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1
Carter, B. D., M. C. B. Ashley, C. S. Bembrick, P. W. Brooks, P. Mitchell, and J. W. V. Storey. "Astronomy with the Automated Patrol Telescope." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 148 (1995): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100021667.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Automated Patrol Telescope (APT) is a wide-field CCD imaging telescope operated by the University of New South Wales at Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. The optical design employed resembles that of a Schmidt, but uses a 3-element lens to achieve a wide, corrected field of view. The APT was developed by extensively modifying the optical, mechanical and electronic systems of a Baker-Nunn satellite tracking camera. Telescope motion and operation of the CCD have been placed under computer control, allowing automated observations for longterm survey and monitoring projects. The APT has 0.5 m aperture f/1 optics which produce a 5° flat field, of which a 2°×3° field is covered by the CCD currently installed. The telescope is being used for studies of stellar activity in open clusters and regions of star formation, and comet and minor planet investigations. A number of other projects for the APT are being considered, including searches for novae, supernovae in clusters of galaxies, and brown dwarfs.
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Casey, Patricia R. "Clinical assessment of personality." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 3, no. 3 (May 1997): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.3.3.182.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The importance of personality is recognised tacitly by the development of the multiaxial classifications of ICD–10 (World Health Organization, 1992) and DSM–IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1993). The separation of axis 1 or current mental state diagnosis from axis 2, on which personality is described, is a recognition that personality is separate from other aspects of the patient's diagnostic status. Nevertheless, many clinicians are sceptical that personality can be assessed reliably and some hold that the diagnosis should be abandoned as being merely judgemental and pejorative (Lewis & Appleby, 1988). There is some basis for scepticism in respect of reliability in view of the evidence that even with operational criteria the clinical assessment of personality is not transportable, and the level of agreement between practising clinicians is much less than that achieved during field trials (Mellsop et al, 1982).
3
Ulfig, Robert M., David J. Larson, David A. Reinhard, and Thomas F. Kelly. "Atom-Probe Tomography – Different Analysis Tools for Three-Dimensional Atomic-Resolution Data." Microscopy Today 16, no. 6 (November 2008): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500062301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Like no other microscopy technique, atom-probe tomography (APT) requires detailed data analysis algorithms specific to the knowledge desired, as the data are both complex due to their three-dimensional nature and can only be collected in a digital format. With recent increases in speed and field of view available in contemporary instruments like the Imago Scientific Instruments LEAP™ microscopes, these challenges and significant benefits are exacerbated. In practice, ‘data collection’ in APT, as understood in complementary techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or transmission electron microscopy (TEM), does not even begin until after the atom-probe experiment is over and the microscopist leaves the laboratory. The sample is prepared into the appropriate needle-shaped geometry, field evaporated atom by atom, and the ‘experiment’ part of the specimen analysis is over as soon as the ions are detected and stored in a digital file.
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Larkin, Ben, Brendan Dwyer, and Chad Goebert. "Man or Machine: Fantasy Football and Dehumanization of Professional Athletes." Journal of Sport Management 34, no. 5 (September 1, 2020): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2019-0106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fantasy sport has seen substantial growth over the last several decades, provoking research on how participation impacts the perceptions of teams and players. Following research in the field of economics, which has found that contexts promoting the assignment of economic value to humans result in dehumanization, the authors explored the dehumanization of professional athletes among fantasy football participants. Specifically, given that fantasy football requires participants to view players in terms of value in drafts, trades, and waiver claims, this should theoretically force participants to view them as commodities more so than humans. Across three implicit association test experiments and a qualitative study, the authors found fantasy football participants to be more apt to associate humanness with athletes on their fantasy roster(s) than non-fantasy-eligible athletes. Furthermore, qualitative insights indicate that participation in fantasy can serve to humanize players in a way that traditional sport consumption does not. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Gu, Lixin, Nian Wang, Xu Tang, and H. G. Changela. "Application of FIB-SEM Techniques for the Advanced Characterization of Earth and Planetary Materials." Scanning 2020 (July 25, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8406917.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advanced microanalytical techniques such as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), atom probe tomography (APT), and synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) enable one to characterize the structure and chemical and isotopic compositions of natural materials down towards the atomic scale. Dual focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) is a powerful tool for site-specific sample preparation and subsequent analysis by TEM, APT, and STXM to the highest energy and spatial resolutions. FIB-SEM also works as a stand-alone technique for three-dimensional (3D) tomography. In this review, we will outline the principles and challenges when using FIB-SEM for the advanced characterization of natural materials in the Earth and Planetary Sciences. More specifically, we aim to highlight the state-of-the-art applications of FIB-SEM using examples including (a) traditional FIB ultrathin sample preparation of small particles in the study of space weathering of lunar soil grains, (b) migration of Pb isotopes in zircons by FIB-based APT, (c) coordinated synchrotron-based STXM characterization of extraterrestrial organic material in carbonaceous chondrite, and finally (d) FIB-based 3D tomography of oil shale pores by slice and view methods. Dual beam FIB-SEM is a powerful analytical platform, the scope of which, for technological development and adaptation, is vast and exciting in the field of Earth and Planetary Sciences. For example, dual beam FIB-SEM will be a vital technique for the characterization of fine-grained asteroid and lunar samples returned to the Earth in the near future.
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Galinkin, Erick. "Review of The Geometry of Uncertainty by Fabio Cuzzolin." ACM SIGACT News 53, no. 2 (June 10, 2022): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3544979.3544983.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Geometry of Uncertainty is unlike any book on mathematics and computer science I've ever read. It's certainly not a textbook in the traditional sense - there are no exercises, and very little is presented as the "right way" to do something. In many ways, The Geometry of Uncertainty is like a survey paper: it critically analyzes decades of research and while some of the author's preferences are reflected, many perspectives are presented with little direct guidance about which approach ought to be favored. People have long used the phrase "The Bible of X" to describe the most well-known or well-respected text in a field. However, calling The Geometry of Uncertainty "The Bible of Evidence Theory" is truly apt in the sense that you come into the book with questions, and you leave the book with parables, historical insight, and a whole host of new, better informed questions. Truly, the book is not merely an introduction to belief function theory, it is instead a truly comprehensive view of an entire field of study from its conception up to the most bleeding edge research.
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Schnor, Jonas. "Imperceptible Bodies." Performance Philosophy 7, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21476/pp.2022.71299.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this article I investigate the choreographic practice and work of Marcelo Evelin as a specifically haptic mode of what Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari call becoming-imperceptible. In times where power dynamics become ever more supple and non-localisable, the notion of becoming-imperceptible is an apt conceptual figure in naming both the conditions of power as well their modes of resistance. On this basis, I analyse Evelin’s practice of massa in its choreographic hapticality as a collective process of desubjectification, in which bodies become prismatic as they refract one another in a pluralistic field of agency. I then turn to Evelin’s group piece, A Invenção da Maldade (2019), which, in my view (and among other things) expands this haptic and prismatic field to include the audience. By doing so, the piece can be said to engender what I call haptic space. Through an in-depth analysis of the work I argue that haptic space is an asignifying and appositional mode of co-existence that has the capacity to problematize contemporary forms of power by intensifying affect-ability and virtual tactility. Finally, I contemplate the psychosocial effects of the loss of haptic spaces during the Covid-19 pandemic.
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Romppanen, Seita. "Regulating Better Biofuels for the European Union." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 21, Issue 3 (June 1, 2012): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2012010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Comprehensive European or global regulation on sustainable biofuels does not yet exist. In the near future, it is likely that 10 percent of the energy used for transportation in the EU will consist mostly of biofuels, the majority of which will be imported from third countries. As the EU only has legislative jurisdiction regarding its Member States, the asymmetry between the locations of feedstock, the production of biofuel and the end users creates particular legal challenges for the sustainability scheme. It is not enough that to just correct the evident deficiencies of the current scheme; the EU sustainability scheme must provide a comprehensive answer to the complex sustainability challenges. One option could be a global approach driven by the EU leadership position. This article evaluates the legal applicability of the EU sustainability scheme against the global scenario of biofuels. Indirect land-use change is explored as the culminating issue of biofuel sustainability. The article also analyses the current regulatory approach, from the view that is it adequate in terms of securing the sustainable production of biofuels, especially in relation to the notion on "global" biofuels. Combating climate change forces new environmental problems to stand out, which also creates new legal challenges. In the field of dynamic climate change law, biofuel sustainability is an apt example of this.
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Dorasamy, Nirmala, and Monal A. Abdel-Baki. "The Inception Of Ethical Banking: An Imperative Transformation In Post-Revolution Egypt." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 3 (April 28, 2014): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i3.8589.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While the Egyptian Revolution has initiated democratic transformation, the economy remains vulnerable to shocks that are apt to exacerbate unemployment, inequity, and poverty the prime triggers of the popular uprising. Stability hinges on the newly elected governments ability to accelerate macroeconomic growth, create jobs, and alleviate poverty. Prior to the popular unrest, the Egyptian banking sector was principally focused on financial return, and Egyptian regulators were mainly concerned with bank soundness. While there has been a paradigm shift in bank customers perception of banks as needing to have an intrinsic ethical responsibility, ethical banking is still in its infancy stage in the Egyptian banking sector. This research aims to bridge the gap between the newly developed perceptions of Egyptian savers/borrowers on the one hand and the conduct of bankers on the other hand. To this avail, we introduce a two-stage model where the value creation of banks is not solely confined to pure financial value but the human, social, and environmental demands of all stakeholders are integrated. In the first stage, instead of adopting mainstream ethics and sustainability indexes, we administer a field survey in order to develop a stakeholder-centric view of the requisites of (1) ethical banking principles, (2) lending policies with human, socially, and ecologically responsible criteria, (3) ethical screening, (4) risk minimization, and (5) the maximization of financial returns. Subsequent to building the all-inclusive Ethical Banking Index (EBI), the second stage of the model gauges the performance of Egyptian banks. The EBI is not only applicable to Egypt, but could also prove useful to nations encountering similar socioeconomic woes.
