Готові списки джерел за темами / Filter-trees

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Filter-trees"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Filter-trees"

1

Sablatash, M. "Designs and architectures of filter bank trees for spectrally efficient multi-user communications: review, modifications and extensions of wavelet packet filter bank trees." Signal, Image and Video Processing 2, no. 1 (September 18, 2007): 9–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11760-007-0033-4.

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2

Gopinath, R. A., and C. S. Burrus. "Factorization approach to unitary time-varying filter bank trees and wavelets." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 43, no. 3 (March 1995): 666–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.370621.

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3

Bonnesoeur, Vivien, Thiéry Constant, Bruno Moulia, and Meriem Fournier. "Forest trees filter chronic wind-signals to acclimate to high winds." New Phytologist 210, no. 3 (January 21, 2016): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.13836.

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4

Dou, Hanjie, Changyuan Zhai, Liping Chen, Xiu Wang, and Wei Zou. "Comparison of Orchard Target-Oriented Spraying Systems Using Photoelectric or Ultrasonic Sensors." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080753.

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Анотація:
Orchard pesticide off-target deposition and drift cause substantial soil and water pollution, and other environmental pollution. Orchard target-oriented spraying technologies have been used to reduce the deposition and drift caused by off-target spraying and control environmental pollution to within an acceptable range. Two target-oriented spraying systems based on photoelectric sensors or ultrasonic sensors were developed. Three spraying treatments of young cherry trees and adult apple trees were conducted using a commercial sprayer with a photoelectric-based target-oriented spraying system, an ultrasonic-based target-oriented spraying system or no target-oriented spraying system. A rhodamine tracer was used instead of pesticide. Filter papers were fixed in the trees and on the ground. The tracer on the filter papers was washed off to calculate the deposition distribution in the trees and on the ground. The deposition data were used to evaluate the systems and pesticide off-target deposition achieved with orchard target-oriented sprayers. The results showed that the two target-oriented spraying systems greatly reduced the ground deposition compared to that caused by off-target spraying. Compared with that from off-target spraying, the ground deposition from photoelectric-based (trunk-based) and ultrasonic-based (canopy-based) target-oriented spraying decreased by 50.63% and 38.74%, respectively, for the young fruit trees and by 21.66% and 29.87%, respectively, for the adult fruit trees. The trunk-based target-oriented detection method can be considered more suitable for young trees, whereas the canopy-based target-oriented detection method can be considered more suitable for adult trees. The maximum ground deposition occurred 1.5 m from the tree trunk at the back of the tree canopy and was caused by the high airflow at the air outlet of the sprayer. A suitable air speed and air volume at the air outlet of the sprayer can reduce pesticide deposition on the ground.
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5

Moreau, Pedro dos Santos, and Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda. "Direct analysis of tree rings using laser ablation-ICP-MS and quantitative evaluation of Zn and Cu using filter paper as a solid support for calibration." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 37, no. 4 (2022): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ja00414j.

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Анотація:
This work aims to study and apply filter paper as calibration solid supports, in order to avoid matrix and fractionation effects, for the quantification of two essential elements of trees, Cu and Zn, in tree-ring samples, using LA-ICP-MS.
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6

KIM, YOUNG-TAE, and TAEWHAN KIM. "AN ACCURATE EXPLORATION OF TIMING AND AREA TRADE-OFFS IN ARITHMETIC OPTIMIZATION USING CARRY-SAVE-ADDERS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 10, no. 05n06 (October 2000): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126600000196.

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Carry-save adder (CSA) is one of the most widely used implementation units for arithmetic circuits. However, the existing approaches to the CSA transformation have an inherent limitation in the scope of CSA application, i.e., transforming each of operation trees separately without any interaction among them, which results in a locally optimized CSA circuit. To overcome the limitation, we introduce a new concept called tree-boundary optimization techniques, based on which we propose a practically efficient algorithm for exploring timing and area trade-offs in optimizing arithmetic circuits using CSAs. The proposed algorithm is applicable to any arithmetic circuits with multiple operation trees, which appear in most filter designs. From experimentations on a number of digital filter designs, we confirm that the proposed algorithm reduces the circuit timing by 4%–40% without any area increase compared to those produced by the conventional CSA transformations.
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7

Wang, Achuan, Xinnian Yang, and Dabo Xin. "The Tracking and Frequency Measurement of the Sway of Leafless Deciduous Trees by Adaptive Tracking Window Based on MOSSE." Forests 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010081.

