Дисертації з теми "Filière déchet"
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Bahers, Jean-Baptiste. "Dynamiques des filières de récupération-recyclage et écologie territoriale : l'exemple de la filière de traitement des déchets d'équipements électriques et électroniques (DEEE) en Midi-Pyrénées." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00711199.
Marchesini, Gaïa. "La gestion des déchets lors de catastrophes naturelles : organisation, désorganisation et réorganisation du système et des filières." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UEFL2011.
The waste management system reorganises during exceptional events to address new constraints linked both to the sudden shift in the quantities, types and mixes of waste, and to the interdependencies with other urban technical systems (road cutting, network congestion, etc.). The involvement in waste management of many stakeholders, particularly from emergency management, evolves. This thesis focuses on these aspects of post-event and waste management around the following question: how do the waste management system and chains transform in the face of strong external constraints, such as those produced by a natural disaster ? Doctoral research uses and specifies a method inspired by functional analysis. It enriches classic studies, which structure the study of the system in two stages - “functional analysis” and “dysfunctional analysis”, by proposing to break down the analysis into six temporalities from natural risk management: the functional system, the pre-disaster, the occurrence of the hazard, the emergency phase, rehabilitation and recovery. The functional analysis is coupled with a chain analysis: the waste management chains are configured in the system to enable the monitoring of their evolution. The method is applied to analyse waste management in the Roya Valley (South France) after Storm Alex in October 2020. Despite the difficulties related to the Covid-19 pandemic, this application phase extended into two field trips (which respectively lasted for a month and a week) which were carried out in 2021 and supplemented by remote interviews. The results show that the hypothesis of considering new waste chains such as a general “disaster waste” chain or even a green disaster waste chain seems reasonable. However, the thesis questions the relevance in terms of preparation and planning of the establishment of such chains, particularly with the uncertainty of their activation and the availability of human, technical and financial means to implement them. Another alternative seems interesting: the possibility of considering waste management as a critical infrastructure (called "activity of vital importance" in France). This qualification could help bring clarity over the responsibilities of waste management stakeholders, and promote the conservation of existing chains even after a disaster. In addition, it might foster the integration of the waste management system into the common culture of crisis management shared between other critical activities, including other urban sociotechnical networks (energy, transport, telecommunications, water and sanitation)
Schmid, Alexis. "Valorisation des véhicules hors d’usage (VHU) : Comparaison multicritère de scénarios de démantèlement par une étude expérimentale menée sur un site industriel de déconstruction / broyage." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAL0060.
To identify keys for improving the recovery rates of ELVs in sustainable socio-economic and environmental conditions, experimental campaigns of dismantling and shredding were performed to compare different scenarios of deconstruction on an industrial plant (Acyclea, Praxy group). This is a focus on the EU Directive on ELVs which sets the ambitious goal of achieving no later than 1 January 2015 a minimum recycling rate of 95% by weight of ELVs, including a maximum of 10% for energy recovery. The experimental campaigns were carried out each treated sample of at least 90 ELVs, whose mass and age means were evaluated at 989 kg / ELV and 14 years respectively. The masses and compositions of matter flows were measured to determine the impact of the level of dismantling vehicles. Other parameters were also monitored, such as labor time on the various operations and analysis of potential emissions in the environment. The results show that the recovery rates increase with the level of deconstruction of vehicles, from 81.6 + / - 3.4% of the mass of ELVs for the standard scenario to 86.0 + / - 0.6% for the scenario the more extensive. However, the objectives of the Directive have not been achieved even with the more extensive scenario further. A comprehensive assessment methodology adapted to the system "dismantling / shredding / sorting of ELV" was established. It is based on nine indicators to measure performance in terms of sustainable development issues and a more specific indicator that assesses the technical performance of the sector. The results were analyzed indicator by indicator, and a comprehensive multi-criteria analysis was performed using the method ELECTRE II. They show that the middle scenario of deconstruction is optimal vis-à-vis all the selected criteria
Melquiot, Pierre. "Prendre en compte, gérer, maîtriser les déchets dans la filière habillement." Grenoble INPG, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPG0145.
Boeglin, Nadia. "Valorisation par agglomération de sous-produits de la filière bois : faisabilité technique et approche technico-économique." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10334.
Baudry, Rachel. "Service public, filière industrielle, coûts sociaux du traitement des déchets ménagers : quelle place pour le recyclage ?" Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10062.
Rendek, Eva. "Influence des procédés de la filière traitement thermique sur les caractéristiques et les évolutions bio-physico-chimiques des Mâchefers d'Incinération d'Ordures Ménagères (MIOM)." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0041/these.pdf.