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Gattis, J. L., and Sonny T. Low. "Intersection Angle Geometry and the Driver’s Field of View." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1612, no. 1 (January 1998): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1612-02.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At a skewed-angle intersection with the acute angle to the right of a driver on the minor roadway (the approach required to stop or yield), the vehicle body may obstruct the minor-road driver’s line of sight. Body parts that may obstruct the line of sight include the door frame, a panel aft of the door, or the cargo box of a single-unit truck. If the combination of vehicle design and intersection skew angle restrict a driver’s line of sight to the right, safety may be compromised. This research project evaluated obstructions caused by the bodies of a number of vehicles. The researchers measured the angles at which drivers’ lines of sight were obstructed by the body of their vehicles. Two driving positions were used—“sit back” and “lean forward.” A 13.5-degree vision angle (with respect to a line perpendicular to the vehicle path) was selected to represent an intermediate posture between the sit-back and the lean-forward positions. With a 13.5-degree vision angle in some restrictive vehicles, the 60-degree minimum intersection angle allowed by A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (“Green Book”) will cause the driver’s line of sight to be obstructed by the vehicle itself and offer only limited sight distance. When the acute angle is to the minor-road driver’s right, minimum angles of 70 degrees or more may be more appropriate, depending on the through-road speed.
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Sibony, Anne-Lise. "Can EU Consumer Law Benefit from Behavioural Insights? An Analysis of the Unfair Practices Directive." European Review of Private Law 22, Issue 6 (December 1, 2014): 901–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2014067.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract: European consumer law rests on a representation of consumer behaviour that is very far from reality as we percieve it but also from the teachings of behavioural sciences. This article explores in what ways behavioural insights could be used to shape the interpretation of European law on unfair practices. It is argued that insights from social psychology on influencing techniques are relevant to the interpretation of the unfair practices directive. These insights cut across national legal traditions and could therefore contribute to a uniform interpretation of EU law in the field of unfair commercial practices. Both conceptual and empirical insights from psychology are valuable from a legal point of view. In order for such insights to be put to actual legal use, it is important to address the question of how they should be used. In this regard, presumptions appear to be a very apt vehicle to incorporate behavioural teachings into the law. Resumé: Le droit européen de la consommation repose sur une image du consommateur très éloignée de la réalité telle que nous percevons mais aussi des enseignements des sciencse comportementales. Cet article examine de quelles manières utiliser les apports des sciences du comportement peuvent être utiles à l'interprétation de la législation européenne sur les pratiques déloyales. Plus particulièrement, il s'attache à identifier les enseignements de la psychologie sociale relatifs aux techniques d'influence qui présentent un intérêt pour l'interprétation de la directive sur les pratiques commerciales déloyales. Ces apports ne sont pas liés à une tradition juridique nationale en particulier et pourraient donc contribuer à uniformiser l'interprétation du droit européen dans le domaine des pratiques commerciales déloyales. Les enseignements de la psychologie qui présentent une utilité pour le droit sont à la fois conceptuels et empiriques. Afin de se servir de ces apports dans la pratique juridique actuelle, il est nécessaire de se pencher sur les méthodes par lesquelles le droit peut les intégrer. À cet égard, les présomptions semblent être un moyen très approprié pour incorporer dans le droit les enseignements des sciencse comportementales. Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag untersucht, auf welche Weise Ergebnisse der Verhaltensforschung für die Ausgestaltung der Interpretation des Europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts genutzt werden könnten. Es wird argumentiert, dass Erkenntnisse aus der Sozialpsychologie über Beeinflussungstechniken für die Interpretation der Richtlinie über unlautere Geschäftspraktiken relevant sind. Diese Erkenntnisse wirken über nationale Rechtstraditionen hinweg und könnten daher zu einer einheitlichen Interpretation des EU-Rechts im Bereich der unlauteren Geschäftspraktiken beitragen. Sowohl konzeptionelle als auch empirische Erkenntnisse der Psychologie sind aus rechtlicher Sicht wertvoll. Damit sie in der tatsächlichen juristischen Arbeit angewandt werden, ist es wichtig, die Frage zu stellen, wie sie verwendet werden sollen. In diesem Zusammenhang scheinen Annahmen ein sehr geeignetes Mittel für die Umsetzung von Verhaltenslehren in das Recht zu sein.
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Baldus, Christian. "Europäisierung des Privatrechts - Zwischenbilanz und Perspektiven: Achte Tagung der Gesellschaft Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler Mainz, 10.-13. September 1997." European Review of Private Law 6, Issue 1 (March 1, 1998): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/199055.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On the occasion of its Eight Annual Meeting (Mainz, September 1997), the Society of Young Researchers in Civil Law tried to sum up the present-day discussion on 'Europeanisation of Private Law'. In the context of German legal scholarship, necessity and desirability of this process are still controversial even among younger authors. In the continental tradition of strict separation of public and private law, the EC remains a phenomenon to be described and controlled in terms of constitutional law. The actions of such a phenomenon with reference to private law relationships, therefore, appear as necessarily isolated and a dangerous interference with sovereignty and with the civil law system so fundamental to lawyers' state of mind. However, the economic and political necessities of market integration cannot avoid reshaping even basic structures of general private law (e.g. in the field of consumer protection). The very aim of the treaties is a continuous growth of general welfare within the legal community of Europe; the key mechanism to achieve that aim can be seen in the full release of private freedom and entrepreneurship. There can now can be observed, in EC law, complex and multipolar relationships between private parties, States, and the Community (e.g. in the well-known issue of directives' horizontal direct effect). This situation is not likely to be explained sufficiently by recourse to the fixed and formal sub-ordination structures of nineteenth-century rooted public law. Accordingly, the congress opened with reflections on the general question of competition or unification of legal orders in Europe. This basic feature emerged also in many contributions to specific problems. The congress continued with historical and comparative presentations. The crucial issue under all these perspectives is how to find models apt to meet the requirements of an unprecedented harmonisation process. Certain fields of substantive law were at the centre of the following lectures, especially Labour, Company, and Competition Law. Unfair competition and merger control was also discussed in a round table with renowned representatives of legal practice. The final contributions concerned Private International Law and methodological problems in European Law. The last mentioned aspect is of outstanding importance also for the current debate on the reform of legal studies in Germany. The bulk of knowledge tested in the state examinations has become too great; it even hampers a structural understanding of law. It could be, however, just the links of EC law to foreign legal systems and to other sciences that introduce the student to the inherent openness and incompleteness of law. Method will again turn out to be the only key to a high-level legal argument and practice, as it has always been. In the light of such developments, a further harmonisation of private law should be 'tolerable' even from the continental, systematic, point of view.
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LI, Yu-xia, Shuai WANG, Jian-li WANG, Hong-wen LI, Yu-yan CAO, and Yang LIU. "Dual-motor de-rotator system of prime focus alt-azimuth telescope with large field of view." Optics and Precision Engineering 29, no. 4 (2021): 749–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37188/ope.20212904.0749.
Повний текст джерела
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Schönhardt, A., P. Altube, K. Gerilowski, S. Krautwurst, J. Hartmann, A. C. Meier, A. Richter, and J. P. Burrows. "A wide field-of-view imaging DOAS instrument for two-dimensional trace gas mapping from aircraft." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 12 (December 9, 2015): 5113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5113-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The Airborne imaging differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument for Measurements of Atmospheric Pollution (AirMAP) has been developed for the purpose of trace gas measurements and pollution mapping. The instrument has been characterized and successfully operated from aircraft. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns were retrieved from the AirMAP observations. A major benefit of the push-broom imaging instrument is the spatially continuous, gap-free measurement sequence independent of flight altitude, a valuable characteristic for mapping purposes. This is made possible by the use of a charge coupled device (CCD) frame-transfer detector. A broad field of view across track of around 48° is achieved with wide-angle entrance optics. This leads to a swath width of about the same size as the flight altitude. The use of fibre coupled light intake optics with sorted light fibres allows flexible instrument positioning within the aircraft and retains the very good imaging capabilities. The measurements yield ground spatial resolutions below 100 m depending on flight altitude. The number of viewing directions is chosen from a maximum of 35 individual viewing directions (lines of sight, LOS) represented by 35 individual fibres. The selection is adapted to each situation by averaging according to signal-to-noise or spatial resolution requirements. Observations at 30 m spatial resolution are obtained when flying at 1000 m altitude and making use of all 35 viewing directions. This makes the instrument a suitable tool for mapping trace gas point sources and small-scale variability. The position and aircraft attitude are taken into account for accurate spatial mapping using the Attitude and Heading Reference System of the aircraft. A first demonstration mission using AirMAP was undertaken in June 2011. AirMAP was operated on the AWI Polar-5 aircraft in the framework of the AIRMETH-2011 campaign. During a flight above a medium-sized coal-fired power plant in north-west Germany, AirMAP clearly detected the emission plume downwind from the exhaust stack, with NO2 vertical columns around 2 × 1016 molecules cm−2 in the plume centre. NOx emissions estimated from the AirMAP observations are consistent with reports in the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. Strong spatial gradients and variability in NO2 amounts across and along flight direction are observed, and small-scale enhancements of NO2 above a motorway are detected.
