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Статті в журналах з теми "Filtration – sang"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

Оновлено: 7 липня 2024

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1

Marpaux, Nadine, Christian Naegelen, Stéphane Bégué, and Pascal Morel. "Sang total déleucocyté : premiers résultats de la filtration." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 26, no. 3 (September 2019): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tracli.2019.06.243.

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2

Bocchi, S., B. Olivier, F. Roubinet, D. Radulovic, and A. Verheyde. "Utilisation en routine du dispositif quadruple pour filtration de sang total Macopharma référence FQE6283LA." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 20, no. 3 (June 2013): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tracli.2013.03.137.

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3

Legrand, D., V. Ferrera, C. Dufour, F. Donnadieu, and P. De Micco. "P4-9 Qualité du PFC issu de la filtration du sang total par le dispositif Baxter." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 5 (April 1998): 80s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1246-7820(98)80071-2.

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4

Boeri, N., C. Pereira, A. François, and N. Sansonetti. "P17-12 Filtration intégrée du sang total: influence du débit et de la température sur la déleucocytation." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 5 (April 1998): 170s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1246-7820(98)80266-8.

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5

Lorenzo, Hans-Kristian, and Jean-Jacques Candelier. "Syndrome néphrotique idiopathique et facteurs circulants." médecine/sciences 35, no. 8-9 (August 2019): 659–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2019128.

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La fonction d’excrétion du rein fait intervenir des glomérules chargés de filtrer sélectivement le sang. L’acteur principal du filtre glomérulaire est le podocyte dont les pédicelles entrelacés portent des complexes moléculaires (néphrine, podocine, etc.) qui sont responsables du fonctionnement de la barrière de filtration (diaphragme de fente). Des altérations de ces podocytes entraînent une protéinurie massive qui caractérise le syndrome néphrotique. Parmi les formes les plus malignes de cette pathologie, se trouve le syndrome néphrotique idiopathique dont la physiopathologie reste inconnue. Ce syndrome regroupe essentiellement deux entités : les lésions glomérulaires minimes et la hyalinose segmentaire et focale. Ces pathologies impliqueraient les cellules du système immunitaire et plusieurs facteurs de perméabilité circulants qui agiraient sur la morphologie et le fonctionnement des podocytes.

6

Ouldamar, K. "Y a-t-il des paramètres hématologiques ou immuno-hématologiques associés aux donneurs de sang portant le trait drépanocytaire (AS) présentant des anomalies de filtration des poches de sang." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 22, no. 4 (September 2015): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tracli.2015.06.012.

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7

Janus, G., T. Samson, R. Faudon, C. Renaudeau, M. Joussemet, and G. Fabre. "Conséquences sur les PSL de la déleucocytation par filtration du sang total avec le filtre intégré Leucoflex® LST1." Transfusion Clinique et Biologique 4, no. 6 (December 1997): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1246-7820(97)80080-8.

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8

Ferrao, Ranjana. "Digital Technology and Copyright Protection the Challenges of Indian Performers Rights Society." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (September 19, 2023): 2408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i4.3505.

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Indian music is ever-green. Every restaurant, pub. Airports, stadium, television etc plays them making them world famous. India has 465 FM Radio stations which constantly play Indian Bollywood music. Though the song becomes well known the singer who sang the song is not recognized nor does he or she receive sufficient compensation for the song. The artist in India is the one who works so hard but ends up getting nothing. The ‘Indian Copyright law was amended in 2012’ to acknowledge the rights of performers. The singers were recognized as performers. The law provided for royalty to be paid to the singers. In reality this royalty never reached the singers. The problem for the singer was identifying the user playing his song and the problem for a genuine user was identifying the location of the singer to pay the royalty directly to him. Therefore, there was a need for an independent body to administer the copyright and collect royalty. ISRA is the bridge between the singer and the user which helps in collecting royalty. This article discusses the issues faced by the singers and the need to develop a smother collective administration of copyright.

9

Carlo, P. L., L. P. Owens, G. P. Hanna, and K. E. Longley. "The Removal of Selenium from Water by Slow Sand Filtration." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0680.

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The feasibility of selenium removal from drainage water by slow sand filtration (SSF) was investigated. Two anaerobic laboratory-scale slow sand filters, operated in parallel, received synthetic feed solution. Selenate reduction and subsequent selenium removal were monitored during five experimental filtrations. The results suggest that selenium removal occurred by the dissimilatory reduction of selenate to elemental selenium. This reduction was independent of sulfate. Selenium removal efficiencies were governed by the hydraulic loading rate (HLR).

10

Oesterholt, F. I. H. M., and B. A. Bult. "Improving Municipal Waste Water Quality by Effluent Polishing: A Pilot Scale Experiment at Winterswijk, The Netherlands." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1993): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0507.

