Статті в журналах: "Fighting antibiotic resistance"

1

Goldhaber, M. "Fighting antibiotic resistance." Science 266, no. 5190 (December 2, 1994): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7985006.

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Voelker, R. "Fighting Antibiotic Resistance." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 4 (January 26, 2000): 470—b—470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.4.470-b.

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Voelker, Rebecca. "Fighting Antibiotic Resistance." JAMA 283, no. 4 (January 26, 2000): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.4.470-jqu90012-3-1.

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Brouillette, Monique. "Fighting Antibiotic Resistance with Biology." Inside Precision Medicine 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2022): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ipm.09.04.05.

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Tacconelli, Evelina, and Giulia De Angelis. "Fighting antibiotic resistance all over Europe." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 8, no. 7 (July 2010): 761–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eri.10.57.

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6

Levy, Stuart B. "Fighting the Specter of Antibiotic Resistance." Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice 7, no. 6 (August 1998): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019048-199808000-00006.

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Plantinga, Nienke L., Bastiaan HJ Wittekamp, Pleun J. van Duijn, and Marc JM Bonten. "Fighting antibiotic resistance in the intensive care unit using antibiotics." Future Microbiology 10, no. 3 (March 2015): 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fmb.14.146.

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Huang, Yuanling, Wenhui Wang, Zhihao Zhang, Yufeng Gu, Anxiong Huang, Junhao Wang, and Haihong Hao. "Phage Products for Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (June 30, 2022): 1324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071324.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health issue and antibiotic agents have lagged behind the rise in bacterial resistance. We are searching for a new method to combat AMR and phages are viruses that can effectively fight bacterial infections, which have renewed interest as antibiotic alternatives with their specificity. Large phage products have been produced in recent years to fight AMR. Using the “one health” approach, this review summarizes the phage products used in plant, food, animal, and human health. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages and future perspectives for the development of phage therapy as an antibiotic alternative to combat AMR are also discussed in this review.

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Mehrabi, Mohammad Reza, Madjid Soltani, Mohsen Chiani, Kaamran Raahemifar, and Ali Farhangi. "Nanomedicine: New Frontiers in Fighting Microbial Infections." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 25, 2023): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030483.

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Microbes have dominated life on Earth for the past two billion years, despite facing a variety of obstacles. In the 20th century, antibiotics and immunizations brought about these changes. Since then, microorganisms have acquired resistance, and various infectious diseases have been able to avoid being treated with traditionally developed vaccines. Antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity have surpassed antibiotic discovery in terms of importance over the course of the past few decades. These shifts have resulted in tremendous economic and health repercussions across the board for all socioeconomic levels; thus, we require ground-breaking innovations to effectively manage microbial infections and to provide long-term solutions. The pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors have been radically altered as a result of nanomedicine, and this trend is now spreading to the antibacterial research community. Here, we examine the role that nanomedicine plays in the prevention of microbial infections, including topics such as diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, pharmaceutical administration, and immunizations, as well as the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.

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Antwi, AN, A. Stewart, and Michelle Crosbie. "Fighting antibiotic resistance: a narrative review of public knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of antibiotics use." Perspectives in Public Health 140, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 338–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757913920921209.

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Aims: The aims of this study were to ascertain the comprehensive knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of people from varying socioeconomic regions towards antibiotic use; identify the misperceptions and malpractices; and inform health policy and practice. Method: EBSCO host databases, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched to obtain relevant primary research papers within the years 2010–2018. Search phrases included the following: ‘antibiotics use’, ‘community perceptions’, ‘public opinion, knowledge, behaviour, practices, perceptions’. Initially, selected papers were screened using the Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) model. Results: Review of the 20 articles selected was based on six identified themes. It was found that insufficient knowledge and awareness of antibiotics use; self-medication and the use of leftover antibiotics; treating viral diseases with antibiotics or used as painkillers; expecting antibiotic prescription as a culmination of consultation; and the credibility of information obtained are issues that cut across different countries. Conclusion: Evidence from this review suggests that misconceptions of antibiotic use are similar in different countries. Therefore, the need for the development and implementation of transferable policies as well as educating the public is necessary for the fight against ABR.

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Rábano-Blanco, Andrea, Eva María Domínguez-Martís, Diego Gabriel Mosteiro-Miguéns, Manuel Freire-Garabal, and Silvia Novío. "Nursing Students’ Knowledge and Awareness of Antibiotic Use, Resistance and Stewardship: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study." Antibiotics 8, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8040203.

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Antibiotic resistance is an emerging worldwide concern with serious repercussions in terms of morbi-mortality. Bearing in mind that the inadequate use of antibiotics, by healthcare staff as well as by the general population, is one of its main causes, a multidisciplinary approach is required to try to combat it. The aim of the present study was to determine nursing students’ knowledge and awareness of antibiotic use, resistance and stewardship. A cross-sectional design was used. A total of 578 nursing students from the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), ≥18 years old of both sexes were invited to complete the Spanish version of the questionnaire “Knowledge and awareness of the use, resistance and administration of antibiotics” between February and April 2019. Students had a low level of knowledge about antibiotics, 4.1 (CI95% = 3.4–4.8), especially in relation to antibiotic resistance. As the students were aware of this deficiency, the majority affirmed (>90%) that the current curriculum of nursing degree should have more training on antibiotics and infection control. Nursing staff play an important role in the rational use of antibiotics and as teachers of patients, so their training could be key in fighting antibiotic resistance.

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B R, Arpitha, Rakesh G, Aishwarya B S, and Vimala Gandhi. "A Review on Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 10 (October 31, 2022): 536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47034.