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The tree sway frequency is an important part of the dynamic properties of trees. In order to obtain trees sway frequency in wind, a method of tracking and measuring the sway frequency of leafless deciduous trees by adaptive tracking window based on MOSSE was proposed. Firstly, an adaptive tracking window is constructed for the observed target. Secondly, the tracking method based on Minimum Output Sum Of Squared Error Filter (MOSSE) is used to track tree sway. Thirdly, Fast Fourier transform was used to analyze the horizontal sway velocity of the target area on the trees, and the sway frequency was determined. Finally, comparing the power spectral densities (PSDs) of the x axis acceleration measured by the accelerometer and PSDs of the x axis velocity measured by the video, the fundamental sway frequency measured by the accelerometer is equal to the fundamental sway frequency measured by video. The results show that the video-based method can be used successfully for measuring the sway frequency of leafless deciduous trees.
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8

Hurteau, Matthew, Harold Zald, and Malcolm North. "Species-specific response to climate reconstruction in upper-elevation mixed-conifer forests of the western Sierra Nevada, California." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 9 (September 2007): 1681–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-028.

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Анотація:
Dendrochronology climate reconstruction studies often sample dominant, open-grown trees to reduce competition effects and isolate annual climate influences on radial increment growth. However, there has been no examination of how species respond as stand densities increase or which species in mixed-conifer forests provide a better record of past climate. We sampled 579 trees representing five upper montane mixed-conifer species at the Teakettle Experimental Forest in California’s southern Sierra Nevada to determine species-specific responses to annual climatic fluctuations. Using the Kalman filter, we examined the affect of local stand density on growth response and whether the growth–climate relationship improved with a time lag. The Kalman filter iteratively calculates error for predicted versus actual radial growth and accounts for this variation in the corrector equation. Under current high-density conditions, shade-tolerant white fir ( Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.) provided the best model for climate reconstruction. Shade-intolerant Jeffrey pine ( Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) had a lagged response to annual climatic fluctuations, possibly because its roots may tap water reserves in granitic bedrock fissures. Open-grown trees provided more accurate records of climate. Changes in forest density in this forest may have resulted in changes in species-specific response to annual climatic fluctuations.
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9

Visser, Hans. "Analysis of Tree Ring Data Using the Kalman Filter Technique." IAWA Journal 7, no. 4 (1986): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001000.

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A statistical mcthod is presented to filter the influence of weather variations out of a tree ring chronology. The Kaiman filter technique is introduced to estimate a multiple regression model with stochastically fluctuating weather parameters. It cnables the detection of any change in response of trees to weather. The method is in two ways an improvement upon the frequentIy used method of response functions: I) it is not necessary to assume constant model parameters, and 2) the estimation process is not based on the fitting but on the forecast performance of the model.
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10

ABELLÁN, JOAQUÍN, and ANDRÉS R. MASEGOSA. "A FILTER-WRAPPER METHOD TO SELECT VARIABLES FOR THE NAIVE BAYES CLASSIFIER BASED ON CREDAL DECISION TREES." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 17, no. 06 (December 2009): 833–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488509006297.

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Variable selection methods play an important role in the field of attribute mining. In the last few years, several feature selection methods have appeared showing that the use of a set of decision trees learnt from a database can be a useful tool for selecting relevant and informative variables regarding a main class variable. With the Naive Bayes classifier as reference, in this article, our aims are twofold: (1) to study what split criterion has better performance when a complete decision tree is used to select variables; and (2) to present a filter-wrapper selection method using decision trees built with the best possible split criterion obtained in (1).
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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Filter-trees"

1

Irniger, Christophe-André. "Graph matching filtering databases of graphs using machine learning techniques." Berlin Aka, 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2677754&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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2

Hsieh, Haun-Ze, and 謝環澤. "On Image Compression Using Fuzzy Inference Filter and Adaptive Quantization in Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees (SPIHT)." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05419613236112764640.

