Статті в журналах: "FIELD EMISSION OF CNT"

1

Liao, Qin Liang, Yue Zhang, Yun Hua Huang, Jun Jie Qi, and Zheng Zhang. "Investigation on the Plasma-Induced Electron Emission Properties of ZnO Nanorod and Carbon Nanotube Arrays." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 1150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.1150.

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The plasma-induced emission properties of ZnO nanorod and carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays were investigated under the pulse electric field. The formation of plasma on the array surface was found and high intensity electron beams were obtained from the two kinds of arrays. The plasma-induced emission properties of the ZnO nanorod and CNT arrays have big differences. Under the same electric field, the CNT arrays have higher emission current than the ZnO nanorod arrays. With the emission currents changing, the electron emissions of the ZnO nanorod arrays always are very uniform; but that of the CNT arrays are non-uniform. The plasma expansion velocity of the ZnO nanorod arrays is lower than that of the CNT arrays. Accordingly, the emission stability of the ZnO nanorod arrays is better than that of the CNT arrays.

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2

Liu, Xingzhen, Weijin Qian, Yawei Chen, Mingliang Dong, Taxue Yu, Weijun Huang, and Changkun Dong. "Construction of CNT-MgO-Ag-BaO Nanocomposite with Enhanced Field Emission and Hydrogen Sensing Performances." Nanomaterials 13, no. 5 (February 27, 2023): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13050885.

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CNTs and CNT-MgO, CNT-MgO-Ag, and CNT-MgO-Ag-BaO nanocomposites were grown on alloy substrates using an electrophoretic deposition method and their field emission (FE) and hydrogen sensing performances were investigated. The obtained samples were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, and XPS characterizations. The CNT-MgO-Ag-BaO nanocomposites showed the best FE performance with turn-on and threshold fields of 3.32 and 5.92 V.μm−1, respectively. The enhanced FE performances are mainly attributed to the reductions of the work function, and the enhancement of the thermal conductivity and emission sites. The current fluctuation of CNT-MgO-Ag-BaO nanocomposites was only 2.4% after a 12 h test at the pressure of 6.0 × 10−6 Pa. In addition, for the hydrogen sensing performances, the CNT-MgO-Ag-BaO sample showed the best increase in amplitude of the emission current among all the samples, with the mean IN increases of 67%, 120%, and 164% for 1, 3, and 5 min emissions, respectively, under the initial emission currents of about 1.0 μA.

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3

He, Hao, Chao Yuan, Er Jun Liang, and Shun Fang Li. "Field Emission of Gallium-Doped Carbon Nanotubes." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.61.

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Field emission property of Ga-doped carbon nanotube (CNT) film has been studied and compared with those of un-doped, N-doped as well as B and N co-doped CNT films. It is found that the Ga-doped CNT film exhibits superior field emission property to the other films. The turn-on field for Ga-doped CNT film is well below 1.0 V/μm, lower than those for un-doped (2.22 V/μm), N-doped (1.1 V/μm), B and N co-doped (4.4 V/μm) CNT films. Its current density reaches 5000 μA/cm2at 2.6 V/μm which is well above those for un-doped (1400 μA/cm2), N-doped (3000 μA/cm2) as well as B and N co-doped (2) CNT films at applied electric field of 5.7 V/μm. First principles calculations were carried out to obtain the binding energy and electronic nature altering of a CNT by Ga doping. It is shown that Ga-doped CNT (8,0) alters from semiconductor to intrinsic metal and a binding energy of 2.7527 eV is obtained. The field emission property can not simply be explained by the defect concentration, but can be understood by significant altering in the local density of states near the Fermi level introduced by dopants.

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4

Stępińska, Izabela, Elżbieta Czerwosz, Mirosław Kozłowski, Halina Wronka, and Piotr Dłużewski. "Studies of field emission process influence on changes in CNT films with different CNT superficial density." Materials Science-Poland 36, no. 1 (May 18, 2018): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2018-0001.

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Abstract Field emission from materials at high electric fields can be associated with unfavorable or even destructive effect on the surface of the investigated cathode. The impact of high voltage electric power supply causes locally very strong electric fields focusing on the cathode surface. It causes a number of phenomena, which can adversely affect the morphology and the structure of the cathode material. Such a phenomenon is, for example, peeling of an emissive layer from the substrate or its burnout. It results in tearing of the layer and a decrease or loss of its ability to electrons emission. The cold cathodes in a form of CNT films with various CNTs superficial distribution are obtained by physical vapor deposition followed by chemical vapor deposition. CNTs are catalyzed in pyrolytic process with xylene (CVD), by Ni in a form of nanograins (few nm in size) placed in carbonaceous matrix. These films are built of emissive CNTs - carbonaceous film deposited on different substrates. In this work, the morphology and topography of superficial changes resulting from external electric field in such films were investigated.

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5

Wang, M. S., Jan Yong Wang, C. H. Jin, Qing Chen, and Lian Mao Peng. "Observations of Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Failure in the Transmission Electron Microscope." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 4071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.4071.

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The failure of individual multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during electron field emission was investigated in situ inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Long time emission of a single CNT at the level of tens µA or higher may lead to unrecoverable damage to the CNT. High-resolution TEM observations of the emission failure process shown that the failure was usually companied by structure damage or break of the CNT, and the failure or degradation of the emission characteristics of the CNT was typically initiated at the CNT/substrate contact, defect site or at the open end via the field evaporation or oxidation of the tip of the CNT.

