Дисертації з теми "Finance for children"

This study examines the role of financial socialization in low-income Hispanic households in order to determine if there was evidence of the transmission of values about behaviors such a saving and searching for the cheapest price from parent to child. This aim was achieved by generating measures for time and goods socialization and by making the assumption that when a parent and child share analogous financial attitudes, this provides evidence for the presence of financial socialization. A failure to match indicates otherwise. The empirical results from multinomial logit and probit models provide several cases that present evidence for the presence of financial socialization. Numerous noteworthy relationships are investigated including the impact of marriage, income, and educational attainments on the probability of generating a like-minded child. Using survey data on 8th grade students and their parents, the findings of the logit and probit models illustrate the impact of financial socialization while concurrently emphasizing the repercussions when not utilized.

Budgeting and allocation decisions made by school districts have a direct impact on education in local communities. Little, however, is known about budgetary allocation and decision-making practices involving federal Impact Aid received by military-connected districts as no national guidelines exist to guide the allocation of this funding source. Using Sielke's garbage can decision model as the foundation, the purpose of this multiple case study of 5 school districts located throughout the United States was to explore how school districts use Impact Aid to achieve educational adequateness for military-connected children. Research questions focused on how school districts make budgetary decisions in regard to Impact Aid and military-connected students. Data were collected from 5 semistructured interviews with school administrators, budget analysts, as well as over 350 publicly available policy documents. All data were inductively coded and categorized to apply frequency of references and through open and descriptive coding emerged 4 thematic elements. The key findings of this study showed that sequestration and information management had the largest impact on how Impact Aid funding was spent by school districts. The results of this study provide evidence in support of Sielke's garbage can decision theory. The implications for social change stemming from this study include recommendations to policy makers regarding improving allocation methods, which may in turn improve the effectiveness of education funding leading to adequate and equal education support for all public school students.

This is a study designed to determine whether the 1988-89 method of distributing state pupil transportation funds in Virginia met generally accepted standards of quality for such distribution methods, and whether the method of distributing pupil transportation funds served to enhance fiscal equalization in Virginia by properly taking into account cost factors that vary among the Commonwealth1s local school districts? Relevant literature was examined to identify generally accepted standards of quality for pupil transportation funding formulae and to identify cost factors that are generally accepted as exerting an influence on the costs of operating a local pupil transportation program. Second, information and data were gathered to provide measurements of generally accepted evaluative criteria and generally accepted cost factors that had previously been identified. It was concluded that the Virginia pupil transportation funding formula, as proposed by the Joint Legislative Audit and Review Commission and adopted by the General Assembly, meets generally accepted standards for efficiency, objectivity, and reliability, but fails to meet standards for simplicity and equity. It was also concluded that the Virginia pupil transportation funding formula does not enhance fiscal equalization through proper consideration of cost factors that vary among local school districts in Virginia. Five recommendations were offered. First, the current Matrix System method of recognizing costs for purposes of state pupil transportation fund distribution should be replaced by one of three formulae developed through the study, all three of which are substantially more accurate than the Matrix System in approximating existing costs. Second, an effort should be made to provide a comprehensive but understandable description of the method of state pupil transportation fund distribution in Virginia. Third, the methods used in the body of the study should be duplicated by a state agency with ready access to accurate and current data pertaining to pupil transportation costs and cost factors in Virginia. Fourth, the Pupil Transportation Division of the Virginia Department of Education should be more directly involved in the administration of state pupil transportation funds. And fifth, the practice of basing current pupil transportation fund distribution on data more than one year old should be discontinued.
Ed. D.

This project addressess the importance of early childhood intervention for California's infants and toddlers and how the managed care trends are affecting families' ability to obtain help for their children.