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Petty, Grant W., and Ralf Bennartz. "Field-of-view characteristics and resolution matching for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI)." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 745–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-745-2017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Representative parameters of the scan geometry are empirically determined for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI). Effective fields of view (EFOVs) are computed for the GMI's 13 channels, taking into account the blurring effect of the measurement interval on the instantaneous fields of view (IFOVs). Using a Backus–Gilbert procedure, coefficients are derived that yield an approximate spatial match between synthetic EFOVs of different channels, using the 18.7 GHz channels as a target and with due consideration of the tradeoff between the quality of the fit and noise amplification and edge effects. Modest improvement in resolution is achieved for the 10.65 GHz channels, albeit with slight ringing in the vicinity of coastlines and other sharp brightness temperature gradients. For all other channels, resolution is coarsened to approximate the 18.7 GHz EFOV. It is shown that the resolution matching procedure reduces nonlinear correlations between channels in the presence of coastlines as well as enables the more efficient separation of large brightness temperature variations due to coastlines from the much smaller variations due to other geophysical variables. As a byproduct of this work, we report accurate EFOV resolutions as well as a self-consistent set of parameters for modeling the scan geometry of the GMI.
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Torres, B., C. Toledano, A. Berjón, D. Fuertes, V. Molina, R. Gonzalez, M. Canini, et al. "Measurements on pointing error and field of view of Cimel-318 Sun photometers in the scope of AERONET." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, no. 8 (August 30, 2013): 2207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-2207-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Sensitivity studies indicate that among the diverse error sources of ground-based sky radiometer observations, the pointing error plays an important role in the correct retrieval of aerosol properties. The accurate pointing is specially critical for the characterization of desert dust aerosol. The present work relies on the analysis of two new measurement procedures (cross and matrix) specifically designed for the evaluation of the pointing error in the standard instrument of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), the Cimel CE-318 Sun photometer. The first part of the analysis contains a preliminary study whose results conclude on the need of a Sun movement correction for an accurate evaluation of the pointing error from both new measurements. Once this correction is applied, both measurements show equivalent results with differences under 0.01° in the pointing error estimations. The second part of the analysis includes the incorporation of the cross procedure in the AERONET routine measurement protocol in order to monitor the pointing error in field instruments. The pointing error was evaluated using the data collected for more than a year, in 7 Sun photometers belonging to AERONET sites. The registered pointing error values were generally smaller than 0.1°, though in some instruments values up to 0.3° have been observed. Moreover, the pointing error analysis shows that this measurement can be useful to detect mechanical problems in the robots or dirtiness in the 4-quadrant detector used to track the Sun. Specifically, these mechanical faults can be detected due to the stable behavior of the values over time and vs. the solar zenith angle. Finally, the matrix procedure can be used to derive the value of the solid view angle of the instruments. The methodology has been implemented and applied for the characterization of 5 Sun photometers. To validate the method, a comparison with solid angles obtained from the vicarious calibration method was developed. The differences between both techniques are below 3%.
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Zhou, Yao, Jufan Zhang, and Fengzhou Fang. "Stray light analysis and design optimization of geometrical waveguide." Advanced Optical Technologies 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2020-0059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Waveguide technology has great prospects of development in optical see-through near-eye displays with larger field of view, lower thickness and lighter weight than other conventional optical technologies. However, the stray light is usually inevitable in current optical design and manufacturing, causing a poor imaging quality. In this paper, the principle and structures of stray light generation are analyzed, and the causes are discussed by non-sequential ray-tracing with mass precision calculation. From the ray-tracing, the suppression of stray light by optimizing design and manufacturing are achieved. A 2 mm-thickness geometrical waveguide with partially reflective mirror array is designed. The field of view of the optimized geometrical waveguide reaches 47° with 10 mm at exit pupil diameter and 20 mm at eye relief.
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Calbet, Xavier, Niobe Peinado-Galan, Sergio DeSouza-Machado, Emil Robert Kursinski, Pedro Oria, Dale Ward, Angel Otarola, Pilar Rípodas, and Rigel Kivi. "Can turbulence within the field of view cause significant biases in radiative transfer modeling at the 183 GHz band?" Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 6409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-6409-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The hypothesis whether turbulence within the passive microwave sounders field of view can cause significant biases in radiative transfer modeling at the 183 GHz water vapor absorption band is tested. A novel method to calculate the effects of turbulence in radiative transfer modeling is presented. It is shown that the turbulent nature of water vapor in the atmosphere can be a critical component of radiative transfer modeling in this band. Radiative transfer simulations are performed comparing a uniform field with a turbulent one. These comparisons show frequency dependent biases which can be up to several kelvin in brightness temperature. These biases can match experimentally observed biases, such as the ones reported in Brogniez et al. (2016). Our simulations show that those biases could be explained as an effect of high-intensity turbulence in the upper troposphere. These high turbulence phenomena are common in clear air turbulence, storm or cumulus cloud situations.
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Petružytė, Donata. "Tyrėjo subjektyvaus patyrimo episteminė reikšmė lauko tyrimuose." Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika 8 (January 1, 2014): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/stepp.2014.0.2665.
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Vilniaus universitetasSocialinio darbo katedraUniversiteto g. 9/1 – 309 kab.LT-01513 VilniusEl. paštas: donatai@gmail.com Straipsnio tikslas – išnagrinėti ir atskleisti tyrėjo subjektyvaus patyrimo episteminę reikšmę ir jo panaudojimo lauko tyrimuose galimybes. Šios temos nagrinėjimas svarbus, nes leidžia kritiškiau įvertinti lauko tyrimus, visapusiškiau traktuoti jų duomenis ir siekti didesnio jų validumo. Rengiant medžiagą straipsniui buvo taikomi mokslinės literatūros, metodinių pavyzdžių ir asmeninės patirties analizės metodai. Prieita prie išvados, kad atliekant tokio pobūdžio tyrimus svarbu fiksuoti ne tik tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo išorėje (t. y. tiriamoje erdvėje), bet ir tai, kas vyksta tyrėjo viduje, ir šiuos vidinius vyksmus traktuoti kaip intensyvių ir daugiamačių tyrėjo ir tiriamųjų sąveikų padarinius.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: lauko tyrimas, etnografinis tyrimas, stebėjimas dalyvaujant, reflektyvumas, tyrėjo savianalizė.The Epistemic Singnificance of Researcher’s Subjective Experience in Fieldwork Donata Petružytė Summary The key feature of fieldwork is the researcher’s immersion in the culture (i.e. the group or community) being investigated. For this reason, fieldwork requires an exceptionally deep and personal involvement and is, therefore, emotionally costly to the researcher. This article is specifically aimed at drawing readers’ attention to subjective experiences of the fieldworker, which are rarely discussed in the scientific literature. In essence, the objective of this article is to reveal the epistemological significance of a researcher’s subjective experience and to investigate the possibilities of its application to fieldwork. The primary methods of data collection for this article were analysis, synthesis, and interpretation of scientific literature and methodological illustrations. In addition, the author’s personal experience in fieldwork was also analysed (namely, her research about waste-gatherer communities in Lithuanian landfills, which was conducted in cooperation with Mindaugas Survila, the director and cameraman of the 2011 documentary “Field of Magic”). The author believes that the aforementioned topic deserves thorough research because of its potential to aid the critical evaluation of fieldwork, to allow a more versatile data interpretation, and to improve the validity of gathered data. On the one hand, the theoretical aspects of the problem are only briefly examined in this article. On the other hand, the practical strategies of encouraging social and psychological reflectivity are discussed extensively and personal experience is analysed meticulously. Despite the fact that this article deals with fieldwork in particular, some of its findings might be useful for qualitative research in general. It must be acknowledged that the social setting of the field has an inevitable impact on the ethnographer. The summary of the author’s personal reflections, ethnographic research, and methodological literature reveals five types of such impact: physiological, cognitive, social, emotional, and ethical. In each individual case, the combination of levels of influence and their intensity depend on three factors: research characteristics (duration, intensity of data collection, cultural proximity / distance between researchers and participants), the researcher’s personal qualities and experience, and the peculiarities of the social milieu being investigated. It is evident, that only through constant effort of reflection the pitfall of unconscious social conditioning can be avoided. Otherwise it might lie unnoticed and lead to gross misrepresentations of social reality. Naturally, researchers themselves also have a powerful effect on their group of research subjects as their sudden entrance in the field abruptly interrupts the course of habitual activities of these subjects. Research subjects also have particular expectations the researcher and their own attitudes based on individual experience or common sense. Consequently, it is extremely important for the researcher to master the art of identifying and negotiating these expectations and common sense notions in order to properly steer the process of entering the field. The level of mastery determines the type of data accessible to the researcher and how readily available it is. Generally speaking, there are several crucial aspects of the ethnographer’s influence on research subjects. Firstly, there is a number of primary characteristics of identity, determining the researcher’s personality and the conduct of research, which are beyond one’s control. Namely, they are gender, age, and ethnic background, which are associated with specific