Статті в журналах: "Filled rubber compound"

1

Indra Surya and Siswarni MZ. "EFFECT OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AS A COMPATIBILIZER IN SILICA-FILLED STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUND." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 3, no. 2 (July 2, 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v3i2.1500.

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By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, the effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer in silica-filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound was carried out. The ENR was incorporated into the silica-filled SBR compound at 5.0 and 10.0 phr. An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ENR on cure characteristics and tensile properties of the silica-filled SBR compound. It was found that ENR gave enhanced cure rate to the silica-filled SBR compound. ENR also exhibited a higher torque difference, tensile modulus, and tensile strength up to 10.0 phr. The study of rubber - filler interaction proved that the addition of ENR to the silica-filled SBR system improved the rubber - filler interaction.

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2

Muniandy, Komethi, Hanafi Ismail, and Nadras Othman. "Curing Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Rattan Filled Natural Rubber Compounds." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.845.

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Rattan for its potential as a new type of filler was investigated in natural rubber (NR) compounds. Natural rubber (NR) compounds were prepared by the incorporation of rattan at different loadings into a natural rubber matrix with a laboratory size two roll mill. The effect of rattan loading as filler on curing characteristics, tensile properties, morphological properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and rubber–filler interaction of rattan filled natural rubber compound were studied in the filler loading range of 0 to 30 phr. The results indicate that the scorch time (ts2) and cure time (t90) shorten with increasing filler loading, whereas the maximum torque (MH) showed an increasing trend. As the filler loading increases, the tensile strength and elongation at break decreases whilst tensile modulus; stress at 100 % elongation and stress at 300 % elongation increased. The rubber filler interactions of the rubber compound decreased with increasing filler loading. SEM studies indicate that the increasing rattan loading weakens the rubber-rattan interactions.

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3

Saramolee, P., K. Sahakaro, N. Lopattananon, W. K. Dierkes, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF SILICA- AND CARBON BLACK-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER IN THE PRESENCE OF EPOXIDIZED LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 87, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 320–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.86970.

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ABSTRACT This work investigates the effect of epoxidized low molecular weight natural rubber (ELMWNR) in silica- and carbon black-filled natural rubber (NR) compounds on processing and mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. The ELMWNRs with different mol% epoxide content were prepared from depolymerization of epoxidized NR using periodic acid in latex state to have a molecular weight in a range of 50 000–60 000 g/mol. Their chemical structures and actual mol% of epoxide were analyzed by 1H NMR. The ELMWNRs were added to the filled NR compounds as compatibilizers at varying loadings from 0 to 15 phr. The addition of ELMWNR decreases compound viscosity and the Payne effect, that is, filler–filler interaction, of the silica-filled compound. In the silica–silane compound and the compound with 28 mol% epoxide (ELMWNR-28), the compound viscosities are comparable. The optimal mechanical properties of silica-filled vulcanizates are obtained at the ELMWNR-28 loading of 10 phr. In contrast, the addition of ELMWNR to a carbon black-filled compound shows only a plasticizing effect. The incorporation of ELMWNR into NR compounds introduces a second glass transition temperature and affects their dynamic mechanical properties. Higher epoxide contents lead to higher loss tangent values of the rubber vulcanizates in the range of the normal service temperature of a tire.

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4

Ding, R., and A. I. Leonov. "An Approach to Chemorheology of a Filled SBR Compound." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 2 (May 1, 1999): 361–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538808.

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Abstract Three steps in complex chemorheological studies are necessary for complete rheological characterization of filled rubbers during cross-linking reaction. They include: (i) kinetic studies of cross-linking reaction, (ii) rheological studies of green rubber compounds, and (iii) correlation between the rheological parameters and the degree of cure. Basic experiments in the steps (i)–(iii) and their modeling are presented in this paper on the example of a filled SBR compound with sulfur accelerated vulcanization. The approach provides a unique possibility to trace therheological properties of rubber compounds from the green to completely cured states.

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5

Khongwong, Wasana, Nittaya Keawprak, Phunthinee Somwongsa, Duriyoung Tattaporn, and Piyalak Ngernchuklin. "Effect of Alternative Fillers on the Properties of Rubber Compounds." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 316–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.316.

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The paper is focused on the influence of alternative fillers on rubber compounds properties. Three different types of powder fillers, drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS), perlite and calcium carbonate, were mixed into rubber compound mixtures. The mixtures were composed of STR20, EPDM, zinc oxide, steric acid, paraffin wax, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), sulphur, Wingstay L, and filler. The mixtures were mixed in a Kneader type mixer at temperature of 70°C and then continuously mixed using a two-roll mill at temperature of 70°C. The relationships between type and the amount of filler versus properties of rubber compounds were demonstrated. The results showed that tensile and elongation at break of rubber compounds gradually decreased with increasing the amount of filler. Rubber compounds filled with small particle size filler possessed higher tensile strength and elongation at break than those filled with large particle size filler. Values of DIN abrasion loss of rubber compounds prepared under proper mixing condition were not more than 300 mm3. Under appropriate condition, the rubber compounds with DWTS, perlite and calcium carbonate provided sufficiently high shore A hardness (not less than 50 Shore A hardness). Finally, alternative fillers such as DWTS and perlite were expected to replace calcium carbonate in normal formula.

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6

Nakajima, Nobuyuki. "Strain-Rate Amplification of Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 61, no. 5 (November 1, 1988): 938–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3536227.

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Abstract The strain amplification is one of the recognized causes of the reinforcement of rubber by carbon black. Previously, we evaluated strain amplification in nonequilibrium, i.e., stress-strain measurements. Carbon-black-filled rubber compounds were used. In these examples, not only strain but also strain rate must be amplified, since it is a dynamic situation. Because the behavior of the gum matrix is strain-rate dependent, strain-rate amplification is also an important aspect of the rubber compound behavior. In this paper, we presented case studies of strain-rate amplification with several compounds involving variation of gum rubbers and carbon blacks.

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7

Saramolee, Prachid, Kannika Sahakaro, Natinee Lopattananon, Wilma Dierkes, and Jacques W. M. Noordermeer. "Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber with Epoxidized Low Molecular Weight Rubber as a Compatibilizer." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.522.

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This work investigates the effect of epoxidized low molecular weight natural rubber (ELMWNR) in silica-filled NR compounds on processing, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties. The ELMWNRs with mol% epoxide groups varying from 0-50 and molecular weight in a range of 50,000-60,000 g/mol were prepared from depolymerization of epoxidized natural rubber using periodic acid in latex state. They were then added in the silica-filled NR compounds as a compatibilizer at varying loading from 0-15 phr. The addition of ELMWNR decreases compound viscosity and Payne effect, i.e. filler-filler interaction. The optimal mechanical properties of silica-filled vulcanizates are observed at the ELMWNR-28 (28 mol% epoxide) loading of 10 phr. The incorporation of ELMWNR with 28 and 51 mol% epoxide groups into NR compounds introduces a second glass transition temperature and affects on their dynamic mechanical properties. Higher epoxide content leads to higher Tan δ of the rubber vulcanizates in the range of normal service temperature.