This study examines the impact of children’s grants on household access to food, education and health care. In the face of increased poverty and socio-economic inequalities, social grants are a critical poverty alleviation intervention implemented by the government of South Africa. The children’s grants are offered as part of the social security system which is provided for in the Republic of South Africa Constitution of 1996 and the Social Assistance Act of 2004. The basic needs conceptual framework is the lens informing the focus of the study. Among other major findings, the study reveals that (a) childrens grants play a critical role in improvement of access to food, health care and education, (b) childrens grants are used as collateral, to access short term loans, and (c) social networks and home gardens play a significant role in aiding children’s grants to ensure household access to food, education and health care.

Recently, a great deal of interest has been generated around the role of principal and its effectiveness, especially its impact on improving teacher instruction and student learning. Waters, Marzano, and McNulty (2003) concluded that one quarter of all “school effects” on achievement can be attributed to principals. While there is general agreement on the principal’s importance and affect, do we understand how principals have adapted to changes in schools with reduced resources and increased learning needs of students? How have principals made decisions in an environment where resources have been reduced over time? Given the stories of retired principals from high poverty elementary schools, the purpose of this narrative inquiry is to understand how principals made sense of their experience when having to respond to decreasing resources and the need for increased student achievement. Participants in the study included retired principals from high poverty elementary schools who were employed during the time period extending from 2008 through 2014. Findings from the study make sense of the meanings elementary principals have constructed and attached to the phenomena of decision-making in times of financial reduction in order to help other principals who have been challenged by similar circumstances. Three categories of leadership styles and seven skill areas emerged in the study. Principals made use of these styles and skills in their responses to the crisis.

The purpose of this study was to examine parental actions to finance higher education. Data were analyzed from the 1995-96 National Postsecondary Student Aid Study (NPSAS: 96). Results of this study indicated that gender, race, housing status, and attendance status of students were factors in the amount of loans that was assumed by parents. Further results indicated that parent'9s marital status, total parent contribution, parent income, the cost of attending, and institutional control were also factors in the amount of loans that were assumed by parents. The age of students and the amount of parent savings did not effect the percentage of parents who assumed loans nor did it effect the amount of loans that were assumed by parents. Recommendations for future research include a continued focus on how families, as a whole, are financing higher education, repayment practices and default rates of parents who assumed loans to pay for higher education, specific types of loans that parents use to fund higher education, parental debt and what ratio of their debt is due to educational loans.
Master of Arts

Private elementary schools in Mexico are usually seen by wealthy and middle-class families as an alternative to public education. However, private schools have not been seen until very recently as an academic alternative for the poor. In my dissertation, I used data on students from poor families (beneficiaries of Oportunidades program) attending sixth grade of elementary school, who participated in the Quality and Educational Achievement Test assessment 2009 (EXCALE06-2009), to evaluate if there is a private school advantage for the poor in Mathematics in Mexico. I also investigated the extent to what achievement differential is explained by important features of private schools, such as physical resources, school management, teacher quality, teaching practices and classroom organization, and peer group composition. I used propensity score-matching to correct for bias arising from the self-sorting of students into type of schools. I concluded that private schools in Mexico offer a clear advantage for poor students in elementary education, even after accounting for selection bias. On average, private school students who are beneficiaries of Oportunidades program outperformed their public counterparts by 48 test points in Mathematics, or 48% of a standard deviation. The results passed different robustness checks and are technically reliable. The 0.48 sd effect size of private school is larger relative to much of the existing literature, especially if it is compared to the results of true experiments or quasi-experiments of private schools conducted in the U.S. I hypothesize that these large results might have to do in part with two factors: the use of the right counterfactual for this research: poor students attending private urban schools; and the fact that students in the sample attending private schools are all beneficiaries of Oportunidades, a comprehensive poverty alleviation program. This might mean that the treatment under study is more complex than just private schooling. After statistically accounting for selection bias, all of the remaining private school effect is accounted for by identifiable school factors. Peer group composition, school management, teacher practices and classroom organization, are the most important factors explaining the private school advantage in Mathematics in elementary schools in Mexico.

