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1
Charles, H. K., and G. V. Clatterbaugh. "Solder Joint Reliability — Design Implications From Finite Element Modeling and Experimental Testing." Journal of Electronic Packaging 112, no. 2 (June 1, 1990): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2904354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An extensive finite element modeling and experimental testing program has been carried out to determine the most optimum design parameters for solder joints in surface mount applications. Although the analysis and testing (power cycling and thermal cycling) has been carried out for a variety of package styles, particular attention will be paid to the result for leadless ceramic chip carriers. This package is particularly useful in certain high performance military and commercial applications. Analysis and experimentation indicate that increased fatigue life under power cycling can be attained by fabricating solder joints with large fillets and low standoff heights. The large fillet geometry significantly reduces harmful stress concentrations while increasing the net cross-sectional area within the joint. Both factors tend to improve the fracture toughness of the joint. The temperature and frequency dependencies of solder joint fatigue life under power cycling testing is discussed. The observed frequency dependence can be minimized by eliminating harmful tensile strain components thus reducing harmful stress relaxation and tensile induced oxygen embrittlement of grain boundaries. Temperature cycling studies indicate joints with slightly higher standoffs and low fillet angles are more resistant to cyclic fatigue than pillar type joints which tend to focus shear strains at the interfaces. Solder joints can be tapered to improve overall reliability but, in most cases, tapering will provide only a small increase in fracture toughness of the joint through the elimination of stress concentrations. Additional fatigue life increases can be obtained only through an enlargement of the joint cross-sectional area. Aspects of the above results will be presented in detail along with design guidelines for creating high reliability solder joints for various application scenarios.
2
Capineri, L., G. Dainelli, M. Materassi, and B. D. Dunn. "Partial discharge testing of solder fillets on PCBs in a partial vacuum: new experimental results [Abstracts of Forthcoming Manuscripts]." IEEE Transactions on Electronics Packaging Manufacturing 26, no. 4 (October 2003): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tepm.2003.823164.
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Woo, Seongwoo, Dennis L. O’Neal, Yury G. Matvienko, and Gezae Mebrahtu. "Enhancing the Fatigue of Mechanical Systems Such as Dispensers Entrenched on Generalized Life-Stress Models and Sample Sizes." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 19, 2023): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031358.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To lengthen the life of a mechanical system, parametric accelerated life testing (ALT) is recommended as an established way to help identify structural imperfections and reduce fatigue-related failures. It involves (1) a parametric ALT scheme, (2) fatigue design, (3) ALTs with alterations, and (4) an estimate of whether design(s) achieve the BX lifetime. The application of a quantum-transported time to failure prototype and a sample size expression is also suggested. The improvements in the reliability of a water dispenser made of stainless steel or polypropylene (PP) in a bottom-mount domestic refrigerator was used as a case study. In the first ALT, the hinge and front corner of the dispensing system was cracked. The water dispenser lever was altered by increasing the thickness of its ribs and fillets. In the second ALT, the altered dispensing lever system cracked because there was an insufficient thickness in its front corner for impact loading. The critical design factors for improving reliability were corner fillet rounding and rib thickening in a dispenser lever. As there were no difficulties in the third ALT, the dispenser life was verified to have a B1 life of 10 years.
4
Saritha, A., Joseph Kuruvilla, and Thomas Sabu. "Design, Development and Testing of Rubber Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 425 (January 2010): 61–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.425.61.
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This review aims at reporting on very recent developments in the synthesis, properties and (future) applications of rubber nanocomposites. Nanocomposites are the materials for the future, which have improved mechanical properties. Reinforcement is especially important for the application of elastomeric materials because the mechanical strength of unfilled elastomers is generally poor. Commonly isometric fillers like carbon black or fumed silica are used for reinforcing elastomers.Rubber nanocomposites play an important role in engineering, construction and aerospace applications. This new family of materials exhibit enhanced properties at very low filler level, usually ≤ 5 wt %. Rubber nanocomposites exhibit very good Young’s modulus , storage modulus, thermal stability , gas barrier properties and flame retardancy.
5
Abas, Falak O., and Raghad Usama Abass. "Study thermo-mechanical properties of polyester composite reinforced by ceramic particles, SiC." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822501021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Development of the Polymer Composites with natural fibers and fillers as a sustainable alternative material for some engineering applications, particularly in aerospace applications and automobile applications are being investigated. Lightweight and biodegradability and low cost Polyester composites are synthesised with an addition of Silicon carbide (SiC) particles by varying weight percentage (0, 3, 6, 10, 13, and 16 wt. %) respectively by using hand- layup technique followed by cold moulding. The prepared specimens were cut according to ASTM standard to determine hardness, impact strength, bending distortion and thermal conductivity properties. Afterward, the thermal and mechanical properties of all the unfilled and particulate filled composites are also evaluated for structural applications, i.e., hardness, impact strength, bending distortion, are determined with the change in filler content to notice the behaviour of composite material subjected to loading in addition to thermal conductivity property. Thermo-mechanical properties of the material are measured with the help of testing machines above according to their ASTM. It is found that the strength properties are greatly influenced by addition of this ceramic filler. Also shows that the thermal and mechanical properties of SiC-filled polyester composites are better than unfilled base composites
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Guan, Jun Fang, Hui Qun Yang, Yan Qiang Yu, Yang Chen, Guo Bing Yang, Hui Min Gao, and Ling Yan Zhang. "Reinforcement of Natural Rubber with Quartz/Sericite/Wollastonite." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2953–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2953.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the paper, ultrafine quartz, sericite and wollastonite modified with silane coupling agents KH-570 were incorporated into natural rubber(NR). The synergisitc effect on reinforcing NR caused by the three types of fillers was investigated under a same vulcanizing formulation and process. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the vulcanizates were conducted through mechanical testing and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results of mechanical properties tests showed that when one of these three fillers was loaded within NR alone, the tear strength and permanent set of NR vulcanizates filled with quartz could reach 27.61 kN m-1and 16.0%, respectively, stress at 300% elongation of NR vulcanizates filled with sericite could attain 4.69 MPa, and the tensile strength and elongation at break of NR vulcanizates filled with wollastonite could get to16.64 MPa and 951.21%, respectively. Under the condition that the filler loadings were 40 parts per hundred parts of rubber(phr), and the mass ratio of quartz, sericite, wollastonite was 1:1:3, the tensile strength and tear strength could come up to 17.33MPa and 27.54 kN m-1. The mechanical properties of NR composites filled with mixtures were found to be complemented by those three types of minerals. SEM results revealed that the fillers are well dispersed in the rubber matrix in the parallel arrangement with a densest stack, and the synergistic reinforcment effect of the fillers on NR was obvious.
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Smith, Benjamin J., and Simon A. M. Hesp. "Crack Pinning in Asphalt Mastic and Concrete: Regular Fatigue Studies." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1728, no. 1 (January 2000): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1728-11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effects of finely dispersed fillers on the fatigue performance of asphalt binders and asphalt concrete mixes at relatively low temperatures are examined. A series of model binder systems containing glass spheres with narrow particle size distributions were used to study the effect of filler particle size on the fatigue performance of the asphalt mastic. Two mastic systems containing ground limestone fillers, which possessed significantly different gradations, also were tested. Fatigue performance was evaluated by applying a constant torsional strain to each specimen in a dynamic rheometer at 10°C and 40 Hz. Testing at various strain levels allowed the relationship between fatigue life and strain to be determined for the different systems. The results indicate that as the particle size of the filler decreases, the fatigue life of the asphalt mastic increases. This observation is a direct result of the mode of fatigue failure in the asphalt mastics and is in agreement with Evans’s theory on crack pinning for failure in filled brittle solids. Constant stress asphalt concrete fatigue tests on both dense- and gap-graded systems prepared with the two different ground limestone fillers show that the particle size does not significantly affect the fatigue life of the mixes. These results also confirm that crack pinning is the major mechanism responsible for improved fatigue performance.