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Abstract: Antibiotics are miracle cures for fighting microorganisms. Treatment for bacterial illnesses is now available thanks to antibiotics. When antibiotics were first developed in the 1900s, it was believed that humanity had defeated microorganisms, but researchers have discovered that antibiotic resistance is rising at a concerning rate. Unfortunately, societal and economic circumstances, as well as the abuse and misuse of antibiotics in recent decades, have spread the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Both humans and animals are universally at risk from the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which is typically unavoidable. Furthermore, several studies found a link between antibiotic resistance and a higher risk of prolonged hospital stays and mortality, underscoring the significant clinical and financial costs of this phenomenon. At least 7000000 people worldwide currently pass away each year as a result of antimicrobial resistance. By 2050, the World Health Organization projects that this number could reach 10 million, underscoring the seriousness of the health issue. The world health organization coined the phrase "No action today, no cure tomorrow" in 2011 in response to the alarming epidemiological data, in order to quickly implement a new strategy to improve the use of currently available drugs and accelerate the introduction of new ones through a new phase of research involving private and public institutions. This review's objectives are to describe, the methodology to identify the resistant bacteria, their mechanisms of resistance, issues brought on by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, potential solutions, and future advancements. The information from the literature implies that there is still little knowledge about the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, educating patients and the general public is crucial to combat antibiotic resistance

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Barac, P., H. Harms, I. Engels, S. Kehraus, T. Schneider, and GM König. "Fighting antibiotic resistance: Resensitizing agents from marine derived fungi." Planta Medica 81, S 01 (December 14, 2016): S1—S381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1596649.

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14

Struwe, Johan. "Fighting antibiotic resistance in Sweden – past, present and future." Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 120, no. 9-10 (May 2008): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-0977-6.

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Shang, Zifang, Siew Yin Chan, Qing Song, Peng Li, and Wei Huang. "The Strategies of Pathogen-Oriented Therapy on Circumventing Antimicrobial Resistance." Research 2020 (September 28, 2020): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/2016201.

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The emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses serious threats to the global public health. Conventional antibiotics have been eclipsed in combating with drug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, the developing and deploying of novel antimicrobial drugs have trudged, as few new antibiotics are being developed over time and even fewer of them can hit the market. Alternative therapeutic strategies to resolve the AMR crisis are urgently required. Pathogen-oriented therapy (POT) springs up as a promising approach in circumventing antibiotic resistance. The tactic underling POT is applying antibacterial compounds or materials directly to infected regions to treat specific bacteria species or strains with goals of improving the drug efficacy and reducing nontargeting and the development of drug resistance. This review exemplifies recent trends in the development of POTs for circumventing AMR, including the adoption of antibiotic-antibiotic conjugates, antimicrobial peptides, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, nanotechnologies, CRISPR-Cas systems, and microbiota modulations. Employing these alternative approaches alone or in combination shows promising advantages for addressing the growing clinical embarrassment of antibiotics in fighting drug-resistant bacteria.

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Koba, Igor S., Viktor V. Stepanishin, Tatiana E. Denisenko, Sergey Yu Filippov, and Gleb V. Kondratov. "Advanced training of veterinary specialists on the spread of antibiotic resistance and the implementation of measures to contain it." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 11 (2021): 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202111002.

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Currently, antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to humanity. The resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics does not increase the financial costs of fighting pathogens, but it is also a problem of ensuring food security. The use of antibiotics in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine for the treatment and prevention of diseases or as growth promoters allows resistant bacteria and resistance genes to be transmitted through the food chain from farm animals to humans. In crop production and horticulture, these drugs are also used to suppress pathogens, prevent diseases and increase the shelf life of finished products. Uncontrolled and unjustified use of antibiotics in agriculture, the scale of which in many countries exceeds the scale of the use of antibiotics for the treatment of people, makes a significant contribution to the formation of the problem of antibiotic resistance in the health system. This situation requires additional efforts to inform society and develop a special policy to curb antibiotic resistance, including from the standpoint of food safety. The article considers the possibilities of preventing and containing antibiotic resistance through interinstitutional coordination and cooperation, including high-quality training of specialists and human resource capacity building, supervision and monitoring of trends in resistance and use of antibiotics, dissemination of information and research on this problem, as well as educational and explanatory work to draw attention to the problem in society.

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Jubair, Najwan, Mogana Rajagopal, Sasikala Chinnappan, Norhayati Binti Abdullah, and Ayesha Fatima. "Review on the Antibacterial Mechanism of Plant-Derived Compounds against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (MDR)." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021 (August 16, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3663315.

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Microbial resistance has progressed rapidly and is becoming the leading cause of death globally. The spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms has been a significant threat to the successful therapy against microbial infections. Scientists have become more concerned about the possibility of a return to the pre-antibiotic era. Thus, searching for alternatives to fight microorganisms has become a necessity. Some bacteria are naturally resistant to antibiotics, while others acquire resistance mainly by the misuse of antibiotics and the emergence of new resistant variants through mutation. Since ancient times, plants represent the leading source of drugs and alternative medicine for fighting against diseases. Plants are rich sources of valuable secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, quinones, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols. Many studies focus on plant secondary metabolites as a potential source for antibiotic discovery. They have the required structural properties and can act by different mechanisms. This review analyses the antibiotic resistance strategies produced by multidrug-resistant bacteria and explores the phytochemicals from different classes with documented antimicrobial action against resistant bacteria, either alone or in combination with traditional antibiotics.

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Simões, Alexandra S., Daniela A. Alves, João Gregório, Isabel Couto, Sónia Dias, Pedro Póvoa, Miguel Viveiros, Luzia Gonçalves, and Luís V. Lapão. "Fighting antibiotic resistance in Portuguese hospitals: Understanding antibiotic prescription behaviours to better design antibiotic stewardship programmes." Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 13 (June 2018): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2018.01.013.