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6

Fairchild, Steven B., Chelsea E. Amanatides, Thiago A. de Assis, Paul T. Murray, Dmitri Tsentalovich, Jeffrey L. Ellis, Salvador Portillo, et al. "Field emission cathodes made from knitted carbon nanotube fiber fabrics." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 9 (March 7, 2023): 094302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0123120.

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Field electron emission cathodes were constructed from knitted fabrics comprised entirely of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers. The fabrics consisted of a top layer array of ∼2 mm high looped structures and a bottom layer that was 1 mm thick with a flat underlying surface. Field emission (FE) experiments were performed on 25.4 mm diameter CNT fabric cathodes in both direct current (DC) and pulsed voltage (PV) modes, and the results were compared to those obtained from a CNT film cathode. The DC measurements were performed at a maximum voltage of 1.5 kV. The CNT fabric cathode emitted 20 mA, which was an 8× increase over the emission current from the CNT film cathode. The DC results were analyzed using the corrected form of the Fowler–Nordheim FE theory initially developed by Murphy and Good, which allows for the determination of the formal emission area and effective gap-field enhancement factor. The PV experiments resulted in Ampere level emission currents from both CNT fabric and CNT film cathodes. For a 25 kV, 500 ns voltage pulse, the CNT fabric cathode emitted 4 A, which was 2× more current than the CNT film cathode. Scanning electron microscopy imaging after PV testing revealed that the fibers remained intact after >5000 pulses. These results indicate that knitted CNT fabrics offer a promising approach for developing large area, conformable, robust FE cathodes for vacuum electronic devices.

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7

Li, Hui, Xiao Gang Zhou, Chao Yuan, and Gen Sheng Dou. "Experimental Preparation and Properties of Modified CNT Field Emitters for the Field Emission Display Panel." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 1327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.1327.

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Carbon nanotube used as the cathode material, the diode-type field emission display panel was developed with low-cost screen-printing method and precise photolithography process. The modified CNT field emitter was fabricated for improving the field emission characteristic, and the detailed fabrication process was also presented. The indium-tin-oxide film on the cathode back-plane was divided to form the CNT cathode electrode, and the insulation slurry was screen-printed to form the insulation layer. Field emission characteristic of whole display device was measured. The sealed field emission display panel showed good emission properties and high display image brightness.

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8

Wu, Chao, and Xiao Feng Jin. "Optimization Design and Fabrication of Annular Field Emitter for Field Emission Display Panel." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 1520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1520.

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With high-effective screen-printing technique, the diode field emission display (FED) panel with carbon nanotube (CNT) as cathode material was fabricated. For improving the field emission properties, the annular field emitter was developed. The bar cathode indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode was formed by the divided ITO film with the photolithography process. After the sintering process, the printed silver slurry was solidified to form the rectangular ring electrode. The prepared CNT paste was printed to form the cold cathode emitter. Field emission characteristics of sealed FED panel were measured, and the emission image was also presented. A series of low-cost manufacture process was employed in the device fabrication course. The fabricated FED panel exhibited better field emission performance and large emission current.

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9

Lim, Yu Dian, Liangxing Hu, Xin Xia, Zishan Ali, Shaomeng Wang, Beng Kang Tay, Sheel Aditya, and Jianmin Miao. "Field emission properties of SiO2-wrapped CNT field emitter." Nanotechnology 29, no. 1 (November 29, 2017): 015202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aa96ed.

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10

Wu, Chao, Wen Sheng Xing, and Yu Kui Li. "Field Emission Characteristics of FED with Carbon Nanotube Field Emitters Using Improved Cathode Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 1315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.1315.

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Silver slurry was used as conducting material, and the improved silver cathode electrode was fabricated. The CNT paste formed as field emitters was screen-printed on the surface of silver cathode electrode. The diode FED panel with CNT field emitters was sealed, and the fabrication of cathode substrate and anode substrate was described. The screen-printing technology and the sintering process were employed in the course of device fabrication for the silver cathode electrode. The field emission current was measured and the emission image was presented. The packaged FED showed good field emission characteristics and better field emission uniformity, which the manufacture process was also low-cost, feasible and simple.

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11

Al-Rabadi, Anas, and Marwan Mousa. "Field emission - based many-valued processing using carbon nanotube controlled switches - Part 1: Fundamentals." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 25, no. 1 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1201001a.

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In this first part of the article, basics of field emission will be presented which will be utilized within the second part of the article for the architecture effectuation of new Carbon Nanotube (CNT) - based controlled nano switches. To implement the field emission CNT - based controlled switch, four field emission CNTs that have single carbon nanotubes as the emitters were tested; two with single-walled CNT and two with multiwalled CNT. A tube with a tungsten tip was also used for comparison. The Fowler- Nordheim analysis of the DC current-voltage data provided reasonable values for the sizes and local fields of emitters. It is also shown within the new implementation of the controlled switch that square-wave pulses from a single laser diode with 20 mW power and 658 nm wavelength which is focused on each emitter increased the emitted current by 5.2% with the CNT and 0.19% with the compared tungsten tip.

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12

Al-Rabadi, Anas, and Marwan Mousa. "Field emission - based many-valued processing using carbon nanotube controlled switches - Part 2: Architecture effectuation." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 25, no. 1 (2012): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1201015a.