social norms. Secondly, there are a few factors that the scientist can control. They include his or her outlook, behaviour, and social skills. Despite being less fundamental, the latter are sometimes useful in mitigating the negative effects of the former. Accordingly, controllable and uncontrollable factors interact with the expectations of research subjects to create a particular image of the scientist. A dedicated role is fairly quickly assigned to the researcher, but it may be transformed in the course of the fieldwork. As each given role allows for a specific amount of social power, and the researcher’s power translates into freedom of inquiry, the fieldworker’s scientific endeavour is enhanced by attainment of powerful roles and limited by reception of powerless roles. Although the former statement has become fieldworkers’ common sense, a mere recognition of the fact does not suffice. In order to thoughtfully and efficiently handle the research process, fieldworkers need to delve deeply into the everyday interaction among their social roles, psychological characteristics, subjects’ expectations and dispositions about them and their research. Scientists must also evaluate their level of coping with all the tasks and how it advances or hinders data collection. It is clearly evident that knowledge about social life, as generated during fieldwork, has little to do with the controlled setting of a lab. Its life-like character is marked with intimate, long-term, complicated, and multidimensional relationship between the research parties. Hence, it is important to register not only the flow of events in the field that are external to the researcher, but also his or her inner processes and to treat them as a product of multifaceted interaction between the fieldworker and natives of the field. It is quite apparent that because of a multitude of reciprocal effects between ethnographers and the field, researchers cannot be regarded as infallible and objective means of research. Henceforth, regular efforts by the researcher to analyse this complicated relationship from one’s point of view are mandatory. These efforts might provide a fruitful insight into research development and data interpretation. In conclusion, reflecting should be a vital part of every ethnographer’s research, because it would bring a handful of improvements. Firstly, the proper reflection on processes within the field and the self-analysis might lead to an increased observational acuteness. This would account for richer data and more in-depth information about the research object. Secondly, regular self-analysis would allow the fieldworker to be more involved in the research process and improve his or her ability to make strategic moves. Thirdly, acute reflection could shed more light on the context of data and the procedure of their collection. Furthermore, this would lead to a both more apt attribution of meaning during data interpretation and an improved validity of data. As a bonus, self-analysis may relieve the emotional burden put on the researcher by the difficulties of fieldwork and encourage the fieldworker’s personal development. Finally, deep reflection might also serve the educational purpose for both authors and readers alike, since it enriches research reports with detailed accounts of the fieldwork peculiarities. Key words: field research, ethnographic research, participant observation, reflectivity, researcher’s self-analysis
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Sihler, Holger, Peter Lübcke, Rüdiger Lang, Steffen Beirle, Martin de Graaf, Christoph Hörmann, Johannes Lampel, et al. "In-operation field-of-view retrieval (IFR) for satellite and ground-based DOAS-type instruments applying coincident high-resolution imager data." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 9, 2017): 881–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-881-2017.
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Abstract. Knowledge of the field of view (FOV) of a remote sensing instrument is particularly important when interpreting their data and merging them with other spatially referenced data. Especially for instruments in space, information on the actual FOV, which may change during operation, may be difficult to obtain. Also, the FOV of ground-based devices may change during transportation to the field site, where appropriate equipment for the FOV determination may be unavailable. This paper presents an independent, simple and robust method to retrieve the FOV of an instrument during operation, i.e. the two-dimensional sensitivity distribution, sampled on a discrete grid. The method relies on correlated measurements featuring a significantly higher spatial resolution, e.g. by an imaging instrument accompanying a spectrometer. The method was applied to two satellite instruments, GOME-2 and OMI, and a ground-based differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instrument integrated in an SO2 camera. For GOME-2, quadrangular FOVs could be retrieved, which almost perfectly match the provided FOV edges after applying a correction for spatial aliasing inherent to GOME-type instruments. More complex sensitivity distributions were found at certain scanner angles, which are probably caused by degradation of the moving parts within the instrument. For OMI, which does not feature any moving parts, retrieved sensitivity distributions were much smoother compared to GOME-2. A 2-D super-Gaussian with six parameters was found to be an appropriate model to describe the retrieved OMI FOV. The comparison with operationally provided FOV dimensions revealed small differences, which could be mostly explained by the limitations of our IFR implementation. For the ground-based DOAS instrument, the FOV retrieved using SO2-camera data was slightly smaller than the flat-disc distribution, which is assumed by the state-of-the-art correlation technique. Differences between both methods may be attributed to spatial inhomogeneities. In general, our results confirm the already deduced FOV distributions of OMI, GOME-2, and the ground-based DOAS. It is certainly applicable for degradation monitoring and verification exercises. For satellite instruments, the gained information is expected to increase the accuracy of combined products, where measurements of different instruments are integrated, e.g. mapping of high-resolution cloud information, incorporation of surface climatologies. For the SO2-camera community, the method presents a new and efficient tool to monitor the DOAS FOV in the field.
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Burgdorf, Martin, Stefan A. Buehler, Theresa Lang, Simon Michel, and Imke Hans. "The Moon as a photometric calibration standard for microwave sensors." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 3467–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3467-2016.
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Abstract. Instruments on satellites for Earth observation on polar orbits usually employ a two-point calibration technique, in which deep space and an onboard calibration target provide two reference flux levels. As the direction of the deep-space view is in general close to the celestial equator, the Moon sometimes moves through the field of view and introduces an unwelcome additional signal. One can take advantage of this intrusion, however, by using the Moon as a third flux standard, and this has actually been done for checking the lifetime stability of sensors operating at visible wavelengths. As the disk-integrated thermal emission of the Moon is less well known than its reflected sunlight, this concept can in the microwave range only be used for stability checks and intercalibration. An estimate of the frequency of appearances of the Moon in the deep-space view, a description of the limiting factors of the measurement accuracy and models of the Moon's brightness, and a discussion of the benefits from complementing the naturally occurring appearances of the Moon with dedicated spacecraft maneuvers show that it would be possible to detect photometric lifetime drifts of a few percent with just two measurements. The pointing accuracy is the most crucial factor for the value of this method. Planning such observations in advance would be particularly beneficial, because it allows observing the Moon at well-defined phase angles and putting it at the center of the field of view. A constant phase angle eliminates the need for a model of the Moon's brightness when checking the stability of an instrument. With increasing spatial resolution of future microwave sensors another question arises, viz. to what extent foreground emission from objects other than the Moon will contaminate the flux entering the deep-space view, which is supposed to originate exclusively in the cosmic microwave background. We conclude that even the brightest discreet sources have flux densities below the detection limit of microwave sensors in a single scan.
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Wilhelmy, Annika. "Journal Guidelines for Qualitative Research? A Balancing Act That Might Be Worth It." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 9, no. 4 (December 2016): 726–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2016.80.
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I agree with and expand on Pratt and Bonaccio's (2016) view that in order to facilitate the use of qualitative research in our field, we need more guidance for industrial–organizational (I-O) researchers in terms of training, best practice articles, and criteria for evaluating research quality. Fortunately, the interest in and openness to qualitative research is slowly but steadily growing in our field, something that is reflected in small but increasing numbers of publications and best practice articles (Bluhm, Harman, Lee, & Mitchell, 2011; Smith, Madden, & Ashmos Plowman, 2015). To give an example, the Journal of Applied Psychology (JAP), a journal not well known for publishing qualitative research, has recently published a qualitative article written by my colleagues and me (Wilhelmy, Kleinmann, König, Melchers, & Truxillo, 2016).
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Jiang, Di, Ke Zhang, and Olivier Debeir. "Star Recognition Based on Path Optimization in Star Sensor with Multiple Fields of View." Advances in Astronomy 2018 (October 1, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8261068.
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Star sensors make use of astronomical information in stars to determine attitude for spacecrafts by star image recognition. For low-cost star sensors with small field of view, fusion of observed images from multiple fields of view is performed and a novel recognition algorithm based on path optimization by randomly distributed ant colony is proposed. According to pheromone intensity, the ant colony can autonomously figure out a close optimal path without starting or ending point, rather than certifying a starting point first. Feature patterns extracted from the optimal path in guiding template and observed image after fusion are compared to perform star recognition. By the proposed algorithm, starting point for path optimization has no influence on the extracted feature pattern. Thus the star recognition rate is improved due to the higher stability of the extracted pattern. Simulations indicate that the algorithm improves recognition accuracy and robustness against noise for sensors with multiple fields of view.
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Adam, R., A. Adane, P. A. R. Ade, P. André, A. Andrianasolo, H. Aussel, A. Beelen, et al. "The NIKA2 large-field-of-view millimetre continuum camera for the 30 m IRAM telescope." Astronomy & Astrophysics 609 (January 2018): A115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731503.