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Tartari, Ermira, Daniela Pires, and Didier Pittet. "Fighting antibiotic resistance is in your hands: May 5, 2017." Lancet Infectious Diseases 17, no. 5 (May 2017): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30182-2.

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Su, Hong Yu (Andrew), and Matt Douglas-Vail. "Addressing the diverging public and physician perceptions on the topic of antibiotic resistance." University of Western Ontario Medical Journal 85, no. 1 (May 11, 2016): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v85i1.4224.

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Antibiotics are a powerful tool in fighting bacterial infections but with overuse and misuse, resistance is emerging at an alarming rate. To better understand the root causes of resistance, studying the perceptions of both physicians and the general populace may prove beneficial from a health promotion standpoint. Research reveals that diverging views of these 2 groups remain significant, which proves concerning especially in the face of increasingly resistant bacteria and associated mortality. The issue at large, therefore, requires a better understandifrom both parties with regard to antibiotic guidelines, prescription habits and public awareness campaigns.

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Banamah, Omar B., Mohammed F. Alsamih, Hatem H. Alshehri, Ahmed A. Almutairi, Saud M. Alowayfi, Faisal M. Alshehri, Mazen F. Alotaibi, et al. "Chances and prevention of antibiotic resistance in primary health care: literature review." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210030.

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Many concerns have been expressed in the field of clinical practice regarding antimicrobial resistance since many infections with severe complications and bad prognosis have been described since the end of the last century. In primary healthcare facilities, the risks for developing high rates of antibiotic resistance is high, probably due to the high prevalence of bacterial infections in these places, and due to the overuse of antibiotics without any relevance of evidence of bacterial infections. For instance, people usually administer high doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics for non-severe, self-limiting respiratory tract infections. Moreover, for fighting bacterial infections, patients usually discontinue the treatment course once the symptoms of the disease were relieved. These factors among many others had led to the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance which may lead to serious complications. Many approaches are being made to reduce the resistance that has been reviewed in this review. These include optimizing the dosage and timing of antibiotics administration which can be achieved by more understanding of the pharmacology of the antibiotics. Moreover, training and education programs that target the prescribers and patients have been proven to be efficient in reducing the rates. These efforts are encouraged to last and target more people for more favorable outcomes.

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Zhang, Yingjie, Juan Yu, Huiru Zhang, Yan Li, and Lu Wang. "Nanofibrous dressing: Potential alternative for fighting against antibiotic‐resistance wound infections." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 139, no. 20 (January 27, 2022): 52178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.52178.

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Cansizoglu, Mehmet Fatih, and Erdal Toprak. "Fighting against evolution of antibiotic resistance by utilizing evolvable antimicrobial drugs." Current Genetics 63, no. 6 (May 11, 2017): 973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00294-017-0703-x.

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Kesselheim, Aaron S., and Kevin Outterson. "Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: Marrying New Financial Incentives To Meeting Public Health Goals." Health Affairs 29, no. 9 (September 2010): 1689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0439.

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Haque, M., Akash Marathakam, Ritesh Rana, Samar Almehmadi, Vishal Tambe, Manoj Charde, Fahadul Islam, et al. "Fighting Antibiotic Resistance: New Pyrimidine-Clubbed Benzimidazole Derivatives as Potential DHFR Inhibitors." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 4, 2023): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020501.

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The present work describes the design and development of seventeen pyrimidine-clubbed benzimidazole derivatives as potential dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. These compounds were filtered by using ADMET, drug-likeness characteristics calculations, and molecular docking experiments. Compounds 27, 29, 30, 33, 37, 38, and 41 were chosen for the synthesis based on the results of the in silico screening. Each of the synthesized compounds was tested for its in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities using a variety of strains. All the compounds showed antibacterial properties against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pyogenes) as well as Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Most of the compounds either had a higher potency than chloramphenicol or an equivalent potency to ciprofloxacin. Compounds 29 and 33 were effective against all the bacterial and fungal strains. Finally, the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2-thiol derivatives with a 6-chloro-2-(chloromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole moiety are potent enough to be considered a promising lead for the discovery of an effective antibacterial agent.

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Ero, Rya, Xin-Fu Yan, and Yong-Gui Gao. "Ribosome Protection Proteins—“New” Players in the Global Arms Race with Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 19, 2021): 5356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105356.

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Bacteria have evolved an array of mechanisms enabling them to resist the inhibitory effect of antibiotics, a significant proportion of which target the ribosome. Indeed, resistance mechanisms have been identified for nearly every antibiotic that is currently used in clinical practice. With the ever-increasing list of multi-drug-resistant pathogens and very few novel antibiotics in the pharmaceutical pipeline, treatable infections are likely to become life-threatening once again. Most of the prevalent resistance mechanisms are well understood and their clinical significance is recognized. In contrast, ribosome protection protein-mediated resistance has flown under the radar for a long time and has been considered a minor factor in the clinical setting. Not until the recent discovery of the ATP-binding cassette family F protein-mediated resistance in an extensive list of human pathogens has the significance of ribosome protection proteins been truly appreciated. Understanding the underlying resistance mechanism has the potential to guide the development of novel therapeutic approaches to evade or overcome the resistance. In this review, we discuss the latest developments regarding ribosome protection proteins focusing on the current antimicrobial arsenal and pharmaceutical pipeline as well as potential implications for the future of fighting bacterial infections in the time of “superbugs.”

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De Simeis, Davide, and Stefano Serra. "Actinomycetes: A Never-Ending Source of Bioactive Compounds—An Overview on Antibiotics Production." Antibiotics 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10050483.