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A novel field emission Carbon Nanotube (CNT) - based controlled switch is introduced in the second part of the article. For the architecture effectuation of the new CNT field emission - based switching device, four field emission tubes having single CNT as emitters were previously tested and compared to a tungsten-tip tube, and the corresponding Fowler-Nordheim analysis was performed. Measurements conducted with the CNT suggested that mixer current could be 30 times greater if either SWCNT or MWCNT were used in place of metal emitters, increasing the microwave output power by 30 dB. Laser radiation was utilized to increase field emission current from a cathode with a dense field of CNT by a factor of 18. The extension of the new device from the two-valued to the general mvalued case is introduced, and the implementation of many-valued Galois circuits and systems is also shown.

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13

Koohsorkhi, Javad, Nima Davoudzadeh, Shamsoddin Mohajerzadeh, Ebrahin Asl Soleimani, and Hasan Ghafouri Fard. "Suppressed Field Emission Screening Effect and Electric Field Simulation of Carbon Nanotube-Based Triode Field Emitters." Solid State Phenomena 154 (April 2009): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.154.83.

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In this paper the electric field simulation of carbon nanotubes triode field emission devices is investigated. The geometry of CNTs and their arrangement on the substrate affect the screening effect and filed enhancement factor (β). In an array of nanotubes, for a distance smaller than the CNT length the screening effect is observed. The emission current density is related to the gate aperture and CNT shape. In a triode structure the screening effect occurs in the intertube distances about half of the CNT’s length due to the presence of the gate plate. Furthermore, the presence of the metal-oxide gate has a favorable effect to minimize the screening effect and allows one to increase the density of CNT’s in each array spot and to increase the cluster array density on the substrate, hence to increase the density of emission current and emitter sites where a high current density is required.

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14

Wei, Xianqi, Xiaoli Wang, Xin Li, and Weihua Liu. "Electronic Pulses from Pulsed Field Emission of CNT Cathodes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4396430.

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We presented a demonstration of infrared laser irradiated field emission electronic pulse based on carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes. Electronic pulses greatly depended on pulsed infrared laser and were almost synchronous with laser pulses. We have designed a pulsed field emission cathode based on CNTs and investigated correlation between electronic pulse and laser pulse, acquiring the shortest width of electronic pulses about 50 ms and turn-on field less than 0.14 V/μm. Besides, we have studied the thermal effect on the pulsed field emission of CNT cathodes caused by laser heating. Interestingly, the thermal effect has caused an enhancement of emission current but resulted in a waveform distortion on short electronic pulses. The application of laser pulses on CNT cathodes would extend conventional electron sources to a pulsed electron source and offered a possibility of pulsed field emission. These results were encouraging us to prepare further studies of ultrafast electronic pulses for high-frequency electron sources.

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15

Mahmood, Salman, Zainal Arif Burhanudin, and Nor Hisham Hamid. "Field Emission Model of CNT Based Ionization Gas Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 667 (March 2013): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.667.135.

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A new model to study the gas detection mechanism of carbon nanotube (CNT) based ionization gas sensor has been developed. The model incorporates the effect of electron field emission due to the presence of CNT. The model is then embedded in the standard Particle-In-Cell / Monte-Carlo-Collision (PIC-MCC) codes. This enhanced PIC-MCC codes serve as a tool to optimize CNT based ionization gas sensor. The functionality of the new model is validated by running simulations of DC discharges in argon and comparing the results with published experimental and simulated works. From the simulation, one order of magnitude decrease in the breakdown voltages and three orders of magnitude faster response time was observed.

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16

Pandey, Archana, Abhishek Prasad, Jason P. Moscatello, and Yoke Khin Yap. "Stable Electron Field Emission from PMMA−CNT Matrices." ACS Nano 4, no. 11 (October 18, 2010): 6760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn100925g.

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17

Zhang, Xiu-Xia, and Chang-Chun Zhu. "Field-emission lighting tube with CNT film cathode." Microelectronics Journal 37, no. 11 (November 2006): 1358–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2006.07.001.

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18

Huang, Chien-Sheng, Chun-Yu Yeh, Yung-Huang Chang, Yi-Min Hsieh, Chien-Yeh Ku, and Quan-Ting Lai. "Field emission properties of CNT–ZnO composite materials." Diamond and Related Materials 18, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 452–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2008.10.058.

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19

Kolosko, Anatoly G., Sergey V. Filippov, and Eugeni O. Popov. "Vacuum discharge analysis of CNT field cathode using a computerized field projector." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 41, no. 3 (May 2023): 032801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002514.

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The mechanism of vacuum discharge of a multitip field cathode based on carbon nanotubes has been studied. The analysis was carried out using a multichannel field emission information collection system, a computerized field projector, and a program for recording and cyclic playback of the experimental results. The discharge under study occurred in the regime of a relatively stable emission current without an increase in the external voltage level. The time dependences of the local currents of all individual emission sites registered on the cathode surface were obtained. It is shown that the discharge consists of several successive phases, the key of which are an explosion in the region of one of the most active carbon nanotubes and a plasma torch above it. The effect of the discharge on neighboring nanotubes, which is associated with both the destruction of emission sites and their appearance, is also described.

