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1
Bretag, TW, PJ Keane, and TV Price. "Effect of Ascochyta blight on the grain yield of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950531.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field experiments were conducted to determine the crop losses caused by ascochyta blight in different pea varieties grown in Victoria. For each variety, the reduction in yield associated with disease was determined by comparing grain yields in plots not sprayed with fungicide (disease present) and plots where the disease was controlled with fungicide sprays (no disease). There was considerable variation between pea varieties and lines in disease severity and crop losses. Individual varieties had different levels of tolerance to disease, and there were large differences between varieties in the percentage yield loss caused by the same level of disease. Disease severity was closely correlated with reductions in grain yield, and for most varieties there was a 5-6% reduction in grain yield for every 10% of stem area affected by disease (first 10 internodes on the main branch). Ascochyta blight caused substantial reductions in grain yield of all commercial pea varieties grown in Victoria but was usually most severe on the early-maturing varieties. For 15 varieties, empirical crop loss models to predict the relationship between disease severity and reduction in yield were developed. A disease survey of commercial crops was then conducted and estimates made of yield losses caused by ascochyta blight using the previously developed crop loss models. The estimated yield losses caused by ascochyta blight in commercial crops in Victoria in 1986 ranged from 3.1 to 26.4% and exceeded 15% in over three-quarters of crops surveyed. The results suggest that field pea production in Victoria is seriously retarded by ascochyta blight and that the development of effective strategies to control the disease should be given a high priority.
2
Borstlap, Sylvia, and Martin H. Entz. "Zero-tillage influence on canola, field pea and wheat in a dry subhumid region: Agronomic and physiological responses." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, no. 3 (July 1, 1994): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field trials were conducted over 4 site-years in southern Manitoba to compare the response of Katepwa wheat, Westar canola and Victoria field pea to zero tillage (ZT). The experimental design was a split plot with tillage system as the mainplot (ZT vs. conventional tillage (CT)) and crop species as the subplot. All crops received protection from insect, weed and disease pests. Tillage system had only a limited impact on crop dry matter accumulation or grain quality. Where differences were observed, crop performance was enhanced under ZT. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) was either reduced or unaffected by ZT, while ET efficiency (ETE: kg ha−1 mm−1 ET) was either increased or unchanged by the shift from CT to ZT. Higher ETE under ZT was attributed to less soil water evaporation. Significant tillage system × crop species (T × S) interactions for growth parameters, ET and ETE indicated that field pea often benefitted more than wheat or canola from ZT. A significant T × S interaction at one of the four sites indicated that water extraction between 30 and 90 cm was higher for pea and canola in the ZT compared with CT treatment, while soil water extraction by wheat was reduced under ZT. At a second site, lower ET for all three crops under ZT was attributed to reduced water use between 90 and 130 cm. Despite some effects of ZT on crop growth and water use, no significant tillage, T × S, or site × tillage interactions were observed for grain yield. It was concluded that under the conditions of this study (i.e. precipitation and temperature conditions close to the long-term average), Westar canola, Victoria field pea and Katepwa wheat were, for the most part, equally suited to ZT production. Key words: Soil water extraction, evapotranspiration efficiency, crop quality, grain yield, canopy development
3
Bretag, TW, TV Price, and PJ Keane. "Importance of seed-borne inoculum in the etiology of the Ascochyta blight complex of field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950525.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fungi associated with the ascochyta blight complex of field peas were isolated from 436 of 691 seedlots tested. Of the fungi detected, 94.8% of isolates were Mycosphaerella pinodes, 4.2% Phoma medicaginis, and 1.0% Ascochyta pisi. The levels of infestation of seed varied considerably from year to year and between seedlots, depending on the amount of rainfall between flowering and maturity. Within a particular pea-growing region, the level of seed-borne infection was often highest in seed from crops harvested latest. In addition, crops sown early were usually more severely affected by disease than late-sown crops, and this resulted in higher levels of seed infection. There was no correlation between the level of seed infestation by M. pinodes and the severity of ascochyta blight; however, where the level of seed infection was high (>11%) there was a significant reduction in emergence, which caused a reduction in grain yield. It may therefore be possible to use seed with high levels of seed-borne ascochyta blight fungi, provided the seeding rate is increased to compensate for poor emergence.