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Context. Millimetre-wave continuum astronomy is today an indispensable tool for both general astrophysics studies (e.g. star formation, nearby galaxies) and cosmology (e.g. cosmic microwave background and high-redshift galaxies). General purpose, large-field-of-view instruments are needed to map the sky at intermediate angular scales not accessible by the high-resolution interferometers (e.g. ALMA in Chile, NOEMA in the French Alps) and by the coarse angular resolution space-borne or ground-based surveys (e.g. Planck, ACT, SPT). These instruments have to be installed at the focal plane of the largest single-dish telescopes, which are placed at high altitude on selected dry observing sites. In this context, we have constructed and deployed a three-thousand-pixel dual-band (150 GHz and 260 GHz, respectively 2 mm and 1.15 mm wavelengths) camera to image an instantaneous circular field-of-view of 6.5 arcmin in diameter, and configurable to map the linear polarisation at 260 GHz. Aims. First, we are providing a detailed description of this instrument, named NIKA2 (New IRAM KID Arrays 2), in particular focussing on the cryogenics, optics, focal plane arrays based on Kinetic Inductance Detectors, and the readout electronics. The focal planes and part of the optics are cooled down to the nominal 150 mK operating temperature by means of an adhoc dilution refrigerator. Secondly, we are presenting the performance measured on the sky during the commissioning runs that took place between October 2015 and April 2017 at the 30-m IRAM telescope at Pico Veleta, near Granada (Spain). Methods. We have targeted a number of astronomical sources. Starting from beam-maps on primary and secondary calibrators we have then gone to extended sources and faint objects. Both internal (electronic) and on-the-sky calibrations are applied. The general methods are described in the present paper. Results. NIKA2 has been successfully deployed and commissioned, performing in-line with expectations. In particular, NIKA2 exhibits full width at half maximum angular resolutions of around 11 and 17.5 arcsec at respectively 260 and 150 GHz. The noise equivalent flux densities are, at these two respective frequencies, 33±2 and 8±1 mJy s1/2. A first successful science verification run was achieved in April 2017. The instrument is currently offered to the astronomy community and will remain available for at least the following ten years.
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Armstrong, Rachel. "Innovation and Technical Transformations in Living Technology." International Journal of Actor-Network Theory and Technological Innovation 7, no. 1 (January 2015): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijantti.2015010103.
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This essay proposes that humans are in the midst of a cultural shift from the Industrial Age to an Ecological Era, which demands that one re-conceptualize the world and operate within it differently. It discusses the opportunities raised by Actor Network Theory (ANT) in helping one navigate the transition from an object-centred view of reality, towards one that also engages with process-oriented concepts. In particular, the impact of the convergence of these worldviews on technological innovation is explored through recognising a different material framework that engages with nonlinear systems. ANT offers a unique opportunity to deal with matter at far from equilibrium through the notion of assemblages, which act as a new kind of operating system that behaves in remarkably lifelike ways. Empirical evidence is provided for such an ANT-based, production platform through laboratory findings in an emerging field of computation called ‘natural' computing. A range of models and prototypes are discussed. The resultant lifelike technologies require unique infrastructures that facilitate the movement of elemental fabrics (earth, air, heat, water). While much evidence for their existence is propositional and qualitative, as they are in their earliest stages of development, these lifelike technologies have the potential to radically alter the impact of human development and transform it from being harmful to beneficial to the environment.
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Fourie, Pieter Jacobus. "Peace journalism as ideology or peace journalism as a semiotic act of world and life view?" Communicare: Journal for Communication Studies in Africa 31, sed-1 (October 17, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/jcsa.v31ised-1.1644.
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In this article it is argued that in the context of critical media and cultural studies’ emphasis onideology, the accent in understanding peace journalism frequently falls on peace journalismas advocacy journalism and on peace journalism as an ideological manipulation of therepresentation of war, conflict, terrorism, protest and violence. For an alternative understandingof peace journalism, and in the light of renewed academic interest in the understanding of worldand life view as a comprehensive set of values underlying cognition and representation, thisarticle suggests a focus on the description and analyses of the a priori values underlying ajournalist’s world and life view and demonstrates how such values may or may not be rooted ina fundamental world and life view predisposed to peace versus violence and war as a solutionto conflict. Given world and life view’s emphasis on meaning and meaning-making, the articlethen suggests an understanding of peace journalism and an understanding among journalistsof their work, as a semiotic act and as such signifying and representing the values of world andlife views in rhetorical and dialogical ways. Such an understanding and consciousness may leadto heightened journalistic sensitivity regarding how war, violence, conflict and hate are reported.This article deals in consecutive parts with the topics peace journalism, world and life view asa construct and its possible application in the field of peace journalism, and journalism as asemiotic act, characterised by signification, representation, rhetoric and dialogue as four of themain building blocks of journalistic communication, including peace journalism.
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McBride, Brent A., J. Vanderlei Martins, Henrique M. J. Barbosa, William Birmingham, and Lorraine A. Remer. "Spatial distribution of cloud droplet size properties from Airborne Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (AirHARP) measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 1777–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-1777-2020.
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Abstract. The global variability of clouds and their interactions with aerosol and radiation make them one of our largest sources of uncertainty related to global radiative forcing. The droplet size distribution (DSD) of clouds is an excellent proxy that connects cloud microphysical properties with radiative impacts on our climate. However, traditional radiometric instruments are information-limited in their DSD retrievals. Radiometric sensors can infer droplet effective radius directly but not the distribution width, which is an important parameter tied to the growth of a cloud field and to the onset of precipitation. DSD heterogeneity hidden inside large pixels, a lack of angular information, and the absence of polarization limit the amount of information these retrievals can provide. Next-generation instruments that can measure at narrow resolutions with multiple view angles on the same pixel, a broad swath, and sensitivity to the intensity and polarization of light are best situated to retrieve DSDs at the pixel level and over a wide spatial field. The Airborne Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter (HARP) is a wide-field-of-view imaging polarimeter instrument designed by the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), for retrievals of cloud droplet size distribution properties over a wide swath, at narrow resolution, and at up to 60 unique, co-located view zenith angles in the 670 nm channel. The cloud droplet effective radius (CDR) and variance (CDV) of a unimodal gamma size distribution are inferred simultaneously by matching measurement to Mie polarized phase functions. For all targets with appropriate geometry, a retrieval is possible, and unprecedented spatial maps of CDR and CDV are made for cloud fields that stretch both across the swath and along the entirety of a flight observation. During the NASA Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS) aircraft campaign in May–June 2017, the Airborne HARP (AirHARP) instrument observed a heterogeneous stratocumulus cloud field along the solar principal plane. Our retrievals from this dataset show that cloud DSD heterogeneity can occur at the 200 m scale, much smaller than the 1–2 km resolution of most spaceborne sensors. This heterogeneity at the sub-pixel level can create artificial broadening of the DSD in retrievals made at resolutions on the order of 0.5 to 1 km. This study, which uses the AirHARP instrument and its data as a proxy for upcoming HARP CubeSat and HARP2 spaceborne instruments, demonstrates the viability of the HARP concept to make cloud measurements at scales of individual clouds, with global coverage, and in a low-cost, compact CubeSat-sized payload.
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Younger, Joel P., Iain M. Reid, Chris L. Adami, Chris M. Hall, and Masaki Tsutsumi. "Meteor radar observations of polar mesospheric summer echoes over Svalbard." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 7 (July 21, 2021): 5015–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-5015-2021.
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Abstract. A 31 MHz meteor radar located in Svalbard was used to observe polar mesospheric echoes (PMSEs) during summer 2020. Data from 19 July were selected for detailed analysis, with a focus on extracting additional information to characterize the atmosphere in the PMSE region. The use of an all-sky meteor radar adds an additional use to data collected for meteor observations and enables the detection of PMSE layers across a wide field of view. Comparison with data from a 53.5 MHz narrow-beam mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar shows good agreement in the morphology of the layer as detected between the two systems. Doppler spectra of PMSE layers reveal fine structure, including regions of enhanced return that move across the radar's field of view. Examination of the relationship between range and Doppler shift of off-zenith portions of the layer enables the estimation of wind speeds with high temporal resolution during PMSE conditions. Trials demonstrate good agreement between wind speeds obtained from PMSE Doppler spectra and those calculated from specular meteor trail radial velocities. Combined with the antenna polar diagram of the radar, this same relationship was used to infer the aspect sensitivity of observed PMSE backscatter, yielding a mean backscatter angular width of 6.8±3.3∘. A comparison of underdense meteor radar echo decay times during and outside of PMSE conditions did not demonstrate a strong correlation between the presence of PMSEs and shortened underdense meteor radar echo durations.
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Marisi, Flavia. "Number 13 / Part I. Music. 4. Promoting Development and Change: Civil Disobedience in The Legal-Political Thinking and The Musical Field." Review of Artistic Education 13, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rae-2017-0004.
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Abstract A public, non-violent act not abiding by a recognized rule, and conscientiously done with the intent to frustrate the latter, is called an act of civil disobedience. Those who practice civil disobedience reject a specific rule, considering it unfitting with their own ethical, religious, or artistic values, and are prepared to suffer the indignities which may greet their act. The paper offers a comparative view on civil disobedience in the legalpolitical and the musical field, basing on the conceptualizations by philosophers and legal thinkers as Thoreau, Bedau, Rawls and Dworkin, and briefly analyzing some works by Monteverdi, Mozart and Liszt as examples of civil disobedience.
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Sang, Lei, and Duo Long. "Application of Ant Colony Algorithm to the Hierarchical Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1833.
