally varying disruptive selection in the medium ground finch ( Geospiza fortis )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1916 (December 4, 2019): 20192290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.2290.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Disruptive natural selection within populations exploiting different resources is considered to be a major driver of adaptive radiation and the production of biodiversity. Fitness functions, which describe the relationships between trait variation and fitness, can help to illuminate how this disruptive selection leads to population differentiation. However, a single fitness function represents only a particular selection regime over a single specified time period (often a single season or a year), and therefore might not capture longer-term dynamics. Here, we build a series of annual fitness functions that quantify the relationships between phenotype and apparent survival. These functions are based on a 9-year mark–recapture dataset of over 600 medium ground finches ( Geospiza fortis ) within a population bimodal for beak size. We then relate changes in the shape of these functions to climate variables. We find that disruptive selection between small and large beak morphotypes, as reported previously for 2 years, is present throughout the study period, but that the intensity of this selection varies in association with the harshness of environment. In particular, we find that disruptive selection was strongest when precipitation was high during the dry season of the previous year. Our results shed light on climatic factors associated with disruptive selection in Darwin's finches, and highlight the role of temporally varying fitness functions in modulating the extent of population differentiation.
10
Faustino, Cristina R., Christopher S. Jennelle, Veronique Connolly, Andrew K. Davis, Elliott C. Swarthout, Andre A. Dhondt, and Evan G. Cooch. "Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection dynamics in a house finch population: seasonal variation in survival, encounter and transmission rate." Journal of Animal Ecology 73, no. 4 (July 2004): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00840.x.
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11
Rønning, Bernt, Børge Moe, Henrik H. Berntsen, Elin Noreen, and Claus Bech. "Is the Rate of Metabolic Ageing and Survival Determined by Basal Metabolic Rate in the Zebra Finch?" PLoS ONE 9, no. 9 (September 29, 2014): e108675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108675.
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12
Godsave, Susan F., Ragna Lohmann, Rianka P. M. Vloet, and Manfred Gahr. "Androgen receptors in the embryonic zebra finch hindbrain suggest a function for maternal androgens in perihatching survival." Journal of Comparative Neurology 453, no. 1 (September 30, 2002): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10391.
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13
Gorman, Helen E., Kate J. Orr, Aileen Adam, and Ruedi G. Nager. "EFFECTS OF INCUBATION CONDITIONS AND OFFSPRING SEX ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL IN THE ZEBRA FINCH (TAENIOPYGIA GUTTATA)." Auk 122, no. 4 (2005): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2005)122[1239:eoicao]2.0.co;2.
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14
Gorman, Helen E., Kate J. Orr, Aileen Adam, and Ruedi G. Nager. "Effects of Incubation Conditions and Offspring Sex on Embryonic Development and Survival in the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia Guttata)." Auk 122, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 1239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/122.4.1239.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSuboptimal conditions during embryonic development can affect offspring fitness. Both egg quality and incubation behavior can affect hatching success, hatching mass, and subsequent offspring performance. These effects may differ between male and female offspring. We manipulated the prebreeding body condition of Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata), using diets of different protein content. To separate possible effects on egg quality of parental body condition and incubation conditions, we did a cross-fostering experiment. We analyzed embryo survival and hatching mass with respect to body condition of the egg-laying parent, body condition of the incubating foster parent, and offspring sex. Embryos were not affected by the condition of the egg-laying parent. Eggs incubated by parents in better condition suffered less embryo mortality than those incubated by parents in poorer condition, but only when overall embryo mortality was low. Hatching mass was also affected by the incubating foster parent’s body condition. And hatchlings incubated by parents in good condition were heavier than those incubated by parents in poor condition. Female hatchlings from late-laid eggs were heavier, in comparison with the size of the egg from which they hatched, than female hatchlings from earlier-laid eggs. No such effect was found for males. Therefore, male and female embryos may differ in their sensitivity to suboptimal conditions during embryonic development. These results suggest that parental body condition during incubation can affect offspring fitness.Efectos de las Condiciones de Incubación y el Sexo de las Crías sobre el Desarrollo Embrional y la Supervivencia en Taeniopygia guttata
15
Khan, Nicola, Richard A. Peters, and Kylie Robert. "Compensating for a stressful start: maternal corticosterone, offspring survival, and size at fledging in the Zebra Finch, Taeniopygia guttata." Emu - Austral Ornithology 116, no. 3 (September 2016): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu15095.
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Heddle, Cybele, John E. Elliott, Tanya M. Brown, Margaret L. Eng, Marie Perkins, Niladri Basu, and Tony D. Williams. "Continuous exposure to mercury during embryogenesis and chick development affects later survival and reproduction of zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)." Ecotoxicology 29, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 1117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10646-019-02074-6.
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17
McGraw, Kevin J., and Geoffrey E. Hill. "Plumage Brightness and Breeding-Season Dominance in the House Finch: A Negatively Correlated Handicap?" Condor 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.456.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A variety of observations indicate that the carotenoid-based coloration of male House Finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) is an honest signal of quality. Plumage redness in this species positively reveals male nutritional condition, over-winter survival, and nest attentiveness. As a result, in the breeding season, male House Finches with brighter ornamental plumage are preferred by females as social mates over males with drabber plumage. In the nonbreeding season, however, bright red plumage does not seem to confer an advantage in aggressive interactions, as males with drabber plumage tend to dominate males with brighter plumage. We investigated this apparent paradox by conducting a breeding-season dominance experiment using captive males. We paired unfamiliar males of contrasting plumage brightness in a series of dominance trials during the breeding season and found that drabber males were dominant to brighter males in competition for access to food. Furthermore, in two captive flocks of males, plumage brightness was significantly negatively associated with social dominance. Although we have no conclusive evidence to explain why drab male House Finches are dominant to bright males throughout the year, we believe that motivational asymmetry may contribute to the observed negative correlation between signal intensity and signaler quality (“negatively correlated handicap”). Drab males may be more willing to compete for access to food or to females than are bright males because of the nutritional and/or mating disadvantages from which they suffer.
18
DUDANIEC, RACHAEL Y., SONIA KLEINDORFER, and BIRGIT FESSL. "Effects of the introduced ectoparasite Philornis downsi on haemoglobin level and nestling survival in Darwin's Small Ground Finch (Geospiza fuliginosa)." Austral Ecology 31, no. 1 (February 2006): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01553.x.
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Adar, E., F. Nottebohm, and A. Barnea. "The Relationship between Nature of Social Change, Age, and Position of New Neurons and Their Survival in Adult Zebra Finch Brain." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 20 (May 14, 2008): 5394–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5706-07.2008.
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20
Schuetz, Justin G. "Reduced growth but not survival of chicks with altered gape patterns: implications for the evolution of nestling similarity in a parasitic finch." Animal Behaviour 70, no. 4 (October 2005): 839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.007.