4
Anderson, Geoffrey C., Ken I. Peverill, and Ross F. Brennan. "Soil sulfur—crop response calibration relationships and criteria for field crops grown in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 5 (2013): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13244.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Accurate definition of the sulfur (S) soil test–crop grain yield increase (response) relationship is required before soil S test measurements can be used to if there are likely to be responses to S fertilisers. An analysis was done using the Better Fertiliser Decision for Crops (BFDC) National Database using a web application (BFDC Interrogator) to develop calibration relationships between soil S tests (KCl-40 and MCP) using a selection of sampling depths and grain relative yields (RY). Critical soil test values (CSTV) and critical soil test ranges (CSTR) were defined at RY 90%. The ability of the KCl-40 extractable S soil test to predict grain yield response to applied S fertiliser was examined for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in Western Australia (WA), New South Wales (NSW), and Victoria and canola (Brassica napus L.) grown in WA and NSW. A smaller dataset using MCPi-extractable S was also assessed. The WA-grown wheat KCl-40 S CSTV, using sampling depth to 30 cm for soil types Chromosols (Coloured), Chromosols (Sesqui-Nodular), Kandosols (Grey and Yellow), Tenosols (Brown and Yellow), and Tenosols (Grey, Sesqui-Nodular), was 2.8 mg kg–1 with an associated CSTR 2.4–3.2 mg kg–1 and a correlation coefficient (r) 0.87. Similarly, KCl-40 S CSTV was defined using sampling depth to 10 cm for these selected soil types and for wheat grown on Vertosols in NSW. The accuracy of the KCl-40 S CSTV for canola grown in WA was improved using a sampling to a depth of 30 cm instead of 10 cm for all soil types. The canola KCl-40 S CSTV using sampling depth to 30 cm for these soil types was 7.2 mg kg–1 with an associated CSTR 6.8–7.5 and an r value 0.70. A similar KCl-40 S CSTV of 7.0 mg kg–1 was defined using a sampling depth of 10 cm, but the CSTR was higher (6.4–7.7 mg kg–1) and the r value lower (0.43). A lower KCl-40 S CSTV of 3.9 mg kg–1 or 31.0 kg ha–1 using a sampling depth of 60 cm was defined for canola grown in NSW using a limited number of S-rate calibration treatment series. Both MCPi (r = 0.32) and KCl-40 (r <0.20) soil S test–NSW canola response relationships using a 0–10 cm sampling depth were weak. The wheat KCl-40 S CSTR of 2.4–3.2 mg kg–1 can be used widely on soil types where soil sulfate is not leached during the growing season. However, both the WA canola CSTR of 6.4–7.2 mg kg–1 using a sampling depth of 30 cm and NSW canola CSTR of 25–39 kg ha–1 or 3.1–4.9 mg kg–1 using a sampling depth of 60 cm can be considered in regions outside of WA and NSW.
5
Smith, A. M., and G. McDonald. "Interpreting ultraviolet-light and fermentation trap catches of Mythimna convecta (walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) using phenological simulation." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 3 (September 1986): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014917.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractUltraviolet-light and fermentation trap catches of adults of Mythimna convecta (Walker) in Victoria, Australia, could be related to the times of various stages of larval development in oat crops by means of a day-degree accumulation model. Mated females were more attracted to fermentation than ultraviolet-light traps, and predicted oviposition times closely coincided with fermentation trap catches. The phenological model successfully mimicked the observed larval instar development in the field. Peak moth flights occurred within three periods. The first peak period (October to mid-November) usually contained mated moths which generated larval populations in maturing oat crops; in 1983, these moths probably occurred in late August. The second (mid-November to December) contained unmated females; in 1983–84, moth flights during this period could be related to the emergence of moths from crops 70–130 km north of the trap site. The third peak period (January to February) also comprised unmated moths which had usually emerged locally and were probably emigrating.