Long-term care is the greatest uninsured risk facing the American public today. The failure to plan for long-term care has had a serious, and often devastating, impact on families that are thrust into the role of caregiver to an elderly parent. The failure to plan for long-term care also has very serious consequences for society, which, through public programs such as Medicaid, pays for a huge and unsustainable portion of long-term care supports and services. The impact of the failure to plan for long-term care is becoming more devastating due to the confluence of several factors. People are living longer now than ever before thereby increasing the demand for long-term care services and supports, with the population of senior citizens expected to more than double in the near future. There are far fewer family caregivers available to provide care to elderly parents as a result of lower birth rates, later marriages, and the rapid increase of women participating in the workforce, reducing the available pool of family caregivers. Understanding the dynamics of long-term care planning, and the failure to plan for long-term care, is a necessary step in successfully addressing long-term care planning. Adult children of elderly parents rarely participate in their parents' future planning for long-term care. The purpose of this qualitative, multiple case study, was to explore how adult children's information deficiencies and risk aversion impact how they advise their parents on the purchase of long-term care insurance. The participants for the study were 12 adult children between the ages of 25 and 44, with incomes greater than $75,000 per year, with assets greater than $200,000. These participants were carefully selected from a commercially available demographic list from the New York-Long Island Metropolitan area, to be representative of adult children with similar demographics from other regions of the country. The research findings suggested that the information deficiencies of adult children of elderly parents is the greatest barrier to adult children's participation in the long-term care planning of their elderly parents. The findings indicate that adult children of elderly parents are unaware of the costs of long-term care, the chances of their parents needing long-term care, the burden of caregiving on themselves and their families, and how medical insurance and Medicare play virtually no role in a long-term care event. Other findings indicated that once these adult children were provided with credible updated information on the factors pertaining to long-term care their risk aversion toward such planning was replaced with the willingness to engage in long-term care planning with their parents. From a practical application standpoint, this study is important for adult children of elderly parents, the elderly parents, long-term care advocates, long-term care providers, legislators at all levels of government, and insurance companies in the business of long-term care insurance, as this study provides insights into the perceptions of long-term care by those most affected by the failure to plan for long-term care. Future research is required to expand on these findings by developing appropriate, credible, and understandable awareness campaigns regarding the nature of long-term care and its impact on families and society.