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Al-saidi, Ahmed Bin Mohd. "A reflective-explicit instructional approach during a technology-based Curriculum to enhance students' understanding of the Nature of Science." Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.53543/jeps.vol2iss1pp145-168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined the effect of a reflective-explicit instructional approach during a technology-based curriculum on the understanding of the nature of science (NOS) within an introductory college biology course. The study emphasized the tentative, empirical, creative and imaginative aSpects of the NOS. The technology utilized in the study was the Struggle for Survival program that uses a simulated data based upon the finch population on the Galapagos Island Daphne Major. A reflective-explicit instruction of the target NOS aspects served as the intervention. The randomly selected sample of the study included 112 students, 54 male and 58 female. Selected items of the Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire-C (VNOS-C) in combination with semi-structured interviews were used to evaluate students’ NOS views before and at the completion of the intervention. Before the intervention, the majority of students held naive views of the target NOS aSpects. At the end of study, students demonstrated more articulate informed views of the target NOS aSpects. The results of this study indicated that a reflective-explicit instructional approach coupled with a technology-based curriculum had a positive effect on the understandin of the NOS as ects.
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Al-saidi, Ahmed Bin Mohd. "A reflective-explicit instructional approach during a technology-based Curriculum to enhance students' understanding of the Nature of Science." Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jeps.vol2iss1pp145-168.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study examined the effect of a reflective-explicit instructional approach during a technology-based curriculum on the understanding of the nature of science (NOS) within an introductory college biology course. The study emphasized the tentative, empirical, creative and imaginative aSpects of the NOS. The technology utilized in the study was the Struggle for Survival program that uses a simulated data based upon the finch population on the Galapagos Island Daphne Major. A reflective-explicit instruction of the target NOS aspects served as the intervention. The randomly selected sample of the study included 112 students, 54 male and 58 female. Selected items of the Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire-C (VNOS-C) in combination with semi-structured interviews were used to evaluate students’ NOS views before and at the completion of the intervention. Before the intervention, the majority of students held naive views of the target NOS aSpects. At the end of study, students demonstrated more articulate informed views of the target NOS aSpects. The results of this study indicated that a reflective-explicit instructional approach coupled with a technology-based curriculum had a positive effect on the understandin of the NOS as ects.
23
Oliveira, Cleyton Washington da Silva, Glaudson Pereira Almeida, Luciana Vieira de Paiva, and Leonardo Fernandes França. "Predation on artificial nests in open habitats of central Brazil: effects of time and egg size." Biota Neotropica 13, no. 1 (March 2013): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032013000100016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The accuracy of artificial nests in representing natural patterns of nest predation has been widely studied in temperate regions and egg size is one of the most tested sources of bias. In the neotropics, experiments with artificial nests usually used larger than natural eggs, despite suggestions in literature that the eggs should be similar to those of the local species. Here, we tested the hypothesis of spatial-temporal variation in predation risk of artificial nests in relation to egg size. We used quail (Coturnix coturnix; large), Chestnut-bellied Seed-finch (Oryzoborus angolensis; small) and plasticine (both sizes) eggs placed in artificial nests. We analyzed daily nest survival using models in the Program MARK. The best-fit model included the effects of egg size and the reproductive period on daily survival of artificial nests. Nests with large eggs had greater Daily Survival Estimates (DSE) than nests with small eggs during two times and DSE were smaller early in the reproductive period. DSE of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.76 to 0.86) and 0.91 (0.87 to 0.93) were recorded for large eggs at the beginning and end periods compared to 0.72 (0.65 to 0.78) and 0.84 (0.79 to 0.88) for small eggs. Birds were more important predators (40% of records) than mammals and reptiles based on signs left on the plasticine eggs. Our results support the hypothesis that larger eggs are less depredated than small ones in artificial bird nests, even when main predators (birds) are different from those commonly observed in the Neotropics (mammals and reptiles). However, controlling the egg size in experiments with artificial nests may not be sufficient to obtain similar time patterns observed in natural nests studied in the Cerrado.
24
WENGER, G. CLARE, ANNE SCOTT, and NERYS PATTERSON. "How important is parenthood? Childlessness and support in old age in England." Ageing and Society 20, no. 2 (March 2000): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007631.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Familial relationships are popularly and sociologically viewed as crucial to the social support of elderly people, and of these the relationships between adult children and their parents are generally regarded as the most important (Finch and Mason 1993). But could these expectations be part of a cultural myth? In actuality, does the distinction between parenthood and childlessness make much difference to social support in old age? The present paper addresses this question. Using data from Liverpool, it compares the support networks of older people in three categories: parents (nearly always married); those who married but remained childless; and those who did not marry and remained childless. Its principal finding is that childlessness has a negative impact on support network strength only for single men and for married women. This suggests that youthful investment in a lasting marriage incurs high social opportunity costs for women in old age, unless offset by the survival of children. The findings have implications for the evaluation of social policies that are based on the expectation that individual female family members, in the context of a male-breadwinner family, will provide ‘caring’ for dependent persons. Such provision of care may incur diminished receipt of care for some women in old age.
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Sheldon, Lani, and Anna Drake. "Case Study: A Split–brood Comparison of Formula for Nestling Songbirds (FoNS ) versus Three Facility–specific Diets." Wildlife Rehabilitation Bulletin 26, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.53607/wrb.v26.149.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thirty–four nestling birds of seven species were used to test whether Formula for Nestling Songbirds (FoNS ) would result in better weight gain, feather growth, and survival rates compared to inexpensive control diets. Ten broods, of 2 to 5 birds, were split into two groups. Some of each brood received FoNS while others received one of three species specific and facility–formulated control diets. Four species (Bewick’s wren [Thryomanes bewickii], red–eyed vireo [Vireo olivaceus], violet–green swallow [Tachycineta thalassina], and black–capped chickadee [Poecile atricapillus]), received a control diet consisting of dog food supplemented with bone meal, brewer’s yeast, and protein powder. With the exception of the swallows, birds on this control diet generally lost weight, and three of the five died; whereas all six birds from the same broods survived and gained weight on FoNS . Two species, (house sparrow [Passer domesticus] and house finch [Carpodacus mexicanus]) received control diets of chick starter with cat food, hard boiled eggs, bone meal powder, and peanut butter, and one species (European starling [Sturnus vulgaris]) received a control diet based on dog food. For these species, the FoNS diet and control diets showed similar development, growth, and no deaths. The authors suggest that FoNS diet is advantageous, especially for small, insectivorous species, but some inexpensive alternatives may be equally suitable for certain species.