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Анотація:
碩士
國立成功大學
電機工程學系碩博士班
93
Several notable static image compression algorithms have been developed recently. The objective of the algorithms is to reduce the large size of image files into smaller files that can be rapidly transferred through the Internet within limited transmission bandwidth; meanwhile, the original image can be retrieved in receivers without losing too much essential information. Among these developed compression algorithms, the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) decomposition is one the most popular and promising framework that provides efficient quad-tree data structures that embed space-frequency localization of subband image. Shapiro was the one who first focused on quad-tree coding and proposed the embedded zerotree wavelet (EZW) algorithm. Subsequently, Said and Pearlman proposed the set partitioning in hierarchical trees (SPIHT) to further improve the drawbacks of the EZW. In this thesis, we integrated a fuzzy inference filter into the SPIHT algorithm to compute the entropy energies of wavelet-subband coefficients and to effectively determine significant coefficients. In addition, an adaptive quantization technique instead of conventional quantization techniques for coding significant is incorporated in the SPIHT coding framework to improve the overall quality of image compression.
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3

Wieben, Oliver. "The classification of PVCs using filter bank features, induction of decision trees and a fuzzy-rule-based system." 1996. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37162236.html.

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Анотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1996.
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 24-26).
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4

Kirthi, Suresh K. "Multisource Subnetwork Level Transfer in Deep CNNs Using Bank of Weight Filters." Thesis, 2019. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/5444.

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Анотація:
The convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become the most successful models for many pattern recognition problems in the areas of computer vision, speech, text and others. One concern about CNNs has always been their need for large amount of training data, large computational re- sources and long training time. In this regard the transfer learning is a technique that can address this concern of inefficient CNN training through reuse of pretrained networks (CNNs). In this thesis we discuss transfer learning in CNNs where the transfer is from multiple source CNNs and done at subnetwork levels. The subnetwork multisource transfer is attempted for the fi rst time and hence we begin by showing the effectiveness of such a transfer. We consider subnetworks at various granularities for the transfer. These granularities begin at a whole network-level then pro-ceed to layer-level and further fi lter-level. In order to realize this kind of transfer we create a set called bank of weight fi lters (BWF) which is a repository of the pretrained subnetworks that are used as candidates for transfer. Through extensive simulations we show that subnetwork level transfer, implemented through random selection from a BWF, is elective and is also efficient in terms of training time. We also present experimental results to show that subnetwork level transfer learning is efficient in terms of the amount of training data needed. It is seen that fi lter-level transfer learning is as effective as the whole-network-level transfer which is the conventional transfer learning used with CNNs. We then show the usefulness of the fi lter-level multisource transfer for the cases of transfer from natural to non-natural (hand drawn sketches) image datasets and transfer across different CNN architectures (having different number of layers, fi lter dimensions etc.). We also discuss transfer from CNNs trained on high-resolution images to the CNNs needed for the low-resolution im- ages and vice-versa. In the multisource transfer of prelearnt weights discussed above, the transferred weights have to be fi netuned to achieve the same accuracy as that of a CNN trained from scratch. It is certainly more bene cfiial and efficient if the fi netuning of transferred weights can be completely avoided. For this, we conceptualize we conceptualize what we call a fi lter-tree which represents the complete feature generation entity that is learnt by a CNN and propose that the a filter-tree represents a subnetwork that can be used for transfer without finetuning. Similar to BWF we create a repository of pre-learnt fllter-trees called bank of filter-trees (BFT) to realize the transfer using fi lter-trees. Through experiments we show that transfer using BFT (where the transferred weights are held fixed and are not fi netunes) has performance that is on par with training from scratch, which is the best achievable performance. The selection of the subnetworks from BWF or BFT so far for all experiments was done uniformly randomly. For the sake of completion we introduce a method that can result in informed choice of fi lters from a BFT. We propose a learnable auxilliary layer called choice layer whose learnt weights give an idea of the importance/utility of different the subnetwork (fi lter-trees here) in the BFT for the target task. We show that when the random choice from BFT does not achieve the best possible accuracy, the choice layer based method can achieve it.
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Частини книг з теми "Filter-trees"

1

Lillis, David, Frank Breitinger, and Mark Scanlon. "Expediting MRSH-v2 Approximate Matching with Hierarchical Bloom Filter Trees." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 144–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73697-6_11.