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Mohammad, Louay N., Chris Abadie, Rana Gokmen, and Anand J. Puppala. "Mechanistic Evaluation of Hydrated Lime in Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1723, no. 1 (January 2000): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1723-04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Permanent deformation and moisture damage are common distresses found in pavements today. The use of mineral fillers such as hydrated lime is known to provide a decrease in moisture susceptibility. In many cases, mineral fillers will also increase the mixture stiffness. Conventional asphaltic concrete mixtures and mixtures modified with hydrated lime were evaluated for their fundamental engineering properties as defined by indirect tensile strength and strain, permanent deformation characteristics, resilient modulus, and fatigue resistance. A typical Louisiana low-volume dense-graded mixture was used. The test factorial included two aggregate types (limestone and gravel) and two asphalt cement types (a conventional AC-30 and one modified with styrene-butadiene polymer). The results indicated that the addition of hydrated lime as mineral filler improved the permanent deformation characteristics and fatigue endurance of the asphaltic concrete mixtures. This improvement was particularly apparent at higher testing temperatures with mixes containing polymer-modified asphalt and limestone aggregate.
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Frank, Nyorere, and Emu Alfred. "FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD SAWDUST AND OIL BEAN POD SHELL FILLED COMPOSITE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 11 (November 30, 2018): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i11.2018.1136.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Composites reinforced with natural materials play a vital role in engineering applications, like the fabrication of automobile parts, furniture making, etc. The objective of this present research is to determine the flexural properties (flexural strength, flexural energy) of oil bean pod shell (OBPS) and hardwood sawdust (SD) reinforced composite in epoxy matrix, at different filler loading. Hybridized composite samples used for this research were prepared with 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40% filler (SD and OBPS in the ratio of 1:1) reinforcements in the ratio of 1:1. The flexural test was conducted on the samples according to ASTM D-790, using the Universal Testing Machine. From the results obtained, the fillers loading had significant (P ≤0.05) effect on the three flexural properties studied. The flexural strength increased from 33.44 to 67.65 MPa, the flexural energy increased 53.1%, while the flexural yield strength increased from 23.58 to 55.4 MPa. The results obtained from this research will be helpful the automobile and construction companies.
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Mogawer, Walaa S., and Kevin D. Stuart. "Effects of Mineral Fillers on Properties of Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixtures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1530, no. 1 (January 1996): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153000111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture that has higher proportion of coarse aggregate, lower proportion of middle-size aggregate, and higher proportion of mineral filler than a dense-graded mixture. Because of the high quantity of mineral filler, the type and quantity of this fraction should play a major role in the properties of these mixtures and their mastics. Determination of whether mastic and mixture properties can distinguish good mineral fillers from bad ones is the objective. Eight mineral fillers with known performance were obtained from three European countries. Mastics were tested for stiffness using a bending beam rheometer (AASHTO TP1), a dynamic shear rheometer (AASHTO TP5), and softening point of bitumen using the ring-and-ball apparatus (AASHTO T53-92). None of the tests distinguished among mastics with good and bad mineral fillers. Mixtures were tested for draindown of mastic using the National Center for Asphalt Technology draindown test, rutting using the French pavement rutting tester, low-temperature cracking using the indirect tensile test, workability using the U.S. Corps of Engineers gyratory testing machine, and moisture susceptibility using the ASTM D 4867 method. None of the tests distinguished among SMA mixtures with good and bad mineral fillers.
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Murtaja, Yousef, Lubomír Lapčík, Harun Sepetcioglu, Jakub Vlček, Barbora Lapčíková, Martin Ovsík, and Michal Staněk. "Enhancement of the mechanical properties of HDPE mineral nanocomposites by filler particles modulation of the matrix plastic/elastic behavior." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0023.
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Abstract Two different nanosized mineral fillers (nano calcium carbonate and nanoclay) were used in the high density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) composites pilot plant production. Structural and mechanical properties of the prepared composites were examined in this study. The homogenous filler distribution was confirmed in the tested samples by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses. The fillers’ fortifying effect on polymer composites’ mechanical performance was confirmed as indicated by the increased elastic modulus and indentation modulus. Additionally, the possible modulation of the plastic-elastic mechanical behavior was confirmed by the type of the filler as well as its concentration used in the final composites testing articles.
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Lapčík, Lubomír, Martin Vašina, Barbora Lapčíková, Michal Staněk, Martin Ovsík, and Yousef Murtaja. "Study of the material engineering properties of high-density poly(ethylene)/perlite nanocomposite materials." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0113.
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Abstract This paper was focused on application of the perlite mineral as the filler for polymer nanocomposites in technical applications. A strong effect of the perlite nano-filler on high-density poly(ethylene) (HDPE) composites’ mechanical and thermal properties was found. Also found was an increase of the Young’s modulus of elasticity with the increasing filler concentration. Increased stiffness from the mechanical tensile testing was confirmed by the nondestructive vibrator testing as well. This was based on displacement transmissibility measurements by means of forced oscillation single-degree-of freedom method. Fracture toughness showed a decreasing trend with increasing perlite concentration, suggesting occurrence of the brittle fracture. Furthermore, ductile fracture processes were observed as well at higher filler concentrations by means of SEM analysis. There was also found relatively strong bonding between polymer chains and the filler particles by SEM imagining.
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Negmatov, S. S., N. S. Abed, R. Kh Saidakhmedov, T. U. Ulmasov, A. Y. Grigoriev, V. P. Sergienko, K. S. Negmatova, et al. "Research of viscoelastic and adhesion-strength property and development of effective vibration absorbing composite polymeric materials and coatings of mechanical engineering purpose." Plasticheskie massy, no. 7-8 (September 17, 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-7-8-32-36.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The choice of objects of research for reducing vibration of parts and increasing the durability of machine designs and, consequently, the noise level in industrial premises is stated and justified. Methods for obtaining vibration-absorbing polymer compositions and samples for their testing under vibration conditions are described, as well as methods for studying viscoelastic properties, chemical structure, adhesive strength, microhardness, impact strength of polymer coatings and thermal conductivity of the obtained samples from compositions based on homopolymers filled with organomineral ingredients. The results of studies of the vibration-absorbing and adhesive-strength properties of polymer composite materials based on epoxy polymers and an organomineral filler - rubber powder are presented.