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The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 provided us with access to a new class of compounds useful at fighting bacterial infections: antibiotics. Ever since, a number of studies were carried out to find new molecules with the same activity. Microorganisms belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, the Actinomycetes, were the most important sources of antibiotics. Bioactive compounds isolated from this order were also an important inspiration reservoir for pharmaceutical chemists who realized the synthesis of new molecules with antibiotic activity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), antibiotic resistance is currently one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development. The world urgently needs to adopt measures to reduce this risk by finding new antibiotics and changing the way they are used. In this review, we describe the primary role of Actinomycetes in the history of antibiotics. Antibiotics produced by these microorganisms, their bioactivities, and how their chemical structures have inspired generations of scientists working in the synthesis of new drugs are described thoroughly.

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Shaikh, Sibhghatulla, Nazia Nazam, Syed Mohd Danish Rizvi, Khurshid Ahmad, Mohammad Hassan Baig, Eun Ju Lee, and Inho Choi. "Mechanistic Insights into the Antimicrobial Actions of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Implications for Multidrug Resistance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10 (May 18, 2019): 2468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102468.

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Multiple drug-resistant bacteria are a severe and growing public health concern. Because relatively few antibiotics have been approved over recent years and because of the inability of existing antibiotics to combat bacterial infections fully, demand for unconventional biocides is intense. Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) offer a novel potential means of fighting bacteria. Although metallic NPs exert their effects through membrane protein damage, superoxide radicals and the generation of ions that interfere with the cell granules leading to the formation of condensed particles, their antimicrobial potential, and mechanisms of action are still debated. This article discusses the action of metallic NPs as antibacterial agents, their mechanism of action, and their effect on bacterial drug resistance. Based on encouraging data about the antibacterial effects of NP/antibiotic combinations, we propose that this concept be thoroughly researched to identify means of combating drug-resistant bacteria.

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Tomas, Ana. "Fighting antibiotic resistance: the concept of mutant selection window and mutant prevention concentration." Intrinsic Activity 4, Suppl. 3 (September 5, 2016): A2.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.25006/ia.4.s3-a2.2.

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Bragonzi, A. "Fighting Back: Peptidomimetics as a New Weapon in the Battle Against Antibiotic Resistance." Science Translational Medicine 2, no. 21 (March 3, 2010): 21ps9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3000889.

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PARASION, SYLWIA, MAGDALENA KWIATEK, ROMUALD GRYKO, LIDIA MIZAK, and ANNA MALM. "Bacteriophages as an Alternative Strategy for Fighting Biofilm Development." Polish Journal of Microbiology 63, no. 2 (2014): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2014-019.

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The ability of microbes to form biofilms is an important element of their pathogenicity, and biofilm formation is a serious challenge for today's medicine. Fighting the clinical complications associated with biofilm formation is very difficult and linked to a high risk of failure, especially in a time of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Bacterial species most commonly isolated from biofilms include coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. The frequent failure of antibiotic therapy led researchers to look for alternative methods and experiment with the use of antibacterial factors with a mechanism of action different from that of antibiotics. Experimental studies with bacteriophages and mixtures thereof, expressing lytic properties against numerous biofilm-forming bacterial species showed that bacteriophages may both prevent biofilm formation and contribute to eradication of biofilm bacteria. A specific role is played here by phage depolymerases, which facilitate the degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and thus the permeation of bacteriophages into deeper biofilm layers and lysis of the susceptible bacterial cells. Much hope is placed in genetic modifications of bacteriophages that would allow the equipping bacteriophages with the function of depolymerase synthesis. The use of phage cocktails prevents the development of phage-resistant bacteria.

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Imran, Mohammad, Saurav Kumar Jha, Nazeer Hasan, Areeba Insaf, Jitendra Shrestha, Jesus Shrestha, Hari Prasad Devkota, et al. "Overcoming Multidrug Resistance of Antibiotics via Nanodelivery Systems." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14030586.

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Анотація:

Antibiotic resistance has become a threat to microbial therapies nowadays. The conventional approaches possess several limitations to combat microbial infections. Therefore, to overcome such complications, novel drug delivery systems have gained pharmaceutical scientists’ interest. Significant findings have validated the effectiveness of novel drug delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, dendrimers, and lipid-based nanoparticles against severe microbial infections and combating antimicrobial resistance. This review article comprises the specific mechanism of antibiotic resistance development in bacteria. In addition, the manuscript incorporated the advanced nanotechnological approaches with their mechanisms, including interaction with the bacterial cell wall, inhibition of biofilm formations, activation of innate and adaptive host immune response, generation of reactive oxygen species, and induction of intracellular effect to fight against antibiotic resistance. A section of this article demonstrated the findings related to the development of delivery systems. Lastly, the role of microfluidics in fighting antimicrobial resistance has been discussed. Overall, this review article is an amalgamation of various strategies to study the role of novel approaches and their mechanism to fight against the resistance developed to the antimicrobial therapies.

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Pezzi, Luigia, Alfredo Pane, Ferdinanda Annesi, Maria Losso, Alexa Guglielmelli, Cesare Umeton, and Luciano De Sio. "Antimicrobial Effects of Chemically Functionalized and/or Photo-Heated Nanoparticles." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071078.

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Antibiotic resistance refers to when microorganisms survive and grow in the presence of specific antibiotics, a phenomenon mainly related to the indiscriminate widespread use and abuse of antibiotics. In this framework, thanks to the design and fabrication of original functional nanomaterials, nanotechnology offers a powerful weapon against several diseases such as cancer and pathogenic illness. Smart nanomaterials, such as metallic nanoparticles and semiconductor nanocrystals, enable the realization of novel drug-free medical therapies for fighting against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the light of the latest developments, we highlight the outstanding capabilities of several nanotechnology-inspired approaches to kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Chemically functionalized silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been employed for their intrinsic toxicity, which enables them to exhibit an antimicrobial activity while, in a different approach, photo-thermal properties of metallic nanoparticles have been theoretically studied and experimentally tested against several temperature sensitive (mesophilic) bacteria. We also show that it is possible to combine a highly localized targeting with a plasmonic-based heating therapy by properly functionalizing nanoparticle surfaces with covalently linked antibodies. As a perspective, the utilization of properly engineered and chemically functionalized nanomaterials opens a new roads for realizing antibiotic free treatments against pathogens and related diseases.