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Over a period of three months two filtration methods, i.e. cross flow microfiltration and continuous sand filtrations were tested for their capacity to improve the quality of the effluent from a waste water treatment plant. The removal capacity of both methods was explored for suspended solids, COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen phosphorus, copper and zinc with and without iron flocculation. Without iron flocculation only the suspended solids can be removed. Iron has to be added prior to removal so that suspended solids and phosphorus can be removed in sufficient quantities. In that case, total P can be removed for 70% by means of continuous sand filtration, and for 90 % when microfiltration is being applied. The removal of COD, nitrogen Kjeldahl, copper and zinc is confined to 10 or 20%. From a technical point of view, microfiltration is preferred because of its high removal efficiency for all the components. On the other hand, from a financial point of view, microfiltration is not feasible. Treatment costs for sand filtration and microfiltration are calculated at f 0.15 and f 2.07 respectively per m3 water treated.

11

Ellis, K. V., and W. E. Wood. "Slow sand filtration." Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 15, no. 4 (January 1985): 315–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643388509381736.

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12

Allen, Martin J., Jack Bryck, David W. Hendricks, Gary S. Logsdon, William D. Bellamy, and Robert M. Krill. "Slow Sand Filtration." Journal - American Water Works Association 80, no. 12 (December 1988): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03145.x.

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13

Singh, Geeta. "Analysis of Filtration Efficiency of Activated Carbon Coated Sand Beds." Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 05, no. 04 (December 21, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.201801.

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14

Mortula, Md Maruf, Malak Abdelrahman, and Bushra Tatan. "Comparative Evaluation of Membrane Filtration on the Tertiary Treatment of Synthetic Secondary Effluent." Separations 9, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9030063.

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Wastewater reuse is essential for sustainable water management. However, it requires tertiary treatment within the plant to ensure suitable water quality. This project aims to investigate the comparative performance of conventional tertiary treatment (sand filtration) against membrane filtration technology to demonstrate the viability of membrane treatment for wastewater reuse. Sand filtration along with two membrane filtrations, Nano Filtration (NF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO), were tested for their efficiency in removing the target pollutants: chromium, phosphate, and UV-254 from secondary effluent. Standard medium-sized laboratory setups were used. Synthetic secondary effluent was used for comparison among the different treatment processes. The synthetic effluent was compared to the real wastewater to demonstrate the reliability of using synthetic effluent. Evaluation of the role of time and pressure on the treatment efficiency was also examined. Based on the experimental results, RO had the highest removal efficiency for all pollutants with more than 90% removal. The experimental results also showed that synthetic wastewater was reliable in representing the treatability of real wastewater. Time did not seem to have an impact on the quality of filtration. Moreover, as pressure increased there was a slight increase in the efficiency. This trend was observed in all pollutants except UV-254. ANOVA showed different results of the effect of pressure on the removal efficiency in both RO and NF as well as time in NF.

15

Uduagbamen, P. K., M. A. Hamzat, and O. Ehioghae. "Urinary Assessment among Nigerians in Health and with Frequent Use of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs." Research Journal of Health Sciences 8, no. 4 (October 15, 2020): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rejhs.v8i4.1.