6
Latham, L. J., and R. A. C. Jones. "Incidence of virus infection in experimental plots, commercial crops, and seed stocks of cool season crop legumes." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 3 (2001): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Experimental plots of cool season crop legumes growing at diverse locations in Western Australia were inspected for plants with suspect virus symptoms over 4 growing seasons (1994, 1997, 1998, 1999), and plant samples were tested for infection with alfalfa mosaic (AMV), bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), cucumber mosaic (CMV), and pea seed-borne mosaic (PSbMV) viruses. All 4 viruses were detected in faba bean (Vicia faba); BYMV, CMV, and PSbMV in field pea (Pisum sativum); AMV, CMV, and PSbMV in lentil (Lens culinaris); and AMV and CMV in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Among minor crop species, AMV, BYMV, and CMV were found in narbon bean (V. narbonensis) and grass pea (Lathyrus sativus); BYMV and CMV in dwarf chickling (L. cicera); BYMV in bitter vetch (V. e r v i l i a ) and L. clymenum; and AMV in fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Incidences of individual viruses varied widely from site to site but plot infection sometimes reached 100%. Symptom severity varied widely with virus–crop combination. In large-scale surveys of commercial crops of field pea and faba bean over 2 (1998, 1999) and 3 (1994, 1998, 1999) growing seasons, respectively, randomly collected samples from each crop were tested for presence of AMV, BYMV, CMV, and PSbMV. In 1999 they were also tested for beet western yellows virus (BWYV). All 5 viruses were detected in both species. BWYV was found in 35% of faba bean and 56% of the field pea crops sampled in 1999, with incidences of infection in individual crops up to 40% and 49%, respectively. PSbMV was found in 42% and BYMV in 18% of field pea crops in 1999. In individual crops, highest infection incidences of BYMV and PSbMV detected were 31% for BYMV in faba bean in 1998 and 9% for PSbMV in field pea in 1999. CMV and AMV incidences in both species never exceeded 7% of crops or 4% of plants within individual crops. Infection by 2 different viruses within individual crops was common, even 3 were sometimes found. Cultivars infected with most viruses were Fiesta and Fiord for faba bean, and Dundale, Laura, and Magnet for field pea. BYMV was detected in the crop tested of dwarf chickling. In tests on seed samples from Western Australia of 30 commercial seed stocks of field pea, 11 of faba bean, and 50 of chickpea, PSbMV was detected in 11, 1, and 1, respectively; CMV in 1, 1, and 3; BYMV in 3, 1, and 0; and AMV in 0, 0, and 1. This appears to be the first record of seed transmission of CMV in pea and faba bean. Seed samples from Victoria were also found to contain viruses: PSbMV in pea and AMV in lentil. Widespread infection with viruses in evaluation plots and commercial crops of cool season crop legumes is a cause for concern, especially where individual crop incidences are high and 2 or more viruses are present. Sowing of infected seed stocks leads to introduction of randomly dispersed sources of virus infection within the crop sown, resulting in spread of infection and yield losses. Appropriate control measures are discussed.
7
Horne, PA, and JA Horne. "The life-history and control of Hapatesus hirtus Candeze (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Victoria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 5 (1991): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910827.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The incidence and life-history of potato wireworm, Hapatesus hirtus Candeze, in Victorian potato crops were studied, and insecticidal control measures assessed. Larval stages were present and active throughout the year. Ten larval instars were identified, probably requiring several years to complete development. Egg development occurred in October-November and the most likely timing of oviposition was December. The relative numbers of larval H. hirtus detected in soil samples, pre-planting baits and harvested tubers are presented. Baiting with halves of potatoes provided an efficient means of detecting areas likely to suffer wireworm damage. One formulation of chlorpyrifos ('Lorsban') was effective in reducing damage to, and larval numbers in, potatoes in field trials. The granular formulation of tefluthrin and the controlled release chlorpyrifos were not effective in protecting potato tubers.
8
Bailey, P., and J. Comery. "Management of Heliothis punctigera on field peas in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 27, no. 3 (1987): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9870439.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cypermethrin was found to be an effective substitute for DDT in controlling Heliothis punctigera in field peas. A single spray of cypermethrin prevented significant damage by larvae to field peas in trials in South Australia and Victoria over 3 seasons. Endosulfan was not as effective as cypermethrin. Bioassays of leaf discs dipped in cypermethrin showed that residues of 0.1 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 50% feeding inhibition, 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 caused 90% feeding inhibition and concentrations above this caused increasing acute mortality to fourth instar larvae. Residues from field pea crops sprayed at 40 g a.i. fell to 0.43 mg a.i. kg-1 2-3 weeks after application. Two to 3 weeks protection is probably the maximum time for residual activity to be useful because the crop outgrows the sprayed foliage. To ensure that larvae are exposed to the maximum area of treated surface, the spray should be timed to coincide with the appearance of larvae in the crop, rather than spraying at a particular growth stage of the crop.