26
Wada, Haruka, Buddhamas P. Kriengwatana, Todd D. Steury, and Scott A. MacDougall-Shackleton. "Incubation temperature influences sex ratio and offspring’s body composition in Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 96, no. 9 (September 2018): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0099.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Incubation temperature has the potential to influence offspring sex, phenotype, and survival, particularly in species with temperature-dependent sex determination. However, relatively little is known about how incubation temperature affects sex ratio and offspring condition in other animals. Incubating birds allocate varying time for egg incubation depending on the parents’ condition and ambient temperature, likely altering nest microclimate. To understand how incubation temperature impacts offspring phenotype in birds, we artificially incubated Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata (Vieillot, 1817)) eggs at 36.2, 37.4, or 38.4 °C during the entire incubation period and examined sex ratio and offspring quality. We found that incubation temperature of 36.2 °C resulted in a greater likelihood of a young being male compared with 37.4 °C, indicating that it is more likely for males to survive until the juvenile stage compared with females in the 36.2 °C group. We also found sex-specific effects of incubation temperature on body composition. Although incubation temperature did not affect fat or lean mass of female young, male offspring from the 38.4 °C group had significantly less lean mass throughout their lives compared with males from 37.4 or 36.2 °C. This study shows that there are sex differences in the effects of incubation temperature, and variable incubation temperature has a capacity to influence offspring secondary sex ratio and body condition in songbirds.
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Perry, J. R., L. Rogers, N. Laperriere, J. Julian, W. Geerts, G. Agnelli, M. Malkin, R. Sawaya, R. Baker, and M. Levine. "PRODIGE: A phase III randomized placebo-controlled trial of thromboprophylaxis using dalteparin low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in patients with newly diagnosed malignant glioma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.2011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
2011 Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in 20–30% of patients with malignant glioma per year of survival. We have conducted an RCT testing the efficacy and safety of long-term dalteparin for the prevention of VTE in newly diagnosed malignant glioma. Methods: Adults with newly diagnosed malignant glioma were randomized to receive dalteparin 5,000 anti-Xa units or placebo, both subcutaneously daily for 6 months starting within the first month after surgery. Patients were allowed to continue study medication for up to 12 months. Because of the poor prognosis of malignant glioma it was determined apriori that the primary outcome was 6-month VTE-free survival. In order to detect a 60% VTE hazard reduction with LMWH with 80% power, 512 patients were required. Results: Recruitment began October 2002 and was closed in May 2006 because of expiration of study medication and no further re-supply. Of the 563 patients screened at 15 centers, 174 were excluded. Of the 389 eligible patients approached for consent, 186 were randomized: 99 to LMWH, 87 to placebo. Twenty-one patients developed objectively confirmed VTE during the first 6 months: 9 on LMWH and 12 on placebo (11% and 17% respectively; HR=0.7, 95% CI: 0.37–1.5, p=0.3). Over the 12 months there were 5 (5.1%) major bleeds with LMWH and 1 (1.2%) with placebo (HR=4.0, 95%CI: 0.5–34, p=0.2). All major bleeds were intracranial. Twelve-month mortality was 48% for LMWH and 45% for placebo (HR=1.2, 95%CI: 0.7–1.9, p=0.5). Conclusions: Although there was a trend in favor of the LMWH reducing VTE this was not statistically significant, likely as a result of low power. There was also a trend for increased intracranial bleeding with LMWH. Our study confirms the high incidence of thromboembolism in these patients; however, the role of long-term anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis remains unclear. Supported in part by a grant in aid from Pfizer Inc. and the Ontario Cancer Research Network. The PRODIGE steering committee thanks Terri Finch for superb administrative support. Pfizer
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Badyaev, Alexander V. "Evolutionary significance of phenotypic accommodation in novel environments: an empirical test of the Baldwin effect." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1520 (March 12, 2009): 1125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0285.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When faced with changing environments, organisms rapidly mount physiological and behavioural responses, accommodating new environmental inputs in their functioning. The ubiquity of this process contrasts with our ignorance of its evolutionary significance: whereas within-generation accommodation of novel external inputs has clear fitness consequences, current evolutionary theory cannot easily link functional importance and inheritance of novel accommodations. One hundred and twelve years ago, J. M. Baldwin, H. F. Osborn and C. L. Morgan proposed a process (later termed the Baldwin effect) by which non-heritable developmental accommodation of novel inputs, which makes an organism fit in its current environment, can become internalized in a lineage and affect the course of evolution. The defining features of this process are initial overproduction of random (with respect to fitness) developmental variation, followed by within-generation accommodation of a subset of this variation by developmental or functional systems (‘organic selection’), ensuring the organism's fit and survival. Subsequent natural selection sorts among resultant developmental variants, which, if recurrent and consistently favoured, can be inherited when existing genetic variance includes developmental components of individual modifications or when the ability to accommodate novel inputs is itself heritable. Here, I show that this process is consistent with the origin of novel adaptations during colonization of North America by the house finch. The induction of developmental variation by novel environments of this species's expanding range was followed by homeostatic channelling, phenotypic accommodation and directional cross-generational transfer of a subset of induced developmental outcomes favoured by natural selection. These results emphasize three principal points. First, contemporary novel adaptations result mostly from reorganization of existing structures that shape newly expressed variation, giving natural selection an appearance of a creative force. Second, evolutionary innovations and maintenance of adaptations are different processes. Third, both the Baldwin and parental effects are probably a transient state in an evolutionary cycle connecting initial phenotypic retention of adaptive changes and their eventual genetic determination and, thus, the origin of adaptation and evolutionary change.
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Nair, Preethy Sasidharan, Tuire Kuusi, Minna Ahvenainen, Anju K. Philips, and Irma Järvelä. "Music-performance regulates microRNAs in professional musicians." PeerJ 7 (March 29, 2019): e6660. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6660.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Musical training and performance require precise integration of multisensory and motor centres of the human brain and can be regarded as an epigenetic modifier of brain functions. Numerous studies have identified structural and functional differences between the brains of musicians and non-musicians and superior cognitive functions in musicians. Recently, music-listening and performance has also been shown to affect the regulation of several genes, many of which were identified in songbird singing. MicroRNAs affect gene regulation and studying their expression may give new insights into the epigenetic effect of music. Here, we studied the effect of 2 hours of classical music-performance on the peripheral blood microRNA expressions in professional musicians with respect to a control activity without music for the same duration. As detecting transcriptomic changes in the functional human brain remains a challenge for geneticists, we used peripheral blood to study music-performance induced microRNA changes and interpreted the results in terms of potential effects on brain function, based on the current knowledge about the microRNA function in blood and brain. We identified significant (FDR <0.05) up-regulation of five microRNAs; hsa-miR-3909, hsa-miR-30d-5p, hsa-miR-92a-3p, hsa-miR-222-3p and hsa-miR-30a-5p; and down-regulation of two microRNAs; hsa-miR-6803-3p and hsa-miR-1249-3p. hsa-miR-222-3p and hsa-miR-92a-3p putatively target FOXP2, which was found down-regulated by microRNA regulation in songbird singing. miR-30d and miR-222 corroborate microRNA response observed in zebra finch song-listening/learning. miR-222 is induced by ERK cascade, which is important for memory formation, motor neuron functions and neuronal plasticity. miR-222 is also activated by FOSL1, an immediate early gene from the FOS family of transcriptional regulators which are activated by auditory-motor stimuli. miR-222 and miR-92 promote neurite outgrowth by negatively regulating the neuronal growth inhibitor, PTEN, and by activating CREB expression and phosphorylation. The up-regulation of microRNAs previously found to be regulators of auditory and nervous system functions (miR-30d, miR-92a and miR-222) is indicative of the sensory perception processes associated with music-performance. Akt signalling pathway which has roles in cell survival, cell differentiation, activation of CREB signalling and dopamine transmission was one of the functions regulated by the up-regulated microRNAs; in accordance with functions identified from songbird learning. The up-regulated microRNAs were also found to be regulators of apoptosis, suggesting repression of apoptotic mechanisms in connection with music-performance. Furthermore, comparative analyses of the target genes of differentially expressed microRNAs with that of the song-responsive microRNAs in songbirds suggest convergent regulatory mechanisms underlying auditory perception.