14
Le, Anh Thang, Manh Tuan Nguyen, and Van Phuc Le. "The Effect of Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Filler on Performance Testing of Asphalt Concrete Mixture." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (July 31, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8577021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC), waste from the petroleum industry, is nonstop increasing and causing environmental pollution in Vietnam. This study is an attempt to recycle SFCC in pavement construction. The study investigated the effect of SFCC, as a filler material in the hot-mix asphalt (HMA), on the essential characteristics of the asphalt concrete mix. First, the optimum percentages of bitumen and SFCC rate were investigated based on the Marshall design method. The HMA with SFCC showed more enhanced stability, flow, and other Marshall properties than the asphalt concrete mixture with the optimum limestone filler of 5%. Besides, the effects of SFCC rates on Marshall characteristics were explored. Second, performance tests were conducted to compare the mix with the different optimum content fillers of SFCC, limestone, and Portland cement. The tests include wheel tracking, indirect tensile, fatigue, and dynamic modulus tests to evaluate the performance of HMA with SFCC. It was found that the asphalt mixture with the optimum SFCC filler content can enhance pavement performance and improve the rutting and cracking resistance of the asphalt pavement.
15
Bleija, Miks, Oskars Platnieks, Jan Macutkevič, Olesja Starkova, and Sergejs Gaidukovs. "Comparison of Carbon-Nanoparticle-Filled Poly(Butylene Succinate-co-Adipate) Nanocomposites for Electromagnetic Applications." Nanomaterials 12, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 3671. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12203671.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Electrostatic dissipative (ESD), anti-static (AS), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are commonly based on commodity fossil-fuel-based plastics. This, in turn, contributes to ever-growing non-biodegradable plastic pollution. Graphene nanoplatelets (GN), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), nanostructured carbon black (NCB), and amorphous carbon black (CB) were utilized as nanofillers to prepare bio-based and biodegradable poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) nanocomposites. Solvent-cast composites were prepared with 1.1 to 30.0 vol.% nanoparticle loading. The literature mainly focuses on relatively low loadings; therefore, for this research, filler loadings were increased up to 30 vol.% but the maximum loading for NCB and CB loadings only reached 17.4 vol.% due to a lack of dimensional stability at higher loadings. The composites were characterized using tensile testing, volumetric and surface conductivity measurements, thermal conductivity measurements, dielectric spectroscopy in the microwave region, and transmittance in the terahertz range. Tensile tests showed excellent carbon filler compatibility and enhanced tensile strength for loadings up to 5 vol.% (up to 20 vol.% for MWCNT). The highest thermal conductivity values were reached for the MWCNT filler, with the 30.0 vol.% filled composite reaching 0.756 W/mK (262% increase over PBSA). All fillers were able to produce composites that yielded volume conductivities above 10−10 S/m. Composites with MWCNT, GN, and NCB inclusions above the percolation threshold are suitable for EMI applications in the microwave and THz frequency range.
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Inegbenebor, Anthony O., A. D. Ogbevire, and A. I. Inegbenebor. "Effect of CacO3 and Wood Flour Filler on the Compression Strength of Coconut (Coir) Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composite." Advanced Materials Research 18-19 (June 2007): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.18-19.249.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Compression test specimens were produced from the composite material of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP). These specimens were tested on the compressive testing machine. The results obtained showed that 5% coconut fibre volume fraction with 95% volume fraction of polypropylene matrix gave compressive strength value of 39.3 Mpa. However, it was observed that when 15% volume fraction of CaCO3 and wood flour filler each were added, the compressive strength increased from 39.3 Mpa to 53.3 Mpa and 39.3Mpa to 43.7Mpa respectively. This observation was discussed in respect of the two fillers.
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., Sukanto, Rudy Soenoko, Wahyono Suprapto, and Yudy Surya Irawan. "Characterization of aluminium matrix composite of Al-ZnSiFeCuMg alloy reinforced with silica sand tailings particles." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 7094–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.3.2020.11.0556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the increased demand for aluminium and the prohibitive cost of producing primary aluminium, the process of making AMCs using recycled aluminium alloy as a matrix and silica sand tailing without leaching as a filler is essential to be developed. For more cost-effective, the purpose of this study is to make particulate aluminium composite matrix AMCs with a matrix of recycled aluminium and reinforced with silica sand tailing without leaching. This research involves the effect of differences in grain size and filler weight percentage on matrix Al-ZnSiFeCuMg recycled aluminium alloy powder. This study used powder metallurgy technology as well as two-way hot-compaction (300°C) and applied a sintering temperature of 550°C. Density, hardness, and wear testing, as well as microstructure analysis, were conducted to determine the characteristics of the resulting AMCs. An increase in hardness of 67% was achieved by the AMCs-164 µm-20%SiO2 specimen, which used a filler grain size of 164 µm wt.20%. Meanwhile, AMCs-31 µm-20%SiO2, which used a filler grain size of 31 µm, only increased by 63%. The wear test result also showed a lower wear rate achieved by the AMCs-164 µm-20%SiO2 specimen. The results analyses using SEM-EDS instruments showed higher agglomeration and porosity in specimens using a filler grain size of 31 µm, while AMCs using a filler grain size of 164 µm showed an even spread of filler powder. Therefore, AMCs that used 164 µm powder-sized fillers have a stronger bond between the filler and the matrix and produce AMCs that are harder than AMCs that use 31 µm fillers.
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Vijay, R., A. Vinod, R. Kathiravan, S. Siengchin, and D. Lenin Singaravelu. "Evaluation of Azadirachta indica seed/spent Camellia sinensis bio-filler based jute fabrics–epoxy composites: Experimental and numerical studies." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 9 (November 4, 2018): 1252–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718811086.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The present work examined the thermo-mechanical characteristics of bio-fillers, namely Azadirachta indica seed powder, spent Camellia sinensis powder, their combinations filled jute fabrics–epoxy composites analytically and experimentally and compared it with the unfilled one. The test results showed that Azadirachta indica seed powder filled composites showed better mechanical properties with lesser voids, while spent Camellia sinensis powder and its composites showed better thermal stability. ANSYS analysis was used to show the stress distribution during the tensile and flexural testing. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study various characteristics of the fractured composites. A telephone stand was also fabricated to prove the application capability of best mechanical performer and analysed for deformation behaviour.
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de Mendonça, A. C., D. K. K. Cavalcanti, H. F. M. de Queiroz, J. S. S. Neto, F. J. P. Chaves, and M. D. Banea. "Mechanical Characterization of Filler Modified ABS 3D Printed Composites Made via Fused Filament Fabrication." Annals of Dunarea de Jos University of Galati. Fascicle XII, Welding Equipment and Technology 33 (December 15, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/awet.2022.02.
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Rapid prototyping (also known as additive manufacturing, AM) is a quickly developing process with increasing new applications in a large variety of industrial sectors (i.e., aerospace, automotive, medical, among others.) However, despite the great advantage of a decoupled price to part complexity of an AM fabricated structure, the material properties (largely governed by filament material and printing parameters) still present a significant limiting factor. In this context, the development of new filament materials for a wider range of applications has great potential. In this study, the influence of micro-scale filler reinforcement (powders), both natural (curauá) and synthetic (glass fibre), in the fabrication of an Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) filament was evaluated. The filler was controlled by weight fraction (~1%) and the filament was fabricated via extrusion. A commercially available 3D printer was used to print tensile and flexural specimens for mechanical characterization as per ASTM standards. The fracture morphology was analysed after tensile testing via optical microscopy in order to evaluate the effect of the fillers on the material deposition and void formation. No significant variation in the tensile properties was reported, except for the strain at failure, while more significant flexural strength variation was observed as a function of filler material. The fillers presented a significant effect on the void density of the fractured surface. It was demonstrated that this simple fabrication technique can generate novel filament materials that may enhance the mechanical properties or widen the range of application (e.g., faster decomposition times in nature for single-use plastics due to the hydrophilic nature of the natural filler and lower water absorption of the hydrophobic synthetic filler for marine environment applications).
