Книги з теми "Financial and economic tools of reorganization"

The textbook contains the main elements of the methodology for diagnostics and analysis of financial and economic activities of the organization. The chapters of the textbook consider the role, significance, types, methods of analysis of financial and economic activities of the organization, its mathematical tools, the history and new directions of analysis of the organization's activities in Russian and foreign analytical practice, as well as methods for analyzing the volume of production, sales and cost of production, the analysis of security and use of material and labor resources, fixed assets, analysis of financial results and financial condition of the organization. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standard of higher education of the latest generation. For University students in the field of training 38.03.01 " Economics "and other areas, studying the disciplines" Analysis and diagnostics of financial and economic activities"," Complex economic analysis", as well as students in the system of retraining.

It analyzes methodological problems of contemporary economic theory and concrete economic disciplines. In a simple and accessible form set out in historical perspective theory and methodology of economic research in a variety of economic doctrines from mercantilism to contemporary neoliberalism. Much attention is paid to the national identity of economic theory in the methodological aspect. In detail and with specific examples, discusses the methodology of dialectics and dialectical materialism, the combination of historical and logical, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, etc., as well as their tools of research — a scientific theory, concept, paradigm, principle, Maxim. Similar to the analysis in the example are exposed to methodologies and tools for economic studies analysis of economic activities, banking, statistics, accounting, and financial management. Addressed to students, undergraduates, graduate students, teachers and anyone interested in research methodology.

The monograph is devoted to the study of conceptual approaches to the development of information and analytical support for the development of strategic assets in fund-intensive companies. It covers three key areas: the stakeholder approach in accordance with the concept of sustainable business development; modeling the trend of strategic asset management; audit of the effectiveness of the KPI strategy of public fund-intensive companies using the SPACE-analysis methodology. The results of the study are aimed at developing the corporate strategic asset management system, as well as improving the tools for assessing strategic risks in the internal audit departments of public companies. The methodological tools are supplemented with empirical materials obtained during the testing of the scientific hypothesis and a comprehensive methodology for analytical justification and modeling of the strategy for managing the development of fixed assets in fund-intensive companies in the oil and gas and ICT sectors, as well as during the implementation of research works. It will be useful for researchers, researchers, teachers, applicants for scientific degrees, and can also be used in the system of additional professional education, professional development, for self-development of management personnel of financial and economic services in business and government structures.

The first section of the textbook includes topics that reveal the mechanisms and tools of corporate governance, the second-the assessment of its quality. The texts of 10 lectures with diagrams and illustrations are presented. A number of topics involve practical training in the package Mathcad or similar. Solutions of problems, including program listings, are given. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. For undergraduate and graduate students studying in the areas of "Economics", "Management" and "Sociology", teachers and graduate students of economic universities, and can also be useful to managers and specialists of both financial and non-financial companies.

The monograph substantiates the parameters of the formation of the concept of sustainability of the agricultural economy, summarizes the tools of financial management of the agricultural sector. The analysis of liquidity and diagnostics of efficiency of agricultural business is carried out on the example of commodity producers in the region.the models of agricultural policy for managing financial resources and sources of their formation are based on them. The investment attractiveness is assessed and the financial and economic risks of agricultural business are measured. Financial solutions have been developed to optimize sustainability in the context of recommendations for improving liquidity and stabilizing the efficiency of the agricultural business. The publication is intended for managers and specialists of agribusiness management, researchers and teachers of higher educational institutions.

The monograph is devoted to the study of methods of diagnostics and control of corporate risks associated with the formation and use of estimated reserves and liabilities in commercial organizations. The research results are aimed at creating a corporate system for identifying and controlling corporate risks using estimated reserves and estimated liabilities. The methodological recommendations offered by the authors on verification of accrued expenses allow us to identify the risks of inefficient use of expenses, including fraudulent actions. The methodological tools are supplemented with empirical materials obtained during testing of the internal audit methodology in industrial organizations, audit companies, as well as when performing research work. It will be useful for researchers, researchers, teachers, applicants for scientific degrees, and can also be used in the system of additional professional education, advanced training, for self-development of management personnel of financial and economic services in business and government structures.