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Mawia, Lalnun, Vanlalhruaii Ralte, H. Lalruatsanga, Zothan Mawia, P. C. Vanlalhluna, H. S. Thapa, and R. Vanlalpeka. "Recovery of Globba wengeri (C.E.C. Fisch.) K.J. Williams, critically endangered plant species from Serchhip District in Mizoram, Northeast India." Plant Science Today 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.700.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Globba wengeri (C.E.C. Fisch.) K.J. Williams, former state flower of Mizoram, a rare and critically endangered plant species, commonly known as ‘dancing girl’, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, is reported in this communication for the first time from Serchhip District in Mizoram at an elevation of about 1187 m a.s.l. It was found on moist, watery and rocky slopes. The plant is under severe threat in the natural habitat and therefore, further studies are required to determine life history and particular survival threats of this species.
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Braman, S. Kristine, and Andrew F. Pendley. "Temperature, Photoperiod, and Aggregation Effects on Development, Diapause, Reproduction, and Survival in Corythucha cydoniae (Heteroptera: Tingidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 28, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-28.4.417.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Corythucha cydoniae (Fitch), the hawthorn lace bug, required an average of 55.6 – 18.5 days to complete development at temperatures ranging from 21 – 33°C. Nymphs emerged from eggs at 18°C but failed to develop further. Nymphal survival at 21°C was poor. Developmental thresholds for egg, nymphal, and total development were 13.3, 14.9, and 14.3°C, respectively. Thermal unit requirements for those stages were 162.9, 157.3, and 318.2 centigrade degree-days. Nymphal development was slightly accelerated by increasing the size of a cluster from one to three individuals at 24 but not at 27°C. Ovipositional rate was higher at 33 than 27°C, but total egg production was similar at both temperatures. Critical photoperiod for reproductive diapause was between 13:11 and 12:12 (L:D) at 24°C. Nymphal development was accelerated at short daylengths.
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Moe, Kris S., Daqing Li, Thomas E. Linder, Stephan Schmid, and Ugo Fisch. "An Update on the Surgical Treatment of Temporal Bone Paraganglioma." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 13, no. 1_suppl (May 2000): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009000130s115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1982, Fisch described his results for the surgical treatment of 74 paragangliomas of the temporal bone, 5 years after his description of the infratemporal fossa approaches (types A and B). This study reviews the subsequent experience of the Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery of the University of Zürich with more than 136 surgically treated cases of paraganglioma of the temporal bone and discusses our current therapy 20 years after the initial description. One hundred nineteen (90%) of the patients had advanced tumors (Fisch class C or C+D), and 81 (68%) had intracranial extension. Total tumor excision was possible in 109 (82%) patients. Subtotal excision was performed in 22 (17%) patients, 21 of whom had intradural tumor invasion. In these cases, the resection was limited not by actual tumor size but by the degree of intracranial intradural tumor extension. Partial tumor excision was undertaken in only 1 patient with a C4De2Di2 tumor. The success rate in preservation of function of the lower cranial nerves was encouraging. Of the 69 patients whose facial nerve status was followed postoperatively, 81% maintained Fisch grade 76 to 100% (House-Brackman grades I and II). Analysis of follow-up data ranging from 2 to 11 years demonstrated 98% disease-free survival when total tumor extirpation was possible. In the patients who underwent subtotal or partial surgical resection there has been no subsequent tumor growth detected by either clinical or neuroradiological evaluation. We have confirmed after more than 20 years of experience that the infratemporal fossa approaches are a safe, highly effective means of surgical management of paragangliomas of the temporal bone, allowing eradication or arrest of disease with minimal morbidity. Limited intradural surgical resection in cases of very extensive tumors can greatly benefit patients for whom complete excision is not an option.
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Tedders, W. L., C. C. Reilly, and B. W. Wood. "The Effect of Temperature on Survival and Development of First Instar Monellia caryella, Monelliopsis pecanis, and Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Homoptera: Aphididae)." Journal of Entomological Science 27, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.2.135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
First instar nymphs of Monellia caryella (Fitch), Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell, and Melanocallis caryaefoliae (Davis), were exposed to temperatures of 25, 30, 35, and 40° C for up to 9 days. Test aphids were observed for growth, maturity, natality and mortality at each temperature. For three species mortality was low at 25° C but development was slowed; at 30° C mortality increased slightly but development and natality was optimum; at 35° C mortality was greatly increased and maturity was not attained; at 40° C first instar aphids did not survive beyond one day. In further testing with hourly observations at 40° C, M. caryella had 100% mortality after 6 h-exposure, M. pecanis had 100% mortality after 9 h, and M. caryaefoliae survived for 11 h and was the most tolerant of 40° C.