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2

Pasquale, Joseph C., George C. Polyzos, Eric W. Anderson, and Vachaspathi P. Kompella. "Filter propagation in dissemination trees: Trading off bandwidth and processing in continuous media networks." In Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video, 259–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58404-8_24.

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3

Tiwari, Arvind Kumar. "Introduction to Machine Learning." In Ubiquitous Machine Learning and Its Applications, 1–14. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2545-5.ch001.

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Анотація:
Machine learning refers to the changes in systems that perform tasks associated with artificial intelligence. This chapter presents introduction types and application of machine learning. This chapter also presents the basic concepts related to feature selection techniques such as filter, wrapper and hybrid methods and various machine learning techniques such as artificial neural network, Naive Bayes classifier, support vector machine, k-nearest-neighbor, decision trees, bagging, boosting, random subspace method, random forests, k-means clustering and deep learning. In the last the performance measure of the classifier is presented.
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4

Tiwari, Arvind Kumar. "Introduction to Machine Learning." In Deep Learning and Neural Networks, 41–51. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0414-7.ch003.

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Анотація:
Machine learning refers to the changes in systems that perform tasks associated with artificial intelligence. This chapter presents introduction types and application of machine learning. This chapter also presents the basic concepts related to feature selection techniques such as filter, wrapper and hybrid methods and various machine learning techniques such as artificial neural network, Naive Bayes classifier, support vector machine, k-nearest-neighbor, decision trees, bagging, boosting, random subspace method, random forests, k-means clustering and deep learning. In the last the performance measure of the classifier is presented.
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5

Abreu-Harbich, Loyde Vieira de, Giovana Gravellos Dias Starke Rodrigues, Pérola Felipette Brocaneli, Carolina de Rezende Maciel, and Sasquia Hizuru Obata. "Influence of Thermal Comfort provided by Tree Shadows on sidewalks in Downtown São Paulo." In A ERA AMBIENTAL: Do edifício à cidade, 9–20. Even3 Publicações, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29327/5141261.1-1.

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Environmental quality of sidewalks influenced physical activity practices in public areas to prevent diseases related of sedentary lifestyle. Tree and its air thermoregulation capacity can modify microclimate conditions that affect people's daily behavior. To promote the thermal comfort on streets, it is necessary to design urban areas with trees and cool materials that can mitigate effects of heat islands. This work aims to evaluate the influence of thermal comfort in different urban landscapes on pedestrian walkability. Methodology: a) selection of route based on a transect that crosses different types of urban landscape: a park (dense green area) and streets with or not tree planted; b) collection of climate data (air temperature and humidity) and surface temperature by thermal pictures during 13 days in 2019 summer; c) quantification of thermal comfort in terms of Air Temperature; Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Comfort Index (UTCI); d) statistical analysis of measured data and mapping of climate variables e) future scenarios using RayMan Pro. Results show air temperature differences between shaded and sun areas is up to 3,1 ° C and 4,5 ° C in terms of PET and 3,5 o C UTCI. It was observed that the features of shade of trees and planting strategies can also influence results. In streets, clusters of trees planted in line can promote more thermal comfort than other analyzed areas (on parks and streets without trees). Considering that people preferred walking on shady places, to plant aligned trees by species as Casealpinia peltophoroides (Sibipiruna) could attenuated 94,8 % of solar radiation and can reduce up to 16o C PET in flat areas. Future scenarios with trees show that São Caetano street can improve air temperatures to 0,5o C in terms of Ta, 1,4 o C PET and 0,9o C UTCI. To reduce heat stress and promote more thermal comfort sensations, it's necessary to modify materials used on façades and pavements. This strategy can improve local commerce due preference of walking on wooded streets by species that can’t filter solar radiation and permits the wind permeability. These results can promote the re-naturalization of commercial areas of Sao Paulo downtown and improve microclimate of urban environments.
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6

Oswood, Mark W., and Nicholas F. Hughes. "Running Waters of the Alaskan Boreal Forest." In Alaska's Changing Boreal Forest. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195154313.003.0015.