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8

Wang, Yue Qiong, Zheng Peng, Jie Ping Zhong, Kui Xu, Chang Jin Yang, Yong Yue Luo, and Pu Wang Li. "Damping Performance of CB Filled NR/ENR, NR/BR and NR/IIR Compounds." Applied Mechanics and Materials 716-717 (December 2014): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.716-717.70.

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Natural rubber (NR)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/carbon black (CB), natural rubber/butadiene rubber (BR)/carbon black and natural rubber/isobutylene-isoprene rubber (IIR)/carbon black compounds were prepared by mechanical mixing method. The mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties for the compounds were investigated respectively. The temperature range of tanδ>0.3 of NR/ENR40/CB compound was wider and shifted to high temperature than NR/CB compound. Comprehensive analysis indicated that NR/BR/CB and NR/IIR/CB compounds had no better damping performance than NR/CB compounds, while NR/ENR/CB compound had better damping performance.

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9

Wolff, Siegfried, Meng-Jiao Wang, and Ewe-Hong Tan. "Filler-Elastomer Interactions. Part VII. Study on Bound Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 163–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538304.

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Abstract SBR compounds were filled with 17 carbon blacks covering the whole range of rubber grades and tested for bound-rubber content. It was found that the bound-rubber content of a polymer at high loadings is higher for large surface-area carbon blacks. On the other hand, the bound-rubber content per unit of interfacial area in the compound (specific bound-rubber content) decreases with increasing specific surface area and filler loading. This observation was interpreted in terms of interaggregate multiple molecular adsorption, filler agglomeration, and change of molecular weight of rubber during mixing. When the comparison was carried out at critical loading of a coherent mass, the specific bound-rubber content was found to be higher for the high-surface-area products which are characterized by high surface energies. The critical loading of coherent mass of bound rubber also shows a strong surface-area dependence, indicating that large particle carbon blacks give high critical loadings. The measurements of bound rubber at high temperatures for carbon-black-filled compounds and in an ammonia atmosphere for silica-filled compounds suggest that bound rubber is caused essentially by physical adsorption.

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10

Fatin, M. H., N. Z. Noriman, Kamarudin Husin, M. Z. Salihin, N. R. Munirah, Hanafi Ismail, A. M. Mustafa Al Bakri, and S. T. Sam. "Cure Characteristics and Physical Properties of Imperata cylindrica Activated Carbon Filled SMR L Compounding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.44.

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The potential of activated carbon as a filler in rubber compound has been reviewed .Cure characteristics and physical properties ofImperataCylindricaactivated carbon filled natural rubber of Standard Malaysian Rubber (SMR L) were studied. SMR L was used as the elastomer and the composition of filler loading were varied from 0-50 parts per hundred rubber (phr). A semi-efficient vulcanization system was used throughout the study. The cure characteristics of the rubber compound was determined by using rheometer. The samples of hardness and resilience were measured by durometer shore A and Wallace Dunlop Tripsometer. Cure characteristics showed that cure time, t90and scorch time,t2increased as increased filler loading which indicate poor interaction between rubber and filler which slow down the vulcanization time. Minimum torque,MLand maximum torque,MHincreased as increased filler loading due to the low processability of the SMR L compounds. Crosslink density and hardness exhibit increment as increased filler loading due to increase rigidity of the SMR L compounds. The resilience will decrease correspondingly as increased in rigidity of the compounds.

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11

Kaewsakul, Wisut, Nutsara Jandam, Ekwipoo Kalkornsurapranee, Sitisaiyidah Saiwari, and Anoma Thitithammawong. "High Modulus Rubber Vulcanizates from Natural Rubber/EVA Blends Filled with Reinforcing Fillers." Advanced Materials Research 1134 (December 2015): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1134.171.

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The desired properties of rubber goods significantly depend on three key factors: 1) rubber formulations; 2) processing methods; and 3) design of products. High modulus rubber vulcanizates can hardly be achieved with a balance of the overall properties, because the rubbers or elastomers are soft and flexible material. In this research work, we aimed to formulate the natural rubber (NR) compounds for the specified high modulus rubber articles to be comparable with a slatted wood. Four important effects were taken into consideration, i.e. filler contents, amounts of process oil, blend ratios, and silane coupling agent contents. Based on the results in this study, the best possible combination to produce high modulus rubber vulcanizates was 80/20 NR/EVA blend reinforced by 60/60 silica/carbon black. The processing of compound can be aided by an addition of the process oil at 14.3 wt% relative to the filler contents and the silane coupling agent at 9.0 wt% relative to the silica amounts. The obtained rubber compound/vulcanizate showed easy processability, acceptable mechanical properties, and in particular hardness of 93 Shore A, while the slatted wood has 95 Shore A.

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12

Okel, Timothy A., and Walter H. Waddell. "Silica Properties/Rubber Performance Correlation. Carbon Black-Filled Rubber Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 67, no. 2 (May 1, 1994): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3557523.

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Abstract The effectiveness of predicting rubber performance based on measured silica physical properties in silica- and carbon black-filled compounds is presented for three rubber formulations: an off-the-road tire tread, a wire coat stock and a V-belt. Correlation and regression analyses were performed using SAS software for sixteen physical properties of thirteen precipitated silicas, and sixteen rubber compound performance characteristics of the three compounds. Silica physical properties studied include various measurements of surface area and structure, particle size, pH and impurities. Rubber performance characteristics studied include cure properties and physical properties such as stress/strain, tear strength, cut growth resistance, abrasion resistance and heat build-up. The present study confirms that silica surface area is the single best predictor of the effect that varying silica physical properties have on the physical performance of cured, carbon black-filled rubber compounds containing precipitated silica. Silica structure, as measured by DBP absorption and nitrogen or mercury pore volume, is a secondary predictor of certain rubber physical properties. The confidence limits of the predictions is dependent upon the concentration of precipitated silica used in the carbon black-filled rubber compound.

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13

Rassamee, Watcharin, Woothichai Thaijaroen, and Thirawudh Pongprayoon. "Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Silica-Filled Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.475.

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Natural rubber compound using different silicas, including unmodified silica, admicellar-modified silica and silica with silane coupling agent, were studied. The properties including cure characteristics, mechanical properties and dynamic properties were examined with the comparison of three compounds. The results show that cure characteristics of admicellar silica/rubber compound (Ad-Si/R) was shorter than those of unmodified silica/rubber compound (Un-Si/R) and silane coupling silica/rubber compound (Sil-Si/R). Mechanical properties of Ad-Si/R and Sil-Si/R were better than those of Un-Si/R. In addition, wet grip and rolling resistance analyzed from tan δ (5 Hz) at 0°C and 60°C, respectively, by DMA were found that the wet grip of Ad-Si/R was the best, whereas the rolling resistance of Sil-Si/R was the best, in the comparison.