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Lu, Pengxin, and Darren Derbowka. "Breeding eastern white pine for blister rust resistance: A review of progress in Ontario." Forestry Chronicle 85, no. 5 (October 1, 2009): 745–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc85745-5.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
White pine blister rust (caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) is a primary cause of poor survival and growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and has contributed to the species’ decline across its range. Genetic resistance to C. ribicola is generally weak in eastern white pine, possibly owing to the absence of meaningful resistance alleles. Integrating major resistance genes from Eurasian 5-needle pine species to P. strobus has been demonstrated to be effective through traditional plant breeding approaches. This paper provides a review of progress after more than half a century of breeding and testing in Ontario. Key words: Pinus strobus, white pine blister rust, genetic resistance, interspecific hybridization
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Quackenbush, Alexandra, and Pepper Schedin. "543 Natural killer cells restrict the growth of liver metastases in nude hosts." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 8, Suppl 3 (November 2020): A579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-sitc2020.0543.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BackgroundCancer patients with liver metastases have limited treatment options, especially as only 15–20% are eligible for curative-intent surgical resection.1 Unfortunately, liver metastases also seem to be poorly responsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI)].2 3 It could be that the unique immunological hallmarks of the liver, including resident macrophages and significant numbers of NK and NKT cells, create a tumor microenvironment that is best suited to alternative forms of immunotherapy that do not rely exclusively on ICI.MethodsWe investigated how the presence of T, natural killer (NK), and NKT cells impact overt liver metastases using a model in which tumor cells are delivered to the liver via intraportal injection to hosts that were either wiltype, nude, or nude with NK-depletion. NK cell depletion was achieved via administration of anti-asialo GM1 antibody 2 days before tumor cell injection and for the duration of the experiment until endpoint at 6 weeks post tumor cell injection, with NK cell depletion confirmed by flow cytometry. Tumors were assessed histologically.ResultsUsing the portal vein model in female nulliparous mice, overt liver metastasis incidence was about 30% across 2 different mammary tumor cell lines. The incidence rose to 80–100% when tumor cells were delivered to hosts in the post-wean window (referred to as involution hosts), mirroring increased breast cancer metastasis to the liver observed in postpartum breast cancer patients.4 Conversely, when tumor cells were delivered to nude hosts, either nulliparous or involution stages, the incidence of metastases dropped to 0–10%. Importantly, tumor cells injected into the mammary gland of nude mice grew robustly with 100% take. Nude hosts lack T cells and NKT cells; however, NK cells are present. Furthermore, the liver is enriched for NK cells, whilst the mammary gland has few NK cells.5 We hypothesized that NK cells, when in the background of T- and NKT-cell depletion (i.e. nude host), restrict outgrowth of mammary tumor cells in the liver. Six weeks after portal vein injection of mammary tumor cells to nude hosts we find increased incidence of metastasis in the NK-depleted group compared to isotype control, as well as increased number of metastases per mouse.ConclusionsOur data suggest that NK cells play an important role in controlling liver metastases in nude hosts, and that NK activity in wild type hosts is insufficient to control liver metastases. Increasing NK cell cytotoxic activity could be an effective immunotherapy strategy to control liver metastases.ReferencesNordlinger B, Sorbye H, Glimelius B, Poston GJ, Schlag PM, Rougier P, Bechstein WO, Primrose JN, Walpole ET, Finch-Jones M, et al: Perioperative FOLFOX4 chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone for resectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer (EORTC 40983): long-term results of a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14(12):1208–1215.Bilen MA, Shabto JM, Martini DJ, Liu Y, Lewis C, Collins H, Akce M, Kissick H, Carthon BC, Shaib WL, et al: Sites of metastasis and association with clinical outcome in advanced stage cancer patients treated with immunotherapy. BMC Cancer 2019;19(1):857.Topalian SL, Hodi FS, Brahmer JR, Gettinger SN, Smith DC, McDermott DF, Powderly JD, Sosman JA, Atkins MB, Leming PD, et al: Five-year survival and correlates among patients with advanced melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, or non-small cell lung cancer treated with nivolumab. JAMA Oncol 2019.Goddard ET, Hill RC, Nemkov T, D’Alessandro A, Hansen KC, Maller O, Mongoue-Tchokote S, Mori M, Partridge AH, Borges VF, et al: The rodent liver undergoes weaning-induced involution and supports breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Discov 2017;7(2):177–187.Shi FD, Ljunggren HG, La Cava A, Van Kaer L. Organ-specific features of natural killer cells. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11(10):658–671.
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Dai, Jingyu, Surui Lu, Yang Qi, and Hongyan Liu. "Tree-to-Shrub Shift Benefits the Survival of Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. at the Xeric Timberline." Forests 13, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Woody species are either trees or shrubs, with the exception of approximately 9.2% “trub” species exhibiting both tree and shrub growth forms. Little is known thus far about the ecological importance of plant growth-form plasticity under a drying climate. Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb., a dominant tree species of temperate forests in East Asia, typically shows tree-to-shrub growth-form shifts at the xeric timberline and is suitable to test whether growth-form plasticity can physiologically benefit plant drought acclimation. We quantified the tree architecture, drought stress, physiological drought tolerance, and nonstructural carbohydrates of Q. mongolica trees and shrubs on the opposite slope of the same mountain at the xeric timberline in July 2018. Compared with Q. mongolica trees on shady slopes, the shrubs on sunny slopes had less available water to use and were more severely threatened by drought. Moreover, the shrubs had stronger tolerance to drought but still tended to have less nonstructural carbohydrate accumulation. The tree-to-shrub shift effectively benefits the survival of Q. mongolica under a dry climate and may strongly contribute to forest dynamics and even fire regimes under climate drying, especially for sensitive ecosystems such as the xeric timberline, which will be vulnerable under future climate change scenarios.
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Nishino, Misako, and John G. Baust. "Ontogeny of cold-hardiness in Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch): The effect of cooling and warming rates on survival." Cryobiology 26, no. 6 (December 1989): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(89)90120-x.
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Yonce, C. E., W. L. Tedders, and B. W. Wood. "Cold Tolerance of Hickory Shuckworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Larvae and Associated Parasites." Journal of Entomological Science 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-31.1.13.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hickory shuckworm larvae, Cydia caryana (Fitch), in pecan shucks, were killed by extended periods of freezing temperature. While storage at −7°C killed 88% of larvae after 32 days of exposure, −18°C killed 85% after only 1 day and 100% by 8 to 16 days of exposure. Larvae exposed to cold temperatures prior to −18°C exposure appeared to possess enhanced cold resistance but were still killed after 32 days of exposure. Survival of the ichneumonid parasite, Calliephialtes grapholithae (Cresson), which comprised 92% of the total of all parasites emerging from pecan shucks, was not detectably affected by exposure to cooling (3–5°C) for up to 5 wks. Thereafter, when emergence began to decrease, about half of the parasites in the extended cooling treatment were viable for at least 10 wks. Conversely, 3 other parasites Phanerotoma fasciata Provancher (Braconidae), Macrocentrus instabilis Muesebeck (Braconidae), and Lixophaga mediocris Aldrich (Tachinidae), comprised the remaining 8% of total parasite emergence and survival was severely affected by extended cooling (3–5°C).
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Marucci, R. C., I. L. Souza, L. O. Silva, A. M. Auad, and S. M. Mendes. "Pollen as a component of the diet of Doru luteipes (Scudder, 1876) (Dermaptera: Forficulidade)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 79, no. 4 (November 2019): 584–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.184072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The properties of maize pollen in the diet of Doru luteipes were determined by biological responses of the predator feeding on natural preys and artificial diet. The biological parameters of D. luteipes fed on Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) eggs, maize pollen, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch, 1856) + maize pollen and R. maidis were assessed. The effect of pollen on artificial diet on the biological variables of the predator nymphs and adults were also evaluated. Time span of nymphal development was greater for D. luteipes exclusively fed on earwigs, with the lowest rate of nymph survival. However, maize pollen plus earwigs in the diet provided the predator´s highest survival rate, whilst percentage of fertile females was double when fed on diets composed of S. frugiperda and R. maidis eggs. Development period decreased when D. luteipes nymphs consumed artificial diet plus pollen but there were high fecundity rates (number of laying/female and total egg/female) and a greater percentage of fertile females when they were fed on maize pollen.