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20

Zhang, Peng, Jeongho Park, Steven Fairchild, Nathaniel Lockwood, Yue Lau, John Ferguson, and Tyson Back. "Temperature Comparison of Looped and Vertical Carbon Nanotube Fibers during Field Emission." Applied Sciences 8, no. 7 (July 19, 2018): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8071175.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber-based emitters have shown great potential to deliver stable, high current beams for various potential applications. Because of joule heating, CNT field emitters are heated to high temperatures during field emission. It is important to improve the thermal management of emitters to increase their reliability and prevent premature failure. This paper compares the field emission characteristics and the temperature distribution of a new configuration of a looped CNT fiber emitter with a traditional single vertical CNT fiber emitter. It is found that the maximum temperature of the looped fiber emitter (~300 °C) is significantly reduced compared to that of the vertical fiber (~600 °C) at the same emission current of 3 mA. The experimentally measured temperature distribution is compared with a recent theory on joule heating of a one-dimensional conductor. This study provides new insights into the design of high performance field emitters.

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21

Tabatabaei, M. K., H. Ghafoori Fard, and J. Koohsorkhi. "Low-Temperature Preparation of a Carbon Nanotube–ZnO Hybrid on Glass Substrate for Field Emission Applications." Nano 10, no. 03 (April 2015): 1550040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329201550040x.

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A new method for preparation of a carbon nanotube (CNT)–zinc oxide hybrid on a glass substrate at low temperature is introduced and the stability improvement of field emission of CNTs is reported. The emission current stability and substrate material are the two main commercial parameters for field emission applications of CNTs. The two alternative current (AC) and direct current (DC) plasma enhancement chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is used to achieve low-temperature growth of vertically aligned CNTs and the hydrothermal processing is used for production of zinc oxide nanowires to improve the emission current stability and properties. The nanoscale junction between a semiconductor and conductive material are critical for electronic applications. The present study examined the field emission properties of CNTs near the crystalline structure of the zinc oxide hybrids and showed the improvement in the field enhancement factor and emission current stability of CNT– ZnO hybrid than the CNT emitters.

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22

CHEN, T., Z. SUN, L. L. WANG, Y. W. CHEN, P. S. GUO, and W. X. QUE. "ANNEALING TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON THE FIELD EMISSION PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBE FILMS." Surface Review and Letters 14, no. 05 (October 2007): 969–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x07010391.

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As the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) films are applied to the field emission cathodes in the vacuum devices, heat treatment in the range of 400°C–500°C is often conducted during the device sealing process, especially for glass-based devices. The annealing temperature effect on the field emission of the CNT films prepared by chemical vapor deposition is investigated. The CNT film annealed at 400°C in air contains less amorphous carbon phase, and shows better field emission properties comparing to the as-grown CNT film. Annealing at 450°C causes serious oxidative damage along the tube walls, resulting in the poor field emission performance. The CNTs annealed at 500°C are all burned out. The experiment shows that the sealing temperature at 400°C or below can be conducted in air, while the sealing temperature above 400°C should be done in N 2 or Ar ambient.

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23

Sadykov N. R., Khrabrov R. S., and Pilipenko I. A. "Field emission in nanotubes with the length of several nanometers." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 8 (2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.08.55067.19216.

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We consider the problem of field emission based on carbon nanotubes (CNT), which length differs from several nanometers up to dozens of nanometers. The particle transmission function is obtained, considering the difference of potentials on the ends of CNT to be U=2-3.5 V. The value of the emission current is calculated according to the obtained transmission function. We establish the dependence of the Nordheim function on the length of nanoparticles. We consider the limiting transition for the transmission coefficient for field emission from the cathode surface in the absence of nanoparticles on it. Linear dependence of the electrical current envelopes I on the field strength W is obtained. Keywords: field emission, nanotubes, Nordheim functions.

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24

Laszczyk, Karolina Urszula. "Field Emission Cathodes to Form an Electron Beam Prepared from Carbon Nanotube Suspensions." Micromachines 11, no. 3 (February 29, 2020): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11030260.

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In the first decade of our century, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) became a wonderful emitting material for field-emission (FE) of electrons. The carbon nanotube field-emission (CNT-FE) cathodes showed the possibility of low threshold voltage, therefore low power operation, together with a long lifetime, high brightness, and coherent beams of electrons. Thanks to this, CNT-FE cathodes have come ahead of increasing demand for novel self-sustaining and miniaturized devices performing as X-ray tubes, X-ray spectrometers, and electron microscopes, which possess low weight and might work without the need of the specialized equipped room, e.g., in a harsh environment and inaccessible-so-far areas. In this review, the author discusses the current state of CNT-FE cathode research using CNT suspensions. Included in this review are the basics of cathode operation, an evaluation, and fabrication techniques. The cathodes are compared based on performance and correlated issues. The author includes the advancement in field-emission enhancement by postprocess treatments, incorporation of fillers, and the use of film coatings with lower work functions than that of CNTs. Each approach is discussed in the context of the CNT-FE cathode operating factors. Finally, we discuss the issues and perspectives of the CNT-FE cathode research and development.

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25

KIM, JAEMYUNG, and KWANGSOO NO. "GROWTH OF CARBON NANOTUBES ON THE GLASS SUBSTRATE FOR FLAT PANEL DISPLAY APPLICATIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 16, no. 06n07 (March 20, 2002): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979202010713.