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Background: Proteinuria is a risk factor for the occurrence and progression of chronic kidney disease hence its use in screening, diagnosis and monitoring purposes. The use of untimed sample has become more common due to shortcomings associated with 24 hour urine collection.Aim: To use urinary measures in comparing the kidney function of a healthy population with an apparently healthy population with frequent use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Methods: Two hundred participants submitted paired urine samples. Blood was collected for estimation of creatinine based glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Student t-test and Chi-square tests were used to compare means and proportions respectively.Result: The prevalence of kidney dysfunction among NSAIDs users using eGFR, albumin creatinine ratio (ACR), protein creatinine ratio (PCR) and 24 hour urine protein (24HUP) were 22%, 18%, 16% and 11% while in the controls were 6%, 6%, 5% and 0% respectively. The albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) was most strongly correlated with GFR in NSAIDs users.Conclusion: The prevalence of kidney dysfunction using eGFR, ACR, PCR and 24HUP in NSAIDs users were all higher than in the healthy controls. The correlation between GFR and ACR was strongest of all urinary measures hence the ACR was a more reliable measure of kidney function assessment in health and in frequent NSAIDs use. Keywords: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, albumin creatinine ratio, protein creatinine ratio, 24-hour urine protein, glomerular filtration rate. French title: L'utilité des mesures urinaires dans l'évaluation de la fonction rénale chez les Nigérians en matière de santé et avec l'utilisation fréquente d'anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens Contexte général de l'étude : La protéinurie est un facteur de risque d'apparition et de progression de l'insuffisance rénale chronique, d'où leur utilisation à des fins de dépistage, de diagnostic et de surveillance. L'échantillon non chronométré est devenu plus courant en raison de lacunes associées à la collecte d'urine sur 24 heures. Des études ont montré une bonne corrélation entre les mesures urinaires dans la maladie et dans la santé.Objectif de l'étude : Déterminer l'utilité des mesures urinaires dans l'évaluation de la fonction rénale chez les utilisateurs d'AINS et en santé.Méthodes de l'étude : Deux cents participants ont soumis des échantillons d'urine appariés et du sang a été collecté pour l'estimation du DFG basée sur la créatinine. Les variables continues en tant que moyenne avec écart-type ont été comparées à l'aide du Test d'Étudiant (Student). Les variables catégorielles sous forme de proportions avec des pourcentages ont été comparées à l'aide du test du chi carré. La corrélation a été effectuée par analyse de régression linéaire en utilisant la corrélation de Spearman.Résultat de l'étude : L'âge moyen des utilisateurs d'AINS, des contrôles et des utilisateurs d'AINS souffrant de dysfonction rénale (KD) était respectivement de 46,5 + 14,5, 46,0 + 14,5 et 63,11 ± 18,62. La prévalence de KD parmi les utilisateurs d'AINS utilisant eGFR, ACR, PCR et 24HUP était de 22%, 18%, 16% et 11%, tandis que chez les témoins étaient de 6%, 6%, 5% et 0% respectivement. L'ACR était fortement corrélé avec le DFG chezles utilisateurs d'AINS.Conclusion : La prévalence de KD utilisant eGFR et ACR chez les utilisateurs d'AINS était de 22%, 18%, 16% et 30% et parmi les témoins sains étaient de 6%, 6%, 5% et 0% respectivement. La corrélation entre le DFG et les mesures urinaires était la plus forte avec l'ACR. L'ACR localisé dans l'urine semble être une mesure plus fiable de l'évaluation de la fonction rénale en santé et en maladie. Mots-clés: Anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens, ratio albumine-créatinine, ratio protéine-créatinine, protéines urinaires sur 24 heures, taux de filtration glomérulaire

16

Arkhangelsky, Elizabeth, Inna Levitsky, and Vitaly Gitis. "Considering energy efficiency in filtration of engineering nanoparticles." Water Supply 17, no. 5 (February 20, 2017): 1212–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.023.

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Engineering nanoparticles (ENPs) are an integral part of consumer products. Released to the atmosphere or disposed to sewage, ENPs quickly penetrate to surface and ground water sources. An absence of a dedicated ENP-retaining water treatment strategy imposes a potential health threat on drinking water consumers. The threat is met by gearing up an upgrade of treatment systems towards membrane filtration that provides a better barrier to ENP penetration at higher energy costs. The current study compares the energy demand of granular and membrane filtrations, with the retention efficiency of inorganic and organic ENPs. Dedicated experiments with gold and silver nanoparticles, dyed viruses, proteins, polysaccharides, and plasmid DNA showed that the energy demand increases from slow to river bank to rapid sand filtration, and to membrane ultrafiltration (UF). The UF alone consumes on average two times more energy than the entire coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation–sand filtration tray. The differences in retention efficiency however are much less pronounced. The traditional retention tray requires 0.4–0.45 kWh per m3 of effluent (kWh/m3) to provide between 90% and 99% (1 and 2 logs) ENP retention; 1 kWh/m3 on average is needed to secure the retention of 99.9% (3 log) ENPs by UF.

17

Abdul kafi Mohammad Shmit, Naeima Ajib, Mahmoud Alfattamah, Abdul kafi Mohammad Shmit, Naeima Ajib, Mahmoud Alfattamah. "Efficiency of rapid sand filtration by using Dual-Layer filter for filtering wastewater from Salamiah treatment station in Syria." Journal of engineering sciences and information technology 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 16–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.k240221.

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Water exiting from treatment stations, which work by the fixing manner in natural oxidization ponds, has a high concentration of solid substances due to the existence of the algae, and for reusing this water for agriculture these substances must be reduced.The subject of this research is to study the efficiency of one of the rapid filtration forms, using dual-layer rapid filters, in order to get rid of the solid particles suspended in the final output water of Salamiah Sewage Treatment Plant. To achieve this, an experimental treatment station was constructed and operated to evaluate the efficiency of wastewater treatment by using a rapid sand filter, with a filter bed composed of local sand with pistachio peels, the total filter bed height (1.4m) consisting of (1m) sand and (40 cm) pistachio peels. The action of the experimental filter has been compared over three cycles of filtration and the optimum filtration cycle has been reached at a plenty rate of 12 m3/m2.h, where the efficiency of removing the turbidity, TSS and COD was 32.43%, 89.79% and 64.29% respectively.It is discerned that these filters are easy to be invested and has a high output in comparison with filtrating by the general traditional way, and it is recommended for use in treatment stations operating with the natural oxidization ponds method.