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Wireless sensor networks (WSN) have become a hot research topic in the field of computer science. Since WSNs are characterized by limited node energy, dynamic topological structure and data fusion, the design of WSN routing protocols is faced with new problems and challenges. In recent years, many new routing algorithms for wireless sensor networks have appeared, but they all have some shortcomings. This paper studies and analyzes these routing protocols, and in view of their shortcomings, proposes a WSN hierarchical routing protocol based on ant colony algorithm. And a simulation test is conducted on this improved routing protocol, and the simulation result proves that this algorithm basically achieves the design objectives of WSN routing algorithms.
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Kniffka, A., M. Stengel, M. Lockhoff, R. Bennartz, and R. Hollmann. "Characteristics of cloud liquid water path from SEVIRI onboard the Meteosat Second Generation 2 satellite for several cloud types." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 4 (April 4, 2014): 887–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-887-2014.
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Abstract. In this study the temporal and spatial characteristics of the liquid water path (LWP) of low, middle and high level clouds are analysed using space-based observations from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) instrument onboard the Meteosat Second Generation 2 (MSG 2) satellite. Both geophysical quantities are part of the CLAAS (CLoud property dAtAset using SEVIRI) data set and are generated by EUMETSAT's Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF). In this article we focus on the statistical properties of LWP, retrieved during daylight conditions, associated with individual cloud types. We analysed the intrinsic variability of LWP, that is, the variability in only cloudy regions and the variations driven by cloud amount. The relative amplitude of the intrinsic diurnal cycle exceeded the cloud amount driven amplitude in our analysed cases. Our results reveal that each cloud type possesses a characteristic intrinsic LWP distribution. These frequency distributions are constant with time in the entire SEVIRI field of view, but vary for smaller regions like Central Europe. Generally the average LWP is higher over land than over sea; in the case of low clouds this amounts to 15–27% in 2009. The variance of the frequency distributions is enhanced as well. Also, the average diurnal cycle of LWP is related to cloud type with the most pronounced relative diurnal variations being detected for low and middle level clouds. Maps of the relative amplitude and the local time of maximum LWP show the variation throughout the SEVIRI field of view.
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SHANI, ITAY, and JOACHIM KEPPLER. "Beyond Combination: How Cosmic Consciousness Grounds Ordinary Experience." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 4, no. 3 (2018): 390–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2018.30.
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AbstractThe aim of this paper is twofold. First, our purpose is to propose and motivate a novel and scientifically informed variant of cosmopsychism, namely, the view that the experiences of ordinary subjects are ultimately grounded in an all-pervading cosmic consciousness. Second, we will demonstrate that this approach generates promising avenues for addressing familiar problems of phenomenal constitution. We use stochastic electrodynamics (SED) as the physical bedrock of our approach, supplementing it with key insights about the nature of consciousness long emphasized in eastern philosophy and other wisdom traditions. We proceed to show that our approach substantiates an intriguing way of thinking about the dynamical emergence of ordinary consciousness from cosmic consciousness, identifying the latter with the vacuum state of quantum field theory. Finally, we argue that the present approach is well suited to address problems of phenomenal constitution, in particular as they pertain to the qualities and structure of experience and to the generation of subjects.
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Hawdon, John M., and James P. Bernot. "Teaching Parasitology Lab Remotely Using Livestreaming." American Biology Teacher 84, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 312–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2022.84.5.312.
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Teaching biology laboratories remotely presents unique problems and challenges for instructors. Microscopic examination of specimens, as is common in parasitology labs, is especially difficult given the limited quantity of teaching specimens and the need for each student to have access to a microscope at their remote location. Observing images of parasites on the internet coupled with written exercises, while useful, is unrepresentative of real-world laboratory or field conditions. To provide a more realistic microscopy-centered synchronous experience for our parasitology class during the coronavirus pandemic, we used a smartphone mounted on a student microscope to livestream examination of parasite specimens to remote students via the Webex meeting app. This allowed two instructors, working from separate locations, to present and narrate the view of the specimens through the microscope in real time to the remotely located class. While less than ideal, livestreaming microscopic views of parasite specimens together with simultaneous instructor narration provided a reasonable remote substitute for a hands-on parasitology lab experience.
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Aslan, Gökhan, Erhan Ilhan Konukseven, and Buğra Koku. "Design and Implementation of a 3D Range Scanner for Mobile Robots." Key Engineering Materials 572 (September 2013): 644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.572.644.
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In an efficient autonomous navigation and exploration, the robots should sense the environment as exactly as possible in real-time and act correctly on the basis of the acquired 3D data. Laser scanners have been used for the last 30 years for mobile robot navigation. However, they often did not enough speed, accuracy and field of view. In this paper we present the design and implementation of a scanning platform, which can be used for both outdoor and indoor mobile robot navigation and mapping. A 3D scanning platform based on a 2D laser rangefinder was designed in compact way for fast and accurate mapping with maximum field of view. The range finder is rotated around the vertical axis to extract the 3D indoor information. However, the scanner is designed to be placed in any direction on a mobile robot. The designed mechanism provides 360º degree horizontal by 240º degree vertical field of view. The maximum resolution is 0.36º degrees in elevation and variable in azimuth (0.1 degrees if scanning platform is set to complete a 360º degree rotation in 3.6 seconds). The proposed low cost compact design is tested by scanning a physical environment with known dimensions to show that it can be used as a precise and reliable high quality 3D sensor for autonomous mobile robots.
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Spuler, S. M., K. S. Repasky, B. Morley, D. Moen, M. Hayman, and A. R. Nehrir. "Field-deployable diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) for profiling water vapor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 3 (March 4, 2015): 1073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-1073-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. A field-deployable water vapor profiling instrument that builds on the foundation of the preceding generations of diode-laser-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) laboratory prototypes was constructed and tested. Significant advances are discussed, including a unique shared telescope design that allows expansion of the outgoing beam for eye-safe operation with optomechanical and thermal stability; multistage optical filtering enabling measurement during daytime bright-cloud conditions; rapid spectral switching between the online and offline wavelengths enabling measurements during changing atmospheric conditions; and enhanced performance at lower ranges by the introduction of a new filter design and the addition of a wide field-of-view channel. Performance modeling, testing, and intercomparisons are performed and discussed. In general, the instrument has a 150 m range resolution with a 10 min temporal resolution; 1 min temporal resolution in the lowest 2 km of the atmosphere is demonstrated. The instrument is shown capable of autonomous long-term field operation – 50 days with a > 95% uptime – under a broad set of atmospheric conditions and potentially forms the basis for a ground-based network of eye-safe autonomous instruments needed for the atmospheric sciences research and forecasting communities.
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Niple, Edward R., Herman E. Scott, John A. Conant, Stephen H. Jones, Frank J. Iannarilli, and Wellesley E. Pereira. "Application of oxygen A-band equivalent width to disambiguate downwelling radiances for cloud optical depth measurement." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 9 (August 31, 2016): 4167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-4167-2016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. This paper presents the three-waveband spectrally agile technique (TWST) for measuring cloud optical depth (COD). TWST is a portable field-proven sensor and retrieval method offering a unique combination of fast (1 Hz) cloud-resolving (0.5° field of view) real-time-reported COD measurements. It entails ground-based measurement of visible and near-infrared (VNIR) zenith spectral radiances much like the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) cloud-mode sensors. What is novel in our approach is that we employ absorption in the oxygen A-band as a means of resolving the COD ambiguity inherent in using up-looking spectral radiances. We describe the TWST sensor and algorithm, and assess their merits by comparison to AERONET cloud-mode measurements collected during the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) Two-Column Aerosol Project (TCAP). Spectral radiance agreement was better than 1 %, while a linear fit of COD yielded a slope of 0.905 (TWST reporting higher COD) and offset of −2.1.
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LeUnes, Arnold, and Sue Ann Hayward. "Sport Psychology as Viewed by Chairpersons of APA-Approved Clinical Psychology Programs." Sport Psychologist 4, no. 1 (March 1990): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.4.1.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Departmental chairpersons of American Psychological Association-approved clinical psychology programs responded to a questionnaire concerned with selected aspects of sport psychology. Of 147 chairs, 102 (69.4%) returned the instrument. The nine questions comprising the instrument were aimed at assessing the current perception of and future predictions for sport psychology. Data analysis is supportive of the viability of sport psychology but also indicates that it is not a major curricular component in selected psychology departments at the present time. Sport psychology appears to be positively perceived by the current respondents, and there is little evidence of an impending turf war between psychology and physical education over who will control the field. However, the use of the term sport psychologist is seen as contentious in view of state/provincial licensing laws, but no clear-cut answer to credentialing is foreseen.
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Taylor, K., R. D. Cannon, and Q. A. Parker. "The AAT's 2-Degree Field Project." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 179 (1998): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900128426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The “Two-degree Field” (2dF) project at the Anglo-Australian Observatory (AAO) gives the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) a field of view two degrees in diameter at the prime focus, equipped with 400 optical fibres for multi-object spectroscopy. The basic components of 2dF are the corrector lens optics, the robot which positions the fibres and a pair of spectrographs. All these are mounted on a new ‘top end ring’ so that the whole assembly can be easily put on and off the telescope. Here we will give an update on the status of 2dF, highlighting features which have changed or been developed since earlier reports.