The waste input and the process technology of the plant appear to have a great influence on bottom ash quality. To better understand how these parameters can affect the residues characteristics, bottom ash from 6 different plants were tested and compared in this study. Bottom ash physico-chemical characteristics were investigated by chemical analyses, and leaching tests. In order to understand their long-term behavior, accelerated ageing experiments and biodegradation tests were also performed. The whole analyses gave complementary information. It was shown that the 6 samples do have different properties. Waste input have a great influence on Cl and S content in bottom ash, as well as on the Ca/Si ratio. The importance of this ratio on carbonation process has been demonstrated. Combustion parameters have an influence on quantity and mobility of the residual organic matter. Biological and physicochemical experiments were coupled with a view to developing a new rapid assessment method of bottom ash quality. Comparative results of leaching tests and biodegradation experiments showed a positive correlation between dissolved carbon and microbial activity. However, quantities of biodegraded or leached carbon are not representative of the samples total organic carbon content. Thermal analysis have revealed the presence of two fractions of organic components, showing different thermal behaviors. One of them can be directly linked to the leachable and biodegradable organic matter fraction. Calorimetric test is then a novel analysis method that allows to provide rapid and global information concerning the characteristics of organic matter in bottom ash and its possible short and long-term evolution
Khalfi, Az-Eddine. "Etude du comportement dans diverses conditions de combustion, de déchets de bois, représentatifs de la filière ameublement." Mulhouse, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MULH0610.
Stalder, Thibault. "Implication des effluents d'activités hospitalières et de la filière carnée sur la dissémination de l’antibiorésistance : Dynamique des intégrons de l’émission au rejet." Limoges, 2012. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/38891773-0b9d-4f34-a342-a2da4509ecac/blobholder:0/2012LIMO4031.pdf.
This work aims to assess the global contribution and influence of hospital activities and livestock industries on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance in the environment. For this purpose, the dynamics of a genetic element used as a biomarker of antibiotic resistance, the resistance integrons (RI), was monitored. Indeed, a wide range of solids and liquids biological wastes from different geographical and anthropogenic origins are involved in the antibiotic resistance dissemination. However, we showed that hospital effluents contained a high proportion of RIs in bacterial communities, and the gene cassette (GC) content of class 1 RI mainly showed antibiotic resistance GCs. Hospital effluent contributed to 14% of the Ris introduced in the waste water treatment plant (WWTP). While urban effluents diluted the risk associated with hospital effluent, RIs harboring GCs of clinical interest, such as ESBLencoding GCs, were found in these effluents unaffected by medical and industrial activities. The WWTP did not reduce the proportion of RIs in treated effluents but eliminated a fraction of the bulk of GCs from the influent. Large quantities of RIs harboring antibiotic-resistance GCs, and also GCs with unknown functions were released daily into the environment. In addition, a pilot study showed that the treatment of hospital wastewater by the activated sludge process promoted the increase of IR and potentially pathogenic bacteria in the sewage sludge, and consequently increased the issue of antibiotic- resistance spread in these matrices. Finally the use of RI as biomarker to assess the efficiency of advanced treatment processes for hospital effluents (membrane bioreactor ozonation, activated carbon) highlighted the effectiveness of membrane bioreactors using ultrafiltration to reduce both bacteria and IR of anthropogenic origins
Guiheneuf-Giraud, Laurence. "Méthodologie d'évaluation d'une filière de traitement biologique et chimique de déchets issus d'une pollution marine accidentelle par des hydrocarbures pétroliers." Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2013.
The objective of this study is to permit all actors to manage hydrocarbon pollution and to choose adapted waste treatment. An evaluation methodology was realised and proposed for the same. A chemical characterisation of the pollutants all along the treatment stage was done by GCMS and HPLC. The biodegradability was evaluated using Sturm test. The ecotoxicity and mutagenicity evaluation of treatment residues were realised by LUMIStox, ARTOXKIT and Ames tests. Finally, the VOC’s which are produced during the biodegradation step were characterised. The microbial consortium profile used for this biotreatment was analysed by Biolog EcoPlate method. Results of Sturm test showed 16% of biodegradation for the DEPOL (petroleum). The Sturm test cannot be adapted for organic wastes different from petroleum source and it is less adapted for sandy wastes which contains carbonate irons. Then, a pilot is constructed in order to adapt the methodology for the evaluation of a biotreatment of marine sand polluted by DEPOL (1/10 biopile). No genotoxicity was detected and a very high acute toxicity occurs rapidly for percolated water, which was probably due to a poor oxygen diffusion. The microbial diversity decreases in the percolated water and in the reactor containing activated sludge, but increases in sand. Some of the VOC’s were identified by GCMS. Alkanes and aromatic compounds in sand were degraded in 3 weeks of treatment, whereas alkanes in percolated water were less rapidly degraded. In conclusion, percolated water, which presents a high acute toxicity, must be taken into account for a biological treatment
Tanguy, Audrey. "Approche territoriale de la valorisation des déchets : élaboration d’un modèle pour la conception de filières adaptées au territoire." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEM016/document.