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Woytowich, David L., Martin W. King, Myron G. Britton, and Jan A. Oleszkiewicz. "Accelerated testing of a filled polyester E-glass composite in acidic environments." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 5 (October 1, 1991): 799–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper describes the results of an accelerated laboratory investigation to measure the rate of deterioration of a newly developed filled plastic composite exposed to acidic (sewage) environments. The specific objective was to compare the relative rates of deterioration of an experimental filled filament wound (FFW) polyester composite immersed in sulfuric (pH 2.23) and acetic (pH 2.22) acid environments at 45 °C. Deterioration was measured in terms of changes in wet specimen weight, loss in dried (soluble) material weight and mechanical properties, the extent of chemical dissolution, and the depth of penetration. Based on regression analyses of these parameters, it was found that the rate of deterioration was a function of the square root of immersion time. Deterioration of the FFW composite in acetic acid was 1.6–3.9 times greater than in the sulfuric acid environment. The loss in wet flexural properties and the dissolution behavior of aluminum trihydrate were not influenced by the type of acid environment. Based on the findings of this study, sulfuric acid is recommended as a standard laboratory test medium for fiberglass reinforced plastic composites used in construction of sewage facilities and pipelines where deterioration due to sulfur oxidizing bacteria is anticipated. Key words: accelerated, polyester, fillers, filament-wound, environment, acidic, durability, composite, septic tanks.
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Buketov, Andriy, Mykola Brailo, Serhii Yakushchenko, Oleksandr Sapronov, Vasyl Vynar, Оleh Bezbakh, and Roman Negrutsa. "Investigation of Tribological Properties of Two-Component Bidisperse Epoxy-Polyester Composite Materials for Its Use in the Friction Units of Means of Sea Transport." Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering 63, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppme.13161.
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The tribological properties of complex polymeric materials, which include epoxy and polyester resins, two hardeners and two microdispersed fillers: mica-muscovite, copper (II) oxide, were investigated in the work. The results of the testing of specimens at dry friction and in the lubricant were analyzed. It is proved, that the antifriction properties of the composite depend on its composition, formation technology and testing conditions. It has been experimentally determined, that the material which was tested in the lubricating environment – Im = 0.25–0.30 mg/km, f = 0.03–0.04, differs with the improved indexes of wear rate and friction coefficient. As a result of the analysis of investigated microsurfaces studied by optical and electron microscopy, the phase heterogeneity of the composite material system was identified. It contributes to the reduction of the running-in distance of the specimen, and indicates the uniform distribution of the filler particles on the surface, has been found. The elemental composition of the compound was determined, which indicates the direct involvement of fillers in the process of friction. A change in the ratio of atoms on the specimen surface before and after the test was found. The results of the study of the surface in the phase contrast mode correlate with the results of the data obtained by electron microscopy.
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Lai, Jau Choy, Azman Hassan, Mahbub Hasan, Farid Nasir Ani, and Faisal Amri Tanjung. "Heat distortion temperature and mechanical properties of agricultural wastes-reinforced phenolic composites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 36, no. 6 (August 1, 2016): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Phenolic composites containing three different types of agricultural waste fillers (i.e. oil palm shell flour, rice husk flour, and coconut shell) have been prepared consecutively using the two-roll milling and hot pressed methods. The resulting granules were compression molded before mechanical testing. Mechanical properties of the agro-fillers/phenolic composites were investigated by means of flexural test, impact test, and heat distortion temperature measurement. Flexural test was conducted following ASTM D790, impact test was carried out according to ASTM D-256, while heat distortion temperature was measured using ASTM D648. The stiffness of the composites is insensitive to the increasing of the filler loading. The incorporation of the three different types of agro-waste fillers into the phenolic matrix produced composites with better heat distortion temperature as compared to that of the neat resin. Overall, coconut shell flour was superior in improving the flexural strength of the composites, while oil palm shell composites exhibited the most apparent improvement in heat distortion temperature.
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Zou, Zhong Quan, Xu Wang, and Zhi Mei Wang. "Application of Ultrasonic Testing in Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Arch Bridge." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 1025–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.1025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Concrete Filled Steel Tube(CFST) is widely used in civil engineering structures because of its superior mechanical performance. Yet the mechanical behavior of CFST is highly depended on the construction quality of the filled concrete. Hence it is very important for the inspection of the construction quality of the filled concrete in CFST structures. In this paper, the ultrasonic testing technique was used to detect the defect of the filled concrete of a CFST arch bridge. During the inspection, the ultrasonic transducer was moved along the circumference of the cross-section of the arch, and the defect of the concrete was comprehensively judged by detecting the change of sonic time, sonic amplitude and sonic frequency. Based on the analysis of the ultrasonic transmission path, the influences of different defects on the sonic time, sonic amplitude and sonic frequency were discussed. The detecting results were verified by core-drilling method. The verification showed that different kinds of defects defected by ultrasonic testing was in good accordance with the drilling samples, which demonstrates the adaptability of the ultrasonic detection technique in the construction quality inspection of CFST structures.
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Basaran, Bogachan, Harun Yaka, and Ilker Kalkan. "Engineering plastic gripping mechanism for tension testing of FRP bars." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 28 (June 17, 2020): 4427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320933658.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A new grip adaptor, made of an engineering plastic Cast Polyamide 6 (PA6G), was developed for tension testing of FRP reinforcing bars. The new adaptor offers several advantages over conventional anchors, including the ease of application and reuse, being economical, no need for skilled labor, smaller difference between the hardness of the adaptors and sample. Bars with three different diameters (6, 8 and 12 mm), three types of fiber (Carbon, Glass and Basalt) and four types of surface texture (ribbed, wound, fine-sand coated and coarse-sand coated with widely-spaced wrapping) were tested to failure under uniaxial tension. Two identical bars were tested for each combination of parameters (fiber type, surface texture and bar diameter), one with PA6G and the other with grout-filled steel anchors. The tests indicated that the proposed method was able to ensure FRP bars to reach their tensile capacities and fail by rupture without crushing in the gripping regions and pull-out from the jaws of the testing machine. The modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and ultimate strain values of the bars with PA6G anchors were in rather close agreement with the respective values of specimens with conventional steel anchors. This close agreement, i.e. mostly a difference below 5%, implies the success of the proposed method. Among all tested bars, only the ribbed ones failed in the gripping regions in the presence of both anchors as a result of the limited contact surface (rib area), pointing out the need for the use of longer anchors for ribbed bars.
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Vidakis, Nectarios, Markos Petousis, Athena Maniadi, Vassilis Papadakis, and Amalia Moutsopoulou. "The Impact of Zinc Oxide Micro-Powder Filler on the Physical and Mechanical Response of High-Density Polyethylene Composites in Material Extrusion 3D Printing." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6100315.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The scope of this work was to develop novel polymer composites via melt extrusion and 3D printing, incorporating High-Density Polyethylene filled with zinc oxide particles in various wt. percentages. For each case scenario, a filament of approximately 1.75 mm in diameter was fabricated. Samples for tensile and flexural testing were fabricated with 3D printing. They were then evaluated for their mechanical response according to ASTM standards. According to the documented testing data, the filler increases the mechanical strength of pure HDPE at specific filler concentrations. The highest values reported were a 54.6% increase in the flexural strength with HDPE/ZnO 0.5 wt.% and a 53.8% increase in the tensile strength with 10 wt.% ZnO loading in the composite. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Raman, and thermal characterization techniques were used. The experimental findings were evaluated in other research areas where they were applicable.