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14

Jeon, I. H., H. Kim, and S. G. Kim. "Characterization of Rubber Micro-Morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy(AFM)." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 76, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547733.

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Abstract Micro-morphology of the rubber compounds, such as polymer compatibility and carbon black distribution, is one of the most important parameters affecting compound performance. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) technique enables us to examine this micro-morphology, but has many difficulties. It requires high skill for sample preparation, high cost and a long time. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) technique is a relatively easy way for detecting these images. Through TM-AFM (Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy) technique, two different polymer domains were distinguished in the unfilled rubber blend (natural rubber/ synthetic rubber blend). In order to verify the images, analogue signal (voltage) histograms for those images were analyzed by Gaussian multi-peak analysis method. Filler morphology was also examined in the filled natural rubber and filled rubber blend compounds. Silica and carbon black showed different behavior in the rubber blend. Carbon black lies predominantly in the polybutadiene rubber domain whereas silica exists in the natural rubber domain.

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15

Kaewsakul, W., K. Sahakaro, W. K. Dierkes, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "OPTIMIZATION OF RUBBER FORMULATION FOR SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87970.

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ABSTRACT The rubber formulation plays a significant role in the properties of NR compounds filled with silica. In this work, the influences of various silicas, silane coupling agents, and diphenylguanidine (DPG) on the properties of compounds and vulcanizates—that is, cure characteristics, Mooney viscosity, flocculation kinetics, bound rubber content, Payne effect, tan δ at 60°C, tensile properties, and tear properties—are investigated. The results demonstrate that compound viscosity and curing behavior, as well as vulcanizate properties of the silica-filled NR, are much improved by incorporating silane coupling agents. Bis-triethoxysilylpropyltetrasulfide clearly gives better overall properties than the disulfide-based silane bis-triethoxysilylpropyldisulfide, except for scorch safety. DPG acts as a synergist to sulfenamide primary accelerators, as well as activator for the silanization reaction. Highly dispersible (HD) silicas can significantly enhance the degree of dispersion and so lead to higher filler–rubber interaction. As a consequence, the HD silicas provide better dynamic and mechanical properties for filled NR vulcanizates compared with conventional counterparts. The optimal quantities of both silane coupling agent and DPG required in the formulation are correlated to the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide specific surface area of the silicas. Furthermore, the results reveal that the silica structure as characterized by the dibutylphthalate adsorption also strongly influences the reinforcing efficiency.

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16

Hayeemasae, Nabil, Zareedan Sensem, Kannika Sahakaro, and Hanafi Ismail. "Maleated Natural Rubber/Halloysite Nanotubes Composites." Processes 8, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030286.

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In this study, maleic anhydride (MA) grafted natural rubber (NR), known as maleated natural rubber (MNR), was melt-prepared with the MA content varied within 1–8 phr. MNR was used as the main matrix, with Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) as a filler, in order to obtain composites with improved performance. The compounds were investigated for their filler–filler interactions by considering their Payne effect. On increasing the MA content, scorch and cure times increased along with maximum torque and torque difference. The MNR with 4 phr of MA exhibited the least filler–filler interactions, as indicated by the retention of the storage modulus after applying a large strain to the filled compound. This MNR compound also provided the highest tensile strength among the cases tested. It is interesting to highlight that MNR, with an appropriate MA content, reduces filler–filler interactions, and, thereby, enhances the HNT filler dispersion, as verified by SEM images, leading to improved mechanical and dynamical properties.

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17

Azrem, Ahmad Azmi, N. Z. Noriman, and M. N. Razif. "The Effects of Carbon Black and Calcium Carbonate as a Filler on Cure Characteristic and Physical Properties of SBR/CRr Blends." Key Engineering Materials 594-595 (December 2013): 867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.594-595.867.

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Filler are compounding ingredients added to a rubber compound for the purpose of iether reinforcing or cheapening the compound. Despite that, fillers can also be used to modify the physical properties of both unvulcanized and vulcanized rubbers. Typically filler materials include carbon black, calcium silicate, calcium carbonate and clay [. The mechanism of reinforcement of elastomers by fillers has been reviewed by several workers. They considered that the effect of filler is to increase the number of chains, which share the load of a broken polymer chain. It is known that in the case of filled vulcanizates, the efficiency of reinforcement depends on a complex interaction of several filler related parameters. They include particle size, particle shape, particle dispersion, surface area, surface reactivity, structure of the filler and the bonding quality between the filler and the rubber matrix [.

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18

Lin, Chenchy, William L. Hergenrother, and Ashley S. Hilton. "Mooney Viscosity Stability and Polymer Filler Interactions in Silica Filled Rubbers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 215–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544974.

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Abstract The change in Mooney viscosity (ML1+4) with aging was followed for silica filled compounds containing various silanes and polar additives. Several mechanisms for the aging stability are postulated and evaluated through experimentation. The type of silane or polar additive used can cause the ML1+4 to increase or even decrease during aging. When bis(triethoxy silanes) are used in silica filled rubbers, the ML1+4 growth during aging is caused by hydrolysis. Silica-silica bridging was found to be responsible for the ML1+4 growth in rubber compounds containing a more thermally stable polysulfide or a sulfur-free bis(triethoxy silane). When the bis(triethoxy silane) is bis(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), a fraction of TESPT is attached to the unsaturated rubber to give polymer-silica attachments. These attachments further enhance the hydrolytic ML1+4 increase during aging. Chemical coating of the silica with a monofunctional silane or a physical coating with a trialkyl amine compound effectively stops the ML1+4 increase upon aging. The prevention of ML1+4 growth is so efficient that a reduction in the ML1+4 can be realized by absorption of ambient moisture. The extent of ML1+4 reduction caused by moisture depends on the degree of hydrophobation of the coated silicas. Hydrolytic stability was also studied with an amine or a sugar fatty acid ester that formed either strong or weak polar associations to the silica.

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19

Zhang, Bin, Yan He, and Lian Xiang Ma. "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber and Fractal Analysis of Rubber Fracture Surfaces." Key Engineering Materials 501 (January 2012): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.501.479.

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Carbon black has been used as the main reinforcing fillers that increase the usefulness of rubbers. In this experiment, different compounds based on natural rubber were prepared with carbon black (N330) at various loading ratios from 10 to 125 phr. The mechanical and thermal properties of rubber compounds were measured and the test data with SEM micrographs were analyzed to determine the suitable ratio of carbon black for the desired properties of rubber compound. The results showed that carbon black particles were well dispersed in compounds with loading ratios of 25-30 phr, corresponding to maximum tensile strength values. While with the increase of carbon black content, heat conductivity kept sustained increase. Fractal dimension characterized the degree of uneven dispersion of carbon black in rubber fracture surfaces. A particular value of fractal dimension was obtained to characterize the optimum mechanical property of carbon black filled natural rubber. The thermal property and fractal dimension demonstrated same variation tendency.