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Fanelli, Umberto, Marco Pappalardo, Vincenzo Chinè, Pierpacifico Gismondi, Cosimo Neglia, Alberto Argentiero, Adriana Calderaro, Andrea Prati, and Susanna Esposito. "Role of Artificial Intelligence in Fighting Antimicrobial Resistance in Pediatrics." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110767.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of science and engineering concerned with the computational understanding of what is commonly called intelligent behavior. AI is extremely useful in many human activities including medicine. The aim of our narrative review is to show the potential role of AI in fighting antimicrobial resistance in pediatric patients. We searched for PubMed articles published from April 2010 to April 2020 containing the keywords “artificial intelligence”, “machine learning”, “antimicrobial resistance”, “antimicrobial stewardship”, “pediatric”, and “children”, and we described the different strategies for the application of AI in these fields. Literature analysis showed that the applications of AI in health care are potentially endless, contributing to a reduction in the development time of new antimicrobial agents, greater diagnostic and therapeutic appropriateness, and, simultaneously, a reduction in costs. Most of the proposed AI solutions for medicine are not intended to replace the doctor’s opinion or expertise, but to provide a useful tool for easing their work. Considering pediatric infectious diseases, AI could play a primary role in fighting antibiotic resistance. In the pediatric field, a greater willingness to invest in this field could help antimicrobial stewardship reach levels of effectiveness that were unthinkable a few years ago.

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Wang, Feng, Xiaohang Liu, Zhengyu Deng, Yao Zhang, Xinyu Ji, Yan Xiong, and Lianbing Lin. "Design, Overproduction and Purification of the Chimeric Phage Lysin MLTphg Fighting against Staphylococcus aureus." Processes 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121587.

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With the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, it is of great importance to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Here, we report the generation of a chimeric phage lysin, MLTphg, which was assembled by joining the lysins derived from Meiothermus bacteriophage MMP7 and Thermus bacteriophage TSP4 with a flexible linker via chimeolysin engineering. As a potential antimicrobial agent, MLTphg can be obtained by overproduction in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells and the following Ni-affinity chromatography. Finally, we recovered about 40 ± 1.9 mg of MLTphg from 1 L of the host E. coli BL21(DE3) culture. The purified MLTphg showed peak activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 between 35 and 40 °C, and maintained approximately 44.5 ± 2.1% activity at room temperature (25 °C). Moreover, as a produced chimera, it exhibited considerably improved bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (2.9 ± 0.1 log10 reduction was observed upon 40 nM MLTphg treatment at 37 °C for 30 min) and also a group of antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared to its parental lysins, TSPphg and MMPphg. In the current age of growing antibiotic resistance, our results provide an engineering basis for developing phage lysins as novel antimicrobial agents and shed light on bacteriophage-based strategies to tackle bacterial infections.

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Fotina, T. I., Ye V. Vashchyk, and R. О. Shcherbyna. "The problem of Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic-resistance and search of effective means of fighting." Bulletin "Veterinary biotechnology" 32, no. 2 (2018): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/vet_biotech32(2)-70.

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Dikkatwar, Manoj S., and Jitendra Vaghasiya. "Antibiogram and Antimicrobial Stewardship Program: Fighting Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Rationalizing the Antibiotic Treatment." Journal of Young Pharmacists 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5530/097515050436.

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Korinteli, I., M. Javakhadze, and K. Pagava. "Antibiotics using in Georgia: clinical and epidemiological features." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.1 (October 11, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.1-38.

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Background. High incidence and lethality of infectious disease is an actual problem of the 21st century medicine. Infectious diseases are one of the most common causes of morbidity worldwide. Untreatable bacterial infections with the current available antibiotics lead to increased morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobials are the most commonly prescribed drugs in the community and hospital setting. However, inappropriate use of antibiotics in recent years has particularly increased the number of antibiotic-resistant strains. Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global health threat. Without effective antimicrobials, much of the progress made in fighting infectious disease would be lost. The recent rise in resistance to these critical medicines is therefore extremely worrisome. Objective. To study epidemiological and clinical aspects of antibiotics using in Georgia. Materials and methods. The study was retrospective-prospective. We used ATC/DDD methodology for epidemiological research of antibiotic using in the country and it held 2011-2019. According to this methodology, we calculate defined daily doses of antibiotics per 1000 inhibitors (DID). The point prevalence survey was performed in 2017-2019 in Georgian hospitals for clinical research. Results and discussion. In last year increased antibiotic using in Georgian population. The lowest rate was in 2014 (19 DID) and the highest in 2019 (37 DID). The most commonly used antibiotics in Georgia are ceftriaxone, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid, azithromycin and ciprofloxacin. Frequency of antibiotic treatment in Georgian hospitals ranges between 77.6 % (2017) and 86.1 % (2019). The use of third generation cephalosporin ranges between 61.9 % (2017) and 59.6 % (2019). From the clinical aspects of antibiotic therapy, it is noteworthy that prevalence of antibiotic using in Georgian clinics is high and ranged from 77.6 % (2017) to 86.1 % (2019). Antibacterial prophylactic decreased and ranged from 38.3 % (2017) to 20.3 % (2019). Antibiotic selection according to guidelines on the most frequent nosology ranges between 73.8 % (2017) and 69.2 % (2019). Empirical antibiotic therapy decreased in last years and ranges between 92.2 % (2017) and 69.2 % (2019). Conclusions. Increasing rate of antibiotic using in Georgian population and high use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in remarkable. In hospitals, antibiotics are prescribing according to the national or intra hospital guidelines, but there prevalence rate is high. Patient histories included information about general criteria of starting antibiotic therapy. Stop or review date of antibiotic treatment after 72 h in poorly presented. We think that it is very important to continue epidemiological and clinical research for future. Also update or developed new guidelines will be perfect way for optimization.