Since the early 90's, waste management has become a « resources » management whose recovery can substitute fossil natural resources. The waste processing required can lead to important logistics, which need to be planned so that the additional impacts associated with waste management operations do not offset the benefits arising from the exploitation of the resource. Moreover, waste is a dispersed resource, subject to a great spatial variability (e.g. waste production rate). This has implications on the recovery chains performance and, especially, on the transport-related activities. In order to consider this spatial heterogeneity in waste management planning, this thesis presents a territorial approach to waste recovery chain's design. It relies on the definition of recovery potentials indicators associated to the sources. The application of the approach to the Montreal case allowed finding the areas unfavourable to the management scenarios considered. Determining the causes of low performance allowed targeting the needs in terms of system's improvement and, especially, the areas where these changes needed to happen. Therefore the approach presented in this thesis is the first step towards a decision-making tool for a localized diversification of recovery chains. By including the interactions between the chain's different processes (collection/transport/treatment), it also provides a systemic framework for a better overall planning of waste management activities
Fraval, Sylvie. "Mise au point d'une nouvelle filière de traitement des eaux de lavage de fumées d'incinération." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_FRAVAL_S.pdf.
The aim of this work was to define a treatment process of flue gas cleaning wastewater from household refuses or industrial wastes incineration. Different synthetic wastewaters were used to determine the optimal heavy metal removal conditions using sodium carbonate and silicate as the two reactive agents in a new synthetic material. The solid and liquid phases characterized by fine analytical methods allowed to precise the removal mechanisms of several pollutants. Ln the solid phase, the soluble silicates reacted with diverse cations to form amorphous silicates however no silica were found. Microfiltration membrane was used as a solid/liquid separation technique. After treatment, the solid phase presented higher concentrations than traditional sedimentation techniques, communly used in this field. The filtrate physical-chemical characteristics complied with aIl quality standards for discharge in the environment. The sludges dewatering process lead to a pasty waste. Its pollutant potential and stability were estimated by using two leaching tests. The data showed that the different solid phases were involved in dissolution and precipitation mechanisms. This study has highlighted a new flue gas cleaning wastewater chain that is more efficient and easier of usage than the present industrial process
Horta, Arduin Rachel. "De la gestion des déchets à l'approvisionnement de matières secondaires : développement d'indicateurs pour la gestion des DEEE - focus sur la filière française." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ENAM0064.
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) is among the key urban mining stream due to its composition and rising volume. Currently, in the European Union, WEEE chain performance is mainly assessed by technical indicators that aim to ensure system compliance with collection and recovery targets set by the WEEE Directive. The WEEE Directive and French regulation target higher collection and treatment rates in the coming years. Therefore, to ensure an increase in quantity and quality of e-waste collected, reused and recycled, it is necessary to improve our knowledge and control of the WEEE flows. The goal of this thesis is to establish a robust set of indicators covering multidimensional aspects related to the collection and treatment of WEEE. These indicators intend to improve the visibility on the progress of the WEEE official schemes in a circular economy. Different technical, environmental, economic and criticality priorities related to the recovery of raw materials from e-waste are assessed. The indicators are presented and validated with a case study focused on waste screens, considering data and particularities of the e-waste chain in France. The multidimensional approach presented in this study can support future policies and best practices in WEEE management in order to improve e-waste tracking and the recovery of (critical) raw materials. In so doing, more targeted WEEE management activities have the potential to extend the scope from waste and hazardous substances management to enhancing the supply of quality secondary raw materials
Paul, Jacky. "Le compostage et la fertilisation organique à l’échelle du territoire en Guadeloupe : conditions d’émergence d’une filière de recyclage des déchets en agriculture." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA028.