18

Visscher, Jan Teun, Paramasivam, and Santacruz. "IRC's slow sand filtration project." Waterlines 4, no. 3 (January 1986): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1986.010.

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19

Montiel, A., B. Welte, and J. M. Barbier. "Improvement of slow sand filtration." Environmental Technology Letters 10, no. 1 (January 1989): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593338909384715.

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20

DeWitt, Gary. "Rapid Sand Filtration Demands Teamwork." Journal - American Water Works Association 88, no. 12 (December 1996): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06656.x.

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21

Astor, Brad, Lawrence J. Appel, Adeera Levin, Mila Tang, Ognjenka Djurdjev, Sankar D. Navaneethan, Stacey E. Jolly, et al. "Grams ME, Sang Y, Ballew SH, et al, for the Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium. Predicting timing of clinical outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and severely decreased glomerular filtration rate. Kidney Int. 2018;93:1442–1451." Kidney International 94, no. 5 (November 2018): 1025–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.009.

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22

Kim, Hyoungseok, Kyounghoon Cha, Joonsik Hong, Eun Namkung, and Tak Hur. "A comparison study on physical water treatment facilities using LCA." Korean Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11, no. 1 (October 2010): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.62765/kjlca.2010.11.1.77.

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This study aimed to compare the environmental aspects of different water treatment systems using life cycle assessment (LCA). The target system of this study is the three different physical treatment systems which are sand filtration, pressurized type membrane filtration and immersed type membrane filtration. The key environmental issues in this study are analyzed in terms of abiotic resource depletion (ARD) and global warming potential(GWP). As a result, sand filtration represents the worst environmental impact. In case of GWP, sand filtration is about 17 and 27.5% higher than pressurized type and immersed type membrane filtration. ARD has same trend compare with GWP. Impact of sand filtration is about 16.5 and 27.4% higher than. Most of impacts are caused by electricity which considers 40 years operation time of the system. And we can derive benefit from trading of CO2 on market. If we sell tons of CO2 which come from emission reduction, we can earn around 463 thousands and 748 thousands euro from exchange sand filtration for pressurized type and immersed type one. Immersed type by this study is the best choice for reduction of CO2 and sustainable water supply.

23

Wolff, Sebastian, Felix Weber, Jutta Kerpen, Miriam Winklhofer, Markus Engelhart, and Luisa Barkmann. "Elimination of Microplastics by Downstream Sand Filters in Wastewater Treatment." Water 13, no. 1 (December 27, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010033.

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The elimination of microplastic particles (MPP) and microplastic fibers (MPF) was investigated in the final treatment stage (sand filtration) in two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and the final treatment stage (sand filtration) at a process WWTP of a manufacturer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC). At each sampling site, three samples on three different days were taken (before/after sand filtration). The samples were filtered through a 10 μm stainless steel cartridge filter utilizing a stainless steel centrifugal pump. Microplastics (MP) were separated from the wastewater matrix by oxidative treatment and density separation and analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy. Due to precautionary measures, procedural blanks were very low with a mean number of 4.3 ± 2.7 MPP and 0.88 ± 0.56 MPF within eight blank samples. The municipal WWTPs were able to eliminate 99.2% ± 0.29% and 99.4% ± 0.15% of MP in the sand filtration stage. The sand filtration of a PVC manufacturer eliminated 99.2%–99.9%.

24

Dorea, C. C., and B. A. Clarke. "Chemically enhanced gravel pre-filtration for slow sand filters: advantages and pitfalls." Water Supply 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.029.

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The chemical enhancement of gravel (or roughing) filtration with coagulants, i.e. direct (gravel) filtration, has been proposed as a pre-treatment alternative for slow sand filters. However, studies have frequently focused on the efficiencies of the pre-filters in terms of reduction percentages. The effectiveness of the pre-treatment on the subsequent slow sand filtration is not usually cited or even evaluated. By incorporating a pilot-scale slow sand filter in our trials, both aspects of the pre-treatment process were assessed: efficiency and effectiveness. In terms of turbidity reductions, our results demonstrated that chemically enhanced pre-filtration was substantially more efficient (93.2 to 99.5%) than conventional pre-filtration (50.6 to 79.3); this was also observed in terms of reductions in the level of other parameters (i.e. thermotolerant faecal coliforms and dissolved organics). Yet, the use of a coagulant can have a negative impact on the slow sand filtration run.

25

Saada, Zied, Jean Canou, Luc Dormieux, and Jean-Claude Dupla. "Evaluation of elementary filtration properties of a cement grout injected in a sand." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 12 (December 1, 2006): 1273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-082.