9
Hollaway, GJ, and TW Bretag. "The Occurrence of Pseudomonas-Syringae Pv Pisi in-Field Pea (Pisum-Sativum) Crops in the Wimmera Region of Victoria, Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 24, no. 2 (1995): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/app9950133.
Повний текст джерела
10
Donald, E. C., I. J. Porter, and R. A. Lancaster. "Band incorporation of fluazinam (Shirlan) into soil to control clubroot of vegetable brassica crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 8 (2001): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Commercially suitable methods for application of fluazinam were evaluated in field trials conducted in Victoria and Western Australia. Incorporation of fluazinam into the soil in bands 23 cm wide along the transplant row (to a depth of about 15–20 cm) immediately before transplanting was the most effective method of application. Plants grown in soil treated in this way developed significantly less clubroot than when fluazinam was applied using either a spot drench (100 mL/plant) or a continuous spray over the plants immediately after transplanting. The banded soil incorporation treatment consistently increased the marketable yield of broccoli and cauliflower. In one trial, banded soil incorporation increased the marketable yield of both crops by at least 80% compared with the other commercial methods of application currently in use. The banded soil incorporation treatment was more reliable and effective in a range of soil types than the high volume drenches currently used. This method of application remained effective, significantly reducing clubroot severity, when the volume of water used to apply fluazinam was reduced by 80% from 2500 to 500 L/ha.
11
Horne, Paul A., Jessica Page, and Cam Nicholson. "When will integrated pest management strategies be adopted? Example of the development and implementation of integrated pest management strategies in cropping systems in Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08072.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper discusses the development and implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for broadacre cropping in Victoria, Australia, with reference to other crops and also the levels of adoption of IPM in Australia and overseas. Levels and rates of adoption are mostly low but with some exceptions. The reasons for differing levels of adoption include the failure of strategies to successfully deal with all pests, the lack of motivation to change to using IPM given current successful pesticide-based controls, and the poor availability of IPM advisors in the field. This paper outlines how IPM strategies for wheat, barley and canola crops were developed and implemented using a collaborative approach between farmers, agronomists and entomologists. It was found that although there were no existing specific IPM strategies for the crops grown in the region of south-eastern Australia, there was sufficient information for farmers to start using an IPM approach. This paper gives a case study of implementing change to IPM from conventional pesticide spraying, including the development of a course in IPM for growers and agronomists. It focuses on the process of changing practices and information transfer rather than on entomological details.
12
Sale, Peter W., Jaikirat S. Gill, Renick R. Peries, and Caixian Tang. "Crop responses to subsoil manuring. I. Results in south-western Victoria from 2009 to 2012." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 1 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Subsoil manuring is a practice that involves placing high rates of organic amendments in bands at the base of rip-lines that extend down into the subsoil to a depth of 30–40cm, in order to ameliorate poorly structured clay subsoils. The objective of this study was to determine whether the increases in crop yield from this practice, which occurred at one site in the high-rainfall zone in Victoria from 2005 to 2007, would occur at other sites and in other seasons in south-western Victoria. On-farm field experiments were therefore carried out at three sites in south-western Victoria between 2009 and 2012 to measure the yield responses to subsoil manuring. The study found that subsoil manuring with poultry litter resulted in consistent and recurring increases in estimated grain yield at these sites, with responses occurring with consecutive crops. Increases in estimated grain yield continued for 4 years, with average increases in hand-harvested yield of 3.5 t ha–1 for wheat, 1.6 t ha–1 for canola and 2.3 t ha–1 for faba beans. The estimated increases in grain yield were frequently associated with the increased extraction of deep subsoil water after anthesis. A treatment involving deep-banded nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilisers and additional in-crop N, which matched the N and P in the poultry litter, yielded less than the full rate of subsoil manuring in seven of the eight site-years. This suggests that yield responses from subsoil manuring were not solely due to the release of N and P from the deep-banded poultry litter.