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McKinney, Shawn T., and Diana F. Tomback. "The influence of white pine blister rust on seed dispersal in whitebark pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 6 (June 2007): 1044–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-305.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We tested the hypotheses that white pine blister rust ( Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) damage in whitebark pine ( Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) stands leads to reduced (1) seed cone density, (2) predispersal seed survival, and (3) likelihood of Clark’s Nutcracker ( Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson, 1811)) seed dispersal. We gathered data from two sets of paired forest sites in the Bitterroot Mountains of eastern Idaho and western Montana that were similar in topography, canopy structure, tree species composition, and successional stage, but differed in rust infection level, crown kill, and tree mortality. We counted initial (mid-July) and final (late August) seed cones, observed vertebrate seed predator activity, and documented nutcracker seed dispersal in study sites in 2001 and 2002. High-rust sites had higher rates of seed predation relative to cone abundance, lower predispersal seed survival, and fewer observations of nutcracker seed dispersal than paired low-rust sites. These findings suggest that as blister-rust-induced damage increases within stands in the Bitterroot Mountains, the likelihood of nutcracker seed dispersal decreases. We propose that whitebark pine in heavily rust-damaged forests may not self-regenerate and would therefore require planting of seeds or seedlings from genetically rust-resistant trees.
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Durhman, Angela K., D. Bradley Rowe, and Clayton L. Rugh. "Effect of Substrate Depth on Initial Growth, Coverage, and Survival of 25 Succulent Green Roof Plant Taxa." HortScience 42, no. 3 (June 2007): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.3.588.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Because of greater interest in green roofs in the United States, it is critical to increase the number and geographic range of proven plant resources for long-term survival on rooftops. Successful plant taxa for extensive green roofs must establish themselves quickly, provide high groundcover density, and tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Furthermore, dead load weight restrictions on many buildings may limit the substrate depth that can be applied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substrate depth on initial establishment and survival of 25 succulent plant taxa for green roof applications in the midwestern United States. Survival, initial growth, and rate of coverage were compared for plants grown in three substrate depths (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 cm) on 24 roof platforms. Plant coverage was determined from image analysis of weekly digital photographs. Results indicate deeper substrates promote greater survival and growth; however, in the shallowest depth of 2.5 cm, several species continued to persist. Of the 25 species initially planted, only 47% survived in the deepest substrate of 7.5 cm. Recommended species at the depths tested for climates similar to southern Michigan include Phedimus spurious Raf. ‘Leningrad White’, Sedum acre L., S. album L. ‘Bella d'Inverno’, S. middendorffianum L., S. reflexum L., S. sediforme J., and S. spurium Bieb. ‘Summer Glory’. Subsidiary species that are present at specific substrate depths but may not exhibit an ability to cover large areas include S. dasyphyllum L. ‘Burnatii’, S. dasyphyllum L. ‘Lilac Mound’, S. diffusum W., S. hispanicum L., and S. kamtschaticum Fisch. The primary deterrent for these subsidiary species was little to no survival at 2.5 cm. Deeper substrates promoted greater survival and growth for nearly all species tested.
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Ocete Rubio, Rafael, Elvira Ocete Rubio, Carlos Ocete Pérez, M. Ángeles Pérez Izquierdo, Laura Rustioni, Osvaldo Failla, Ramaz Chipashvili, and David Maghradze. "Ecological and sanitary characteristics of the Eurasian wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi) in Georgia (Caucasian region)." Plant Genetic Resources 10, no. 2 (July 12, 2012): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262112000160.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper shows the results of the investigation on some ecological aspects and on the sanitary status of the wild Euroasiatic native grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sylvestris (Gmelin) Hegi) in Georgia (South Caucasus). This taxon is seriously endangered by human activities such as forest cleaning and setting fires. Moreover, invasive Vitaceae of the North American origin, imported after phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch) when vineyards were being replanted, increase the risk to lose these spontaneous vines. The survey includes collection of data on the population structure, the plant sex ratio, the main botanical supporters of the vines and the associated flora, the presence of invasive vines of the North American origin and the incidence of phytophagous arthropods and pathogens. The phytosanitary study showed that monophagous eriophyid mites and exotic fungal diseases, such as downy (Plasmopara viticola (Berkeley and Curtis) Berlease and de Toni) and powdery mildews (Erysiphe necator –(Schweinitz) Burrill), cause symptoms on all the observed populations. The absence of symptoms caused by phylloxera, root-knot nematodes and root rot is remarkable. However, the level of detected injuries caused by these parasitic organisms does not seem to be a real problem for the survival of the populations.
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Herbert, K. S., P. A. Umina, P. J. Mitrovski, K. S. Powell, K. Viduka, and A. A. Hoffmann. "Clone lineages of grape phylloxera differ in their performance on Vitis vinifera." Bulletin of Entomological Research 100, no. 6 (May 19, 2010): 671–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000027.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractGrape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch, is an important pest of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) (Vitaceae). The distribution and frequency of phylloxera clone lineages vary within infested regions of Australia, suggesting the introduction of separate lineages of D. vitifoliae with host associations. Virulence levels of particular phylloxera clones may vary on V. vinifera, but much of this evidence is indirect. In this study, we directly tested the performance of phylloxera clones on V. vinifera using an established excised root assay and a new glasshouse vine assessment. In the root assay, grape phylloxera clones differed in egg production and egg to adult survivorship. In the vine assay, clones differed in the number of immature and adult life stages on roots. In addition vine characteristics, including mean stem weight, root weight, leaf chlorophyll and leaf area, were affected by different phylloxera clones. The two most widespread clones displayed high levels of virulence. These results point to only some phylloxera clones being highly virulent on V. vinifera, helping to explain patterns of field damage, phylloxera distributions and continued survival and production of V. vinifera vines in some infested areas.