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This paper presents the results of an experimental study aimed at evaluating the elementary filtration properties of a fine cement grout injected in a sand. In a first step, the experimental setup or filtration cell, specially developed for injecting thin samples of sand put under stress, is presented. Next, the results of an experimental programme carried out with this cell are presented, allowing for the study of the influence of basic parameters (density index, consolidation stress, cement concentration in the grout, and injection flow rate) on the filtration properties of a typical grout composed of fine cement. A filtration coefficient is then defined, allowing for characterization of the elementary filtration properties of the tested grout by the sand matrix. Finally, the respective influence of tested parameters on the value of this coefficient is presented and discussed.Key words: cement grout, suspension, filtration, flow, sand, injection.

26

PK, Dhanush. "An Experimental Study on optimizing Wastewater Filtration through Conventional and Capped Rapid Sand Filter." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 6 (June 30, 2023): 1172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.53693.

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Abstract: Rapid sand filtration is a widely adopted technique for purifying water in various applications, ranging from municipal water treatment plants to industrial processes. This abstract provides an overview of the rapid sand filter, highlighting its key principles, advantages, and applications. The rapid sand filter is a gravity-driven filtration system that utilizes a bed of sand as the primary filtration medium. Water flows through the sand bed under gravity or low-pressure conditions, undergoing physical andbiological processes that remove suspended solids,pathogens, and other impurities. The sand bed acts as a physical barrier, trapping and retaining particles while allowing the passage of clean water. This abstract discusses the key factors influencing the efficiency of rapid sand filters, including sand grain size, uniformity, and depth. The control of filtration rate, backwashing frequency, and the use of coagulants or flocculants are also addressed, as they significantly impact the filter's performance. Proper maintenance and monitoring are crucial to ensure optimal filter operation and prevent clogging or biofilm formation. Rapid sand filtration offers several advantages, such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation. It is capable of achieving high removal efficiencies for suspended solids, turbidity, and certain pathogens, making itsuitable for a wide range of water treatment applications

27

Sabale, Mr Ranjeet. "Modified Rapid Sand Filtration with Capping." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, no. 3 (March 31, 2018): 2209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.3349.

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28

Mol, Adriaan. "The success of household sand filtration." Waterlines 20, no. 1 (July 2001): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.2001.043.

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29

Cristiana. "AEROSOL FILTRATION USING QUARTZ SAND FILTER." American Journal of Environmental Sciences 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2012): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2012.385.395.

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30

Ives, K. J. "Filtration of clay suspensions through sand." Clay Minerals 22, no. 1 (March 1987): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1987.022.1.05.

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AbstractThe filtration of suspensions containing clay and other particles in water is a common process in drinking water treatment. Such filtration processes are very efficient, producing clear water containing less than 1 mg/l from suspensions with particle concentrations of up to 100 mg/l. This filtration is not straining, but a process of collection of clay particles on the sand surfaces in the pores. The clays may range in size from sub-micron to ∼20 µm, and may be flocculated, and are retained in pores ∼200 µm in size within sand grains ∼500 µm in diameter. The collection process has three principal components (i) transport of clay particles across laminar water streamlines by diffusion, gravity and hydrodynamic forces, (ii) attachment by electrical or van der Waals' forces with hydrodynamic forces intervening, (iii) detachment by fluid shear or instabilities caused by arriving particles. Mathematical and physical models relate suspension concentration, quantity of deposit and permeability to depth in a filter, and time of operation. Fibre-optic endoscopes with CCTV enable video recordings to be made of the behaviour of clay particles in the filter pores, at magnifications up to 500 ×.

31

Farooq, Shaukat, and Ali Khamis Al‐Yousef. "Slow Sand Filtration of Secondary Effluent." Journal of Environmental Engineering 119, no. 4 (July 1993): 615–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1993)119:4(615).

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32

Katayama-Hirayama, K., S. Arai, T. Kobayashi, H. Matsuda, Z. Luo, M. Tachibana, H. Kaneko, T. Akitsu, and K. Hirayama. "Removal of bisphenols by slow sand filtration." Water Supply 9, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.329.

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A compensating effect in the reduction of bisphenols (BPs) has been shown using biodegradation in slow sand filtration and advanced photocatalysis. We tried to remove 8 kinds of BP by slow sand filtration. Removal rates of BPA, BPB, BPE, BPF, BPS, thiobisphenol (TBP), and dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB) indicated a high removal rate up to more than 90% at an initial concentration of 100 μg/L, whereas the removal rate of BPP was only 30%. We also examined removal of BPs by Pt-loaded porous photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Removal rates of BPA, BPB, BPE, BPF, BPP, and TBP showed high removal rates up to more than 90% at an initial concentration of 10 mg/L. Removal of BPS and DHB was relatively low at 20% and 30%, respectively. Removal of BPP was low in slow sand filtration, but Pt-loaded photocatalyst removed BPP effectively. Removal of BPS was low with Pt-loaded photocatalyst, but slow sand filtration removed BPS effectively. The combination of a slow sand filter and Pt-loaded photocatalyst may be helpful to degrade BPs. The magnitude of decomposition of BPs by photocatalytic reaction may be related to electrophilic frontier density. But the degradability of BPs in slow sand filtration is not the same as that in photocatalytic reaction with Pt-loaded titanium dioxide. The biodegradability of BPs by slow sand filtration cannot be explained by molecular orbital calculation.