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We have grown carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the soda-lime glass substrates using chemical vapor deposition of C 2 H 2 gas at 550°C. We used electro-plated Ni thin film as a catalyst and screen-printed Ag thick film as a cathode. The turn-on field was about 2.55 V /μ m with an emission current density of 10 μ A / cm 2, and electric field was about 4.0 V /μ m with an emission current density of 3 mA/cm2. Fowler-Nordheim plot shows good linear fit, indicating that the emission current of CNTs follows the Fowler-Nordheim behavior. This process is suitable for mass production of CNT field emission display(CNT-FED), because of its merits; low temperature (≤ 550° C ) process, easiness of CNT patterning, non-vacuum process, large area uniformity.

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26

Lee, Ha Rim, Da Woon Kim, Alfi Rodiansyah, Boklae Cho, Joonwon Lim, and Kyu Chang Park. "Investigation of the Effect of Structural Properties of a Vertically Standing CNT Cold Cathode on Electron Beam Brightness and Resolution of Secondary Electron Images." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 1918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081918.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based cold cathodes are promising sources of field emission electrons for advanced electron devices, particularly for ultra-high-resolution imaging systems, due to their high brightness and low energy spread. While the electron field emission properties of single-tip CNT cathodes have been intensively studied in the last few decades, a systematic study of the influencing factors on the electron beam properties of CNT cold cathodes and the resolution of the secondary electron images has been overlooked in this field. Here, we have systematically investigated the effect of the structural properties of a CNT cold cathode on the electron beam properties and resolution of secondary electron microscope (SEM) images. The aspect ratio (geometric factor) and the diameter of the tip of a vertically standing CNT cold cathode significantly affect the electron beam properties, including the beam size and brightness, and consequently determine the resolution of the secondary electron images obtained by SEM systems equipped with a CNT cold cathode module. Theoretical simulation elucidated the dependence of the structural features of CNT cold cathodes and electron beam properties on the contribution of edge-emitted electrons to the total field emission current. Investigating the correlations between the structural properties of CNT cold cathodes, the properties of the emitted electron beams, and the resolution of the secondary electron images captured by SEM equipped with CNT cold cathode modules is highly important and informative as a basic model.

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27

Filippov, Sergey Vladimirovich, Eugeni Olegovich Popov, and Anatoly Grigorievich Kolosko. "Numerical simulations of field emission characteristics of open CNT." Ultramicroscopy 230 (November 2021): 113362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113362.

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28

Fairchild, Steven B., John S. Bulmer, Martin Sparkes, John Boeckl, Marc Cahay, Tyson Back, P. Terrence Murray, et al. "Field emission from laser cut CNT fibers and films." Journal of Materials Research 29, no. 3 (November 22, 2013): 392–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2013.322.

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29

Ludwick, Jonathan, Nathaniel Hernandez, Geet Tripathi, Marc Cahay, Tyson Back, and Kevin L. Jensen. "Influence of thermal contact resistance on the field emission characteristics of a carbon nanotube." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 40, no. 4 (July 2022): 042804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/6.0002001.

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A recent algorithm developed by Tripathi et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 128, 025017 (2020); Erratum, J. Appl. Phys. 131, 169901 (2022)] is modified to study the effects of thermal contact resistance on the field emission (FE) properties of a carbon nanotube (CNT). The model takes into account the temperature dependence of the CNT electrical and thermal conductivities. The boundary condition proposed by Huang et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 7 (2004)] is used to include the effects of thermal contact resistance at a CNT/chuck interface located at [Formula: see text], i.e., [Formula: see text], where r is the CNT radius, [Formula: see text] is the heat conduction coefficient at [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] is the thermal resistivity of the CNT/chuck interface. The chuck is assumed to be a perfect heat sink at temperature [Formula: see text]. For a given set of CNT parameters and values of the applied external electric field, it is shown that current constriction at the CNT/chuck contact point leads to self-heating effects which increase with the value of the thermal contact resistance, leading to an increase in the temperature profile along the CNT (including the temperature at its tip) and the FE current above their values obtained assuming the CNT/chuck interface is at the heat sink temperature [Formula: see text]. The fractional change of the emission current versus applied external electric field is calculated for increasing values of the parameter [Formula: see text].

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30

TEWARI, AARTI, and SURESH C. SHARMA. "Theoretical investigations on the effect of different plasmas on growth and field emission properties of a spherical carbon nanotube (CNT) tip placed over cylindrical surfaces." Journal of Plasma Physics 79, no. 5 (August 9, 2013): 939–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377813000731.

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AbstractThe theoretical investigations on the effect of different plasmas on the growth and field emission properties of a spherical carbon nanotube (CNT) tip placed over cylindrical CNT surfaces have been carried out for the typical glow discharge plasma parameters. Different plasmas such as H2, Ar, CH4 and CF4 have been considered, and the growth of the CNT in the presence of various plasmas has been estimated in the present investigation. This study suggests that the field emission from the CNT grown in the presence of the H2 plasma is largest. It is also found that amongst the plasmas considered, the CF4 plasma is the most favourable for the growth of the large radius CNT, since the radius achieved in the CF4 plasma is the largest.

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31

Wu, Ping, Wenshu Yang, Jun Sun, and Gaohui Wu. "CNT/Cu composite cathode: A new approach to long lifetime for explosive emission cathode." Journal of Applied Physics 132, no. 23 (December 21, 2022): 235102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0112979.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT) cathodes have attracted much attention in recent years due to the advantages of large field enhancement factor and low emission threshold. However, the severe ablation under intense emission makes the lifetime short and therefore limits the application in the field such as high power microwave generation. To resolve this problem, this paper proposes to mix CNTs with metals, and a novel CNT/Cu composite cathode is manufactured. The lifetime experiments under voltage of 940 kV and repetition frequency of 20 Hz demonstrate that the lifetime of the CNT/Cu composite cathode is over 3 × 105 pulses, which is much longer than that of the normal copper cathode by at least one order of magnitude. The microscopic morphology analysis reveals that the CNT micro-protrusions and whiskers should be vital for the good emission property of the new cathode.