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20

Mansor, Mohd Khairulniza, and Dayang Habibah Abang Ismawi Hassim. "A Study on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of ENR Filled with Dual Fillers." Advanced Materials Research 1115 (July 2015): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1115.249.

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The effects of dual fillers, carbon black (CB) and mineral filler mixture (MFM) in epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) compound using BR1600 internal mixer were investigated. In this study, the processability of the compound improved and the cure time decreased with partial replacement of CB with MFM. Results also showed that compound filled with partial replacement of 20 phr of CB with MFM exhibited comparable tensile strength value with compound filled with 50 phr CB as single filler. Nevertheless, based on Thermogravimetri analysis (TGA), ENR filled with 50 phr CB gave higher char yield which can ascribe to the better stability of the char layer formed.

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21

Syed Ismail, Sharifah Nafisah, Nik Noor Idayu Nik Ibrahim, Siti Nabila Rasli, Noor Aishatun Majid, Nor Mazlina Abdul Wahab, Siti Noorashikin Jamal, Salamiah Zakaria, and Khuzaimah Nazir. "REINFORCEMENT OF CHARCOAL ACTIVATED CARBON (CAC) IN NATURAL RUBBER (NR) COMPOUND: IN COMPARISON WITH CARBON BLACK." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17224.

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The physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) filled with Charcoal Activated Carbon (CAC) and Carbon Black (CB) were studied. NR is a high-quality, bio-based material that has a more environmentally friendly production system than synthetic rubbers. The incorporation of reinforcing fillers into the natural rubber can significantly improve the mechanical properties, and up to now, CB has been one of the widely used filler. CAC had its own set of benefits for polymer engineering applications, particularly as a potential new natural-based filler in rubber composites. SMR-10 was compounded with compounding ingredients using a two-roll mill by Conventional Vulcanization system. As a comparison study, commercial grade CB (N220) filled NR was compounded alongside with the CAC/NR at 10 phr and 15 phr (parts per hundred of rubber) loading. A cure test was performed to determine the scorch time (tS2) and the cure time (tC90). The density, tensile strength, M100 and M300 of CAC/NR were lower than CB/NR due to the poor interaction of CAC-rubber and the possibility of slightly polar. However, the mentioned properties showed a promising increment as the filler loading increased. The swelling index (%) of CAC/NR were higher which might be contributed by the porous structure of CAC that assisting in the penetration of the toluene. As a conclusion, CAC has the potential to be used as reinforcing filler for elastomer due to the porous structure which can provide greater surface area for interaction. However, if compared to CB, higher loading of CAC was required to obtain the properties of CB of lower loading.

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22

Syed, Imran Hussain, and Jorge Lacayo-Pineda. "Superharmonic Resonance in Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber by High-Frequency DMA." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 11, 2019): 1653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101653.

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A systematic study of several SBR compounds filled with carbon black of various grades were analysed with the high-frequency Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (HF DMA) in order to quantify the degree of nonlinearity induced by fillers in rubber compounds. These filler grades indirectly reflect different degrees of microdispersion, which seems to be the main influence on the superharmonic resonance phenomenon observed in HF DMA. This statement arises from the comparison of the microdispersion observed in TEM images. In the second part of the paper, a model compound filled with carbon black is enhanced with a standard reinforcing resin, which leads to a more compact filler network. This induces a higher superharmonic resonance response as well as a higher transmissibility behaviour.

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23

Sattayanurak, S., J. W. M. Noordermeer, K. Sahakaro, W. Kaewsakul, W. K. Dierkes, and A. Blume. "Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (February 3, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5891051.

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Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.

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24

Le, H. H., M. Tiwari, S. Ilisch, and H.-J. Radusch. "Online Method for Characterization of the Homogeneity of Rubber Compounds Filled with Non-Conductive Carbon Black." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 79, no. 4 (September 1, 2006): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547955.

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Abstract In the present work, the effect of carbon black (CB) type on the electrical conductance of CB filled rubber compounds measured online in the internal mixer and the corresponding CB dispersion were investigated. The CB dispersion is strongly affected by the specific surface area and structure of CB which can be directly monitored by use of the online electrical conductance method. The effect of CB mixture ratio of a high conductive CB and a non-conductive one on the online electrical conductance was investigated for CB filled rubber compounds. By addition of a small amount of a high-conductive CB type into a non-conductive CB filled rubber compound, a characteristic online conductance - time characteristic is observed that is a result of the formation of a joint network of the two CB types. It could be shown, that such a characteristic is suitable to monitor the dispersion process of the non-conductive CB in the rubber compound.

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25

Ekebafe, L. O., J. E. Imanah, and F. E. Okieimen. "Physico-mechanical properties of rubber seed shell carbon: Filled natural rubber compounds." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 16, no. 2 (2010): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq091115022e.

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Анотація:

Samples of rubber seed shells were carbonized at varying temperatures (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800?C) for three hours each and sieved through 150?m screen. The portion of the rubber seed shell carbon that passed through the screen was characterized in terms of loss on ignition, surface area, moisture content, pH, bulk density, and metal content and used in compounding natural rubber. The characterization shows that the pH, conductivity, loss on ignition and the surface area increases as the heating temperature increases, unlike the bulk density which decreases. The compound mixes were cured using efficient vulcanization system. Cure characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanisates were measured as a function of filler loading along with that of N330 carbon-black filled natural rubber vulcanisate. The results of the cure characteristics showed that the cure times, scorch times and the torque gradually increased, with increasing filler content for rubber seed shell carbon-filled natural rubber, with filler obtained at carbonizing temperature of 600?C tending to show optimum cure indices. The physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanisates increase with filler loading. The reinforcing potential of the carbonized rubber seed shell carbon was found to increase markedly for the filler obtained at the temperature range 500-600?C and then decrease with further increase in temperature.

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26

Saramolee, Prachid, Kannika Sahakaro, Natinee Lopattananon, Wilma Dierkes, and Jacques W. M. Noordermeer. "Property Enhancement of Silica-Filled Natural Rubber Compatibilized with Epoxidized Low Molecular Weight Rubber by Extra Sulfur." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.235.