33

Kompayak, Udom, and Thonglaw Dejthai. "Treatment Efficiency and Filtration Rate of a Horizontal Sand Filtration System." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 4, no. 4 (October 1990): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959000400410.

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34

Budiyanto, Eko, Muzayanah Muzayanah, Aida Kurniawati, and Nugroho Hari Purnomo. "Effect of Volcanic Sand-Biocarbon-Zeolith Filtration on pH, EC, and TDS values of karst groundwater." Geomedia Majalah Ilmiah dan Informasi Kegeografian 21, no. 1 (May 31, 2023): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/gm.v21i1.57538.

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Filtration is a very important process because naturally karst landscapes do not provide good protection against groundwater. This study aims to determine the effect of filtration with sand, biocarbon, and zeolite materials on the pH, EC and TDS values. The research was conducted using an experimental method using three filtration tubes filled with these three materials. Samples were taken from ten different water sources. The results of the analysis show that the filtration process of a combination of sand, biocarbon, and zeolite materials has the effect of increasing the pH value, and decreasing the EC and TDS values. The filtration process through a combination of volcanic sand, biocarbon and zeolith materials simultaneously gives a more significant change in pH, EC, and TDS values compared to filtration with these materials separately.

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Jüttner, F. "Elimination of terpenoid odorous compounds by slow sand and river bank filtration of the Ruhr River, Germany." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (June 1, 1995): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0437.

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The elimination of odorous compounds by river bank and slow sand filtration was studied at the Ruhr River in Germany. The aquifer of the river bank filtration was anoxic and exhibited intense dissimilatory nitrate reduction; the aquifer of the slow sand filter was oxic. Polar monoterpenes, such as linalool, menthol, isobornyl acetate, lipoxygenase products (oct-1-en-3-ol) and geosmin exhibited a much higher percentage elimination than monoterpene hydrocarbons and other lipophilic compounds (dimethyldisulphide, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons). The efficiency of river bank filtration was slightly better than that of slow sand filtration. The schmutzdecke and upper layers of the slow sand filters were responsible for most of the removal of VOC. The deeper layers exhibited only small effects.

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Jeje, J. O. "Study of Water Filtration Without Chemical Pre-Treatment." International Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 6, no. 1 (April 10, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.52589/ijmce-sovvyjni.

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This research work focused on studying water purification without chemical pre-treatment. In the studies, alternative approaches were carried out to develop a filter bed suitable for filtering water without the use of chemical treatments that is also cost effective. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipes (100 × 1700) mm were used as filter boxes. The experiment carried out during the study was divided into two major parts; that is slow sand and rapid sand filter parameters. The slow sand filter consisted of two filter pipes, one consisting of a stratified layer of sand of size range of 0.20 – 0.60 mm with a depth of 700 mm as filter medium. The turbidity, filtration rate and head loss of the effluent across the filter were monitored for 15 days. It was found that slow sand filter plus granular activated carbon (GAC) and rapid sand filter plus GAC were more effective in the removal of turbidity. Turbidity reduced with the increase in time. Rapid sand filter was found to be the least effective in the removal of bacteria while slow sand filter plus GAC was the most effective. The slow sand filter unit gave a very high coliform count compared to other filter units. It was found that the filtration rate plays a vital role in the mechanism of filtration.

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Al-Saqqar, Awatif Soaded, and Batool Mohammed Al-Bayaty. "PORCELANITE ROCKS AS A DUAL FILTER MEDIA IN WATER TREATMENT PLANTS." Journal of Engineering 14, no. 03 (September 1, 2008): 2643–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2008.03.08.

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Porcelanite rocks were selected to be the dual media with sand in this study to improve the performance of the filtration process in water treatment plants. The work required installing a pilot filtration unit in the location of the filters in one of the water treatment plants, so the experimental work was performed on the same influent water of the filters in the plant (the effluent from the sedimentation tank. The pilot filtration consists of three plastic column filters, working parallel and simultaneously. The first contains 70 cm sand (the same type used in the filters of the plant), the second and third were dual filters (porcelanite with sand) of different depths and sizes using different filtration rates (5, 10, and 15 m/hr). The results showed that the dual filters had better performance than sand filters in turbidity and bacterial removal, less initial head losses and less total head losses at different filtration rates.