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Janvrin, Diane J., and James M. Kurtenbach. "The Influence of Disclosure Regulation on Selective Disclosure: Impact on Difficult-to-Measure Reporting Activities and the Importance of Assurance Services." Accounting and the Public Interest 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 70–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/api.2006.6.1.70.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of recent disclosure regulation (e.g., Regulation Fair Disclosure [FD]) is to reduce selective disclosure, the practice of releasing financial information to selected users before publicly disclosing the information. Prior to FD, providers used narrow distribution reporting activities, such as phone calls and one-on-one meetings with analysts, reviews of analysts' earnings estimates, and analysts' contracts with suppliers and firm employees, to communicate private financial information to selected users at the expense of uninformed users. Public interest theorists view regulation as a means to protect the public. We predict that if FD is effective, providers will move away from narrow reporting activities and reduce the probability that selected users can achieve a competitive advantage over the general investing public. In addition, assuming that reducing selective disclosure increases the number of market participants receiving information, we argue that the importance of assurance services will increase since FD (1) reduces users' ability to evaluate the credibility of provider information based on personal relationships with providers, and (2) increases the pressure on provider investor relations personnel to monitor the amount and credibility of information disclosed to decrease the likelihood that market participants view the information released as unreliable. Due to the lack of available empirical data related to narrow reporting activities and the importance of assurance services, we employ a field-based questionnaire of providers and users to address these issues. Results indicate that (1) providers and users perceive that narrow distribution reporting activities still exist, and (2) reducing users' personal access to providers may increase the importance of assurance services. The study increases our understanding of how regulation to reduce selective disclosure may protect the public by examining its impact on corporate disclosure activities and policies.
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Geldibaev, Movlad Kh. "Criminal Liability for the Use of Substances and (or) Methods Prohibited in Sports in Respect of a Sportsman." Drug control 4 (December 24, 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2072-4160-2020-4-11-15.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose: assessment of criminal law and criminological problems of combating crime in the field of sports related to doping. Research method: doctrinal analysis of criminal legislation, conducting surveys of specialists in the field of justice and non-such citizens interested in sports, analysis of survey results. Conclusions: amendments to the criminal legislation providing for liability for acts related to doping is justified and timely. Scientific and practical significance: the significance of surveys for assessing decisions made in the field of criminal liability for acts related to doping is shown; the point of view is substantiated according to which, when doping is used against an athlete by taking pills or powder inside, injection, etc., regardless of his consent, the respective athlete should be recognized as a victim of this illegal act.
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Shi, Entao, Yongmei Wang, Nan Jia, Jinghua Mao, Guanda Lu, and Shaolin Liang. "Absorbing Aerosol Sensor on Gao-Fen 5B satellite." Advanced Optical Technologies 7, no. 6 (December 19, 2018): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2018-0040.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Absorbing Aerosol Sensor (AAS) will be launched aboard the GaoFen-5B satellite in China. The main purpose of AAS is to monitor absorbing aerosols by measuring the solar backscatter radiation. AAS is an ultraviolet-visible imaging spectrometer that uses a single charge coupled device to capture both the spectrum and the cross-track direction with a 114° wide swath. The large field of view enables daily global coverage with 4-km spatial resolution. The spectral range of the instrument extends from 340 to 550 nm with spectral resolution (full width at half maximum) of 2 nm. This paper provides details of the instrument design, including system design, optical design, and mechanical design, as well as detector and calibration unit on orbit. The numerous simulations show that all design results satisfy the specification and vibration requirements of the instrument.
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Knuuttila, Tarja, and Sampsa Hyysalo. "Editorial." Science & Technology Studies 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
**Editorial** Science Studies 1/2007 is the first issue by its new chief editors Dr. Tarja Knuuttila and Docent Sampsa Hyysalo. The decision to appoint two editors-in-chief was motivated by the steadily increasing amount of submissions, as well as by the need to retain a good grasp of the range of focal areas that comprise science and technology studies. Tarja Knuuttila is a philosopher of science currently studying scientific modelling and representation especially in the context of computational science. Sampsa Hyysalo’s primary field is science and technology studies. He has studied change in professional and everyday practices by focussing on the development and appropriation of health ICTs. The change in its editors does not mark a great transition in the focus of the journal. Science Studies continues to be both an international and interdisciplinary journal welcoming contributions to the study of science and technology from different points of view and different disciplinary backgrounds whether philosophical, historical, sociological, psychological, educational or politicoeconomic. At the moment the journal receives contributions from all over the world, the most contributions coming from the US and from Northern European countries. The acceptance rate is 20,5 for the moment, but it will fall, since we are receiving an increasing amount of contributions. This shows that the interest towards Science Studies is steadily growing. As to our website, Science Studies is also happy to announce that it has digitized and published all of its articles from 1988 to 1997. The ten volumes which have been published comprise over 100 articles on Science and Technology Studies and represent one of the largest fully accessible online collections available today. We are committed to distributing the content of Science Studies to as broad an audience as possible at no cost. Moreover, we have decreased our moving wall from one year to six months, allowing for increased visibility and access to our most recent content. The present volume contains four full articles concentrating mainly on science and science policy. In “From Core Set to Assemblage: On the Dynamics of Exclusion and Inclusion in the Failure to Derive Beta Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells” Mike Michael et al. concentrate on a traditional STS-theme, that of experimenter’s regress. They contrast Collins’s core set model to an analysis in terms of assemblages in an attempt to show that scientific controversies need not end in the exclusion of the discredited faction of scientists from the core set. Rather, due to several reasons such as the ‘chronic uncertainty’ of stem cell research, the epistemically defeated faction can be rehabilitated because of the ‘social understandability’ of their strategies. ”Effects of ‘Mode 2’-Related Policy on the Research Process: The Case of Publicly Funded German Nanotechnology” by Andreas Wald and “Disentangling Transdisciplinarity: An Analysis of Knowledge Integration in Problem-Oriented Research” by Wolfgang Zierhofer and Paul Burger provide somewhat critical perspectives on the supposed advantages of Mode 2 policies and the very idea that transdisciplinary research, which is also referred to as Mode 2 science, represents a genuinely new model of knowledge production. Wald argues that nanotechnology research does not fit into the picture portrayed by Mode 2 literature, yet Mode 2-related policies are applied to it in the German context. As a result of this, policies are often considered harmful by the scientists. Zierhofer and Burger in turn seek to analyze the diversity of the supposed transdisciplinary mode of knowledge production in terms of various types of research objectives and related research instruments. Finally, Matt Ratto’s paper “A Practice-Based Model of Access for Science: Linux Kernel Development and Shared Digital Resources” presents a close-quarter analysis of Linux kernel development in order to build a model of access that would be apt for examining the increasingly distributed and digitally-mediated scientific work. This last paper is also a teaser for the next issue of Science Studies, which is a special issue on Free/Libre Open source software (FLOSS). Guest edited by Dr. Yuwei Lin and Prof. Lars Risan, Science Studies 2/2007 provides a set of highly interesting and in-depth studies on organization, work and development in FLOSS projects.
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Attamimy, Husein Furqani, Esti Junining, and Ismatul Khasanah. "SPEECH ACT ANALYISIS OF JACINDA ARDERN ABOUT COVID-19." Elite English and Literature Journal 7, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/10.24252/elite.v7i2a9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study attempts to analyze the illocutionary act of Jacinda Ardern speech by using Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis. The data of this study is a video transcript of Jacinda Ardern’s speech on policies regarding Covid-19 which she delivered on Mar 22, 2020. The data analysis of the study is a descriptive study using Fairclough’s theory of discourse analysis. The result shows that it is known that the types of speech used in Ardern’s speech are representative and commissive illocutionary speech. From the point of view of Fairclough’s discourse analysis, Ardern’s utterances tend to use language that is straightforward, concise and easy to understand. Her utterances do not use figurative language that might be used to disguise the real language of the situation at hand. The language used by Ardern tends to be straightforward and reveal facts that occur in the field and provide sufficient explanation for the consequences that will occur in the future. However, on the other hand, she can choose good words so that people’s worries do not get bigger. She can also control and reduce public concern by giving a statement about the actions that the government will take to tackle the coronavirus.
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Stender, Benedikt, Fabian Hilbert, Yannick Dupuis, Alexander Krupp, Willi Mantei, and Ruth Houbertz. "Manufacturing strategies for scalable high-precision 3D printing of structures from the micro to the macro range." Advanced Optical Technologies 8, no. 3-4 (June 26, 2019): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aot-2019-0022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Industrial high-precision 3D Printing (HP3DP) via two-photon absorption (TPA) provides freedom in design for the fabrication of novel products that are not feasible with conventional techniques. Up to now, 2PP-fabrication has only been used for structures on the micrometer scale due to limited traveling ranges of the translation stages and the field-of-view (FoV) of microscope objectives (diameters below 0.5 mm). For industrial applications, not only high throughput but also scalability in size is essential. For this purpose, this contribution gives insights into different manufacturing strategies composed of varying exposure modes, fabrication modes, and structuring modes, which enable the generation of large-scale optical elements without relying on stitching. With strategies like stage-only mode or synchronized movement of galvoscanners and translation stages, optical elements with several millimeters in diameter and freeform shape can be fabricated with optical surface quality.