The textbook reveals the role and importance of management analysis in the formation of the strategy and tactics of organization management, taking into account the industry specifics of the functioning of economic entities in the production sector, the conceptual apparatus of management analysis; describes the main approaches to information support; presents applied tools and practical situations aimed at ensuring the financial stability of business, describes approaches to assessing the effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity based on alternative management solutions adequate to current real-time conditions. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. It is intended for graduate students of economic universities, teachers, practitioners and specialists in the field of management and analysis, studying in the field of training 38.04.01 "Economics", to acquire practical skills in conducting managerial analysis and making informed managerial decisions. It may be of interest to employees of financial services, financial managers of enterprises, as well as students of the system of training, certification and development of professional competencies of managers, auditors and business analysis specialists.

This collective monograph continues a series of scientific studies and publications on the problems of strategic planning, which have been carried out for several years at the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation with the involvement of specialists from other scientific and educational organizations. A series of research papers in 2017-2019 was devoted to the analysis of strategic development risks and the analysis of global strategic planning practice, the general methodology of strategic planning and forecasting (including in the context of ensuring Russia's economic security), the approach to the formation of life cycles of preparation and revision of strategic planning documents and their comparative analysis, the experience of coordinating budget, project and process types of management and financing, monitoring risks and threats, the use of new information tools in the strategic planning complex, including blockchain, and also naturally develops such aspects of previous research as analysis of world practice, coordination of budget, project and process types of management and financing, the use of information technologies. However, at the same time, a special task was set — to approach a comprehensive analysis of the strategic planning process as a whole, especially to study its documentary support as the core of the organization of this process and the implementation of its results in the practice of public administration, as well as to analyze the scientific support of strategic planning as an essential aspect of all strategic planning and strategic management activities in the entirety of its aspects (goal setting, forecast, design, programming, planning, control and audit). It is intended for specialists from the humanities, natural sciences and technical fields of knowledge focused on management and development problems, for undergraduates and postgraduates, as well as for a wide audience of management practitioners, including those related to strategic planning processes in the public sector.

This chapter focuses on the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Reorganisation and Winding up of Credit Institutions. It discusses the scope of the Directive; the impact of the Directive in the context of the reorganization or winding up of an EU credit institution; the consequences of the Directive in relation to the insolvency of institutions established outside the European Economic Area (EEA); and the assistance which the English courts may provide to the liquidator or receiver of a foreign financial institution.

The monograph represents the results of research of the scientific and pedagogical staff of the Department of Finance, Accounting and Economic Security of Pavlo Tychyna Uman State Pedagogical University on the research topic “Problems of financial support of economic and social sphere” (state registration number 0116U000117). Theoretical & methodological provisions and practical recommendations on the formation of conceptual framework and applied tools for assessing, monitoring and financial management at the global, national and micro levels in the permanent conditions of risks, threats and challenges to the security of sustainable development are given in the monograph. Recommended for readers interested in economic issues, academics, professionals, postgraduates, educators and students.

With the help of two examples, this chapter illustrates the usefulness of agent-based models as tools for economic policy design. The first example applies a financial market model in which the order flow of speculators, relying on technical and fundamental analysis, generates intricate price dynamics. The second example applies a Keynesian-type goods market model in which the investment behavior of firms, relying on extrapolative and regressive predictors, generates complex business cycles. It adds a central authority to these two setups and explores the impact of simple intervention strategies on the model dynamics. On the basis of these experiments, the chapter concludes that agent-based models may help us understand how markets function and evaluate the effectiveness of various stabilization policies.

This book explores the notion of digital capitalism and its crash in 2007–2008, which it attributes to the uneven character of information and communications technology (ICT). It advances two main arguments: that the economic contributions made by ICT to digital capitalism rendered digital technology a fundamental pole of growth; and that, when it arrived, the economic crisis could be traced not only to financial speculation but to capital's multifaceted integration of digital systems into the political economy. In this account, the contradictory matrix of technological revolution and stagnation that constitutes capitalism today is highlighted. The book also elucidates the role of information and communications in the political economy's chief developmental processes, including capital's reorganization of the system of production, through fresh cycles of labor restructuring and spiking foreign direct investment; capital's concurrent ingress into finance; escalating military procurement spending; and the wide-ranging changes in the ICT sector. Finally, it considers how commodity chains bring together diverse labor systems to effect globally distributed production processes.