13
DRAGOV, Rangel. "Gene action for grain protein content in durum wheat." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.2.2050.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this study was to determine the gene action and combining ability of durum wheat for grain protein content. During the three year period a diallel cross was carried out with five modern parents of durum wheat – ‘Victoria’, ‘Deni’, ‘Superdur’, ‘Progres’ and ‘Predel’. Ten hybrid combinations and the parents were grown in the experimental field of the Field Crops Institute, Chirpan. The experiment was performed by the randomize block method design in three replications. It was found that in the inheritance of grain protein content dominance and overdominance in positive and negative directions were observed. Statistical processing of the results showed that both additive and non-additive genetic effects have influenced on inheritance. Non-additive gene effects (SCA) had a greater role in inheritance. This suggests that an effective selection for this trait could begin in later generations. The combining ability analysis has identified two good general combinators (Predel and Superdur varieties) that could be used as donors to increase the values of the trait protein content in grain. Several crosses showing positive and significant SCA effects have also been identified, suitable for achieving reliable transgressive genotypes.
14
Bell, Michael J., Wayne Strong, Denis Elliott, and Charlie Walker. "Soil nitrogen—crop response calibration relationships and criteria for winter cereal crops grown in Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 5 (2013): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12431.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
More than 1200 wheat and 120 barley experiments conducted in Australia to examine yield responses to applied nitrogen (N) fertiliser are contained in a national database of field crops nutrient research (BFDC National Database). The yield responses are accompanied by various pre-plant soil test data to quantify plant-available N and other indicators of soil fertility status or mineralisable N. A web application (BFDC Interrogator), developed to access the database, enables construction of calibrations between relative crop yield ((Y0/Ymax) × 100) and N soil test value. In this paper we report the critical soil test values for 90% RY (CV90) and the associated critical ranges (CR90, defined as the 70% confidence interval around that CV90) derived from analysis of various subsets of these winter cereal experiments. Experimental programs were conducted throughout Australia’s main grain-production regions in different eras, starting from the 1960s in Queensland through to Victoria during 2000s. Improved management practices adopted during the period were reflected in increasing potential yields with research era, increasing from an average Ymax of 2.2 t/ha in Queensland in the 1960s and 1970s, to 3.4 t/ha in South Australia (SA) in the 1980s, to 4.3 t/ha in New South Wales (NSW) in the 1990s, and 4.2 t/ha in Victoria in the 2000s. Various sampling depths (0.1–1.2 m) and methods of quantifying available N (nitrate-N or mineral-N) from pre-planting soil samples were used and provided useful guides to the need for supplementary N. The most regionally consistent relationships were established using nitrate-N (kg/ha) in the top 0.6 m of the soil profile, with regional and seasonal variation in CV90 largely accounted for through impacts on experimental Ymax. The CV90 for nitrate-N within the top 0.6 m of the soil profile for wheat crops increased from 36 to 110 kg nitrate-N/ha as Ymax increased over the range 1 to >5 t/ha. Apparent variation in CV90 with seasonal moisture availability was entirely consistent with impacts on experimental Ymax. Further analyses of wheat trials with available grain protein (~45% of all experiments) established that grain yield and not grain N content was the major driver of crop N demand and CV90. Subsets of data explored the impact of crop management practices such as crop rotation or fallow length on both pre-planting profile mineral-N and CV90. Analyses showed that while management practices influenced profile mineral-N at planting and the likelihood and size of yield response to applied N fertiliser, they had no significant impact on CV90. A level of risk is involved with the use of pre-plant testing to determine the need for supplementary N application in all Australian dryland systems. In southern and western regions, where crop performance is based almost entirely on in-crop rainfall, this risk is offset by the management opportunity to split N applications during crop growth in response to changing crop yield potential. In northern cropping systems, where stored soil moisture at sowing is indicative of minimum yield potential, erratic winter rainfall increases uncertainty about actual yield potential as well as reducing the opportunity for effective in-season applications.
15
Cox, Simon C. "Inter-related plutonism and deformation in South Victoria Land, Antarctica." Geological Magazine 130, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800023682.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe Lower Palaeozoic Bonney Pluton is a regionally extensive coarse-grained, variably megacrystic, monzodioritic to granitic body that crops out over 1000 km2 in South Victoria Land. It intruded upper amphibolite facies Koettlitz Group metasediments and interlayered orthogneisses. Magmatic fabrics are developed in the centre of the pluton by flow alignment of K-feldspars before the majority of phases had crystallized, whereas solid-state fabrics developed in the pluton margins by ductile–plastic deformation. Structures developed in the host-rocks vary around this elongate northwest–southeast-trending pluton. Upright, tight northwest–southeast-trending macroscopic folds are developed at the sides of the pluton, with axis-parallel stretching lineations and boudinage indicating strong northwest–southeast extension. Broad warps of tight macroscopic folds, and mesoscopic refolded folds, sheath folds and complicated interference patterns characterize areas at the ends of the pluton. Emplacement of the pluton involved radial expansion in a regional northeast–southwest compression, and growth predominantly in the northwest–southeast direction. Superposition of the radial expansion and regional compression resulted in an inhomogeneous strain field at a regional scale, with coaxial strain at the sides of the pluton and non-coaxial strain at the ends. Upright folds developed at the pluton's sides, and became tighter with continued coaxial deformation. Non-coaxial structures developed at the ends of the pluton and were pushed aside by the growing pluton into areas of coaxial deformation, resulting in complex folding, re-folding and sheath folds. Metamorphism of the host-rocks and migmatite development was more intense at the sides of the pluton than near the ends, possibly due to different P-T-t paths of host-rocks around syntectonic plutons.