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32

Jing, Li Guo, He Qiu Zhang, Yu Qiu, Bing Yin, and Li Zhong Hu. "Influence of Cathode Size on Field Emission Properties of a Single Vertical Carbon Nanotube Material." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.454.

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In this work, we study the field emission properties of a single vertical carbon nanotube with cathode radius changing. The carbon nanotube is considered as purely perfect conductor, and the anode and cathode are modeled as discs. The radius of anode is kept as 24m, then the radius of cathode is changed from 24 m to 1 m. The emitter of that CNT consists of a hemispherical cap of 4 nm radius (r) on top of a cylinder height of 2 m (h). The distance from anode to cathode is w=h+20m. The overall surface area of the CNT and cathode are all grounded, and the anode plate has a constant potential value of 100 V. The distribution of potential and electric field, field emission current are obtained by simulating with the help of COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3b electrostatics module. We find that with cathode radius decrease, the electric field strength over the surface of carbon nanotube (CNT) strengthening and field emission current increase.

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33

FENG, TAO, JIHUA ZHANG, XI WANG, XIANGHUAI LIU, SHICHANG ZOU, QIONG LI, and JINGFANG XU. "SURFACE MODIFICATION OF PRINTED CARBON NANOTUBES AND ITS APPLICATION OF FIELD EMISSION." Surface Review and Letters 12, no. 05n06 (October 2005): 733–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x05007591.

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A surface-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which shows an excellent electron field emission property was obtained in the present work. Conventional screen-printing technology was applied to prepare the CNT films. After hydrogen plasma surface treating process, the morphology of nanotubes surface were totally changed. Those modified CNTs exhibited low turn-on electron field of 0.98 V/μm, current density of 1 mA/cm2 at a field of 6.53 V/μm and a very high emission site density of about 106/cm2, which is three orders of magnitude higher than that of untreated CNT films. Diode-type prototype devices were obtained which proved the modified CNTs is suitable for field emission displays.

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34

Gorodetskiy, Dmitriy V., Artem V. Gusel’nikov, Alexander G. Kurenya, Dmitry A. Smirnov, Lyubov G. Bulusheva, and Alexander V. Okotrub. "Hydrogen Plasma Treatment of Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Improvement of Field Emission Properties." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 4, 2020): 4420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194420.

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Vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays show potential for the development of planar low-voltage emission cathodes. The characteristics of cathodes can be improved by modifying their surface, e.g., by hydrogen plasma treatment, as was performed in this work. The surface of multi-walled CNT arrays grown on silicon substrates from toluene and ferrocene using catalytic chemical vapor deposition was treated in a high-pressure (~104 Pa) microwave reactor. The structure, composition, and current-voltage characteristics of the arrays were studied before and after hydrogen plasma treatment at various power values and durations. CNT tips were destroyed and catalytic iron was released from the CNT channels. The etching rate was influenced by iron particles that formed on the array surface. The lower emission threshold in the plasma-treated arrays than in the initial sample is explained by the amplification factor of the local electric field increasing due to graphene structures of unfolded nanotube layers that formed at the CNT tips.

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35

Taikin, Andrei Yu, Ilya A. Savichev, Maxim A. Popov, Evgeniy M. Anokhin, Viktor B. Kireev, Ilya N. Kosarev, and Evgeniy P. Sheshin. "Comparison and analysis of field emission characteristics of carbon cathodes based on PAN fiber and CNT filaments." Image Journal of Advanced Materials and Technologies 7, no. 1 (2022): 046–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/jamt.2022.01.pp.046-057.

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In this paper, we experimentally compare the field emission characteristics of two different cathodes based on polyacrylonitrile fibers (PAN fibers) and carbon nanotube fibers (CNT filaments). The main purpose of the study was to compare the field emission properties of materials for the cathode unit of a cathode luminescent lamp. The current-voltage, current and watt-watt characteristics of the fabricated cathodes were measured. A comparison of the current-voltage characteristics of cathodes made of the two studied materials shows that the minimum field for the occurrence of field emission current for a cathode made of a CNT filament (accelerating voltage in the diode version of measurements is about 625 V) is approximately 3 times lower than for a cathode made of PAN fibers (accelerating voltage is about 1850 V. Accordingly, the current value of about 100 μA for a cathode based on a CNT filament is achieved at an accelerating voltage of about 1300 V, and for a cathode based on PAN fibers, about 2630 V. Structural changes in cathodes were studied using scanning electron microscopy methods. Based on the totality of the results, it was concluded that it is preferable to use a CNT filament as a cathode material. The emission current of a cathode based on a CNT filament, when a constant high voltage is applied, demonstrates an increase during the transition period and reaches a stable value of more than 75 μA, apparently due to the activation of additional emission centers when a high accelerating voltage is applied. The paper also analyzes the factors that determine the efficiency of light sources created on the basis of the materials studied in the work.