Due to the limited availability of landfill sites, local authorities have strongly encouraged since 2008 the structuration of waste treatment channels. As concerns the organic wastes, a special attention has been paid for recycling them through composting. In this study, we focused on the conditions of development of a sector for recycling organic wastes in Guadeloupe through the assessment of the conditions affecting compost adoption by farmers. In order to identify and evaluate the determinants of farmers 'choices, we applied an original approach combining an ex-post analysis of current practices and farmers' perceptions, and an ex-ante analysis using the Choice Experiment method of levers for facilitating the adoption of compost. We test biotechnical levers concerning compost properties and the facilitation of practices with technical support, and economic levers mainly focused on the implementation of new AgroEnvironmental Schemes (AES) to promote economically the composts. We observed that the adoption rate is relatively low (18% of farmers) and highly dependent on the agricultural sector (i.e. banana, sugarcane, vegetables and food crops), the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers and the lack of organization of the waste recycling chain (e.g., information, transport, spreading, subsidies). We demonstrated that farmers are very sensitive to the improvement of compost quality by increasing its fertilizer value, as well as to the logistical, economic and administrative support for its transport and spreading. They are also willing to participate in a collective incentive in the form of a conditional monetary bonus paid individually to farmers. The results of this study indicated that farmers are not reluctant to a regular use of compost provided that organizational barriers identified are removed, and that the agronomic value of the composts meets the expectations of farmers. Regional plans can now be defined and implemented to develop the massive use of compost from the recycling of organic waste in Guadeloupe
Meullemiestre, Alice. "Valorisation des déchets de la filière « bois » en deux étapes : isolation des molécules extractibles puis fabrication de charbon actif : cas du pin maritime." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS008/document.
The scientific advances in plants, processing technologies, biotechnology allow considering that the products of renewable carbon green chemistry, substitutable and competitive will replace the products issued from fossil material. In this framework, this project concerned a double valorization of waste from wood sector. The first valorization concerned the isolation of extractable compounds which are present in low quantities and could be considered as a high added value product. The second valorization deals with the transformation of the residue in another high added value product : the activated carbons. Thus, the proposed process concerns the sector of "green chemistry" with an integrated approach of "waste valorization". In the framework of this study, we used as raw material sawdust of maritime pine (pinus pinaster) from Landes area from an isolation of volatiles extracted by some intensified processes such as microwave and ultrasounds. The obtained oil was characterized by determining the quantity (yield), the composition, the antioxidant capacity, the polyphenols content and by studying the microstructure. To achieve a total valorization the residues were submitted to a pyro-activation with CO2 and water vapor as activating agents to produce an activated carbon. An optimization was carried out according to different responses as the BET surface, the pores size by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K and the adsorption properties of activated carbon in aqueous phase (Langmuir et Freundlich parameters)
Berthe, Céline. "Etude de la matière organique contenue dans des lixiviats issus de différentes filières de traitement des déchets ménagers et assimilés." Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/f64563c8-cc6b-46ce-b282-6ac873ca7db0/blobholder:0/2006LIMO0052.pdf.
Mérot, Anne-Sophie. "Gouvernance et développement durable : le cas de la responsabilité élargie du producteur dans la filière de gestion des déchets des équipements électriques et électroniques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENG006/document.
This doctoral research focuses on the study of the governance of the electrical and electronic equipment waste (WEEE) stream, a sector governed by the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). EPR is an environmental management strategy in place to deal with environmental, health and economic issues created by the growing production of WEEE. We envisage EPR as a strategy for change towards a system that is more consistent with the principles of sustainable development. This transition is notably possible if the WEEE management regime is considered as a resource regime. As a system of rules and socially constructed set of norms, the EPR is also an institution. As such, it has similarities with the institutions of common resources management, including the importance of governance. In our case study, governance has two levels that embody the temporal character of sustainable development: an operational level, involved in daily management, and strategic level dedicated to a more long term vision
Mostefaoui, Nabil. "Intégration des procédés électrochimiques dans une filière de traitement des lixiviatis de décharge pour l'élimination de la charge organique difficilement biodégradable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2024. https://these.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2024/TH2024PESC2004.pdf.