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Su, Dan, Han-Yi Li, Hao-Ran Yan, Peng-Fei Liu, Liu Zhang, and Jian-Hua Cheng. "A Astragalus Improved Cardiac Function of Adriamycin-Injured Rat Hearts by Upregulation of SERCA2a Expression." American Journal of Chinese Medicine 37, no. 03 (January 2009): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x09007028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The traditional Chinese medical herb Astragalus, the dried root of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge., has been widely applied to treat patients with cardiovascular disease in China and has profound cardioprotective effects. This study investigated the effect of Astragalus on hemodynamic changes in adriamycin (ADR)-injured rat hearts and its underlying molecular mechanism. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, ADR only, ADR + low dose of Astragalus and ADR + high dose of Astragalus. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 6 equal doses of ADR (cumulative dose, 12 mg/kg) over a period of 2 weeks. Treatment of Astragalus began 1 day before the onset of ADR injection and was given orally once a day for 50 days (3.3 or 10 g/kg/day). Five weeks after the final injection of ADR, rats treated with ADR only showed a significant inhibition of cardiac diastolic function accompanied by the presence of ascites, a remarkable reduction in body weight and heart weight as well as survival rate compared to the controls. Moreover, SERCA2a mRNA and protein expressions in hearts were obviously downregulated by ADR. However, this impaired cardiac function was significantly improved in both doses of Astragalus feeding groups. The amount of ascites was also reduced in a similar extent in these 2 groups. Only the high dose treatment of Astragalus significantly attenuated the changes of SERCA2a expression in injured hearts and improved survival. These results indicated that Astragalus could improve cardiac function of ADR-injured rat hearts, which was partly mediated by upregulation of SERCA2a expression.
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isquith, Jane, Jessica Pham, Robert Phavong, Maria Rivera, Kathleen Fisch, Catriona Jamieson, Michael McHale, Ramez Eskander, and Qingfei Jiang. "Abstract 890: DNA deaminase APOBEC3B regulates theresponse to PARP inhibitors of epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells." Cancer Research 82, no. 12_Supplement (June 15, 2022): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-890.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The most aggressive types of ovarian cancer is high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), and the 5-year survival is less than 20%. Relapsed HGSOC patients often have enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) with enhanced pro-survival and self-renewal capacity, suggesting a potential vulnerable population for effective targeted therapies with less toxicity. APOBEC3 proteins are a family of primate-specific DNA deaminases that catalyze cytidine to uracil (C-to-U) on single-strand DNA thereby introducing C-to-T/G point mutations. This important DNA modification is abundant in a wide array of cancer types including HGSOCs. However, the prevalence and significance of A3-induced DNA deamination in HGSOC CSC is currently unknown. We recently discovered that CSCs maintain a low A3-induced mutation burden. Using patient-sample derived spheroid culture and HGSOC cell lines, we found A3B was the only A3 members differentially expressed between CSC and non-CSC and the expression was significantly reduced in CSCs. In addition, inhibition of A3B leads to elevated frequency of CSCs and enhanced expression of the stemness factors. Important, our data suggest that DNA deaminase activity of A3B leads to induction of DNA damage thereby sensitizing HGSOC CSCs to PARPi. These novel insights suggest that DNA deamination plays a fundamental role in CSC biology and also raises the possibility that A3B activation may sensitize HGSOC CSCs to PARPi by promoting DNA damages. Citation Format: Jane isquith, Jessica Pham, Robert Phavong, Maria Rivera, Kathleen Fisch, Catriona Jamieson, Michael McHale, Ramez Eskander, Qingfei Jiang. DNA deaminase APOBEC3B regulates theresponse to PARP inhibitors of epithelial ovarian cancer stem cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 890.
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Pitt, Douglas G., Timothy Meyer, Mya Park, Linda MacDonald, Teresa Buscarini, and Dean G. Thompson. "Application of slow-release tablets to enhance white pine regeneration: growth response and efficacy against white pine blister rust." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 684–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three field studies were established in northeastern Ontario to test the ability of slow-release tablets to provide prophylactic protection against white pine blister rust (caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch.) and thereby improve the long-term survival, health, and growth of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings. Experimental treatments included factorial rate combinations the fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton®), the insecticide imidacloprid (Merit®), and fertilizer (NPK, 15:8.5:3.75). Mean foliar fungicide residues increased to maximal levels (0.21 to 3.1 µg/g fresh mass (fm)) within 1 to 2 years posttreatment and declined markedly to <0.3 µg/g fm 3 to 4 years posttreatment. Dose-dependent and temporal trends observed in foliar residue levels were reflected by parallel trends in efficacy. At ≥2000 ppm triadimefon, infection rates were reduced to between 35% and 70% and mortality rates were reduced to between 6% and 52% over seven growing seasons across the three sites. In contrast, untreated seedlings had infection rates between 60% and 98% and mortality rates between 30% and 90%. Neither fungicide nor insecticide treatments had significant effects on surviving seedling growth. Differences in fungicide uptake, disease incidence, and seedling growth in response to fertilization were observed among the three sites. Direct weed control, provided at one site, appeared to offer relatively greater health and growth benefits than fertilization.
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Schellenberg, Michael P., John Waddington, and Jane R. King. "Sod-seeding alfalfa in spring into established crested wheatgrass in southwest Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 2 (April 1, 1994): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Five experiments were started over a 3-yr period to examine the width of a strip of established crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.) that should be killed for reliable establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by sod-seeding in semiarid southwestern Saskatchewan. The value of pruning the grass roots along the edges of the killed area for alfalfa establishment was also examined. When alfalfa seeds were sown in a single row in strips of dead crested wheatgrass, alfalfa establishment improved as the width of the dead strip increased up to 75 cm, the maximum used, because of less competition for moisture and light. Pruning grass roots did not improve alfalfa establishment. Killing the crested wheatgrass in a strip wider than 50 cm favoured weed growth. Annual and biennial weeds were present only in the establishment year, but perennials persisted for the duration of the experiments. Yields of Rangelander, a creeping-rooted alfalfa of mixed ssp. sativa (L.) Lesins & Lesins and ssp. falcata (L.) Arcangeli parentage, and SCMf3713, a tap-rooted ssp. falcata were similar in the seedling and the following year. Etiolated growth of established plants revealed that SCMf3713 had a more persistent recovery characteristic which probably confers survival ability in severe environments. Killing the resident crested wheatgrass benefitted alfalfa establishment, as measured by seedling numbers, growth, seedling and first harvest year yields, and root reserves. Key words: Crested wheatgrass, sod-seeding, alfalfa, Agropyron desertorum, Medicago sativa
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Li, Da, Xiao-Jun Zeng, Shu-Yu Hao, Liang Wang, Jie Tang, Xin-Ru Xiao, Guo-Lu Meng, et al. "Less-aggressive surgical management and long-term outcomes of jugular foramen paragangliomas: a neurosurgical perspective." Journal of Neurosurgery 125, no. 5 (November 2016): 1143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.10.jns151875.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the neurological functional outcome and recurrent risks in surgically treated jugular foramen paragangliomas (JFPs) and to propose an individualized therapeutic strategy. METHODS Clinical charts and radiological information were reviewed retrospectively in 51 consecutive cases of JFPs. Less-aggressive surgical interventions were adopted with the goal of preserving neurovascular structures. Scheduled follow-up was performed. RESULTS The mean age of the patients in the cases reviewed was 41.6 years, and the group included 27 females (52.9%). The mean preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 78.4. The mean lesion size was 3.8 cm. Forty-three cases (84.3%) were Fisch Type D, including 37 cases (72.5%) of Type Di1 and Di2. Thirty-seven cases (72.5%) were Glasscock-Jackson Type III–IV. Gross-total resection and subtotal resection were achieved in 26 (51.0%) and 22 (43.1%) cases, respectively. Surgical morbidities occurred in 23 patients (45.1%), without surgery-related mortality after the first operation. The mean postoperative KPS scores at discharge, 3 months, 1 year, and most recent evaluation were 71.8, 77.2, 83.2, and 79.6, respectively. The mean follow-up duration was 85.7 months. The tumor recurrence/regrowth (R/R) rate was 11.8%. Compared with preoperative status, swallowing function improved or stabilized in 96.1% and facial function improved or stabilized in 94.1% of patients. A House-Brackmann scale Grade I/II was achieved in 43 patients (84.3%). Overall neurological status improved or stabilized in 90.0% of patients. Pathological mitosis (HR 10.640, p = 0.009) was the most significant risk for tumor R/R. A 1-year increase in age (OR 1.115, p = 0.037) and preoperative KPS score < 80 (OR 11.071, p = 0.018) indicated a risk for recent poor neurological function (KPS < 80). Overall R/R-free survival, symptom progression–free survival, and overall survival at 15 years were 78.9%, 86.8%, and 80.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Surgical outcomes for JFPs were acceptable using a less-aggressive surgical strategy. Most patients could adapt to surgical morbidities and carry out normal life activities. Preserving neurological function was a priority, and maximal decompression with or without radiotherapy was desirable to preserve a patient's quality of life when radical resection was not warranted. Early surgery plus preoperative devascularization was proposed, and radiotherapy was mandatory for lesions with pathological mitosis.