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Анотація:

The properties of both compounds and vulcanizates of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) compatibilized with epoxidized low molecular weight natural rubbers (ELMWNRs) consisting of 12 and 28 mol% epoxide are investigated. The ELMWNRs with a molecular weight range of 50,000 to 60,000 g/mol are produced by depolymerization of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) latex using periodic acid, and then used as compatibilizer in a range of 0 to 15 phr in virgin NR. The compounds with LMWNR without epoxide groups, and with bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT) coupling agent are also prepared for comparison purpose. Incorporation of ELMWNRs lowers Mooney viscosity and Payne effect to the level closed to that of silica/TESPT compound, and clearly enhances the modulus and tensile strength of vulcanizates compared to the compounds with no compatibilizer and LMWNR. The higher epoxide groups content results in the better tensile properties but somewhat less than the compound with TESPT. Addition of extra sulfur into the compounds with LMWNR and ELMWNRs to compensate for the sulfur released from silane molecule in the silica/TESPT system shows small influence on Mooney viscosity, but remarkably enhances 300% modulus, tensile strength and loss tangent at 60°C as a result of the better network formation.

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27

Chiu, Hsien-Tang, Yung-Lung Liu, Chih-Wei Lin, Zhi-Jian Shong, and Peir-An Tsai. "Thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of silicone rubber filled with aluminum nitride and aluminum powder." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 6 (September 1, 2013): 545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0025.

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Анотація:

Abstract The effects of aluminum nitride (AlN) and aluminum powder (Al) on thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of silicone rubber compounds were investigated and it was found that the thermal conductivity increased with increased fillers content. Silicone rubber filled with Al powder of 45 μm over 50 phr, exhibits higher thermal conductivity as compared to that filled with AlN powder of 4 μm at the same filler content. The results indicate that the particle size effect played a significant role on thermal conductivity. In addition, it was found that electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity increased proportionally when the Al powder content increased. In contrast, only the thermal conductivity kept increasing proportionally, but the electrical conductivity almost remained unchanged for the rubber with AlN. Furthermore, a new type of silicone rubber compound with a combination of the two fillers, comprising 100 phr of AlN powder and 50 phr of Al powder, was developed, which lead to synergistic enhancement of the thermal conductivity. The improvement in thermal stability of the new type of silicone rubber compounds enables use in high temperature environments.

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28

Kamal, Mazlina Mustapha, and Rohani Abu Bakar. "Cure Characteristics and Spectroscopic Studies of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compound." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.225.

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Анотація:

Reinforcement of rubber by precipitated silica is adversely affected due to lack of strong polymer filler bonding1-2. The surface energy of fillers play an important role in the reinforcement of rubbers and has a profound influence on the performance of rubber products3. Functionalised polymers interact strongly with surface silanol groups of precipitated silica. In this work, the unique reinforcement mechanism exhibited by silica in Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) is established through rheometric and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) study. A rheometer torque rise was detected with an ENR compound silica in the absence of any curing agent. On the other hand, the extent of the interaction increased with the increment of epoxidation level. Fourier transform infra red spectroscopic studies showed silica is bonded to ENR through formation of Si-O-C bond and the extent of the chemical interaction depends on the moulding time4.

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29

Zaeimoedin, Teku Zakwan, Mazlina Mustafa Kamal, and Ahmad Kifli Che Aziz. "Rheological Properties and Extrusion Performance Evaluation of Silica Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) Compounds as Compared to Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber (NR/BR) Compound." Advanced Materials Research 1133 (January 2016): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1133.236.

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Анотація:

In tyre industries, rheological and processability properties of rubber and polymer are great of importance since there are alot extrusion processes involved in the tyre manufacturing other than calendaring and moulding processes. Uniformity and consistency in the flow behaviour and processability of rubber are essential in providing the solution to the rubber industries in order to improve productivity, products quality and energy conservation. In this works, effects of silane coupling agent on rheological behaviour and extrusion performance of silica filled ENR tread compounds were studied and compared to NR/BR tread compound. The compounds were prepared by melt mixing in tangential internal mixer, while the rheological properties of compounds were determined by Capillary Rheometer, Cure Rheometer and Mooney viscometer. The compound were further examined for its extrudability performance evaluation by extruded the rubber through 30mm cold feed extruder machine using ASTM Extrusion Die, ‘Garvey’ type. Results showed that, ENR/silica compounds exhibit higher shear viscosity curves as compared to NR/BR compound at low shear rate regime. However an opposite trend was observed towards high shear rate regime tested which ENR/silica compounds gave slightly lower shear viscosity curve compared to NR/BR compound. As for extrudability performance evaluation, NR/BR compound gave better extrusion characteristics and appearance as compared to ENR/silica compounds.

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30

Kamal, Mazlina Mustapha, and Muhammad Zahid Zakaria. "Uncured Properties of Silica Filled ENR Compounds at High Temperature Curing." Advanced Materials Research 974 (June 2014): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.102.

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Анотація:

Rubber reinforcement in general depends on the type of filler used in the rubber mixture. Instead of carbon black, Silica filler has been widely accepted in tyre making due to its low rolling resistance property. In recent years, there is a trend in using higher curing temperature in order to improve productivity of vulcanisation line without drawbacks in the performance of tyres. In this work, effect of vulcanisation temperature based on the silica filled ENR curing behaviour was studied. Results indicate that time-dependant reversion behaviour of ENR was similar to that of unmodified Natural Rubber. The physical properties slowly deteriorated as the curing temperature approached 180°C which related to low crosslink density. Carbon Black filled ENR compound was used as a comparison.

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31

Prasertsri, Sarawut, and Sansanee Srichan. "Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.282.

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Анотація:

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

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32

Dechnarong, Nattanee, Adun Nimpaiboon, and Jitladda Sakdapipanich. "Improvement of Filler-Rubber Interaction by Grafting of Acrylamide onto Saponified Natural Rubber under Ultraviolet Radiation as a Continuous Process." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.414.

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Анотація:

Silica and carbon black have been widely used as the main reinforcing fillers for improving the properties of natural rubber (NR). In a silica-filled rubber compound, it is known that the low compatibility between NR and silica affects the mechanical properties of rubber products. In order to overcome this drawback, the functionalized saponified NR (FSPNR) was carried out by grafting acrylamide (AM) onto the saponified NR (SPNR) under UV radiation as a continuous process. An increasing in the bound rubber content and Mooney viscosity was found as an increasing AM content. Storage modulus at low strain amplitude of the silica-filled FSPNR was lower than that of the raw NR. In addition, SEM micrographs showed the good dispersion of silica in FSPNR. These confirmatory evidences indicate the improvement of rubber-filler interaction and the reduction of filler-filler interaction by functionalization under UV radiation.

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33

Darwis Syarifuddin Hutapea, Harry Laksana Tampubolon, and Indra Surya. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALKANOLAMIDA TURUNAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT UJI TARIK VULKANISAT KARET ALAM BERPENGISI SILIKA." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 1, no. 1 (September 19, 2012): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v1i1.1402.

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Анотація:

By using semi-efficient sulfur accelerated vulcanization sistem, an investigation about function of the alkanolamide as additive material on silica filled natural rubber was carried out. Alkanolamide was made by reacted between refined bleaching deodorized palm stearin with diethanolamine. Alkanolamide was added to the natural rubber compound silica filled, which is resulted vulcanizate natural rubber filled compound and occurring increasing of tensile strength, modulusand crosslinkdensity up to 5 phr. If was added more 5 phr, so reduction of the tensile strength modulus and crosslink density.