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Running waters reflect the character of their landscape. Landscapes influence their streams by supplying dissolved ions to the water, determining the organic matter supply to stream foodwebs, and influencing water temperature and water flows (Gregory et al. 1991, Hynes 1975). The water that feeds streams has passed over and through the vegetation, soils, and rocks of the valley. Just as urine carries the chemical imprint of metabolic activities (such as diabetes), the kinds and amounts of dissolved matter delivered to stream channels carry the signature of the valley’s parent materials and biota. Riparian (streamside) vegetation similarly regulates the balance of carbon sources to stream consumers. In valleys with sparse riparian vegetation, abundant light at the streambed allows in-stream primary production by protists and plants to dominate. Where riparian vegetation forms a canopy over the stream, leaves and needles from shrubs and trees dominate carbon supplies to consumers because low light limits contributions from in-stream primary producers (Vannote et al. 1980). Water temperature and flow are complexly determined by climatic controls (e.g., air and soil temperatures, patterns of precipitation), landscape physiography (e.g., shading of streams by valley walls), and the filter of lightabsorbing and water-transpiring riparian vegetation. Thus, streams in the desert biome of the American Southwest, with intermittent droughts and floods, high water temperatures, and abundant light, are very different habitats from the cool, dark waters of perennial streams in the temperate rain forest of the Pacific Northwest coast (Fisher 1995). Likewise, streams in the boreal forest of Alaska (and in the cold circumboreal forests of the world) take their cues from the landscape. Cold permeates the ecology of the boreal landscape and the running waters therein. The consequences of high-latitude climate on running waters are at least three: creation of ice in both terrestrial and running water systems; limited inputs of organic matter and nutrients to foodwebs; and thermal effects of low water temperatures on biological processes (Oswood 1997). For forested streams, a good case can be made for autumn as the beginning of the stream’s “fiscal” year. Autumnal leaf fall from riparian vegetation provides a major proportion of the annual energy budget to stream foodwebs.
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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Filter-trees"

1

Calloway, David L. "Tanks in trees: a case study of ternary phase-amplitude filter classification trees." In SPIE's 1994 International Symposium on Optics, Imaging, and Instrumentation, edited by Joseph L. Horner, Bahram Javidi, and Stephen T. Kowel. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.187292.

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2

Carhart, Gary W., Thomas R. Walsh, and Michael K. Giles. "Composite filter trees and image recognition via binary search." In Orlando '90, 16-20 April, edited by Richard D. Juday. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.21226.

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3

Kumaraswamy, Suresh Kirthi, PS Sastr, and KR Ramakrishnan. "Multi-source Subnetwork-level Transfer in CNNs Using Filter-Trees." In 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489678.

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4

Gibb, S., P. J. W. Graumann, and Laurence E. Turner. "FIR filter implementation using bit-serial arithmetic and partial summation trees." In SPIE's 1996 International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Franklin T. Luk. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.255462.

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5

Zhu, Zichen, Ju Hyoung Mun, Aneesh Raman, and Manos Athanassoulis. "Reducing Bloom Filter CPU Overhead in LSM-Trees on Modern Storage Devices." In SIGMOD/PODS '21: International Conference on Management of Data. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465998.3466002.

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6

Vaiškūnaitė, Rasa. "Using Biofilter Packed with Different Wood Waste Charges for Purification of Air Contaminated with Benzene." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.805.