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Andzeiewski, S., D. C. Oliveira, D. Bernardi, and M. Botton. "Occurrence of Sexual Reproduction of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae) in Southern Brazil and Biology and Fertility Life Table in Grapevine Cultivars." Environmental Entomology 51, no. 1 (November 12, 2021): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvab126.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The grapevine phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) is the pest insect of greatest importance in grapevine. The objective of study was to evaluate the occurrence of overwintering eggs in seedlings of ‘Paulsen 1103’ (Vitis berlandieri × Vitis rupestris) and evaluate the biology and fertility life table of D. vitifoliae on five grape cultivars: ‘Bordô’ (Vitis labrusca), ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ (Vitis vinifera), ‘BRS Lorena’ (Vitis vinifera × Seyval [Seibell 5656-Rayon d’Or]), ‘Magnolia’ (Vitis rotundifolia), and ‘Paulsen 1103’. In the field, overwintering eggs were found to be present in 78% of ‘Paulsen 1103’ seedlings, on the trunk of the seedlings. In the laboratory, phylloxera was found to complete the biological cycle (egg to adult) in roots of ‘BRS Lorena’, ‘Bordô’, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Nymphs did not complete development on roots of ‘Paulsen 1103’ and ‘Magnolia’, with 100% first instar mortality. Adult females feeding on ‘Bordô’ roots showed the lowest total fecundity (20.9 eggs per female), differing from insects feeding on ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ roots (207.8 eggs per female). Based on the fertility life table, roots of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ provided the best reproduction rate (Ro = 219), intrinsic rate of increase (rm = 0.197 d) and time between generations (T = 21.5 d). The presence of overwintering eggs on the trunk of the rootstock ‘Paulsen 1103’ may promote the survival and dispersal of the insect. Lignified roots of the rootstock ‘Paulsen 1103’ and the cultivar ‘Magnolia’ do not allow the development of D. vitifoliae, with ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ being the most suitable for the development of the insect.
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Lai, Fang, Gengbiao Zhou, Shutao Mai, Xiaolian Qin, Wenting Liu, Yan Zhang, Dongping Xie, et al. "Sini Decoction Improves Adrenal Function and the Short-Term Outcome of Septic Rats through Downregulation of Adrenal Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (June 19, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5186158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background. Sini Decoction (SND) is composed of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, having been used in China for centuries for collapsing phrase of disease. Studies reported that SND could alleviate inflammatory response, ameliorate microcirculatory disturbances, and improve shock reversal and adrenal gland glucocorticoid stress response during sepsis shock, yet the underlying mechanism is still elusive. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is demonstrated to be crucially correlated with the corticosterone secretion and the impaired adrenal glucocorticoid responses in sepsis. Materials and Methods. SND at dose of 10 g/kg (in low-dose SND group, LD-SND) and 20 g/kg (in high-dose SND group, HD-SND) was administered to CLP rats. Four days later, overall survival rates of rats were calculated; rat serum and adrenal glands were collected. Basic serum corticosterone levels were determined, and the increase of corticosterone after 0.8 ug/kg ACTH injection was checked to detect the adrenocortical sensitivity to ACTH. The protein and mRNA expression of TLR4 in adrenal glands were measured to study the impact of SND on TLR4 expression. mRNA levels of IL-10 and TNF-a in adrenal glands and IL-10 and TNF-a levels in serum were also determined to study the cytokines profile. Results. SND improved the cumulative survival rate of CLP rats up to 4 days (P < 0.05 with HD-SND) and adrenocortical sensitivity to 0.8 ug/kg ACTH stimulation (P < 0.05 at 60 mins, 31.02 ± 19.23 ng/ml in LD-SND group and 32.18 ± 14.88 ng/ml in HD-SND group versus 5.03 ± 13.34 ng/ml in CLP group), with a significant decrease of protein (P < 0.05, 29.6% in LD-SND group and 27.8% in HD-SND group), mRNA expression of TLR4 (P < 0.05, 32.9% in LD-SND group and 36.1% in HD-SND group), mRNA expression of IL-10 (P < 0.05, 32.0% in LD-SND group and 29.6% in HD-SND group), TNF-a in adrenal glands (P < 0.05, 26.0% in LD-SND group and 25.3% in HD-SND group), and TNF-a level in serum (P < 0.05, 100.20 ± 19.41 pg/ml in LD-SND group and 92.40 ± 11.66 pg/ml in HD-SND group versus 134.40 ± 27.87 pg/ml in CLP group). Conclusion. SND increased overall survival rate within 4 days and attenuated adrenal insufficiency in septic rats by downregulating TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in adrenal tissue, inhibiting adrenal production of TNF-α and IL-10, and improving adrenal responsiveness. Our results suggest that SND is able to ameliorate adrenal stress responses in a local immune-adrenal crosstalk way involving downregulated expression of TLR4 in adrenal tissue. SND might be a promising treatment for adrenal insufficiency prevention in prolonged sepsis.