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34

Zaeimoedin, Teku Zakwan, and Mazlina Mustapha Kamal. "Processability Behaviour of Dual Filler Systems Reinforced Epoxised Natural Rubber." Advanced Materials Research 974 (June 2014): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.974.195.

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Rheological studies of polymers are of great importance in optimizing the processing conditions and in designing processing equipments like injection molding machines, extruders, and dies required for various products. Melt rheological studies give us valuable viscosity data that will be helpful in optimizing the processing conditions. Parameters like melt viscosity as a function of shear rate or shear stress and temperature have become more and more important. Previous study indicated that the flow behaviour of the compound depends on the filler loading. Lesser elastic torque was found with compound containing lower filler content as compared to higher filler content. In this work, effect of dual filler, based on Carbon Black / Silica filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) compound was investigated. A total of 80phr of filler content based on passenger tyre tread formulation was used in the experiment. The compounds were prepared by melt mixing in tangential type of an internal mixer. The rheological and the processability properties of the compounds were determined using three different testing instruments namely Capillary Rheometer, Mooney viscometer and Rubber Process Analyzer (RPA). A variation of shear rates (ranging from low to high) was performed, in order to better reflect the actual processing condition in rubber manufacturing. It was found that ENR mix with ratio silica to carbon black 70:10 exhibited the best flow behaviour and processability properties as compared to control and other mixes.

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35

Ooi, Zhong Xian, Hanafi Ismail, and Azhar Abu Bakar. "Dynamic Mechanical Properties and Tensile Behavior of Oil Palm Ash Filled Natural Rubber Vulcanizates." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.305.

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The potential of utilizing low cost filler, i.e. oil palm ash (OPA) as a new filler in natural rubber (NR) compounds using conventional laboratory-sized two roll mills. The NR compound was cross-linked using sulphuric system. The variations of tensile and dynamic properties were examined in the NR vulcanizates with the OPA filling at low loading. In the view of reinforcement, the tensile strength and elongation at break was improved with the low loading of OPA (<10 phr). Dynamic mechanical properties of OPA filled NR vulcanizates was investigated with respect to the storage modulus and mechanical loss factor (Tan δ). Result showed that the storage modulus of the OPA filled NR vulcanizates became higher than that of gum NR vulcanizates whereas the peak height of tan δmax was reduced as the OPA loading was increased. This phenomenon manifested a strong rubber-filler interaction with the low loading of OPA.

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36

Mazlina, Mustafa Kamal, Zakwan Zaeimoedin Teku, and Kifli Che Aziz Ahmad. "Viscosity Effect on the Reinforcement Properties of Silica Filled ENR Rubber Compound." Advanced Materials Research 858 (November 2013): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.858.212.

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Анотація:

Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected.In general, high filler loading attributes poor dispersion and lack of adhesion to the rubber matrix which in turn affect the processability and physical properties of the rubber compounds. In this work, the objective of the study was to investigate the influence of viscosity on silica dispersion and in relation to mechanical and performance properties of Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) compound. The viscosity of the compound was measured via viscometer. The filler flocculation and dispersion was monitored by following the changes in torque and storage modulus at low strain using rheometer MDR 2000 and DisperGrader. The filler network on the other hand was characterised by Rubber Processing Analyzer (RPA) and bound rubber measurements. The physical tests were also done according to the ASTM methods such as tensile strength and abrasion. Results showed that low viscosity of rubber will facilitate further the dispersion of the filler in the system although other physical properties will be affected.

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37

Wu, Weili, and He Huang. "Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Silicone Rubber Blends Filled With Dough Moulding Compound." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B 58, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222348.2018.1503404.

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38

Nikulina, N., T. Bulatetskaya, N. Patrusheva, L. Vlasova, N. Sannikova, and S. Nikulin. "THE PROSPECT OF USING THE BICOMPONENT COAGULANT OF MOLLASES "SODIUM CHLORIDE" WNEN PRODUCTION OF OIL-FILLED RUBBERS." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 5, no. 9 (October 3, 2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2020-5-9-81-88.

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Анотація:

Currently, special attention is paid to improving the production technology of synthetic rubbers. Synthetic rubbers are in great demand in the tire and rubber industry, in the manufacture of composite materials for various purposes, etc. Every year, the requirements for both the quality of manufactured products and the environmental friendliness of their production are increasing. One of the problematic stages in the production of rubbers by emulsion polymerization is the stage of their separation from latex. The paper considers the possibility of using a bis-compound coagulant consisting of a by-product of beet sugar production of molasses and traditional sodium chloride in the process of obtaining oil-filled rubbers. It was found that the use of this bis-compound coagulant to reduce the agricul-ture stability of synthetic latexes reduces the consumption of coagulating agents by 3-4 times. It is shown that the main coagulating component of molasses is betaines, which are present in its composition. Sodium chloride contributes to the coagulation process by the concentration mechanism, and betaine – by the neutralization mechanism, based on the chemical interaction of surfactant anions with the positively charged ammonium group of the betaine molecule. The use of a bis-compound coagulant reduces environmental pollution by components of the emulsion system. The water phase remaining after the rubber is extracted from latex can be used to prepare a solution of molasses and sulfuric acid. Rubber mixtures prepared on the basis of experimental samples of rubber meet the requirements in terms of their parameters.

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39

Yudha Widyanata, Indah M.S. Sitorus, and Indra Surya. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALKANOLAMIDA TERHADAP SIFAT-SIFAT UJI TARIK VULKANISAT KARET ALAM BERPENGISI KAOLIN." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2, no. 4 (December 27, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v2i4.1483.

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Анотація:

By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, Alkanolamide (ALK) was incorporated into kaolin-filled natural rubber compound at 1.0; 3.0; 5.0 and 7.0 parts per hundred rubber (phr). An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ALK on tensile properties of the kaolin filled-natural rubber compound. It was found that ALK exhibited higher tensile modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break up to 5.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increasing of ALK loading. Crosslink density measurement proved that 5.0 phr loading of ALK in the kaolin-filled natural rubber system exhibited greatest tensile properties due to its highest crosslink density formation.

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40

Kamal, Mazlina Mustafa, and Dayang Habibah Abang Asmawi. "Influence of Mixing Procedure on Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds." Advanced Materials Research 1024 (August 2014): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1024.175.