This thesis focuses on utilizing electrochemical processes for the treatment of actual landfill leachate from the municipal landfill site of Algiers. The challenge lies in the high concentration of poorly biodegradable organic compounds. Three electrochemical processes—namely, anodic oxidation (AO), electro-Fenton (EF), and electro-coagulation (EC)—were examined. The primary objectives were to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each process, understand the underlying mechanisms, and determine their optimal placement within a comprehensive treatment scheme, considering potential integration with biological treatment. The study was part of a collaborative project funded by PHC Tassili (Algeria/France).In laboratory-scale batch reactors, AO and EF processes were analyzed, comparing different anode and cathode materials to identify the most effective configuration for removing organic compounds from raw landfill leachates. AO with a boron-doped diamond anode (BDD) proved most suitable, achieving 81% removal of total organic carbon after 6 hours at 500 mA. However, drawbacks included high energy consumption (116 kWh m-3), partial nitrogen removal, and the formation of undesirable chemical species from chloride oxidation.The integration of AO into a comprehensive treatment scheme was explored to capitalize on its non-selective removal of organic compounds while addressing identified drawbacks. Combining AO with EC and biological treatment aimed to reduce current density and treatment time during the AO process. EC showed potential for a 40% partial removal of the organic load with low energy consumption (2.8 kWh m-3). However, sludge management posed challenges. Applying AO at 200 mA for 4 hours increased mineralization efficiency to 65%, and this treatment step enhanced the biodegradability of the residual organic load. Combining AO with the membrane bioreactor at the Algiers landfill site showed promise, reducing the formation of ClO3- and ClO4- ions significantly.Using AO as a pre-treatment before the membrane bioreactor emerged as a more promising strategy, optimizing energy consumption and minimizing the formation of ClO3- and ClO4- ions compared to post-treatment. The membrane bioreactor efficiently removed nitrogen load. Overall, a treatment train incorporating EC and AO as pre-treatment before the membrane bioreactor appears promising for reducing the residual organic load, potentially decreasing concentrates generated by subsequent membrane-based treatment steps
Lornage, Raphaël. "Comparaison de trois filières de stockage d'ordures ménagères : étude du comportement des déchets en pilotes semi industriels et caractérisation des émissions liquides et gazeuses associées." Lyon 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/13/37/69/PDF/These_Raphael_LORNAGE_2006.pdf.
The present work is dealing with three ways of MSW treatment : conventional landfill, bioreactor landfill and mechanical and biological treatment (MBT) prior landfill. The study of pilot scale experiments allowed the follow up of biological degradation of MSW in both aerobic (MBT) and anaerobic conditions (landfill). The aerobic treatment leads to a significant reduction of methane production potential of the wastes to be landfilled. The monitoring of gaseous emissions during the treatment shows an important volatile organic compounds (VOC) release. Leachate recirculation on fresh waste generates pollutants concentration. Beneficial effect of recirculation has not been clearly shown. Qualitative and quantitative measurements of liquid and gaseous emissions authorized the calculation of emission factors as well as mass balances (mass, water, carbon and nitrogen). Greenhouse gases and odours emissions and geotechnical behaviour of landfilled waste were also integrated in the comparison. The statistical assessment of VOC emissions contributes to a better understanding of generation and emission phenomena of such compounds
Alonso, movilla Natalia. "Contribution aux méthodes de conception pour la fin de vie : prise en compte des pratiques de prétraitement de la filière DEEE (Déchets d’Equipements Electriques et Electroniques)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAI065/document.
Compliance schemes have been stablished in recent years to alleviate the burden of economical, societal, environmental and regulatory pressures. To ensure the best recovery of end-of-life products, their design has to meet the requirements of the different waste management operators. The pre-treatment phase consists on the separation of components and materials from waste. It is an essential step when recovering complex product such as waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which is the focus of this research work. The literature research shows that design for recovery methods do not take into account the diversity and nature of pre-treatment practices or the reasons behind them. In order to increase the understating related to these practices we have developed two models.The first one is a macroscopic model whose aim is to identify the main factors that influence the activity of pre-treatment operators. The development of the method involved two main steps: the characterization and the classification of pre-treatment operators. Two descriptive studies of the French WEEE compliance scheme have been carried out in order to develop the method. A qualitative descriptive study allowed us to identify the reasons why operators realize the different recovery strategies and pretreatment process. A descriptive statistical analysis, more specifically, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to develop a classification of the pretreatment operators.The second model that has been developed, a microscopic one, contains detailed information about the treatment operations carried out by one specific type of operator. The aim of this model is to identify what the best and worst design choices are in order to improve product’s pre-treatment. We have proposed a method for manual disassembly analysis to support the ecodesign of flat panel displays. The method enables to obtain quantitative data that provide solid evidence to support the development of eco-design guidelines. It also enables the development of disassembly indicators and recommendations to be used in product design.The macro and microscopic models are instruments of knowledge acquisition on pre-treatment practices that may be applicable to other compliance schemes
Anger, Baptiste. "Caractérisation des sédiments fins des retenues hydroélectriques en vue d’une orientation vers des filières de valorisation matière." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2034.