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Wang, Liang, Ying Chun Li, He Zhao, Zhao Hui Zhang, Bin Zhao, Hong Wei Zhang, and Ling Xue Cui. "Pretreatment Process of Nanofiltration for Silting Density Index Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment System." Advanced Materials Research 777 (September 2013): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.777.467.

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Calcium ions, magnesium ions, and silicate were the main reasons for the high silting density index (SDI) of natural waters. Therefore, they posed serious membrane fouling problems in the nanofiltration (NF) system, which restricted the wide application of this excellent drinking water treatment technology. In this study, the sand filtration and the micro-flocculation/sand filtration hybrid process were investigated as the pretreatment process of NF for SDI reduction. Compared with the sand filtration, the hybrid process of micro-flocculation/sand filtration was more effective for SDI reduction. When polyaluminium chloride (PAC) was used as the flocculant at a dose of 10 mg/L and the filtration rate of the sand filter was controlled at 10 m/h, the SDI value in the effluent of the pretreatment process maintained below 3. As a result, the subsequent NF system stably ran for one year. 68% CODMn was removal by NF. The membrane fouling during the operation was quite slight as the transmembrane pressure (TMP) increased by 17% after one-year use. Chemical cleaning with sodium tripolyphosphate (2%) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (0.25%) at 6 months interval could effectively recover the flux loss of the NF membrane.

39

Smith, Rosie, and Graeme Pearce. "Membrane filtration: An alternative to sand filtration in the control of Cryptosporidium?" Membrane Technology 1999, no. 115 (November 1999): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(00)80002-6.

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40

Byeon, Kwangjin, and Eunsu Jang. "Comparison of operational efficiency between sand-filtration process and membrane filtration process." Journal of the Korean Society of Water and Wastewater 31, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 529–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11001/jksww.2017.31.6.529.

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41

Song, Lei, Jiumao Cai, Guoliang Zhai, Junjie Feng, Yongshen Fan, Jinzhao Han, Pingping Hao, Ning Ma, and Faqiang Miao. "Comparative Study and Evaluation of Sediment Deposition and Migration Characteristics of New Sustainable Filter Media in Micro-Irrigation Sand Filters." Sustainability 16, no. 8 (April 13, 2024): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16083256.

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The quartz sand filter medium used in micro-irrigation media filters has the disadvantages of short filtration cycle, surface filtration, and mining pollution. Selecting resources as new filter media is essential to improve the performance of the media filter and boost sustainable development. In this study, the traditional quartz sand filter medium and two new filter media were selected, and their corresponding filtration performances were comparatively studied. The influence of the type, particle size, and height of the filter medium on filtration performance was evaluated. The sediment content and distribution based on the size of particles in quartz sand, crushed glass, and glass bead filter layers was measured and analyzed. The hydraulic performance of different filter columns was analyzed. The results showed that for a given particle size, quartz sand exhibits the best sediment retention ability. This promoted the aggregation of small sediment particles into larger ones, whereas the crushed glass and bead glass filter layers promoted the splitting of large sediment particles into smaller ones, which enabled the reduction of blockage during the micro-irrigation process. The filtration rate of the quartz sand filter column exhibited the least fluctuation relative to crushed glass and glass bead filter media, and the pressure in each column exhibited a linear incremental change. In summary, glass microbeads are not suitable as filter material, crushed glass is suitable for general micro-irrigation systems, and quartz sand is suitable for micro-irrigation systems with elaborate filtration requirements. The findings of this study can provide theoretical guidance for the selection of the micro-irrigation filter material.

42

Jimbo, Y., and K. Goto. "Iron and manganese removal by a membrane filtration system." Water Supply 1, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2001): 357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0133.

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The design standards of the iron and manganese removal system by membrane filtration were investigated. The membrane filtration after pre-chlorination could remove iron completely and could remove around 70% of manganese. In the case of manganese concentration being more than 0.05 mg/l, the membrane filtration could remove them completely after the deposition in the oxidation tank. The concentrations of iron and manganese were reduced more than 90% by the oxidation tank and were reduced until under the detection limit after the membrane filtration. The economic comparisons between the rapid sand filtration system and this membrane filtration system in a small capacity and a middle capacity were investigated. The 15 years total costs of the membrane filtration system were estimated to be smaller than or around equal to the rapid sand filtration system in both capacities.

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Agbo, Komitse Edoh, Yawovi M. X. Dany Ayité, and Irina Pachoukova. "Study of Head Loss in Rapid Filtration with four River Sands." Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 690–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2021-03091682.