The problem under investigation. This dissertation analyzed philanthropic donations and fund-raising behavior in children's museums. The research embodies a descriptive, inductive, and deductive study which infers that philanthropic donations increase gradually and are influenced by an organization's fund-raising behavior. The subjects. A stratified random sample of 15 small, 47 medium, and 20 large U.S. children's museums were surveyed; operating budgets determined museum size. The methodology. Time-series statistical techniques and economic data measures calculated the change in children's museum philanthropic donations from 1990-1994. Correlation coefficients determined the relationships between the income variables. The fund-raising behavior variables, nominal data, were calculated in percentage/frequency tables. The chi-square test statistic checked for dependency between the behavioral variables and museum size. The findings. This analysis showed the complex relationships between fund-raising systems and their philanthropic environment. The results demonstrate the strong tie between philanthropy and fund-raising. They illustrate that fund-raising cannot be an isolated management function. The data indicate how fund-raising behavior, donor attitudes, and economic conditions influence giving fluctuations. It discloses organizational donor preferences, and the control those donors might have over internal management decisions. The effects of donor networks, political lobbying, and geographic location were also detected in the figures. Conclusions. This study affirmed that persistent organizational funding requires diversified, balanced relationships between nonprofit organizations and the philanthropic sector. Children's museums need a fund-raising philosophy; voluntary giving must become a core institutional value. This philosophy must be espoused by the Chief Executive Officer who works with and through a Board President and Board of Directors who embrace the same fund-raising rationale. The organizations also need trained personnel to administer the philosophy.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Essa pesquisa objetiva verificar a garantia de prioridade absoluta de crianças e adolescentes nas políticas públicas do governo federal. Para tanto, resgata o processo de criação dos novos direitos de crianças e adolescentes, que se origina na Assembléia Nacional Constituinte (ANC) 1987-1988, perpassa a discussão da comunidade internacional para a criação da Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança (CDC) e resulta em uma legislação nacional, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), sob a égide da Doutrina da Proteção Integral. Essa legislação reflete os novos direitos de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros como cidadãos e cidadãs, titulares de direitos especiais por sua condição peculiar de desenvolvimento e compõe os critérios de garantia, defesa e promoção de seus direitos humanos. Esse estudo também traz informações sobre a desigualdade social brasileira para inferir que o investimento em políticas públicas para infância e adolescência é um dos mecanismos para promover desenvolvimento sustentável, construir bases para uma sociedade mais justa e igualitária e que, quando aliadas a políticas de transferências de renda, oportunizam condições sólidas para reduzir o grau de desigualdade social, com efetiva melhora da qualidade de vida da população. A prioridade absoluta foi estimada a partir de um método de apuração do Orçamento Criança e Adolescente (OCA) que filtra as políticas orçamentárias voltadas ao público infanto-adolescente, nos termos do ECA, por critérios de exclusividade e direcionamento. Os resultados indicam que, apesar das melhoras recentes em indicadores socioeconômicos e na qualidade de vida da população brasileira, ainda falta um longo caminho para o respeito ao princípio da prioridade absoluta de crianças e adolescentes nas políticas públicas do governo federal, pois os recursos públicos da União estão à mercê do pagamento dos juros, encargos e amortizações da dívida pública. Com isso, as políticas sociais ficam mantidas em segundo plano, e sua arrecadação tem caráter regressivo, baseada em tributos indiretos, no que o financiamento das políticas públicas é feito pela população mais pobre, majoritariamente, justamente a que mais demanda as políticas públicas sociais.
This research aims to estimate if the absolute priority of children and teenagers on the public policy of the federal government has been assured. To do that, it ransoms the process of creation of the new rights of children and teenagers, which origins at the Constituent National Assembly during 1987-1988, pass over the international community discussions for the assents of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and results in a legislation called Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA). It establishes the Integral Protection Doctrine in Brazil, the new condition of children and teenagers as citizens, with special rights for their growth condition, and the conditions to guaranty, to defense and to promote their human rights. This research also brings information about the brazilian social inequality to deduce the public policy for children and teenagers investments are able to promote sustainable development, to build sustainers of a society more equality based on human rights, and when associated with income distribution policies create solid conditions to reduce the social inequality degree and effective improve on life quality of the people. The absolute priority has been estimated from a method to compute the budget for children and teenagers, called Orçamento Criança e Adolescente (OCA) based on exclusiveness and directionament criterions. The results indicates that, despite the recent betters on socioeconomic indicators and life quality improve of Brazilian people, there still a long way until the respect to the principle of the absolute priority of children and teenagers in public policies of the federal government, since the federal public resources are being used to the public debt, the social policies are being set in second plan, and their gathering has regressive impact, notability indirect tributes, so the poorer ones financing the public policies, just those who more need the social public policies.

This dissertation is comprised of three chapters on the interaction between migrants and their source regions applied to China and Vietnam. The first chapter examines whether remittances are related to receivers' trust and trustworthiness in Vietnam. Using a combination of a field experiment conducted in 2010 and the "2002 Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey", the chapter finds that while internal remittances have no significant relationship to trusting behavior, international remittances demonstrate a significantly positive connection. On the other hand, international remittances are negatively related to trustworthiness, while internal remittances are positively associated. Besides, this study finds that the level of trustworthiness is higher in the south than in the north. The second chapter explores the role of children by age and by gender as a motive for return migration in China by using a rural household survey conducted in Wuwei County (Anhui province) in 2008. Resorting to a discrete time proportional hazard model and a binary Probit model to estimate respectively the determinants of migration duration for both on-going migrants and return migrants, and the return intentions of on-going migrants, the chapter finds consistent results regarding the role of left-behind children as a significant motive for return. The last chapter examines the impact of the migration experience on individuals' choice of being self-employed upon their return to their home villages. By using the same data of Wuwei survey, the chapter finds that return migrants are more likely to be self-employed than non-migrants, and that both return savings and the frequency of job changes during migration increase the likelihood for return migrants to become self-employed.