Sediment dredging is needed to ensure good operation of ports, waterways and reservoirs insofar as navigation or energy production is concerned. The analysis of feedback from experiments concerning beneficial uses of fine sediments dredged from marine and river environments, shows that sustainable solutions are very limited or do not exist. Land-based management of hydro-electric dams with sediments requires the integration of all resources existing in a given area. A sustainable approach to management of dredged material requires, inter alia, a change of point of view. Even if their status is that of waste, these materials deserve to be considered as a valuable potential alternative resource, bearing in mind the scarcity of natural mineral material. Therefore, this thesis proposes a global approach, adapted to dam fine sediments, to implement a decision-making tool in order to pre-screen sediments towards re-use channels. A study of five potential industrial sectors for reusing fine dam sediments was conducted, including cement works, concrete admixtures, road building, ceramics, and agriculture. It highlighted input specifications of fine dam sediments, and research on key parameters. An inventory was established for each of these industrial sectors, quoting related research works and applied engineering. These five sectors or channels were implemented and investigated in laboratory conditions using four hydroelectric dam fine sediments, representative of various typologies. First, a mineral, geotechnical and agronomic characterization was conducted, allowing to weigh sediments - industrial sectors or channels, considering input specifications of re-use objectives. Then, re-use tests followed, namely, manufacturing of a clinker, addition of sediments to a mortar, development of road material and manufacturing of a ceramic material, highlighting positive or negative characteristics of fine sediments in relation to various channels studied. A decision tool was implemented for preselecting re-use channels. It was designed from the identification and interpretation of pertinent technical criteria, and from minimal characterization of fine dam sediments. Finally, it is stressed that geographical proximity for possible re-use is of paramount importance
Cisse, Idrissa. "Bassin d'approvisionnement en combustibles ligneux de Bakel (Sénégal) : la transcription spatiale d'une filière transfrontalière pour alimenter une petite ville." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100036.
In Senegal, wood fuels are a source of income for thousands of people and the main cooking energy for nearly 70% of the population. In Bakel and similar secondary towns, dependency can be as high as 90% of the population, and harvesting takes place over relatively long distances. In this context, the question of the limits and organisation of supply basins arises. This thesis proposes to examine the Bakel supply basin from a multi-secular perspective that can account for its original structure. The analysis of the various structuring elements of the basin highlights the primacy of legal differentials accentuated by decentralization and the interplay of actors in the sector over resource localization criteria. From a spatial point of view, the distance from the urban centre does not seem to be the only logical explanation for the withdrawal zones: these are more located according to cultural and social criteria, as well as local regulations.The study examines in particular the role played by the triple border between Mali, Mauritania and Senegal in the flow of fuelwood to Bakel and its consequences in terms of cooperation in the management of wood resources. Finally, the study examines woodfuel consumption practices and the structuring of the supply chain in the heart of Bakel city. A quantification of supply and consumption practices makes it possible to highlight the maintenance of wood energy in the practices of the inhabitants, but also the weight of informal actors in the functioning of the sector within the city. These elements plead in favour of a form of planning for the sector, but also for the spaces that participate in it, whether the city as a privileged place of consumption or the whole basin, notably by developing official cross-border cooperation on this issue
Tcha-Thom, Maglwa. "Recherche d'une filière durable pour la méthanisation des déchets de fruits et d'abattoirs du Togo : Evaluation du potentiel agronomique des digestats sur les sols de la région de la Kara." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0061/document.
Anaerobic digestion, a renewal energy process, constitutes an undeniable asset of material and energy flows recovering in response to sustainable development issues. Thus, the aim of this current study was to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms that govern the reactive environment of anaerobic digestion and the effects of digestates on the biophysico- chemical matrix of agricultural soils sector. The running of leaching tests in aerobic and anaerobic controlled reactors, organo-mineral mobilizations patterns of the substrates and the valorization of biogas in slaughtered animals knackering have been realized. The physicochemical and technical locks tarnishing the pineapple wastes anaerobic digestion have been lifted and optimized through the co-substrates including cattle manure and ashes. The digestates have been brought on agricultural soils, forests areas soils and medium free of organic matter and clays and allowed to detect the limits of digestates uses and the interactions with organic and mineral fractions of soils. This study, thus show, the importance to develop the anaerobic digestion sector for a sustainable removal of organic wastes
De, Lopez Sophânara S. "Contribution à la définition d'une filière intégrée de valorisation des pailles de céréales : étude de l'impact d'une pré-extraction alcaline des hémicelluloses sur la production de pâte à papier." Toulouse, INPT, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995INPT017G.
Rodrigues, Jérémy. "Analyse de cycle de vie intégrative de filières de production de biomasse à usage industriel par la valorisation de délaissés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0321/document.