The collection includes articles based on the reports of scientists of the K. A. Timiryazev RGAU-MSHA, other universities and research institutions at the International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 155th anniversary of the K. A. Timiryazev RGAU-MSHA, which was held on December 2-4, 2020. The collection of materials presents: on topical issues of the world economy and foreign economic activity of management in the agro-industrial complex, mathematics and applications, applied information technologies in agricultural economics and education, on the implementation of national projects and the possibility of using marketing tools and tools to ensure the economic security of agribusiness in the conditions of digitalization of the economy, on the state and development of agribusiness; agricultural relations and the agrarian economy of Russia, financial and tax policy of the agro-industrial complex in the digital economy, on the development of accounting and reporting in the information society, on state and municipal management, on philosophy and integrated communications, history and political science, pedagogy and psychology, on the problems of teaching foreign students, studying and teaching foreign and Russian languages, domestic and foreign science in the field of physical culture.

Investors in financial markets are faced with an abundance of potentially value-relevant information from a wide variety of different sources. In such data-rich, high-dimensional environments, techniques from the rapidly advancing field of machine learning (ML) are well-suited for solving prediction problems. Accordingly, ML methods are quickly becoming part of the toolkit in asset pricing research and quantitative investing. This book examines the promises and challenges of ML applications in asset pricing. Asset pricing problems are substantially different from the settings for which ML tools were developed originally. To realize the potential of ML methods, they must be adapted for the specific conditions in asset pricing applications. Economic considerations, such as portfolio optimization, absence of near arbitrage, and investor learning can guide the selection and modification of ML tools. Beginning with a brief survey of basic supervised ML methods, the book discusses the application of these techniques in empirical research in asset pricing and shows how they promise to advance the theoretical modeling of financial markets. The book presents the exciting possibilities of using cutting-edge methods in research on financial asset valuation.

The American economy looks good. This is in the wake of a decade where dramatic failures in individual markets and institutions sparked a global financial crisis resulting in political, social, and economic unrest. In the United States, a host of legislative acts completely reshaped the regulatory landscape. This book investigates the structure and the workings of financial instruments and the capital markets; it considers market evolution after the crisis and the impact of Central Bank policy. In doing so, it provides the tools to recognize vulnerabilities in capital market trading activities. This edition serves to explain the legal and business considerations of capital market participation.

In the collective monograph "Strategizing of the Digital Kuzbass Region" digitalization of the Kuzbass economy is considered as one of the most important tools for implementation of the Strategy of socio-economic development of Kuzbass region for the period up to 2035. The monograph substantiates developing and promoting a digital platform for monitoring and controlling the implementation of strategic priorities, as well as programs for digitalization of some industries and sectors of Kuzbass region economy, including coal industry, tourism, financial sector, media system. Perspectives for artificial intelligence and other avant-garde technologies in the economy of Kuzbass region are also discussed in the monograth.

Over the last decades, agricultural co-operatives grew substantially in most developed and developing countries, often reaching dominant market positions. We inquire into the economic mechanism behind this growth, by elaborating on the relation between co-operative identity and co-operative benefits. We highlight the ability of agricultural co-operatives to co-ordinate large-scale production, to monitor work contributions and product quality, and to ensure economic independence of farmer members. Following the two principal streams in the economic literature, we distinguish between the conceptions of agricultural co-operatives as units of vertical integration and as firms characterized by common governance of collective entrepreneurial action and ability to reduce transaction costs and economic risk. We describe the financial and governance limitations of agricultural co-operatives while taking account of new co-operative models presenting institutional tools introduced to overcome these limitations. We conclude by suggesting directions for enhancing the role of co-operatives in agricultural and rural development.

This chapter explores the core aspects of the default procedural framework of the Modular Approach and then describes the modules by which the default framework may be adapted. The core elements of the Modular Approach provide a simple, cost-effective framework to liquidate or continue an MSME, recognizing the diversity in size and nature of MSMEs. The two basic options—automatic liquidation, and continuation proceedings—meet multiple objectives. The former facilitates efficient liquidation of MSME assets while allowing entrepreneurs a fresh start, and the latter enables the entrepreneur to continue the business while addressing the factors that caused its financial and economic distress. The core elements are complemented by additional modules that allow policymakers in each jurisdiction, and the entrepreneurs, creditors, and other stakeholders in each such jurisdiction, to identify and deploy the tools suited to the nature and type of debtor and its assets, the causes of its distress, and the prospects for its viability and rehabilitation.