碩士
世新大學
財務金融學研究所(含碩專班)
95
The basic members of a family are parents and children, Parents wishes to provide the best resources for their children. However, the best resource is not only to satisfied children’s needs; but also offer a better investments plans, Let children have financial monetary aid and competition ability when facing a social competition in the future life , their children will be competent to face environmental challenge caused by impact of Trend of Fewer Children’s. Taiwan’s birthrate is the second from the last in the world until 2005 according to the report of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The Trend of Fewer Children will bring quit level of impact about country’s manpower structure, population predisposition, finance, economic, and education. Developed countries like Japan, European Union (EU) have done lots of analyses of this issue; consequently, the other countries can act in response of Trend of Fewer Children based on Japan and EU’s research. “Children Finance-management Product” which Financial Institutes value has become a financial commodity which has huge business opportunities in recent years; because of above reason, they starts to value the market of Children Finance-management. Thus, it’s not only the task for Financial Institutes, but also a key of keeping activities and expending of financial market that trying to understand how parents think and feel. Over 80% mankind is not only communicating by written and language, but also using graphic style to appear in people’s mind. Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) is a new method which combines multiple techniques like treating pictures as metaphor, carrying on a deeply interview, Kelly Repertory Grid Technique and Laddering Technique to abstract hidden deep cognition of mankind. This method can illustrate the Mental Model of specific topic by understanding the relationship between the mankind’s thoughts. The purpose of this research is to use by Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) make Finance Institutes to set up an efficient Marketing Strategy by establishing the relation structure of mental mode of customers’ (Parents) buy Children Finance-management Products.

The study "Can recipients of the Child Social Grants in Banana City Informal Settlement generate an adequate standard of living from the Grant?" examines whether the child support grants is accessible and sufficient to generate the livelihoods of beneficiaries. The study evaluates the impact of the grant on low income households particularly beneficiaries in Banana City Informal Settlement. The challenges facing the recipients in accessing the grant are identified and recommendations advanced. The lack of proper Identity Documents was identified as the key challenge facing qualifying and intended beneficiaries of the Child Support Grant. The findings of the study reveal that there is a need for continuous synergy between various governmental departments in ensuring that the Millennium Goal of halving poverty by 2015 is achieved. The research draws from international practices of social welfare measures in countries such as Brazil, India and China.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2009.