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Monteiro, Kadja Luana Chagas, Thiago Mendonça de Aquino, and Francisco Jaime B. Mendonça Junior. "An Update on Staphylococcus aureus NorA Efflux Pump Inhibitors." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 24 (November 2, 2020): 2168–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026620666200704135837.

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Background: Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are pathogens causing severe infectious diseases that pose real public health threats problems worldwide. In S. aureus, the most efficient multidrug-resistant system is the NorA efflux pump. For this reason, it is critical to identify efflux pump inhibitors. Objective: In this paper, we present an update of the new natural and synthetic compounds that act as modulators of antibiotic resistance through the inhibition of the S. aureus NorA efflux pump. Results: Several classes of compounds capable of restoring the antibiotic activity have been identified against resistant-S. aureus strains, acting as NorA efflux pump inhibitors. The most promising classes of compounds were quinolines, indoles, pyridines, phenols, and sulfur-containing heterocycles. However, the substantial degree structural diversity of these compounds makes it difficult to establish good structure- activity correlations that allow the design of compounds with more promising activities and properties. Conclusion: Despite substantial efforts put forth in the search for new antibiotic adjuvants that act as efflux pump inhibitors, and despite several promising results, there are currently no efflux pump inhibitors authorized for human or veterinary use, or in clinical trials. Unfortunately, it appears that infection control strategies have remained the same since the discovery of penicillin, and that most efforts remain focused on discovering new classes of antibiotics, rather than trying to prolong the life of available antibiotics, and simultaneously fighting mechanisms of bacterial resistance.

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Kowalska, Justyna D., Joanna Kazimierczak, Patrycja M. Sowińska, Ewelina A. Wójcik, Andrzej K. Siwicki, and Jarosław Dastych. "Growing Trend of Fighting Infections in Aquaculture Environment—Opportunities and Challenges of Phage Therapy." Antibiotics 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9060301.

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Phage therapy, a promising alternative to antimicrobial treatment of bacterial diseases, is getting more and more popular, especially due to the rising awareness of antibiotic resistance and restrictions in antibiotics’ use. During recent years, we observed a growing trend of bacteriophages’ application in aquaculture, which in each year reports high losses due to bacterial diseases. This review provides an update of the status of bacteriophage therapy for the treatment and prevention of infections in the aquatic environment. As it is still mostly in the scientific stage, there are a few constraints that may prevent effective therapy. Therefore, specific characteristics of bacteriophages, that can act in favor or against their successful use in treatment, were described. We underlined aspects that need to be considered: specificity of phages, bacterial resistance, safety, immune response of the host organism, formulation, administration and stability of phage preparations as well as bacteriophages’ influence on the environment. The biggest challenge to overcome is finding the right balance between the desired and problematic characteristics of bacteriophages. Finally, regulatory approval challenges may be encountered by bacteriophage manufacturers. Even though there are still some technical constraints connected with the global use of bacteriophage therapy, it was concluded that it can be successfully applied in aquaculture.

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Gurnani, Manisha, Abhishek Chauhan, Anuj Ranjan, Hardeep Singh Tuli, Mustfa F. Alkhanani, Shafiul Haque, Kuldeep Dhama, Rup Lal, and Tanu Jindal. "Filamentous Thermosensitive Mutant Z: An Appealing Target for Emerging Pathogens and a Trek on Its Natural Inhibitors." Biology 11, no. 5 (April 20, 2022): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050624.

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Antibiotic resistance is a major emerging issue in the health care sector, as highlighted by the WHO. Filamentous Thermosensitive mutant Z (Fts-Z) is gaining significant attention in the scientific community as a potential anti-bacterial target for fighting antibiotic resistance among several pathogenic bacteria. The Fts-Z plays a key role in bacterial cell division by allowing Z ring formation. Several in vitro and in silico experiments have demonstrated that inhibition of Fts-Z can lead to filamentous growth of the cells, and finally, cell death occurs. Many natural compounds that have successfully inhibited Fts-Z are also studied. This review article intended to highlight the structural–functional aspect of Fts-Z that leads to Z-ring formation and its contribution to the biochemistry and physiology of cells. The current trend of natural inhibitors of Fts-Z protein is also covered.

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Zhang, Lushan, Liang Ma, Qiuhong Yang, Yongtao Liu, Xiaohui Ai, and Jing Dong. "Sanguinarine Protects Channel Catfish against Aeromonas hydrophila Infection by Inhibiting Aerolysin and Biofilm Formation." Pathogens 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11030323.

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Aeromonas hydrophila is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause serious infections both in humans and aquatic animals. Antibiotics are the main approach for fighting against the pathogen. However, the emergence of antibiotic resistance has resulted in treatment failure. Therefore, drugs with novel strategies need to be developed. Quorum sensing has been recognized as a promising method for identifying anti-virulence drugs against bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to identify novel drugs targeting quorum sensing of A. hydrophila as alternatives of antibiotics in aquaculture. Thus, hemolytic activity, biofilm formation, qPCR and experimental therapeutics assays were conducted. The results showed that sanguinarine inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila at concentrations higher than 16 μg/mL, but the production of aerolysin and biofilm formation was significantly inhibited at sub-inhibitory concentrations by disrupting the quorum sensing system. Cell viability results showed that sanguinarine could provide protection for A549 cells from aerolysin-induced cell injury. In addition, the mortality of channel catfish administered with sanguinarine at a dosage of 20 mg/kg decreased to 40%, which showed a significant decrease compared with fish in positive group. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that anti-virulence strategies can be a powerful weapon for fighting against bacterial pathogens and sanguinarine appears to be a promising candidate in the treatment of A. hydrophila infections.