This chapter dissects the potential and limitations of South-North strategic sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investment as a tool for catalyzing technological upgrading in the developing world. After an overview of the problems posed by financialized, neoliberal globalization for conventional development policy tools, and how states are seeking to overcome these limitations through the use of strategic SWFs, there follows a model of the political-economic factors conditioning the ability of developing countries to use South-North strategic SWF investment to promote technology transfer in the reverse direction. This model describes the politics of SWF-led development in terms of not only the “double bottom line” of SWF-owning state political and financial interests, but also a second double-bottom line encompassing the political and financial interests of multiple host economy actors. A case study of Abu Dhabi shows how this has simultaneously enabled and constrained state attempts to use South-North strategic SWF-investment to accelerate domestic economic development.

This book is the product of a two-year research programme entitled Restarting European Long-Term Investment Finance (RELTIF), organized by Assonime and the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) in London. The programme brought together leading researchers from across the world to consider the causes of the persistently low level of investment in Europe, to examine the extent to which the financial system was a contributory factor and to identify possible policy remedies for it. It considered the relation of finance to corporate sector investment, the lending behaviour of banks, the provision of equity financing, the role of public sector institutions, regulation, and taxation. The chapters in this volume provide one of the most comprehensive and thorough analyses of any financial system that has been undertaken to date. They reflect a large body of research using new and existing data sets, employing advanced empirical tools, and exploiting the unique insights provided by the tumultuous events of the financial and sovereign debt crises. Together they comprise an exceptional body of knowledge to advance academic thinking and guide policy formulation in the future.

One of the main consequences of the digital revolution, which for the last few years has been transforming almost every economic activity, has been an unprecedented availability of big data. At the same time, recent technological breakthroughs have provided tools (technological infrastructures and analytical methodologies) capable of processing these large amounts of data in a very short timeframe. Against this backdrop, the introduction of machine-learning models has been spreading. Even the Banking and Insurance sectors, despite their long-standing tradition of using statistical models, have been deeply transformed. Such an unprecedented combination of data availability, processing capabilities, and analytical models allows financial institutions to realize value by providing a more informed, timely, and conscious decision-making. The objective of this position paper is to provide the Risk Management community a useful contribution to understand the state of the art in the field of Big Data & Advanced Analytics (BD&AA) for Risk Management. To this end, the paper avails itself of contributions coming from a wide, qualified and, at the same time, heterogeneous (by origin, background, and size of the institution to which they belong) parterre of colleagues and experts.

Despite social and economic advances around the world, poverty and disease persist, exacerbated by the mounting challenges of climate change, natural disasters, political conflict, mass migration, and economic inequality. While governments commit to addressing these challenges, traditional public and philanthropic dollars are not enough. Here, innovative finance has shown a way forward: by borrowing techniques from the world of finance, we can raise capital for social investments today. Innovative finance has provided polio vaccines to children in the DRC, crop insurance to farmers in India, pay-as-you-go solar electricity to Kenyans, and affordable housing and transportation to New Yorkers. It has helped governmental, commercial, and philanthropic resources meet the needs of the poor and underserved and build a more sustainable and inclusive prosperity. Capital and the Common Good shows how market failure in one context can be solved with market solutions from another: an expert in securitization bundles future development aid into bonds to pay for vaccines today; an entrepreneur turns a mobile phone into an array of financial services for the unbanked; and policy makers adapt pay-for-success models from the world of infrastructure to human services like early childhood education, maternal health, and job training. Revisiting the successes and missteps of these efforts, Georgia Levenson Keohane argues that innovative finance is as much about incentives and sound decision-making as it is about money. When it works, innovative finance gives us the tools, motivation, and security to invest in our shared future.