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Анотація:
The main aim of this work was the analysis and assessment of benzene removal from air using bio-filter packed with a mixture of wood waste. The results of this work show that the small scale bio-filter with various coniferous and deciduous wood waste charges is capable of efficiently removing benzene from polluted air stream. The analysis of different mixtures of wood waste charge, while pH value was kept at neutral (pH = 7), determined, that the best wood waste mixture is consisted of 70% coniferous wood (45% pine trees, 25% fir trees), 30% deciduous wood (20% maple, 10% hazel) which was consisted of 10–20 mm fraction particles and had porosity value of 46%. This bio-media was best used for benzene removal from contaminated air stream (E = 93.86–74.78%).
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7

Blad, Anton, and Oscar Gustafsson. "Redundancy reduction for high-speed fir filter architectures based on carry-save adder trees." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2010.5537997.

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8

Vo, Hoang Trong, Gwang-Hyun Yu, Huy-Toan Nguyen, Ju-Hwan Lee, Thanh Vu Dang, and Jin-Young Kim. "A study on applying homomorphic filter and Deep Neural Network for apple trees diseases classification." In SMA 2020: The 9th International Conference on Smart Media and Applications. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3426020.3426042.

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9

Copeland and Pace. "Detection and analysis of FMCW and P-4 polyphase LPI waveforms using quadrature mirror filter trees." In IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing ICASSP-02. IEEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2002.1004785.

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10

Copeland, D. B., and P. E. Pace. "Detection and analysis of FMCW and P-4 polyphase LPI waveforms using quadrature mirror filter trees." In Proceedings of ICASSP '02. IEEE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2002.5745524.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Filter-trees"

1

Lee, W. S., Victor Alchanatis, and Asher Levi. Innovative yield mapping system using hyperspectral and thermal imaging for precision tree crop management. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598158.bard.

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Анотація:
Original objectives and revisions – The original overall objective was to develop, test and validate a prototype yield mapping system for unit area to increase yield and profit for tree crops. Specific objectives were: (1) to develop a yield mapping system for a static situation, using hyperspectral and thermal imaging independently, (2) to integrate hyperspectral and thermal imaging for improved yield estimation by combining thermal images with hyperspectral images to improve fruit detection, and (3) to expand the system to a mobile platform for a stop-measure- and-go situation. There were no major revisions in the overall objective, however, several revisions were made on the specific objectives. The revised specific objectives were: (1) to develop a yield mapping system for a static situation, using color and thermal imaging independently, (2) to integrate color and thermal imaging for improved yield estimation by combining thermal images with color images to improve fruit detection, and (3) to expand the system to an autonomous mobile platform for a continuous-measure situation. Background, major conclusions, solutions and achievements -- Yield mapping is considered as an initial step for applying precision agriculture technologies. Although many yield mapping systems have been developed for agronomic crops, it remains a difficult task for mapping yield of tree crops. In this project, an autonomous immature fruit yield mapping system was developed. The system could detect and count the number of fruit at early growth stages of citrus fruit so that farmers could apply site-specific management based on the maps. There were two sub-systems, a navigation system and an imaging system. Robot Operating System (ROS) was the backbone for developing the navigation system using an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). An inertial measurement unit (IMU), wheel encoders and a GPS were integrated using an extended Kalman filter to provide reliable and accurate localization information. A LiDAR was added to support simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms. The color camera on a Microsoft Kinect was used to detect citrus trees and a new machine vision algorithm was developed to enable autonomous navigations in the citrus grove. A multimodal imaging system, which consisted of two color cameras and a thermal camera, was carried by the vehicle for video acquisitions. A novel image registration method was developed for combining color and thermal images and matching fruit in both images which achieved pixel-level accuracy. A new Color- Thermal Combined Probability (CTCP) algorithm was created to effectively fuse information from the color and thermal images to classify potential image regions into fruit and non-fruit classes. Algorithms were also developed to integrate image registration, information fusion and fruit classification and detection into a single step for real-time processing. The imaging system achieved a precision rate of 95.5% and a recall rate of 90.4% on immature green citrus fruit detection which was a great improvement compared to previous studies. Implications – The development of the immature green fruit yield mapping system will help farmers make early decisions for planning operations and marketing so high yield and profit can be achieved.
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