Marginal materials and lands (brownfields, byproducts, inert wastes), the management of which causes significant environmental impacts, can be valorized through soil construction in order to grow nonfood biomass (e.g. fiber, energy). This may reduce their volume and increase use of renewable resources without direct or indirect competition with food crops or biodiversity. This thesis assesses the sustainability of such supply chains with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), considered one of the most pertinent existing methods. This thesis introduces indicators complementary to current use, in order to improve LCA’s exhaustivity and its taking into account of marginal lands’ specificities. It prioritizes impacts with respect to planetary boundaries (i.e. maximum impacts levels acceptable to avoid ecosystem disruption), average impacts in studied geographic context and added value of the supply chains. Most of these suggestions are applied to the study of a soil construction process using inert and organic wastes (LORVER). The high diversity of materials and alternative management strategies and the most certain tradeoffs and critical parameters are assessed combining uncertainty and multidimensional analysis tools. Constructed soil’s ability to stabilize carbon and pollutants is demonstrated to be its major condition for sustainability. For other impacts (ecosystem services, air quality, resources), LORVER is even less pertinent when the need for material transportation increases, and more importantly if those materials could have otherwise been used to replace commodities polluting to produce. These results highlight when LORVER can be seen as sustainable
Lornage, Raphaël. "COMPARAISON DE TROIS FILIERES DE STOCKAGE D'ORDURES MENAGERESEtude du comportement des déchets en pilotes semi industriels et caractérisation des émissions liquides et gazeuses associées." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00133769.
La mise en place et le suivi de pilotes semi industriels a permis l'étude de la dégradation biologique du déchet durant le prétraitement aérobie et en conditions de stockage anaérobies.
Le prétraitement biologique a permis une importante réduction du potentiel méthanogène du déchet à enfouir. Le suivi des émissions gazeuses a par ailleurs montré des émissions significatives de composés organiques volatils (COV).
La recirculation de lixiviats pratiquée sur un déchet jeune a engendré un phénomène d'accumulation de polluants. L'effet bénéfique de la recirculation sur la production de biogaz n'a pas été mis clairement en évidence.
La mesure qualitative et quantitative des émissions liquides et gazeuses a permis d'établir des flux émissifs de polluants, ainsi que des bilans matière (Bilan de masse, hydrique, carbone, azote) relatifs à chacune des filières étudiées. La production de gaz à effet de serre, la génération d'odeurs et le comportement géomécanique du déchet en conditions de stockage ont été intégrées à la comparaison des trois filières.
L'étude des données à l'émission des COV, notamment à l'aide d'outils statistiques, a contribué à une meilleure compréhension de l'origine et des processus d'émission de ces composés.
Idjis, Hakim. "La filière de valorisation des batteries de véhicules électriques en fin de vie : contribution à la modélisation d’un système organisationnel complexe en émergence." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLC015/document.
With the development of electric vehicles, the recovery of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) arises for various reasons. However, a structured recovery network does not exist today. Our academic work aims to study this latter. The LIBs recovery network is defined as a socio-technical complex emerging system. Our problematic is then to study it from a technical-economic, organizational and prospective perspective, taking into account the different complexities. This problematic raises three research questions: How to model the LIBs recovery network as a complex organizational emerging system? How to foresight on the LIBs recovery network? How to analyze the LIBs recovery network governance?To model the LIBs recovery network, we apply with combination three systemic modeling methods: SCOS'M (Systemics for Complex Organisational Systems' Modelling), cognitive mapping and system dynamics. The modeling aims to characterize the recovery network (stakeholders, subsystems ...), understand its dynamics and identify the key variables in these dynamics. This model is the basis for the following research questions.To Foresight on the LIBs recovery network, we recommend the use of scenarios. These are defined using the SRI matrix (Stranford Research Institute), exploiting the key variables. Foresight is permitted by simulating the system dynamics model with different scenarios to analyze the technical-economic aspects. For the study of the LIBs recovery network governance, the scope was restricted to the repurposing activity. In this case, the study of the governance comes down to analyzing the combinations (2nd life application, stakeholder). A decision aid methodology has been developed for this purpose. In general, this thesis identified the questions that arise when considering the recovery of LIBs. Through our modeling, we have established a useful basis for decision aid. We answered some questions (technical-economic and organizational aspects) and paved the way for others (logistical and environmental aspects)
Rey, Aurélien. "Mise au point de méthodes pour l’analyse de substances critiques issues des rejets industriels et de la fabrication des produits de la filière cuir." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10015/document.