Climate change represents an urgent and potentially irreversible threat to human societies, economies, and the planet. Yet despite clear signals, we are slow to act in a meaningful way, despite the fact that we have the legal, political, and technological tools to transition our economies to net zero carbon. While some businesses are reluctant to take significant steps to reduce their carbon footprint, many companies are well-intentioned but feel somewhat paralysed in the face of overwhelming data that portend a financially and environmentally devastating future. Yet we can still reverse the trajectory of climate change, but it requires bold and informed action to reduce our carbon footprint in a manner that embeds fairness in the transition. This book offers a guide for companies, pension funds, asset managers, and other institutional investors to commence the legal, governance, and financial strategies needed for effective climate mitigation and adaptation, and to help distribute the economic benefits of these actions to their stakeholders. It takes the reader from ideas to action, from first steps to a more meaningful contribution to the move towards a ‘climate positive’ circular economy. It can also serve as a helpful guide to everyone implicated in a corporation’s activities—employees, pensioners, consumers, banks and other lenders, policy-makers, and community members. It offers insights into what we should be expecting, and asking, of these individuals who have taken responsibility for effectively managing our savings, our retirement funds, our investments, and our tax dollars.

Economy and mankind are inextricably interlinked. Just as the economy or the production of material wealth is unimaginable without a man, so human existence and development are impossible without the wealth created in the economy. Shortly, both the goal and the means of achieving and realization of the economy are still the human resources. People have long ago noticed that it was the economy that created livelihoods, and the delays in their production led to the catastrophic events such as hunger, poverty, civil wars, social upheavals, revolutions, moral degeneration, and more. Therefore, the special interest of people in understanding the regulatory framework of the functioning of the economy has existed and exists in all historical epochs [A. Sisvadze. Economic theory. Part One. 2006y. p. 22]. The system of economic disciplines studies economy or economic activities of a society. All of them are based on science, which is currently called economic theory in the post-socialist space (the science of economics, the principles of economics or modern economics), and in most countries of the world - predominantly in the Greek-Latin manner - economics. The title of the present book is also Modern Economics. Economics (economic theory) is the science that studies the efficient use of limited resources to produce and distribute goods and services in order to satisfy as much as possible the unlimited needs and demands of the society. More simply, economics is the science of choice and how society manages its limited resources. Moreover, it should be emphasized that economics (economic theory) studies only the distribution, exchange and consumption of the economic wealth (food, beverages, clothing, housing, machine tools, computers, services, etc.), the production of which is possible and limited. And the wealth that exists indefinitely: no economic relations are formed in the production and distribution of solar energy, air, and the like. This current book is the second complete updated edition of the challenges of the modern global economy in the context of the coronary crisis, taking into account some of the priority directions of the country's development. Its purpose is to help students and interested readers gain a thorough knowledge of economics and show them how this knowledge can be applied pragmatically (professionally) in professional activities or in everyday life. To achieve this goal, this textbook, which consists of two parts and tests, discusses in simple and clear language issues such as: the essence of economics as a science, reasons for origin, purpose, tasks, usefulness and functions; Basic principles, problems and peculiarities of economics in different economic systems; Needs and demand, the essence of economic resources, types and limitations; Interaction, mobility, interchangeability and efficient use of economic resources. The essence and types of wealth; The essence, types and models of the economic system; The interaction of households and firms in the market of resources and products; Market mechanism and its elements - demand, supply and price; Demand and supply elasticity; Production costs and the ways to reduce them; Forms of the market - perfect and incomplete competition markets and their peculiarities; Markets for Production Factors and factor incomes; The essence of macroeconomics, causes and importance of origin; The essence and calculation of key macroeconomic indicators (gross national product, gross domestic product, net national product, national income, etc.); Macroeconomic stability and instability, unemployment, inflation and anti-inflationary policies; State regulation of the economy and economic policy; Monetary and fiscal policy; Income and standard of living; Economic Growth; The Corona Pandemic as a Defect and Effect of Globalization; National Economic Problems and New Opportunities for Development in the conditions of the Coronary Crisis; The Socio-economic problems of moral obsolescence in digital technologies; Education and creativity are the main solution way to overcome the economic crisis caused by the coronavirus; Positive and negative effects of tourism in Georgia; Formation of the middle class as a contributing factor to the development of tourism in Georgia; Corporate culture in Georgian travel companies, etc. The axiomatic truth is that economics is the union of people in constant interaction. Given that the behavior of the economy reflects the behavior of the