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Анотація:

Since the introduction of the so-called Green Tyre concept, in the early 90ies, the use of silica as reinforcing fillers has spread and grown worldwide. The general advantages of silica as reinforcing filler over carbon black filler are better rolling resistance by achieving at least equal wet traction while tread wear should not be adversely affected. One way to obtain both low rolling resistance and high wet traction is indeed, to use precipitated silica together with solution polymers in tyre treads. The benefits of reinforcement by silane coupled silicas, in certain blends of solution styrene –butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR), were recognized by major tyre manufacturer. However, the use of silica compounds entails considerable disadvantages in terms of raw material costs and processability (before vulcanization). These difficulties include higher compound Mooney Viscosity (ML1+4) that increases upon storage, short scorch time and environmental problems related to alcohol evolution. The high viscosity and poor processability in silica filled rubber compounds are believed to be associated with silica reaggregation (self aggregation) after rubber compounding. The study has been made of the effect of increased mixing stage and dispersion agent in rubber on uncured properties of the Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Compounds. In this experiment, two orders of mixing were considered (1) Two Stages Mixing and (2) Three Stages Mixing. Results showed that filler dispersion, Mooney Viscosity and Payne Effect was influenced by the degree of mixing. The incorporation of dispersion agents in the compounds also resultant in the similar manner. It is believed that the dispersion agent could coat the silica surfaces as they are being broken down during the mixing and then stabilize the dispersed structure by stearically preventing silica reagglomeration.

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41

Ieadsang, Supaporn, Anoma Thitithammawong, Charoen Nakason, and Azizon Kaesaman. "Influence of N-Phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine Modified Epoxidized Palm Oil on Properties of Carbon Black Filled Natural Rubber Compound and Vulcanizate." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.239.

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Анотація:

Modified epoxidized palm oil (pA-m-EPO) was prepared by a reaction of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) with n-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine. Chemical structure of the pA-m-EPO was characterized by using FT-IR spectrophotometer. Influence of the pA-m-EPO on bound rubber content, total mixing energy, Mooney viscosity and curing characteristics of carbon black filled natural rubber compound together with mechanical and morphological properties of carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates was later studied. Results showed that the NR compound and vulcanizate with using the pA-m-EPO gave inferior properties than those of using the aromatic oil. However, they provided better properties than those of the treated distillate aromatic extract (TDAE) excepting filler dispersion. Furthermore, the pA-m-EPO can be claimed as non-carcinogenic processing oil with low polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

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42

Galvan, Mitch Irene Kate N., Miguel Lorenzo H. Yorro, Joann A. Villarias, Johanna Michelle Ambait, and Leslie Joy L. Diaz. "Philippine Kaolinite Clay as Reinforcing Filler for Rubber." Materials Science Forum 894 (March 2017): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.894.94.

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Анотація:

Philippine clay systems containing kaolinite obtained from Manito, Albay and San Nicolas, Ilocos Norte were prepared as fillers for rubber tire tread. Compositional analysis via X-ray diffraction revealed that Manito clay (MC) contains 1:3 kaolinite to quartz ratio whereas San Nicolas clay (SNC) consists of 1:2 kaolinite and smectite. The morphology of local clays was also analyzed and compared to reference Dixie clay (DC) that is typically used as filler by the rubber industry. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed that the platelet size of DC is smaller and more loose than both MC and SNC. Rubber compound filled with DC exhibited highest tensile strength (18.7 MPa), tensile modulus (3.23 MPa) and hardness (66.5 Shore A and 70.4 IRHD) as well as tan δ (0.115) and storage modulus, ∆G’ (851.88 kPa). This is thought to be brought about by the surface area for filler-elastomer interaction wherein DC is higher considering the its loose occurrence that would allow ease in dispersion in rubber. Nevertheless, MC could be a potential clay substitute for rubber tire tread application considering the obtained tensile strength (16.8 MPa), hardness (59.0 Shore A and 64.2 IRHD) and ∆G’ (756.91 kPa) when it is compounded with rubber. On the other hand, rubber compound filled with SNC showed poor mechanical strength but high % elongation at break, which could be contributed by swelling behavior of smectite.

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43

Indah M.S. Sitorus, Yudha Widyanata, and Indra Surya. "PENGARUH PENAMBAHAN ALKANOLAMIDA TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK PEMATANGAN DAN KEKERASAN VULKANISAT KARET ALAM BERPENGISI KAOLIN." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 2, no. 4 (December 27, 2013): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v2i4.1489.

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Анотація:

By using a semi-efficient sulphur accelerated vulcanization system, an investigation of the effect of alkanolamide on cure characteristics and hardness properties of kaolin-filled natural rubber compounds was carried out. Alkanolamide was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine. Alkanolamide was incorporated into the kaolin filled-natural rubber compound at 1.0; 3.0; 5.0 and 7.0 Parts per-Hundred RubbeR (phr). It was found that alkanolamide gave shorter scorch time and cure time. Alkanolamide also exhibited higher torque different, crosslink density, and hardnessup to 5.0 phr and then decreased with further increasing the loading of alkanolamide.

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44

Lin, Chenchy J., W. L. Hergenrother, E. Alexanian, and G. G. A. Böhm. "On the Filler Flocculation in Silica-Filled Rubbers Part I. Quantifying and Tracking the Filler Flocculation and Polymer-Filler Interactions in the Unvulcanized Rubber Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 75, no. 5 (November 1, 2002): 865–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547689.

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Анотація:

Abstract Filler flocculation was followed for silica filled compounds containing various alkoxy silanes and non-silane type polar additives. The methodology employed in this paper permitted a quantitative characterization of filler flocculation and polymer-filler interactions after heating the compound under conditions that simulated vulcanization. With the addition of trialkoxy silanes, the reduction of filler flocculation and the degree of polymer-filler interactions were found to depend on the type and the concentration of silane added, and on the mixing drop temperature (Td) used. Greater polymer-filler interactions and flocculation suppression were obtained with a compound containing a tetrasulfane when compared to that containing either a disulfane or a monofunctional-silane. Polar additives such as an amine compound and a sugar alcohol did not reduce the silica flocculation during simulated vulcanization because they were dewetted from the silica surface upon heating. The filler flocculation process was monitored by following the change of dynamic storage moduli using an on-line rheometer. The flocculation process order and process constant were extracted from the non-linear regression analysis of the kinetic data. These kinetic parameters were used to quantify the suppression of filler flocculation by the additives used. Filler flocculation was found not to be affected by the vulcanization process because it occurred prior to the onset of cure.

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45

Prasertsri, Sarawut, and Sansanee Srichan. "Influence of Pyrolytic Carbon Black Prepared from Waste Tires on Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 332–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.332.

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This research aimed to investigate the possibility of pyrolytic carbon black (PCB) used as filler in natural rubber (NR) and its effect on Mooney viscosity, cure characteristics and mechanical properties compared with commercial carbon black (N774). The results revealed that Mooney viscosity, stiffness and heat build-up tended to increase with increasing both PCB and N774 loading, whereas elongation at break decreased. However, the maximum tensile and tear strengths appeared at the optimum filler loading for both PCB and N774. At similar filler content, PCB-filled NR compounds have higher cure time, heat build-up and thermal resistance. Nevertheless, they exhibited lower Mooney viscosity and mechanical properties compared to N774-filled NR. Finally, it can be concluded that PCB could be utilized as filler in NR compound to act as semi-reinforcing filler and was classified as a filler to reduce costs.