MSCPNT
Department of Nutrition
Objectives: The study objectives were to determine demographic and environmental factors that can affect nutritional status of children receiving CSG, to assess the nutritional knowledge of caregivers, to determine the proportion of CSG spent on food and to determine the nutritional quality of food bought from CSG. Design: Cross-sectional descriptive with an analytical component Subjects: PCG of children under the age of 5 receiving CSG in Mogalakwena Municipality. 189 caregiver-child pairs were interviewed, in their households. Methods: Data collected by the interviewer included demographic data, Use of CSG, nutritional knowledge and the HHFI and anthropometric measurements were done by a 3rd year Nutrition student. Results: About 36.5% of participants were in the age 26-35 years, 75.7% were unmarried, 84.1% were unemployed and 72% had no matric. Mean age for children studied was 2.84±1.33, 77.8% of participants stayed in a household of more than 5 people. In terms of types of housing, 56% had formal houses, 55% had access to pit latrines and 52.9% used communal taps to access water, 41.3% used electricity for energy while 23.3% used wood to stretch the availability of electricity. Mean CSG received was R386.22 ±R208.75. Majority of participants (56.1%) indicated that CSG supports the whole family and 64.6% of the families depended solely on CSG for survival, while 27% of families had elderly people receiving pension grant which was supplementing the CSG. The CSG was used for different items, majority of families used 94.2% of the money for food at a mean of R171.55±159.25, followed by toiletry (71.6%) at a mean R61.89±69.24, then clothing (68.9%) at a mean of R70.77±97.14. Stokvel was also mentioned as one of the items contributed for by CSG, 32.3% of participants used more than R50.00 for stokvel. Different food items were purchased using CSG, 80.5 % of the money was used to purchase starchy food, mealie meal being the highest commodity at 43.7%. Offal (35.8%) was the highest protein source purchased followed by poultry at 26.4% and soya soup at 20%. Potatoes (19.6%) were mentioned as the most purchased vegetable, followed by cabbage (14.8%). There was a 53.5% of prevalence of stunting, of this 19.6% of children were severely xiii stunted, 5.3% underweight, and 32.3% of wasting. There were 22.1 % of PCG who were overweight and 12.1% were obese. The PCG BMI was negatively associated with WAZ (r= -0.48, p=0.515). There was a positive association between PCG BMI and HAZ (r=0.103, p=0.158), however when caregivers BMI was correlated to BAZ the association was strongly negatively significant (r=0.206, p=0.004). Most PCG received nutrition education from relatives, 71.1% were never educated on nutrition, 57.9% of children were fed 3X/ day. Conclusion: It is apparent from the study that malnutrition, precisely stunting is still a problem in South Africa, however this does not disregard the impact that CSG has on the lives of the poor. It affords the families to access basic needs in the household such as food, toiletry, electricity and even stokvel. The role of nutritionists/ dieticians is paramount in helping mothers to choose healthier economic food for the children in order to curb the burden of malnutrition.
NRF

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 181-198)
The research explored the partnership of Namutamba Rehabilitation Centre (NRC) in Uganda with its main donor, the Neukirchener Mission (NM). The review of the literature focused on empowerment, NGO partnerships and organisational sustainability. The achievements and challenges of the partnership of the NRC with the NM regarding the organisational sustainability of the NRC were identified by evaluating documents of both partners, individual interviews and focus group discussions of stakeholders of NRC. In brief, the relationship of NRC with the NM was characterised as a dependent partnership due to the power imbalance between the partners and the resource dependency of NRC. It was recommended that the NRC and the NM focus on creating greater self-reliance of NRC while attempting to develop an authentic partnership. This might have wide reaching consequences not only for the sustainability of NRC but also for the services offered to persons with disabilities in Central Uganda.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)

In the wake of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, welfare organisations in Vryheid situated in northern KwaZulu-Natal have noted dramatic increases in requests for foster care placements for orphaned children. In many instances, orphans have lived by private arrangement with extended families for several years. However, families are increasingly overwhelmed with the burden of overextending scarce resources, forcing them to seek welfare assistance. Community-based responses to the crisis are regarded as top priority. This study examines literature regarding child care alternatives for orphans, focussing on foster care as the primary option. A study was conducted which explored community perceptions towards the local orphan crisis and foster care in particular. Findings revealed that although the adage 'Blood is thicker than water' still applies, foster care cannot stand alone. Alternate forms of care-giving need to be found to avoid plunging orphan care into further crisis.
Social work
M.A.(Social Science (Mental Health))

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Indianapolis created a whole new city identity using sports development and sports tourism as the primary drivers of change in the 1960’s and 1970’s. Since then, other cities have adopted the philosophy of using sport as a catalyst to improve the economic conditions of the city. This same philosophy has seemingly trickled down to small cities across the United States in the form of youth travel sport complex development. The size of the youth travel sport segment has reportedly reached $7 billion by the National Association of Sports Commissions, resulting in the rapid development of youth sports complexes in small cities and towns. The size and scope of these facilities entering the segment range from 50 acres to as many as 400 contiguous acres costing millions of dollars. Additionally, the perceived economic impact accompanying the development of such facilities are often overinflated due to the diversity of methods used in market analyses, feasibility studies, economic impact analyses, cost-benefit analyses, and Turco’s triple-bottom-line analysis. A more systematic process is needed to assign key performance indicators and identify the critical components that will assist in the decision to enter the segment and at what capacity. This study is designed to identify the necessary critical components to reach the desired economic impacts associated with youth sport complex development. Qualitative constant comparative method of data analysis was utilized in identifying commonly identified critical components (CICC) believed to contribute to the success and sustainability of a youth sports complex.