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36

Садыков, Н. Р., Р. С. Храбров та И. А. Пилипенко. "Полевая эмиссия в нанотрубке длиной в несколько нанометров". Письма в журнал технической физики 48, № 16 (2022): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2022.16.53205.19216.

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We consider the problem of field emission based on carbon nanotubes (CNT), which length differs from several nanometers up to dozens of nanometers. The particle transmission function is obtained, considering the difference of potentials on the ends of CNT to be U=2-3.5 V. The value of the emission current is calculated according to the obtained transmission function. We establish the dependence of the Nordheim function on the length of nanoparticles. We consider the limiting transition for the transmission coefficient for field emission from the cathode surface in the absence of nanoparticles on it. Linear dependence of the electrical current envelopes I on the field strength W is obtained.

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37

CHOI, YOUNG CHUL, YOUNG SOO PARK, YOUNG HEE LEE, WON BONG CHOI, NAE SUNG LEE, JONG MIN KIM, CHEOL JIN LEE, DAE WOON KIM, and TAE JAE LEE. "FABRICATION OF ELECTRON FIELD EMITTERS USING CARBON NANOTUBES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 10, no. 01 (March 2000): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156400000040.

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Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based field emission displays (FEDs) have been fabricated using well-aligned nanotubes on substrates in situ grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and paste squeeze and surface rubbing techniques. Although the former seems to be an ultimate approach for CNT-based FED, a large area synthesis and uniform field emission over the entire area is not yet easily accessible. On the other hand, the latter is fully scalable on glass substrates and shows very high luminance of 1800 cd/m2 at 4 V/μm. The degradation of emission currents for single-wall carbon nanotubes was less than 10% in electrical aging tests. Large field-enhancement factors (23,000–46,000) and low turn-on voltages (1.5-3 V/μm) were attributed to well-aligned carbon nanotubes on substrates and a large number density of carbon nanotubes of 5-10 μm-2, which was confirmed by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy.

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38

Abdullahi, Umma, Md Abdul Maleque, and Mohammad Yeakub Ali. "Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Aluminium Nano-composite using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.03.01.2018.08.

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Carbon nanotubes (CNT) is a promising fibrous materials for development of nanocomposite especially aluminium (Al) matrix nanocomposites as CNT exhibited extraordinary mechanical properties and high aspect ratios. The dispersion is the main factor for a quality CNT-Al nanocomposite that affects the uniformity in mixture leading to the enhanced mechanical and wear behaviour. The present study emphasizes on the characterization of carbon nanotube dispersion by means of field emission scanning electron microscope after synthetization of new nanocomposite. The mixing of the reinforcement and matrix powders was performed in ball mill for 2 hours at 250 rpm. The result shows the homogeneous distribution was observed from the experiment. The morphological characterization under FESEM provides insight features of CNT-Al nano-composite with the ball milling parameter on the sintering.

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39

Lee, Seung-Youb, Dong-Heon Ryul, Jun-Yong Hong, Min-Hyeng Yeom, Ji-Hoon Yang, Won-Chel Choi, Myeng-Hoi Kwon, and Chong-Yun Park. "Field emission properties of Ag-Cu-alloy coated CNT-emitters." Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society 16, no. 4 (July 30, 2007): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5757/jkvs.2007.16.4.291.

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40

Kurachi, Hiroyuki, Sashiro Uemura, Junko Yotani, Takeshi Nagasako, Hiromu Yamada, Tomotaka Ezaki, Tsuyoshi Maesoba, et al. "High Resolution CNT-FED and Improvement in Field-Emission Characteristics." IEEJ Transactions on Sensors and Micromachines 127, no. 3 (2007): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejsmas.127.170.

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41

Fairchild, Steven B., John S. Bulmer, Martin Sparkes, John Boeckl, Marc Cahay, Tyson Back, P. Terrence Murray, et al. "Field Emission from Laser Cut CNT Fibers and Films– CORRIGENDUM." Journal of Materials Research 29, no. 4 (January 22, 2014): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.10.

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42

Wong, Y. M., W. P. Kang, J. L. Davidson, B. K. Choi, W. Hofmeister, and J. H. Huang. "Fabrication of aligned convex CNT field emission triode by MPCVD." Diamond and Related Materials 15, no. 2-3 (February 2006): 334–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2005.09.022.

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43

Wu, Chao, and Yan Cui. "Research on the Emission Property of Cold Cathode Emitter with Enhanced Bar Electrode in a FED Panel." Advanced Materials Research 204-210 (February 2011): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.204-210.156.

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Using carbon nanotube (CNT) as cathode material, the field emission display (FED) panel with enhanced bar electrode was fabricated. With the photolithography process, the indium tin oxide (ITO) film was divided to form the cathode ITO electrode. The printed silver slurry was sintered to act as the cathode silver electrode, which was prepared on the cathode ITO electrode surface. The insulation layer was also fabricated on the cathode plate. The CNT paste was screen-printed on the surface of cathode ITO electrode and cathode silver electrode to form the field emitter. The detailed fabrication process of FED panel was given, and the sealed FED panel showed better field emission properties. Because of the enhanced bar electrode, the large field emission current was obtained.

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44

Hareesh, K., Sachin R. Suryawanshi, B. Shateesh, Deodatta M. Phase, Shailendra S. Dahiwale, Vasanth N. Bhoraskar, Santhosh K. Haram, Mahendra A. More, and Sanjay D. Dhole. "High-field emission performance of a NiFe2O4/rGO/CNT tertiary nanocomposite." RSC Advances 6, no. 32 (2016): 26745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra02198k.