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46

Gerspacher, M., C. P. O'Farrell, L. Nikiel, H. H. Yang, and F. Le Méhauté. "High Frequency Viscoelasticity of Carbon Black Filled Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 69, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 786–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538402.

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Abstract A high frequency viscoelasticity spectrometer, using the state-of-the-art ultrasonic technology, was constructed. The longitudinal and shear waves characteristics were measured in rubber compounds to obtain the attenuation coefficient, α, and sound velocity, v Preliminary results were obtained for a number of filled and unfilled polymers. The grade of carbon black used, filler loading, crosslinking density and filler dispersion were varied during the study. Temperature sweepS from −100°C to +60°C were also studied. It was found that the polymer type had a greater influence on α and v than did the grade of carbon black, loading or dispersion. The experimental data show that shear waves do not propagate in the rubbery state. Above the glass transition temperature, Tg, the longitudinal wave measurements could be sufficient to determine the high frequency dynamic properties of filled and unfilled polymers to characterize a tire tread compound. The temperature sweep measurements allowed the determination of the Tg of polymers at high frequency. It is proposed that the described method of measuring α and v be used as a laboratory tool for potential tire traction prediction.

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Boontawee, Hasleena, Charoen Nakason, Azizon Kaesaman, Anoma Thitithammawong, and Sopa Chewchanwuttiwong. "Influence of Benzyl Ester Oil on Processability of Silica Filled NR Compound." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.221.

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Modified benzyl esters from coconut, palm, and soybean oil were used as alternative rubber processing oil to replace distillate aromatic extract oil (DAE). The effect of benzyl esters on mixing, curing properties, polymerfiller interaction and Mooney viscosity was investigated in silica filled natural rubber compound. Benzyl ester oil was found to be effective processing oil with decreasing of mixing energy and Mooney viscosity. Furthermore, it was found that coconut and palm benzyl esters showed higher torque difference than the aromatic oil filled compound. Also, benzyl ester oil gave similar level of cure time and dynamic properties compared with the rubber compound with aromatic oils.

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48

Schaal, Stéphane, Aubert Y. Coran, and Syed K. Mowdood. "The Effects of Certain Recipe Ingredients and Mixing Sequence on the Rheology and Processability of Silica- and Carbon Black-Filled Tire Compounds." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 240–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547588.

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Abstract The purpose of the work reported here was to study the effects of curing ingredients, filler such as silica and its moisture content, mixing sequence, and mixing scheme on the rheology and the loss of processability of the tire compounds at different storage temperatures. Rheology was characterized over a wide range of shear rates. For the retardation of the development of poor processability during storage of the compound (assumed to be caused, at least in part, by filler particle reagglomeration and formation of bound rubber), the most effective ingredients are diphenylguanidine (DPG), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cyclohexylbenzothiazolesulfenamide (CBS), the latter being even more effective if the storage temperature is not too high (e.g., lower than 70 °C). Two orders of mixing were considered: (i) Y-mixing (the mixing of a silica-filled masterbatch with a carbon black-filled masterbatch), and (ii) all-in-one mixing (the mixing of the rubbers and fillers all at the same time, in a single batch). We also observed that the Mooney peak (peak stress in low-strain-rate start-up flow) and extrudate roughness (indication of poor processability) increase much more slowly with storage time for the Y-mixed compound than it does for the all-in-one-mixed compounds. Also, a low moisture level in the silica leads to poor processability as does high-temperature heat treatment during the mixing stage.

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49

Moojea-Te, Chalida, Adisai Rungvichaniwat, and Kannika Sahakaro. "Influence of Processing Oil Based on Modified Epoxidized Vegetable Oil with N-Phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) on Extrusion Process Behaviors of Natural Rubber Compounds." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.423.

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Rubber processing oil based on modified epoxidized vegetable oils (m-EVO) was prepared by a reaction of epoxidized palm oil EPO) or epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) with N-Phenyl-ρ-phenylenediamine (PPD) at a mole ratio of 1:0.5. The comparison of m-EVO with aromatic oil (Treated distillate aromatic extract, TDAE) on extrusion process behaviors (output rate, extrusion rate, screw efficiency, heat generation, die swell, extrudate appearance) of carbon black (N330) filled natural rubber (NR) compound was made. It was found that the mooney viscosity of m-EVO based natural rubber compounds are slightly higher than that of the TDAE based natural rubber compound (ML(1+4)100°C: m-ESBO 65.5±0.7; m-EPO 59.7±0.2; TDAE 56.5±1.0), which probably due to the poorer filler dispersion in the compounds. The extrusion process behaviors for output rate (g/min: m-ESBO 191.0±0.6; m-EPO 191.2±0.4; TDAE 195.5±0.6), extrusion rate (cm3/min: m-ESBO 179.6±0.6; m-EPO 183.2±0.4; TDAE 186.4±0.6) and screw efficiency (%: m-ESBO 30.8±0.6; m-EPO 31.4±0.4; TDAE 32.0±0.6). All the three compounds show similar extrusion process behaviors in which the TDAE based compounds shows a marginal higher values than the m-EVO as its lower mooney viscosity lead to a better flow. The m-EPO and m-ESBO based natural rubber compounds show very similar extrusion process behaviors. The heat generation (°C: m-ESBO 61.0±0.8; m-EPO 62.1±0.4; TDAE 63.1±1.0) and die swell (%: m-ESBO 11.0±0.7; m-EPO 11.0±0.5; TDAE 12.7±0.3) of the m-EVO based natural rubber compounds are slightly lower than those of the TDAE based natural rubber compound. As there are no significant differences in the extrusion process behaviors, with respect to extrusion process, m-EVO can be used to replace TDAE oil.

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Che Aziz, Ahmad Kifli, Teku Zakwan Zaeimoedin, and Mazlina Mustafa Kamal. "Effect of Vulcanization Additive on Cure Characteristics and Physical Properties of Silica Filled Epoxidised Natural Rubber Truck Tyre Tread Compound." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.113.

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The challenges of using Epoxidised Natural Rubber (ENR) in truck tyre tread are to achieve good cure reversion resistant and physical properties especially on abrasion resistance towards long vulcanization time. The objectives of the project are to study the effects of vulcanization additive on cure characteristics and physical properties of silica filled ENR compound. In this work, a variation of curing systems were employed and a standard carbon black filled Natural Rubber/Butadiene Rubber (NR/BR) compound as a comparison. Greater reversion resistance and physical properties were observed with inclusion of vulcanization additive in the silica compound as compared to compound containing any. The abrasion resistance on the hand improved in spite of long vulcanisation time which commonly practices in truck tyre manufacturing.Keywords: ENR, silica, vulcanization additive, cure reversion, abrasion resistance

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