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Saifudin, Akhmad. "Teori Tindak Tutur dalam Studi Linguistik Pragmatik." LITE: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Budaya 15, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/lite.v15i1.2382.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article explains the theory of speech acts proposed by John L. Austin and his student John R. Searle. Speech act theory is a sub-field of pragmatics. This field of study deals with the ways in which words can be used not only to present information but also to carry out actions. This theory considers three levels or components of speech: locutionary acts (the making of a meaningful statement, saying something that a hearer understands), illocutionary acts (saying something with a purpose, such as to inform), and perlocutionary acts (saying something that causes someone to act). Many view speech acts as the central units of communication, with phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties of an utterance serving as ways of identifying the meaning of speaker’s utterance or illocutionary force. There are five types of Illocutionary point according to Searle: declarations, assertives, expressives, directives, and commissives (1979:viii). A speech act, in order to be successful, needs to be performed along certain types of conditions. These conditions were categorized by the linguist John Searle, who introduced the term felicity conditions: propositional content condition, preparatory condition, sincerity condition, and essential condition.
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Plotnitsky, Arkady. "Nature Has No Elementary Particles and Makes No Measurements or Predictions: Quantum Measurement and Quantum Theory, from Bohr to Bell and from Bell to Bohr." Entropy 23, no. 9 (September 11, 2021): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091197.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article reconsiders the concept of physical reality in quantum theory and the concept of quantum measurement, following Bohr, whose analysis of quantum measurement led him to his concept of a (quantum) “phenomenon,” referring to “the observations obtained under the specified circumstances,” in the interaction between quantum objects and measuring instruments. This situation makes the terms “observation” and “measurement,” as conventionally understood, inapplicable. These terms are remnants of classical physics or still earlier history, from which classical physics inherited it. As defined here, a quantum measurement does not measure any preexisting property of the ultimate constitution of the reality responsible for quantum phenomena. An act of measurement establishes a quantum phenomenon by an interaction between the instrument and the quantum object or in the present view the ultimate constitution of the reality responsible for quantum phenomena and, at the time of measurement, also quantum objects. In the view advanced in this article, in contrast to that of Bohr, quantum objects, such as electrons or photons, are assumed to exist only at the time of measurement and not independently, a view that redefines the concept of quantum object as well. This redefinition becomes especially important in high-energy quantum regimes and quantum field theory and allows this article to define a new concept of quantum field. The article also considers, now following Bohr, the quantum measurement as the entanglement between quantum objects and measurement instruments. The argument of the article is grounded in the concept “reality without realism” (RWR), as underlying quantum measurement thus understood, and the view, the RWR view, of quantum theory defined by this concept. The RWR view places a stratum of physical reality thus designated, here the reality ultimately responsible for quantum phenomena, beyond representation or knowledge, or even conception, and defines the corresponding set of interpretations quantum mechanics or quantum field theory, such as the one assumed in this article, in which, again, not only quantum phenomena but also quantum objects are (idealizations) defined by measurement. As such, the article also offers a broadly conceived response to J. Bell’s argument “against ‘measurement’”.
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Zhou, Hualing, Xi Li, Dahong Xu, Hong Liu, Jianping Guo, and Yihan Zhang. "Self-Supervised Action Representation Learning Based on Asymmetric Skeleton Data Augmentation." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 8989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228989.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Contrastive learning has received increasing attention in the field of skeleton-based action representations in recent years. Most contrastive learning methods use simple augmentation strategies to construct pairs of positive samples. When using such pairs of positive samples to learn action representations, deeper feature information cannot be learned, thus affecting the performance of downstream tasks. To solve the problem of insufficient learning ability, we propose an asymmetric data augmentation strategy and attempt to apply it to the training of 3D skeleton-based action representations. First, we carefully study the different characteristics presented by different skeleton views and choose a specific augmentation method for a certain view. Second, specific augmentation methods are incorporated into the left and right branches of the asymmetric data augmentation pipeline to increase the convergence difficulty of the contrastive learning task, thereby significantly improving the quality of the learned action representations. Finally, since many methods directly act on the joint view, the augmented samples are quite different from the original samples. We use random probability activation to transform the joint view to avoid extreme augmentation of the joint view. Extensive experiments on NTU RGB + D datasets show that our method is effective.
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Zahidova, Mehri Altay. "The system of performative utterances in the light of the synthesis of theories of act and speech." Scientific Bulletin 2 (2021): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/hump7637.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Linguistic studies left almost completely out of their field of view the vast and fascinating area of research for the meaning of the sentence. The conception of language as a means of action has become a topic of sustained investigation by philosophers of language and linguists within the theory of speech acts. The pursuit of this approach is to examine, among such bits, performative utterances and their five general classes of speech acts, by considering them communicative goals. The present paper elucidates the foundations of this pragmatic theory as formulated by one of its leading figure J. Austin and goes even further to search for a general theory of act, including both the theory of act and the theory of speech.
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Smith, T. E. L., M. J. Wooster, M. Tattaris, and D. W. T. Griffith. "Absolute accuracy and sensitivity analysis of OP-FTIR retrievals of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and CO over concentrations representative of "clean air" and "polluted plumes"." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 4, no. 1 (January 26, 2011): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-97-2011.
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Abstract. When compared to established point-sampling methods, Open-Path Fourier Transform Infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy can provide path-integrated concentrations of multiple gases simultaneously, in situ and near-continuously. The trace gas pathlength amounts can be retrieved from the measured IR spectra using a forward model coupled to a non-linear least squares fitting procedure, without requiring "background" spectral measurements unaffected by the gases of interest. However, few studies have investigated the accuracy of such retrievals for CO2, CH4 and CO, particularly across broad concentration ranges covering those characteristic of ambient to highly polluted air (e.g. from biomass burning or industrial plumes). Here we perform such an assessment using data collected by a field-portable FTIR spectrometer. The FTIR was positioned to view a fixed IR source placed at the other end of an IR-transparent cell filled with the gases of interest, whose target concentrations were varied by more than two orders of magnitude. Retrievals made using the model are complicated by absorption line pressure broadening, the effects of temperature on absorption band shape, and by convolution of the gas absorption lines and the instrument line shape (ILS). Despite this, with careful model parameterisation (i.e. the optimum wavenumber range, ILS, and assumed gas temperature and pressure for the retrieval), concentrations for all target gases were able to be retrieved to within 5%. Sensitivity to the aforementioned model inputs was also investigated. CO retrievals were shown to be most sensitive to the ILS (a function of the assumed instrument field-of-view), which is due to the narrow nature of CO absorption lines and their consequent sensitivity to convolution with the ILS. Conversely, CO2 retrievals were most sensitive to assumed atmospheric parameters, particularly gas temperature. Our findings provide confidence that FTIR-derived trace gas retrievals of CO2, CH4 and CO based on modeling can yield results with high accuracies, even over very large (many order of magnitude) concentration ranges that can prove difficult to retrieve via standard classical least squares (CLS) techniques. With the methods employed here, we suggest that errors in the retrieved trace gas concentrations should remain well below 10%, even with the uncertainties in atmospheric pressure and temperature that might arise when studying plumes in more difficult field situations (e.g. at uncertain altitudes or temperatures).
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Rißmann, Maximilian, Jia Chen, Gregory Osterman, Xinxu Zhao, Florian Dietrich, Moritz Makowski, Frank Hase, and Matthäus Kiel. "Comparison of OCO-2 target observations to MUCCnet – is it possible to capture urban XCO2 gradients from space?" Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 15, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 6605–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-15-6605-2022.
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Abstract. In this paper, we compare Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions (DMF) of CO2 (XCO2) and its urban–rural differences against ground-based remote sensing data measured by the Munich Urban Carbon Column network (MUCCnet). Since April 2020, OCO-2 has regularly conducted target observations in Munich, Germany. Its target-mode data provide high-resolution XCO2 within a 15 km × 20 km target field of view that is greatly suited for carbon emission studies from space in cities and agglomerated areas. OCO-2 detects urban XCO2 with a root mean square different (RMSD) of less than 1 ppm when compared to the MUCCnet reference site. OCO-2 target XCO2 is biased high against the ground-based measurements. The close proximity of MUCCnet's five fully automated remote sensing sites enables us to compare spaceborne and ground-based XCO2 in three urban areas of Munich separately (center, north, and west) by dividing the target field into three smaller comparison domains. Due to this more constrained collocation, we observe improved agreement between spaceborne and ground-based XCO2 in all three comparison domains. For the first time, XCO2 gradients within one OCO-2 target field of view are evaluated against ground-based measurements. We compare XCO2 gradients in the OCO-2 target observations to gradients captured by collocated MUCCnet sites. Generally, OCO-2 detects elevated XCO2 in the same regions as the ground-based monitoring network. More than 90 % of the observed spaceborne gradients have the same orientation as the XCO2 gradients measured by MUCCnet. During our study, urban–rural enhancements are found to be in the range of 0.1 to 1 ppm. The low urban–rural gradients of typically well below 1 ppm in Munich during our study allow us to test OCO-2's lower detection limits for intra-urban XCO2 gradients. Urban XCO2 gradients recorded by the OCO-2 instruments and MUCCnet are strongly correlated (R2=0.68) with each other and have an RMSD of 0.32 ppm. A case study, which includes a comparison of one OCO-2 target overpass to WRF-GHG modeled XCO2, reveals a similar distribution of enhanced CO2 column abundances in Munich. In this study, we address OCO-2's capability to detect small-scale spatial XCO2 differences within one target observation. Our results suggest OCO-2's potential to assess anthropogenic emissions from space.