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Herein, we report the field emission properties of NiFe₂O₄/reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotubes (NGC) and compared them with the field emission properties of NiFe₂O₄/carbon nanotubes (NC) and NiFe₂O₄/reduced graphene oxide (NG).

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45

Kitsyuk, Evgeny, Egor Lebedev, Andrey Nartov, Roman Ryazanov, and Artemiy Shamanaev. "Improvement of Electron Field Emission from Carbon Nanotubes by Ba(NO₃)₂ Treatment." Defect and Diffusion Forum 386 (September 2018): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.386.116.

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The method of manufacturing BaO thin layers on carbon nanotubes (CNT) from Ba(NO3)2 aqueous solutions was demonstrated. Ordered carbon nanotubes arrays were synthesized by catalytic plasma-stimulated chemical deposition from the gas phase. The influence of the BaO content on the work function and, accordingly, carbon nanotubes emission properties were investigated. Significant field emission threshold voltage of CNT arrays treated by solutions with the lowest Ba(NO3)2 concentrations was demonstrated.

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46

Popov, E. O., A. G. Kolosko, S. V. Filippov, and S. A. Ponyaev. "Methods for measuring the local emission characteristics of CNT based multi-tip emitters." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2103, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2103/1/012116.

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Abstract The work is aimed at obtaining microscopic emission characteristics of individual emission sites of a multi-tip field cathode or large-area emitter (LAFE) based on processing the current-voltage characteristics and emission glow patterns. Processing was carried out on a hardware-software complex for the study of field emission characteristics in real time. The calculation of the microscopic characteristics of the local emission sites — the field enhancement factor and emission area — was carried out by several different algorithms. A comparison of the results showed that the algorithms gave close values of the characteristics, which increases the reliability of the estimates made.

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47

Ahn, Seung Joon, Jae Woo Kim, Seong Joon Ahn, Dong Hwan Han, Ho Seob Kim, and Yoon Ho Song. "Development of a Carbon Nanotube Paste for the High-Performance Field Emitters by Using the Simple Ball-Milling Method." Materials Science Forum 804 (October 2014): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.804.161.

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The carbon nanotube (CNT) paste was fabricated by a very simple method where the paste composition could be controlled precisely. We have fabricated several types of field emitters from the CNT paste mixture consisting of the thin multi-walled CNT, the nanosized inorganic fillers, the ethyl cellulose binder and the terpineol solvent. The field emission current density was found to be more than 100 mA/cm2 at a field of 2.5 V/μm for the planar-type CNT emitter and ~5 A/cm2 for the tip-type emitter, respectively. We also optimized the filler material in the paste to make the emitter reliable under the high-temperature conditions. The developed CNT paste had good reproducibility and the field emitters made of the paste showed excellent characteristics as the electron sources for the various applications.

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48

LIM, SEONG CHU, KYU LEE, IL HA LEE, and YOUNG HEE LEE. "FIELD EMISSION AND APPLICATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES." Nano 02, no. 02 (April 2007): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793292007000465.

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The mechanism of field emission from a metal surface was well explained based on the quantum mechanics in early 20th century. Since then, various materials have been studied for field emitters. However, so far, we have been using only limited materials as a field emitter and an application in some area requires further scientific understandings and technological advancements. In this paper, we review the current status of researches in field emission and emission phenomena of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). This may include current saturation induced by gas adsorbates, screening effects, high current emission, degradation of emitter, and field enhancement factor. We also introduce the present status in the development of various CNT-based field emission devices and discuss their performances. In this part, various potential applications such as field emission display, ionization gauge, X-ray gun, and lamp will be presented.

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49

Lai, Sheng, Xiaobin Tang, Yunpeng Liu, Junxu Mu, Zhaopeng Feng, and Kai Miao. "X-ray high frequency pulse emission characteristic and application of CNT cold cathode x-ray source cathode x-ray source." Nanotechnology 33, no. 7 (November 24, 2021): 075201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac378b.

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Abstract Carbon nanotube (CNT) field-emission x-ray source has great potential in x-ray communication (XCOM) because of its controllable emission and instantaneous response. A novel voltage loading mode was proposed in this work to achieve high-frequency pulse x-ray emission. The characteristics of cathode current and pulse x-ray versus voltage, frequency, and pulse amplitude were studied, and XCOM data transmission experiment was carried out. Results showed that the CNT cold cathode x-ray source, as a communication signal source, could work in 1.05 MHz pulse emission frequency. When the grid voltage was higher than 470 V, the pulse x-ray waveform amplitude achieved peak, and the shape exhibited a pseudo square wave. The duty cycle of the x-ray waveform exceeded 50%, reaching 56% when the pulse frequency reached 1 MHz. In the XCOM data transmission experiment, the pulsed x-ray waveform was well consistent with the loading data signal voltage waveform under different pulse-emission frequencies. This work realized the x-ray high-frequency pulse emission of CNT cold cathode x-ray source and lays a foundation for the development and application of CNT cold cathode x-ray source in XCOM.

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Ahn, B. G., M. S. Seung, H. Y. Shin, D. H. Kim, T. S. Kim, and Y. R. Cho. "Effect of CNT Particle Dispersion in CNT Paste on Field Emission Characteristics in Carbon Nanotube Cathode." Korean Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 807–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3740/mrsk.2004.14.11.807.

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