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In this work, we studied the filtration behavior, with regard to the head loss, of four calibrated Togo Rivers sands compared to that of a reference filter sand imported from Europe. The objective is to determine the suitability of local rivers sands as filter sands for water treatment plants. The sands were successively loaded into a filtration pilot and subjected, during at least 20 hours, to the filtration of water whose turbidity was maintained at around 20 NTU. The results show that the average deviations of the head loss profiles as a function of depth, calculated in relation to the head loss recorded on the reference sand, at the same filtration time t=20h, are small and vary from 2 cm to 8 cm. In the same way, the curves of the head loss as a function of time are quite close to the one observed for the reference sand. Examination of the clogging front after 20 hours of filtration reveals that the progression is either the same or greater and reached 20 cm in depth at the same time. This study can be extended to other rivers sand samples and by varying the turbidity and the filtration rate. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091682 Full Text: PDF

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Al-Saqqar, Awatif S., and Batool M. Al-Bayaty. "Breakthrough Index and Specific Deposit in Dual Filters." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.15.1.04.

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The dual filter was tested in this study to improve the performance of the filtration process in water treatment plants. Porcelanite rocks were selected to be the dual media with sand in the experimental work. The work required installing a pilot filtration unit in the location of the filters in one of the water treatment plants. The pilot filtration consists of three plastic column filters, acting parallel and simultaneously. The first contains 70 cm sand, the second and third were dual filters (porcelanite with sand) of different types. The dual media was tested at different filtration rates (5, 7.5, 10, and 15 m/hr). The results showed that the dual filters had better performance than sand filters and reduced the specific deposit ( ) and the breakthrough index (BI). In the dual filters the specific deposit was about (16 to 65 %) less than in sand filters and the breakthrough index (BI) was specified weak for rates 5 and 7 m/hr, light at 10 m/hr, and medium at 15 m/hr..

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Kotlarz, Nadine, Daniele Lantagne, Kelsey Preston, and Kristen Jellison. "Turbidity and chlorine demand reduction using locally available physical water clarification mechanisms before household chlorination in developing countries." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 497–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.071.

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Over 1.1 billion people in the world lack access to improved drinking water. Diarrhoeal and other waterborne diseases cause an estimated 1.9 million deaths per year. The Safe Water System (SWS) is a proven household water treatment intervention that reduces diarrhoeal disease incidence among users in developing countries. Turbid waters pose a particular challenge to implementation of SWS programmes; although research shows that a 3.75 mg l−1 sodium hypochlorite dose effectively treats turbid waters, users sometimes object to the strong chlorine taste and prefer to drink water that is more aesthetically pleasing. This study investigated the efficacy of three locally available water clarification mechanisms—cloth filtration, settling/decanting and sand filtration—to reduce turbidity and chlorine demand at turbidities of 10, 30, 70, 100 and 300 NTU. All three mechanisms reduced turbidity (cloth filtration −1–60%, settling/decanting 78–88% and sand filtration 57–99%). Sand filtration (P=0.002) and settling/decanting (P=0.004), but not cloth filtration (P=0.30), were effective at reducing chlorine demand compared with controls. Recommendations for implementing organizations based on these results are discussed.

46

Hatva, T. "Treatment of Groundwater with Slow Sand Filtration." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0092.

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The purification process and techniques of the slow sand filtration method for treatment of groundwater was studied on the basis of pilot plant and full scale tests and studies of waterworks, to obtain guidelines for construction and maintenance. The purification process consists in general of two principal phases which are pre-treatment and slow sand filtration. Both are biological filters. The main purpose of the pre-treatment is to reduce the iron content of raw water, in order to slow down the clogging of the slow sand filters. Different types of biofilters have proved very effective in the pre-treatment phase, with reduction of total iron from 50 % to over 80 %. During the treatment, the oxidation reduction conditions gradually change becoming suitable for chemical and biological precipitation of iron, manganese and for oxidation of ammonium. Suitable environmental conditions are crucial in the oxidation of manganese and ammonium which, according to these studies, mainly occurs in slow sand filters, at the end of the process. Low water temperature in winter does not seem to prevent the biological activities connected with the removal of iron, manganese and ammonium, the chief properties necessitating treatment of groundwater in Finland.

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Timms, S., J. S. Slade, and C. R. Fricker. "Removal of cryptosporidium by slow sand filtration." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1995): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0567.

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Experiments have been performed to establish the effectiveness of slow sand filtration in removing Cryptosporidium oocysts from drinking water supplies. The technique was shown to be highly efficient, with better than 99.997% reduction in oocyst levels.

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Erickson, Andrew J., John S. Gulliver, and Peter T. Weiss. "Capturing phosphates with iron enhanced sand filtration." Water Research 46, no. 9 (June 2012): 3032–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.009.

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49

Kaluđerović Radoičić, Tatjana, Mihal Đuriš, Radmila Garić-Grulović, Zorana Arsenijević, and Željko Grbavčić. "Particle characterization of polydisperse quartz filtration sand." Powder Technology 254 (March 2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.01.003.

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50

Zahid, Waleed M. K. "Tertiary Filtration of Wastewater Using Local Sand." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 16, no. 1 (2003): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1018-3639(18)30778-5.

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