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Muhammad, Haris Hafiz. "Experimental Evaluation of Rutting Resistance of Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash Modified Asphalt Mixture." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 2022–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47678.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: Bagasse ash (BA) was used as filler in hot mix asphalt. Mineral fillers in asphalt concrete mixes have a significant influence on asphalt concrete performance. Although mineral filler is just a minor percentage of the total performance of asphalt concrete, it plays a critical function. Bagasse Ash (BA) was utilized as a filler ingredient to test and assess the performance of asphalt concrete. BA was used in variable ratios to replace Stone Dust (SD) in road construction. Filler was used in varying quantities (4%, 5.5%, and 6.5%). Furthermore, BA is used to replace the traditional SD filler in partial replacements of 10%, and 20%, as well as full replacement of SD. The Marshall Mix Design Method was used with three different amounts of bitumen, namely 4%, 4.3%, and 4.6%. By using National Highway Authority’s (NHA) general criteria for Optimum Binder Content, a total of 108 samples were produced. The prepared mixes showed good outcomes, and the majority of them passed the NHA's main requirements. Some of the mixtures do not meet the VMA and VFA requirements given in MS-2 Asphalt Institute 2014. Two forms of performance testing are the Dynamic Modulus Test and the Wheel Tracking. A total of twelve OBC samples are evaluated for wheel tracking and dynamic modulus. Bagasse Ash has been tested in the lab and found to be capable of being used as filler in both partial and full replacement of conventional stone dust filler.
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Wang, Xingqian, Yuping Zhang, Xinwei Chen, Yifei Wang, Mingliang He, Yongjiang Shan, Yuqin Li, Fei Zhang, Xiangshu Chen, and Hidetoshi Kita. "Preparation of Pebax 1657/MAF-7 Mixed Matrix Membranes with Enhanced CO2/N2 Separation by Active Site of Triazole Ligand." Membranes 12, no. 8 (August 16, 2022): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12080786.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fillers play a critical role in the performance of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Microporous metal azolate frameworks (MAFs) are a subclass material of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Due to the uncoordinated nitrogen of the organic ligands, MAF-7 (SOD-[Zn(mtz)2], Hmtz = 3-methyl-1,2,4-triazole, window: d = 0.34 nm) shows excellent CO2 adsorption performance. In this work, Pebax 1657/MAF-7 MMMs were prepared by a sample solution casting method with MAF-7 particles as fillers for the first time. By means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), infrared radiation (IR), and thermogravimetry (TG), the compositional and structural properties of the mixed matrix membrane with different filler content were analyzed. The results show that the compatibility of MAF-7 and Pebax is good with a filler content of 5 wt.%. The pure gas testing showed that mixed matrix membrane has a high ideal CO2/N2 selectivity of 124.84 together with a better CO2 permeability of 76.15 Barrer with the optimized filler content of 5 wt.%. The obtained membrane showed 323.04% enhancement in selectivity of CO2/N2 and 27.74% increase in the permeability of CO2 compared to the pristine membrane at 25 °C and 3 bar. The excellent separation performance may be due to the ligands that can afford a Lewis base active site for CO2 binding with the uniform dispersion of MAF-7 particles in Pebax and the favorable interface compatibility. The obtained membrane overcomes the Robeson’s upper bound in 2008 for CO2/N2 separation. This work provides a new strategy by utilizing MAFs as fillers with triazole ligand to enhance the gas separation performance of mixed matrix membranes.
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Aein Afina, Mohd Redzuan, Bonnia Noor Najmi, Shuhaimen Siti Shakirah, and Siti Norasmah Surip. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rubber Toughened Carbon Black-Filled Polyester Composite." Advanced Materials Research 812 (September 2013): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The influences of Carbon Black (CB) as filler for rubber toughened polyester composite on thermal properties were investigated, in consideration for applications such as automotive parts and integrated circuits (IC) encapsulations. The usage of CB as filler is one of the efforts in increasing and varying the use of rubber and unsaturated polyester thermoset in composite materials. Unsaturated polyester was mixed with 3% liquid natural rubber (LNR) as toughening agent and CB, which were varied from 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% using mechanical stirrer and moulded by using the open mould technique. Impact testing was conducted for mechanical property and it was found that the addition of CB increased the impact strength by 87%. Thermal properties of the composites were evaluated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TGA curves of the composites were quite similar, but there were slight increment in thermal stability for several CB filled composites compared to the neat polyester matrix. DSC analysis showed that all the composites were fully cured, and CB filled composites had a slower heat flow rate compared to the neat rubber toughened composite.
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Kubíčková, Lea, Martina Toulová, and Marcela Votoupalová. "Specifics of the Internationalization Process of Czech Engineering SMEs." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 3 (2015): 947–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563030947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this paper is to define the specifics of the internationalization process of Czech engineering small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Based on primary data collection among Czech engineering SMEs there were defined the main motives of the internationalization. There were also identified the factors subjectively considered by SMEs as the key success factors of the internationalization process. Attention was also paid to subjectively perceived risk factors of the internationalization process and to the issue of risk management in the internationalization process, while it was investigated whether the risk management affects the intensity of export of Czech engineering SMEs. Data were collected via electronic questionnaire surveys conducted in 2011 and 2012. In total 194 respondents (engineering SMEs) filled the questionnaires. The obtained data were processed on the basis of descriptive statistics. Moreover hypothesis testing was performed.
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Pimenta, Jean S., Augusto J. A. Buschinelli, Rubens M. do Nascimento, Augusto E. Martinelli, and Joseph Remmel. "Brazing of zirconia to titanium using Ag-Cu and Au-Ni filler alloys." Soldagem & Inspeção 18, no. 4 (December 2013): 349–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-92242013000400007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advanced ceramic is usually joined to metal by the well-known direct brazing process, where costly active filler alloys can be considered a limitation. Brazing using active-metal-free filler alloy as insert between the joint components is an attempt to overcome it. The active metal diffusion from the titanium member through the bulk of molten filler to the ceramic was responsible to produce an active filler alloy in loco and promote reduction of the zirconium oxide to improve wetting on the ceramic surface. Unalloyed titanium was joined in a high-vacuum furnace (<3x10-5 mbar) to yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycristals (Y-TZP) and zirconia partially stabilized with magnesia (Mg-PSZ), where commercial fillers Ag-28Cu and Au-18Ni with respective thermal cycles were evaluated. Helium gas leak detection test was performed at the ceramic/metal interface at room temperature; samples from reliable vacuum tight joints were examined by microstructural analysis techniques and energy dispersive X-ray analysis at the joint cross-section. Tight joints were produced with eutectic Ag-Cu filler, revealing an intermetallic layer and a dark reaction layer near the ceramic surface; titanium diffusion was efficient for superficial chemical interactions between individual components. Brazing joints were also tested using three-point flexure testing.