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Mishra, Sonal, Amit Gupta, Vijay Upadhye, Suresh C. Singh, Rajeshwar P. Sinha, and Donat-P. Häder. "Therapeutic Strategies against Biofilm Infections." Life 13, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010172.

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A biofilm is an aggregation of surface-associated microbial cells that is confined in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix. Infections caused by microbes that form biofilms are linked to a variety of animals, including insects and humans. Antibiotics and other antimicrobials can be used to remove or eradicate biofilms in order to treat infections. However, due to biofilm resistance to antibiotics and antimicrobials, clinical observations and experimental research clearly demonstrates that antibiotic and antimicrobial therapies alone are frequently insufficient to completely eradicate biofilm infections. Therefore, it becomes crucial and urgent for clinicians to properly treat biofilm infections with currently available antimicrobials and analyze the results. Numerous biofilm-fighting strategies have been developed as a result of advancements in nanoparticle synthesis with an emphasis on metal oxide np. This review focuses on several therapeutic strategies that are currently being used and also those that could be developed in the future. These strategies aim to address important structural and functional aspects of microbial biofilms as well as biofilms’ mechanisms for drug resistance, including the EPS matrix, quorum sensing (QS), and dormant cell targeting. The NPs have demonstrated significant efficacy against bacterial biofilms in a variety of bacterial species. To overcome resistance, treatments such as nanotechnology, quorum sensing, and photodynamic therapy could be used.

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Bellucci, Maria Cristina, and Alessandro Volonterio. "Aminoglycosides: From Antibiotics to Building Blocks for the Synthesis and Development of Gene Delivery Vehicles." Antibiotics 9, no. 8 (August 11, 2020): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9080504.

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Aminoglycosides are a class of naturally occurring and semi synthetic antibiotics that have been used for a long time in fighting bacterial infections. Due to acquired antibiotic resistance and inherent toxicity, aminoglycosides have experienced a decrease in interest over time. However, in the last decade, we are seeing a renaissance of aminoglycosides thanks to a better understanding of their chemistry and mode of action, which had led to new trends of application. The purpose of this comprehensive review is to highlight one of these new fields of application: the use of aminoglycosides as building blocks for the development of liposomal and polymeric vectors for gene delivery. The design, synthetic strategies, ability to condensate the genetic material, the efficiency in transfection, and cytotoxicity as well as when available, the antibacterial activity of aminoglycoside-based cationic lipids and polymers are covered and critically analyzed.

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Goodman, Katherine, Sara Cosgrove, Lisa Pineles, Laurence Magder, Deverick John Anderson, Elizabeth Dodds Ashley, Ronald Polk, et al. "Significant Regional Differences in Antibiotic Use Across 576 US Hospitals and 11,701,326 Million Admissions, 2016–2017." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s51—s52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.534.

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Background: Reducing inappropriate antibiotic use is critical for fighting antibiotic resistance. Quantifying the amount and diversity of antibiotic use in US hospitals is foundational to these efforts but hampered by limited national surveillance. The current study aims to address this knowledge gap by examining adult inpatient antibiotic usage, including regional, facility, and case-mix differences, across 576 hospitals and nearly 12 million encounters in 2016–2017. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients aged ≥18 years discharged from hospitals in the Premier Healthcare Database, a repository of nearly 1 of every 4 annual US hospitalizations, between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017. Detailed hospital- and patient-level data were extracted for each admission. Facilities were classified geographically by census division. Using daily antibiotic charge data, we mapped antibiotics to 18 mutually exclusive classes and to categories based upon spectrum of activity. Patient-level data were transformed into hospital case-mix variables (eg, hospital mean patient age), and relationships between antibiotic days of therapy (DOTs), and these and other facility-level variables were evaluated in negative binomial regression models. Results: The study included 11,701,326 adult admissions, totaling 64,064,632 patient days across 576 US hospitals. Overall, antibiotics were used in 65% of all hospitalizations, at a rate of 870 DOTs per 1,000 patient days. The most commonly used classes per patient days wereβ-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations (206 DOTs), third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (128 DOTs), and glycopeptides (113 DOTs) (Fig. 1). By spectrum of activity, antipseudomonal agents (245 DOTs) were the most common. Crude usage rates varied by geographic region (Fig. 2). In multivariable analyses, teaching hospitals, and/or larger bed sizes were independently associated with lower use across a range of antibiotic classes (adjusted IRR ranges, 0.90–0.94 and 0.96–0.98, respectively). Significant regional differences also persisted. Compared to the South Atlantic region (chosen as the reference category because it had the largest representation in the cohort), rates of total antibiotic use were 6%, 15%, and 18% lower on average in the Pacific, New England, and the Middle Atlantic regions, respectively. By class, carbapenems reflected the most geographic variability. Conclusions: In a large, diverse cohort of US hospitals, adult inpatients received antibiotics at a rate similar to, but higher than, previously published estimates. In adjusted models, lower antibiotic use was frequently associated with facilities likely to have robust antibiotic stewardship programs—those with teaching status and larger bed size. Further research to understand other reasons for regional differences in antibiotic use such as different rates of resistance is needed.Funding: This work was supported by Funding: from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (R01-HS026205 to A.D.H.).Disclosures: None

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Karmakar, Partha, and Vishwanath Gaitonde. "Promising Recent Strategies with Potential Clinical Translational Value to Combat Antibacterial Resistant Surge." Medicines 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicines6010021.