people who make up the economy, after clarifying the essence of the economy, we move on to the analysis of the four principles of individual decision-making. Furtermore, the book describes how people make independent decisions. The key to making an individual decision is that people have to choose from alternative options, that the value of any action is measured by the value of what must be given or what must be given up to get something, that the rational, smart people make decisions based on the comparison of the marginal costs and marginal returns (benefits), and that people behave accordingly to stimuli. Afterwards, the need for human interaction is then analyzed and substantiated. If a person is isolated, he will have to take care of his own food, clothes, shoes, his own house and so on. In the case of such a closed economy and universalization of labor, firstly, its productivity will be low and, secondly, it will be able to consume only what it produces. It is clear that human productivity will be higher and more profitable as a result of labor specialization and the opportunity to trade with others. Indeed, trade allows each person to specialize, to engage in the activities that are most successful, be it agriculture, sewing or construction, and to buy more diverse goods and services from others at a relatively lower price. The key to such human interactions is that trade is mutually beneficial; That markets are usually the good means of coordination between people and that the government can improve the results of market functioning if the market reveals weakness or the results of market functioning are not fair. Moroever, it also shows how the economy works as a whole. In particular, it is argued that productivity is a key determinant of living standards, that an increase in the money supply is a major source of inflation, and that one of the main impediments to avoiding inflation is the existence of an alternative between inflation and unemployment in the short term, that the inflation decrease causes the temporary decline in unemployement and vice versa. The Understanding creatively of all above mentioned issues, we think, will help the reader to develop market economy-appropriate thinking and rational economic-commercial-financial behaviors, to be more competitive in the domestic and international labor markets, and thus to ensure both their own prosperity and the functioning of the country's economy. How he/she copes with the tasks, it is up to the individual reader to decide. At the same time, we will receive all the smart useful advices with a sense of gratitude and will take it into account in the further work. We also would like to thank the editor and reviewers of the books. Finally, there are many things changing, so it is very important to realize that the XXI century has come: 1. The century of the new economy; 2. Age of Knowledge; 3. Age of Information and economic activities are changing in term of innovations. 1. Why is the 21st century the century of the new economy? Because for this period the economic resources, especially non-productive, non-recoverable ones (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) are becoming increasingly limited. According to the World Energy Council, there are currently 43 years of gas and oil reserves left in the world (see “New Commersant 2007 # 2, p. 16). Under such conditions, sustainable growth of real gross domestic product (GDP) and maximum satisfaction of uncertain needs should be achieved not through the use of more land, labor and capital (extensification), but through more efficient use of available resources (intensification) or innovative economy. And economics, as it was said, is the science of finding the ways about the more effective usage of the limited resources. At the same time, with the sustainable growth and development of the economy, the present needs must be met in a way that does not deprive future generations of the opportunity to meet their needs; 2. Why is the 21st century the age of knowledge? Because in a modern economy, it is not land (natural resources), labor and capital that is crucial, but knowledge. Modern production, its factors and products are not time-consuming and capital-intensive, but science-intensive, knowledge-intensive. The good example of this is a Japanese enterprise (firm) where the production process is going on but people are almost invisible, also, the result of such production (Japanese product) is a miniature or a sample of how to get the maximum result at the lowest cost; 3. Why is the 21st century the age of information? Because the efficient functioning of the modern economy, the effective organization of the material and personal factors of production largely depend on the right governance decision. The right governance decision requires prompt and accurate information. Gone are the days when the main means of transport was a sailing ship, the main form of data processing was pencil and paper, and the main means of transmitting information was sending letters through a postman on horseback. By the modern transport infrastructure (highways, railways, ships, regular domestic and international flights, oil and gas pipelines, etc.), the movement of goods, services and labor resoucres has been significantly accelerated, while through the modern means of communication (mobile phone, internet, other) the information is spreading rapidly globally, which seems to have "shrunk" the world and made it a single large country. The Authors of the book: Ushangi Samadashvili, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor of Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University - Introduction, Chapters - 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11,12, 15,16, 17.1,18 , Tests, Revaz Shengelia, Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University, Chapters_7, 8, 13. 14, 17.2, 17.4; Zhuzhuna Tsiklauri - Doctor of Economics, Professor of Georgian Technical University - Chapters 13.6, 13.7,17.2, 17.3, 18. We also thank the editor and reviewers of the book.