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Lin, Hong Yu. "Static Performance Analysis on Combined Truss with Steel Tube and Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Based on Total Strain Crack Constitutive Model." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 1884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.1884.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Based on the total strain crack constitutive model and the available testing data, finite element model on three trusses were established by the finite element procedure MIDAS/FEA and the analysis were executed in order to verify the validity of constitutive model and study the static performance of combined truss. The results show that the finite element model based on total strain crack constitutive can reflect the static performance of combined truss and can carry the affective parameters analysis, which can offer theory evidence for engineering application of combined truss. The failure of three trusses were due to joint failure, however the failure modes were different and changed by the concrete filled in chord. The bearing capacity of three trusses was controlled by the jionts and the strength and stiffness of jionts were increased by the concrete filled in the chord, therefore the bearing capacity of trusses was increased while the deformation was decreased. In combined truss with steel tube and concrete filled steel tube, the concrete-filled steel tube joints can improve the bearing capacity and the steel tube joint can satisfy the requirements of plastic deformation, which have obvious advantages in the engineering application.
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Sikulskyi, Stanislav, Danayit T. Mekonnen, Abdullah El Atrache, Eduardo Divo, and Daewon Kim. "Effects of Ferroelectric Fillers on Composite Dielectric Elastomer Actuator." Actuators 10, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10070137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Integrating nano- to micro-sized dielectric fillers to elastomer matrices to form dielectric composites is one of the commonly utilized methods to improve the performance of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is among the widely used ferroelectric fillers for this purpose; however, calcium copper titanate CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) has the potential to outperform such conventional fillers. Despite their promising performance, CCTO-based dielectric composites for DEA application are studied to a relatively lower degree. Particularly, the composites are characterized for a comparably small particle loading range, while critical DEA properties such as breakdown strength and nonlinear elasticity are barely addressed in the literature. Thus, in this study, CCTO was paired with polydimethylsiloxane (CH3)3SiO[Si(CH3)2O]nSi(CH3)3 (PDMS), Sylgard 184, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of particle loading and size on the dielectric composite properties important for DEA applications. The dielectric composites’ performance was described through the figures of merit (FOMs) that consider materials’ Young’s modulus, dielectric permittivity, and breakdown strength. The optimum amounts of the ferroelectric filler were determined through the FOMs to maximize composite DEA performance. Lastly, electromechanical testing of the pre-stretched CCTO-composite DEA validated the improved performance over the plain elastomer DEA, with deviations from prediction attributed to the studied composites’ nonlinearity.
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La Rocca, Vincenzo, Antonio Messineo, Massimo Morale, and Domenico Panno. "A Testing Facility for Refrigerating Plants Equipment Working with New Fluids." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 1696–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A test rig was built in the department of energy, in laboratory of refrigerating engineering for test runs with a lot of fluid and equipment of various kind for commercial refrigeration. The facility has been continuously improved during the past years and allows to perform experiments aiming to assess the performance characteristics both of conventional and new equipment for commercial refrigeration. In the test rig can be tested a lot of cooling loop filled with a secondary fluid for simulation of their behavior in industrial and commercial plants (e.g.: during exploitation in supermarket and hypermarket for refrigeration of foodstuffs in cold store, display cases and cabinets, etc.). The paper reports main results of the experiments performed with the new fluid R422A versus the original refrigerating fluid R22.
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Minaev, Andrey Ja, Hammat H. Valiev, Jury V. Korovkin, and Gennady V. Stepanov. "Testing of Magnetoactive Elastomeric Composite Materials." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-7ulh2t.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dynamic tests of new magnetoactive elastomers were carried out in various amplitude-frequency modes on vibrodynamic stands. These materials regular changes in resonance properties under the external constant magnetic fields and loads influence have been established. The relationship between vibrodynamic and damping properties in these composites and atomic force microscopy data on the magnetic fillers restructuring under magnetic field action in a silicone elastomers matrix is discussed.
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Edtmaier, C., T. Janhsen, R. C. Hula, Laurent Pambaguian, Hans Georg Wulz, Stefan Forero, and F. Hepp. "Carbon Nanotubes as Highly Conductive Nano-Fillers in Metallic Matrices." Advanced Materials Research 59 (December 2008): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.59.131.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
. A baseline electroless deposition processes for Cu on CNTs has been developed. This process results in the formation of copper particles of few tens of nanometres. Using this process in a CNT loaded solution it is possible to obtain a homogeneous distribution of CNTs and Cu, even for volume fraction of CNTs as high as 17 v%. By the application of wet chemical processing it is possible to penetrate the natural felt-like structure of the CNTs and to fill the gaps with copper particles. Variations of the baseline deposition process have been established, allowing adding small amount of nickel on the CNT prior to the copper deposition to strengthen the interfacial bonding between matrix and CNTs. Hot pressing of the highly CNT loaded metal matrix composites has been developed; it allows producing bulk material that can be handled. The microstructure of these materials has been investigated and samples have been machined for further testing, i.e. mechanical characterization and thermo-physical properties.
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Jeong, Seongbeom, Young Seok Song, and Eunju Lim. "Fabrication and Characterization of Aluminum Nanoparticle-Reinforced Composites." Polymers 12, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 2772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122772.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the expanding use of polymers in modern our lives, there is an increasing need to manufacture advanced engineering polymeric parts in a systematic and inexpensive way. Herein, we developed an organic inorganic hybrid composite material with excellent mechanical properties by enhancing the dispersion and moldability of fillers. For this, we prepared and analyzed the physical properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/aluminum nanoparticle composites. Al nanoparticles of various sizes (20 nm and 40 nm) and concentrations (3, 6, 9, and 12 wt.%) were employed. The mechanical properties of the prepared composites were measured using a universal testing machine. Rheological and thermal analyses for the composites were carried out with use of a rheometer and a differential thermal calorimeter (DSC). We also conducted optical, chemical, electrical, and morphological property studies of the samples in order to help design and produce high-performance engineering products.
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Kiantoro, Inez, Taufik Sumarsongko, Lisda Damayanti, and Veni Takarini. "Tensile Strength and Shore Hardness Evaluation in Clean Grade Silicone with Nanosilica Filler Reinforcement as an Alternative for Maxillofacial Prosthesis Materials." Materials Science Forum 1069 (August 31, 2022): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-q96742.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maxillofacial prostheses are usually replaced periodically due to poor tear strength at the edges, inelasticity, and excessive hardness. Improvement in mechanical properties can be achieved by adding nanosilica fillers. Medical grade silicone as a maxillofacial prosthesis material is difficult to find on the local market and is quite expensive. Therefore, it is necessary to have an alternative maxillofacial prosthesis material that is more affordable and accessible. Clean grade silicone is a non-toxic type of silicone that can be modified by adding nanosilica filler to have properties similar to medical silicones so that they can be accepted as an alternative to maxillofacial prosthesis materials. The samples were made from clean grade silicone with various addition of nanosilica fillers: 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 6%. Tensile strength was tested on each sample according to ISO 37: 2017 for silicone rubber. Dumb-bell shape samples were tested on Llyod Universal Testing Machine with 500 mm/min transverse rates. Hardness was tested on each sample according to the ASTM D2240 for silicone rubber. Six indentations were carried out on a rectangle sample (36 x 60 x 6 mm) tested with Durometer type A. The hardness result increased from 15,7 to 42,8 Shore A, while tensile strength decreased from 3.38 to 2.14 MPa. This could happen due to the agglomeration of silica filler concentration and need further research on the ratio and method for mixing. So, it can be concluded that the addition of 3% nanosilica filler resulted in acceptable tensile strength and hardness value as a substitute for maxillofacial prosthesis material.