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Multiple drug resistance (MDR) for the treatment of bacterial infection has been a significant challenge since the beginning of the 21st century. Many of the small molecule-based antibiotic treatments have failed on numerous occasions due to a surge in MDR, which has claimed millions of lives worldwide. Small particles (SPs) consisting of metal, polymer or carbon nanoparticles (NPs) of different sizes, shapes and forms have shown considerable antibacterial effect over the past two decades. Unlike the classical small-molecule antibiotics, the small particles are less exposed so far to the bacteria to trigger a resistance mechanism, and hence have higher chances of fighting the challenge of the MDR process. Until recently, there has been limited progress of clinical treatments using NPs, despite ample reports of in vitro antibacterial efficacy. In this review, we discuss some recent and unconventional strategies that have explored the antibacterial efficacy of these small particles, alone and in combination with classical small molecules in vivo, and demonstrate possibilities that are favorable for clinical translations in near future.

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Hernando-Amado, Sara, Fernando Sanz-García, and José Luis Martínez. "Rapid and robust evolution of collateral sensitivity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa antibiotic-resistant mutants." Science Advances 6, no. 32 (August 2020): eaba5493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba5493.

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The analysis of trade-offs, as collateral sensitivity, associated with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance, is mainly based on the use of model strains. However, the possibility of exploiting these trade-offs for fighting already resistant isolates has not been addressed in depth, despite the fact that bacterial pathogens are frequently antibiotic-resistant, forming either homogeneous or heterogeneous populations. Using a set of Pseudomonas aeruginosa-resistant mutants, we found that ceftazidime selects pyomelanogenic tobramycin-hypersusceptible mutants presenting chromosomal deletions in the analyzed genetic backgrounds. Since pyomelanogenic resistant mutants frequently coexist with other morphotypes in patients with cystic fibrosis, we analyzed the exploitation of this trade-off to drive extinction of heterogeneous resistant populations by using tobramycin/ceftazidime alternation. Our work shows that this approach is feasible because phenotypic trade-offs associated with the use of ceftazidime are robust. The identification of conserved collateral sensitivity networks may guide the rational design of evolution-based antibiotic therapies in P. aeruginosa infections.

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Sun, Yue, Lingxian Meng, Yuxin Zhang, Dan Zhao, and Yunfeng Lin. "The Application of Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acid Materials in Antimicrobial Research." Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy 16, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574888x15666200521084417.

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Due to the misuse of antibiotics, multiple drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria have increasingly emerged. This has increased the difficulty of treatment as these bacteria directly affect public health by diminishing the potency of existing antibiotics. Developing alternative therapeutic strategies is the urgent need to reduce the mortality and morbidity related to drug-resistant bacterial infections. In the past 10 to 20 years, nanomedicines have been widely studied and applied as an antibacterial agent. They have become a novel tool for fighting resistant bacteria. The most common innovative substances, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), have been widely reported. Until recently, DNA nanostructures were used alone or functionalized with specific DNA sequences by many scholars for antimicrobial purposes which were alternatively selected as therapy for severe bacterial infections. These are a potential candidate for treatments and have a considerable role in killing antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This review involves the dimensions of multidrug resistance and the mechanism of bacteria developing drug resistance. The importance of this article is that we summarized the current study of nano-materials based on nucleic acids in antimicrobial use. Meanwhile, the current progress and the present obstacles for their antibacterial and therapeutic use and special function of stem cells in this field are also discussed.

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Matica, Aachmann, Tøndervik, Sletta, and Ostafe. "Chitosan as a Wound Dressing Starting Material: Antimicrobial Properties and Mode of Action." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 24, 2019): 5889. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235889.

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Fighting bacterial resistance is one of the concerns in modern days, as antibiotics remain the main resource of bacterial control. Data shows that for every antibiotic developed, there is a microorganism that becomes resistant to it. Natural polymers, as the source of antibacterial agents, offer a new way to fight bacterial infection. The advantage over conventional synthetic antibiotics is that natural antimicrobial agents are biocompatible, non-toxic, and inexpensive. Chitosan is one of the natural polymers that represent a very promising source for the development of antimicrobial agents. In addition, chitosan is biodegradable, non-toxic, and most importantly, promotes wound healing, features that makes it suitable as a starting material for wound dressings. This paper reviews the antimicrobial properties of chitosan and describes the mechanisms of action toward microbial cells as well as the interactions with mammalian cells in terms of wound healing process. Finally, the applications of chitosan as a wound-dressing material are discussed along with the current status of chitosan-based wound dressings existing on the market.

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Carvalho, André, Didier Mazel, and Zeynep Baharoglu. "Deficiency in cytosine DNA methylation leads to high chaperonin expression and tolerance to aminoglycosides in Vibrio cholerae." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): e1009748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009748.

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Antibiotic resistance has become a major global issue. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying microbial adaptation to antibiotics is of keen importance to fight Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR). Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that target the small subunit of the bacterial ribosome, disrupting translational fidelity and increasing the levels of misfolded proteins in the cell. In this work, we investigated the role of VchM, a DNA methyltransferase, in the response of the human pathogen Vibrio cholerae to aminoglycosides. VchM is a V. cholerae specific orphan m5C DNA methyltransferase that generates cytosine methylation at 5’-RCCGGY-3’ motifs. We show that deletion of vchM, although causing a growth defect in absence of stress, allows V. cholerae cells to cope with aminoglycoside stress at both sub-lethal and lethal concentrations of these antibiotics. Through transcriptomic and genetic approaches, we show that groESL-2 (a specific set of chaperonin-encoding genes located on the second chromosome of V. cholerae), are upregulated in cells lacking vchM and are needed for the tolerance of vchM mutant to lethal aminoglycoside treatment, likely by fighting aminoglycoside-induced misfolded proteins. Interestingly, preventing VchM methylation of the four RCCGGY sites located in groESL-2 region, leads to a higher expression of these genes in WT cells, showing that the expression of these chaperonins is modulated in V. cholerae by DNA methylation.

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