The aim of this study was to investigate the implementation and sustainability of Free Primary Education (FPE) in Swaziland in terms of the interplay between policy and practice. The study was undertaken in four schools in the Manzini region of Swaziland. The schools were purposively sampled on the basis of their location. The participants consisted of the head teacher, a teacher and a parent, and six learners from each of the schools. Two Ministry of Education and Training (MoET) officials were also included; a regional inspector for primary schools stationed at the Manzini Regional Education Offices (REOs) and a senior official stationed at MoET headquarters. A qualitative approach and a case study design were used. The participants were interviewed using semi-structured interview schedules, while the learners were engaged in focus group interviews at each school which were conducted according to a focus group interview schedule. Documents were also used as data sources. Data was analysed using a thematic and document analysis approach. The findings revealed a disconnection between policy and practice. FPE implementers are not well versed on the policies they are supposed to implement as they were not included in the policy-making process. Moreover, no consideration had been given to the legal framework underpinning FPE. It was found that the sustainability of FPE is threatened by certain indirect costs of schooling as well as the top-up fees that are being charged illegally by some schools, resulting in some learners dropping out of school – defeating the purpose of FPE and violating their right to access education. It would appear that the most contentious issue for FPE in Swaziland is the top-fee, although the head teachers were of the view that the FPE grant paid by government is inadequate for running schools and therefore top-up fees are necessary. Problems were also identified with the embezzling of school funds by head teachers. These issues have led to tension between schools and the MoET.
Educational Leadership and Management
D. Ed. (Education Management)

MCom (Economics)
Department of Economics
This study assesses the level of financial literacy and its impact on financial decision making exercised by the tertiary students in South Africa, using the University of Venda (Univen) as a case study. The study does this in three steps. First, it provides the financial literacy levels of students at Univen assessed through an evaluation score that the sampled students responded to. Second, it analyses the relationship between the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of students and their financial literacy levels. Third, it assesses the possible effects of financial literacy on financial decision making among students using correlation and regression analysis. The study uses primary data gathered by the author from the University of Venda registered students in the form of questionnaires. A stratified random sampling method was used to identify the students to form the sample of the study, which is 373. Percent slightly above 50 per cent of these students were found to be financially literate and there were more female students who were financially literate compared to male counterparts. Using the odds ratios, the study compared the financial literacy levels of all schools to the school of Management Sciences, respectively. Only students in Environmental Sciences and Law have higher literacy levels, which are statistically significant, compared to the students in the school of Management Sciences. The results also show that the age and the parent’s educational background have a statistically significant relationship with the student being financial literate. Furthermore the results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship on good financial decision making (that is, budgeting, savings and investments) and being financial literate, compared to being financial illiterate. This result is not true when borrowing is used as a measure of financial decision making.
NRF

BARTAKOVIČOVÁ, Sylva. Questions of Economics Understanding of Primary School Students. Prague, 2014. Diploma thesis. UK, PedF. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the economic thinking of third grade students in primary school. On the basis of identified deficiencies, a set of ideas leading to more effective teaching is proposed. The theoretical section includes an examination of the state of economic thinking in primary school pupils in the Czech Republic and abroad. This explains the present form of financial education in the Czech Republic, and examines children's understanding, particularly in relation to constructivism. The practical section describes the preparation and implementation of qualitative research in the form of semi-structured individual interviews with pupils in their 3rd year, and 1st grade of primary school. In the conclusion, a set of ideas aimed to develop the financial thought processes of younger school students, supplement their knowledge, and strengthen their overall economic thinking, is proposed.