Taking in account the increasing needs and demands in environmental and consumer protection, CTCis always seeking improvement in analytical methods and development of new ones dealing with leather,fabrics and aqueous samples. In this thesis, several new methods were developed to be able to handleanalytical requests dealing with leather and textile materials being parts of shoes, clothes and other leathergoods.A GC/MS method using chemical ionization was developed to detect short polychlorinated alkanes down to aconcentration of 0.6 μg/L in aqueous sample and 2 mg/kg in leather samples. Alkylphenols and theirethoxylates were similarly determined by GC/MS down to 0.05 μg/L.Flame retardants are another large class of chemicals becoming suspicious. Polybromodiphenylethers weredetermined in aqueous samples and leathers. The respective GC/MS highest limits of quantification (LOQ)were0.05 µg/l and 80 μg/kg. Other members of this class are hexabromocyclododecane andorganophosphates. Both were determined by LC/MS-MS with LOQ of about 6 mg/kg.Carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons were also determined in leather samples using GC/MS-MS down to250 μg/kg.The last improved GC/MS analytical method was handling sewage sludge seeking multi residues of organicpolluants down to the 0.1 µg/l level or below. The analytical performances developed or improved allowedfor an efficient and useful control of the various sample received from the CTC customers and followinginternational quality rules
Mongeard, Laetitia. "Des gravats dans la ville : Pour une approche matérielle de la démolition." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2137.
While the city is renewing itself upon its own foundations, the process and operations inherent in this phenomenon produce a quantity of waste equivalent, if not superior, to domestic waste in the case of France. Among this demolition waste, we find rubble, piled up in mountains on emblematic work sites or shapeless piles on the side of the road in unauthorised dumps. The issue of the future of these heavy materials is regulated within a framework that demands their reuse. In urban construction, waste tends to be seen more and more as a possible deposit, an alternative to natural ressources, thinking in terms of territorial metabolism and circular economy. By studying the case of the Lyonnais conurbation, this thesis studies the process of production of this rubble, a potential secondary raw material. Demolition - an issue mainly associated with engineering science and to a lesser extent with social science and humanities including geography - is comprehended in its materiality, through the monitoring of rubble, based on a sample of work sites. Considering in turns the production of rubble and its flow, as well as the organisation and functioning of the system brought into play, this thesis examines how demolition waste can participate in urban construction. Unlike other waste, that are subjected to institutionalised treatment to fit the legal frame, rubble is considered a relative, inert waste, whose reuse depends on technical and spatial practices - mainly on a local level - from the very beginning of the demolition process. This demolition process is therefore decisive since it is responsible for the future of these materials. That process relies on a whole sector dedicated to “deconstruction”, facing challenges to adapt to a global economic context while dealing with an old activity, deeply rooted on a local level. The use of rubble in urban construction also involves reuses based on proximity. However, the implementation of a clear structuring and hierarchisation of the materials, as well as what can be done with them, seems necessary considering the sometimes conflicting interests at stake. The system transforming rubble into secondary raw materials is currently developing ans shows that its main goal will be the coordination of actors and already existing practices
Wu-Tiu-Yen, Jenny. "Valorisation de la vinasse de canne à sucre : étude d'un procédé d'extraction d'un acide organique multivalent." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLA008.
Cane stillage or vinasse, a byproduct of cane industry, contains from 5 to 7 g/L of aconitic acid, a valuable trivalent carboxylic acid belonging to the second class of building block chemicals. Vinasse also contains a variety of organic compounds (organic acids, amino-acids, colouring matters) and minerals (chlorides, sulphates), which makes purification not straightforward. The objective of this work is to develop the extraction of aconitic acid from stillage, with anion exchange as the heart of the process. In order to improve performances, the main characteristics of the selected anion-exchange resin (Lewatit S4528) are studied. Acid-base dosage and ion-exchange equilibrium experiments allow the total capacity of this support and the ion-exchange coefficients for the major competing anions (aconitate, chloride and sulfate) to be obtained. Separation performances in column are studied for different pH, different solutions (aconitic acid alone, synthetic and industrial stillage) and different resin forms (sulfate, chloride and free- base) in order to elucidate the separation mechanisms.Elution step is also investigated. Best conditions are for stillage at its natural pH (pH 4.5) on the resin under chloride form and HCl 0,5N as the eluant. A 28% DM purity and a 61% global recovery are achieved for aconitic acid in the eluate. Main impurities still remaining are chlorides or sulfates and coloring matter. Homopolar electrodialysis proves successful for removing nearly 100% chlorides from aconitic acid with a limited loss of the acid (< 15%). Adsorption step on a polystyrenic resin (XAD16) of an acidic eluate leads to the retention of 80% of the colorants, with only 12% of the acid lost. At last, the most interesting process combination associates microfiltration, anion-exchange, electrodialysis and adsorption. Purity is 37% MS, namely 3.6 higher than the original vinasse. This work enables aconitic acid purity to be improved by a factor of 2.6 compared with prior studies and to have a better comprehension of the mechanisms involved in its purification on weak anionic resin