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Leane, Joseph. "Forensic Engineering Research and Testing of Building Copper Tube Water Piping System Freeze Failures." Journal of the National Academy of Forensic Engineers 39, no. 1 (July 20, 2022): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51501/jotnafe.v39i1.819.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forensic engineers investigating water loss incidents, caused by water leaking from damaged copper tube piping systems inside buildings, are tasked with determining if that damage is from the piping being exposed to subfreezing temperatures or some other cause. This paper provides guidance for such investigations and factual basis for such opinions, including presenting the results of experimental testing of water-filled copper tube piping systems exposed to subfreezing conditions. It also discusses piping standards and building codes. When ice forms a solid plug inside a pipe, the portion of the piping downstream of that plug becomes isolated. As the ice plug grows, the pressure in the isolated portion of the piping system increases dramatically from hydraulic pressure until the strength of the “weak link” is exceeded, which causes a rupture that relieves the pressure. Oftentimes, no significant water flows through the rupture at that time because the ice plug prevents water flow through the pipe. However, significant water flow occurs once the plug melts. This paper demonstrates why it is critically important for forensic engineers to understand this sequence of events.
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Yagubov, V. S., A. V. Shchegolkov, A. V. Shchegolkov, and N. R. Memetov. "Studying changes in the electrical resistance of carbon-nanotubes-modified elastomers during their compression, stretching and torsion." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 1(97) (August 10, 2019): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2019-97-1-128-138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Developing "smart" materials with improved both structural and functional characteristics is one of the promising areas of materials science. Measuring the electrical resistance of CNTs-modified (various mass contents) polymers and in particular, elastomers during performing several tests (compression, stretching, and torsion) at a constant current is relevant in electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, aviation, and space industry. Changes in the elastomer shape under different types of testing lead to the destruction of macromolecules and the structuring of the material as a whole. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of CNTsbased modifying fillers on the elastomer. When compressing, stretching or twisting the nano-modified elastomer, along with the mutual movement of its macromolecular fragments and aggregates, the modifier particles also move, which generally determines the transport of electrons in the resulting structure and affects the physical and mechanical parameters of the composite material. To conduct studies, elastomers containing different amounts of a CNTs-based modifying filler were prepared. To investigate and elucidate relevant dependencies, a measuring system (MS) was constructed, which makes it possible to determine electrical resistance values of the composite material with different CNTs contents in the polymer matrix composition exposed to various mechanical loads. Basing the research results, it was established that the electrical resistance of the elastomer composites modified with 1.0–2.5 wt.% CNTs decreases when compressing from 0 to 100 N, whereas when the compression force ranges from 100 to 350 N, the electrical resistance remains unchanged. When the elastomer composites modified with 2–2.5 wt.% CNTs were stretched by 30–40 %, the electrical resistance was found to increase from 5·103 to 1.9·107 Ω.
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Chen, Yan Qin, Hui Jun Zhang, and Tie Quan Wang. "Different Gradations Cement Improved Phyllite Test Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 1894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1894.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper analyzed the phyllite properties in the highway from Shiyan-Tianshui the eastern An-kang 25th section through the related indoor and outdoor testing. As the on-site filler CBR value didnt meet highway subgrade filling on the filler mechanical properties, and it should be improved with cement. The engineering and compaction properties were analyzed under different cement doses and gradation combinations, whose result was shown that selecting the improved phyllite gradation composition of 5% cement content and 60% stone content was the optimal. In that it could not only meet subgrade strength design requirement and the on-site application, but also be the most economical and reasonable.
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Zaeimoedin, Teku Zakwan, and Mazlina Mustapha Kamal. "Processability Behaviour of Dual Filler Systems Reinforced Epoxised Natural Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 974 (June 2014): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.195.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rheological studies of polymers are of great importance in optimizing the processing conditions and in designing processing equipments like injection molding machines, extruders, and dies required for various products. Melt rheological studies give us valuable viscosity data that will be helpful in optimizing the processing conditions. Parameters like melt viscosity as a function of shear rate or shear stress and temperature have become more and more important. Previous study indicated that the flow behaviour of the compound depends on the filler loading. Lesser elastic torque was found with compound containing lower filler content as compared to higher filler content. In this work, effect of dual filler, based on Carbon Black / Silica filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was investigated. A total of 80phr of filler content based on passenger tyre tread formulation was used in the experiment. The compounds were prepared by melt mixing in tangential type of an internal mixer. The rheological and the processability properties of the compounds were determined using three different testing instruments namely Capillary Rheometer, Mooney viscometer and Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA). A variation of shear rates (ranging from low to high) was performed, in order to better reflect the actual processing condition in rubber manufacturing. It was found that ENR mix with ratio silica to carbon black 70:10 exhibited the best flow behaviour and processability properties as compared to control and other mixes.
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Suresha, B., B. N. Ramesh, K. M. Subbaya, and G. Chandramohan. "Mechanical and Three-body Abrasive Wear Behavior of Carbon-Epoxy Composite With and Without Graphite Filler." Journal of Composite Materials 44, no. 21 (May 19, 2010): 2509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310369589.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fiber and particulate reinforced polymeric composites are known to possess high strength and attractive wear resistance in dry sliding conditions. Though the reinforcement and/filler type are known to control the properties, less is known about their tribo performance especially with graphite as filler material. How these composites perform in abrasive wear situations needs a proper understanding. Hence, the present investigation reports on the mechanical and three-body abrasive wear behavior of carbon fabric reinforced epoxy (C-E) and silane treated graphite filled C-E (Gr-C-E) composites. The mechanical properties were evaluated using Universal testing machine. In three-body wear tests, quartz particles of size 150-200 μm were used as dry and loose abrasives. Three-body abrasive wear tests were conducted using rubber wheel abrasion tester under different loads/abrading distances. The results showed that the wear volume increased with increasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with abrading distance/load and depends on filler loading. However, the presence of silane treated graphite filler in C-E showed a promising trend. Further, the abrasive wear volume of composites has been correlated with mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength and percentage elongation. The worn surface features, when examined through scanning electron microscopy, showed more number of broken carbon fibers in C-E compared to graphite filled C-E composites.
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Chow, C. L., and C. H. Cundiff. "On the Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates." Tire Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 73–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/1.2148786.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract A method for characterizing rubber vulcanizates for engineering design analysis is described. The material characterization is based on the elastic strain energy functions expressible in terms of both Mooney-Rivlin and Valanis-Landel types of formulation. The specimens are flat sheets and long thin cylinders. Considering both accuracy of the predicted stress-strain results and testing time, the pure shear method is preferred over other forms of biaxial loading. This method was automated using an MTS testing machine equipped with a PDP 11/04 mini-computer. A filled vulcanizate under load exhibits progressive stress-softening before it reaches an equilibrium state; this behavior was incorporated into the automatic testing procedure to ensure consistent and reproducible results. The adequacy and accuracy of the material coefficients derived from this method were checked against measured results and found to be satisfactory.
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Halmen, Norbert, Christoph Kugler, Thomas Hochrein, Peter Heidemeyer, and Martin Bastian. "Ultrasound tomography for inline monitoring of plastic melts." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 6, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-6-9-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The inline determination of process and product parameters is of great help for the evaluation and optimization of new procedures. Therefore, an ultrasound process tomography system has been developed, which enables the imaging of the local filler distribution in plastic melts. The objects investigated were extruded rods made of polypropylene (PP) with radial filler gradients. During extrusion, sound velocity and attenuation of the plastic melt were determined and processed via a modified reconstruction algorithm according to Radon transform into 2-D sectional images. Despite the challenges of higher attenuation and impedance mismatch of 60 mm filled PP melt compared to water, the resulting images are of good quality. An important factor for the image quality after tomographic reconstruction is the opening angle of the used ultrasound transducers. Furthermore, a simulation environment was developed in Matlab, which serves as a testing platform for the measurement system.
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TAI, Yoshimasa, Toshio SUGIBAYASHI, and Kozo IKEGAMI. "Method of interlaminar strength testing of a carbon cloth laminated plastic specimen with fillet." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 53, no. 491 (1987): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.53.1157.
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Færgemand, Jacob, Bent Rønsholdt, Niels Alsted, and Torger Børresen. "Fillet texture of rainbow trout as affected by feeding strategy, slaughtering procedure and storage post mortem." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 10 (May 1, 1995): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0381.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Due to the enactment of environmental legislation in Denmark, feed expenditure by commercial aquaculture operations has been limited. This development has created a demand for high energy diets, which presently dominate the market place. Such diets limit waste load to the surrounding environment, but is the quality of the fish as end product affected? It is well established that fillet quality varies according to several factors, including feed composition and feeding regime. An experiment was thus designed to evaluate the effect of differing: i) amount of protein fed, ii) amount of fat fed, iii) starvation period before harvesting, iv) method of slaughter and v) storage time post mortem on fillet quality of 600g trout. The fillet fat content was examined and related to each of the five factors investigated in order to determine which had the most pronounced effect on fillet texture post mortem. Texture measurements were undertaken using an Instron Universal Testing Machine and sensory analysis. Results indicated that fillet fat content could be increased 20% without affecting texture. Storage time post mortem was found to be the single most important factor affecting fillet texture. Sensory analyses verified the results obtained by instrumental texture testing.
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Onitiri, M. A., and S. M. Adedayo. "Compressive behaviour of polypropylene filled with iron ore tailings." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 13, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 198–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-12-2012-0056.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose – This paper aims to produce iron ore tailings reinforced polypropylene composites (ITR-PPCs) from conventional compo-casting (CC) and a proposed compo-indirect squeeze casting (C-ISC) processes. It intends to quantify the compressive behaviour of ITR-PPC with respect to production process, iron ore tailings volume and particle size inclusion in polypropylene (PP) through controlled material and compressive testing. The study aims to provide useful information on possibility of the use of ITR-PP for compressive applications which will culminate to judicious use of iron ore tailings that is been piled up as waste material at the iron ore beneficiation sites. Design/methodology/approach – ITR-PPC compression specimens were produced using C-ISC and CC processes. Prior to production, the iron ore tailings was dried at room temperature according to ASTM 618, ASTM 171 and ASTM E 41. The different particle sizes were generated using standard laboratory sieves. Uniaxial compressive test procedure according to ASTM D 695 was carried out on ITR-PPC compression specimens with length/diameter ratio equal to 2.0 under standard laboratory atmosphere on an Instrom 3,369 machine. Findings – It was discovered that pure PP produced using the C-ISC process exhibited better compressive strength and Young’s modulus of about 12 and 4.5 per cent, respectively, while a reduction of 9.2 per cent in yield strength was recorded. ITR-PPCs with 150-μm fillers produced from C-ISC process have lower yield stress, compressive strength and Young’s modulus at volume contents above 10 per cent. It also exhibited lower strain at fracture at volume content above 15 per cent, while composites filled with 212- and 300-μm particle size iron ore tailings using the C-ISC process had better strain at fracture. Research limitations/implications – The present work cannot ascertain the compressive behaviour of ITR-PPC produced from other production processes, hence the need for further work in this area. Practical implications – The paper provides an avenue to address the pollutant effect of iron ore tailings by putting it to judicious use through addition as fillers in plastics. It also removes the need for expensive and repeated experimentation to determine the compressive behaviour of ITR-PPCs. Originality/value – This paper has brought to fore the need to study iron ore tailings as filler in plastics and other material matrices.
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Zhao, Rong Fei, Yong Ning Mi, and Wei Gao. "Testing Study on the Change Law about Internal Friction Angle of Geogrid Reinforced Clay under many Times Freezing-Thawing Cycles." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 186–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.186.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper uses quadric orthogonal rotating combination design test, obtains the internal friction angle change values under given many times freezing-thawing cycles for the geogrid reinforced clay with different degree of compactions, moisture contents and reinforcement spacings. Through analysis of the test data and mathematical calculation to get the regression equation about the internal friction angle change value related with fillers compaction degree, initial moisture content and reinforcement spacing, and test the conspicuousness about the equation and the influence factors. Applies the equation to calculate the internal friction angle change values in the else test conditions, the results show that the calculated values and the testing data fit well, the equation can be used for initial calculation of the under many times freezing-thawing cycles. The regression equation provides a theoretical reference for the engineering practice of geogrid reinforced clay.
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Galaţanu, Sergiu Valentin, Doru Romulus Pascu, Monica Döme, and Sorin Dragoi. "Comparative Assessment of Composite Materials Performance Subjected to Fillet and Butt Welding." Advanced Materials Research 814 (September 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.814.123.
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This study presents a comparative assessment of composite materials performance, based on 80%Al+20%CrC, 82%CuNiAl+18%WC and 82%CuZn48+18%CrC, butt welded and corner welded. This comparative assessment resulted in information regarding the chemical content of the welded joints in percent, macro-microstructure estimation of specific areas of the welded edge joints, and determination of HV5 hardness of specific areas of the welded joints, both for butt welding and corner welding. It was shown that there is a slight variation of chemical composition both for butt welding and corner welding. Also all nanostructured composite materials, butt welded and corner welded, examined for macroscopic and microscopic examinations showed no welding defects. After testing the HV5 hardness of specific areas of butt and corner welded joints, made using WIG and CMT welding processes, the estimator value for structural hardening ΔHV5 between specific areas (WELD, HAZ, BM) was determined.
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Peng, Nanhui, Lihua Zhan, Xiaobo Yang, Xianzhu Liang, Xiangchen Xue, Dongliang Zhang, Guangming Dai, Chenglong Guan, and Guoqing Zhao. "Analysis of the skin wrinkling in out-of-plane joints of CFRP hat-shaped structure." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 4 (March 8, 2021): 310–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0261.
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Abstract Out-of-plane joints, between hat (omega) stiffeners and skin panels are asymmetric parts of the composite structure. Studies show that physical-mechanical conditions in these joints significantly affect skin forming quality. In the present article, aimed to investigate the mechanism of the skin wrinkle in the joints of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) hat-shaped structure, the pressure testing apparatus based on the Pascal principle is used to surveillance the resin pressure dynamically in out-of-plane joints. In this regard, several influencing factors such as first-order holding time, forming pressure and relative volume of unidirectional fillers are studied. Obtained results show that increasing the first stage holding time can prolong the viscous flow state of the resin, and time to achieve pressure equalization at each detection point, thereby improving the dispersion of the pressure and reducing the possibility of wrinkles. It is found that as the forming pressure increases, the degree of skin wrinkles in the out-of-plane joints ameliorates. Moreover, for fillers with a relative volume within the range of 0–50%, the pressure transfer effect and the skin flatness is relatively dissatisfactory. It is concluded that the filler with a relative volume of 80–120% improves the skin wrinkle in out-of-plane joints.