16
Gower, Jane M. C., Ary A. Hoffmann, and Andrew R. Weeks. "Effectiveness of spring spraying targeting diapause egg production for controlling redlegged earth mites and other pests in pasture." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 8 (2008): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07048.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Earth mites are a complex of related species introduced into Australia in the early part of last century that cause economic damage to crops, especially canola, and to pastures. A general method of chemical control aimed at interrupting the life cycle at the most effective stage, by spraying in the spring before the mites enter diapause, has recently been adopted for controlling earth mites, particularly the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker). Here we use paired-paddock treatments and field enclosures to test the effectiveness of this method on pest populations of H. destructor as well as on other pests over two seasons at multiple pasture sites in Victoria. Halotydeus destructor numbers at the start of the winter growing season were suppressed by up to 85%, but this control level was not sustained. The numbers of H. destructor and other pests were similar to or higher than those in the unsprayed areas by spring. Spring spraying is, therefore, a useful means of suppressing H. destructor in early autumn, but its effects disappear relatively quickly over time in Victoria. This strategy also has little impact on the control of the blue oat mite Penthaleus major (Duges) and other phytophagous invertebrate pests.
17
Clouston, Annabel, Owain Edwards, and Paul Umina. "An insecticide baseline study of Australian broadacre aphids." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 2 (2016): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus), Lipaphis pseudobrassicae (Davis), Acyrthosiphon kondoi (Shinji), Aphis craccivora (Koch) and Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) are among the most important aphid pests in Australian broadacre systems. In this study a leaf-dip method was used to assay pirimicarb, dimethoate, α-cypermethrin and imidacloprid against field populations collected from Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia and Queensland. This research established toxicity baseline data that will be important for future monitoring of insecticide responses in broadacre crops. It also provided an opportunity to identify any chemical tolerance that may be evolving in these pests. Acyrthosiphon craccivora populations showed differences in their responses to dimethoate, pirimicarb and imidacloprid (but not to α-cypermethrin), indicating possible shifts in field sensitivity to these three chemicals. Rhopalosiphum padi had the lowest sensitivity to all insecticides tested, with two populations (collected from South Australia and Queensland) showing less than 100% mortality when tested at the field rate of α-cypermethrin. There were few differences in insecticide responses between populations of the other three species. Continued screening of A. craccivora and R. padi populations is needed to fully assess the current status of tolerance among field populations and to strengthen resistance management tactics.
18
Storchak, Irina G., Fedor V. Eroshenko, Lusine R. Oganyan, Elena O. Shestakova, and Anastasiya A. Kalashnikova. "Assessment of Winter Wheat Plant Development during the Seeding and Tillering Stages According to the Earth Remote Sensing Data." Engineering Technologies and Systems 31, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2658-4123.031.202101.021-036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The importance of controlling the organogenesis stages is that it provides the opportunity to create favorable conditions during the development of certain elements of the yield structure by caring crops and influence the grain quality. The objective of the work is to define a connection between the Earth remote sensing data and the state of winter wheat plants in the initial period of their growth and development. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was the winter wheat plantings. The wheat varieties “Odisseya”, “Olympus”, “Niva Stavropolya”, “Victoria 11”, “Nastya” and “Firuza 40” were sown by plot in the experimental field. The industrial crops of winter wheat were studied to assess the state of the plants in the tillering stage in 2012–2013, 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 agricultural years. The Earth remote sensing data were obtained using the “VEGA” service of FBSI “Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences”. Results. The obtained function of the dependence of NDVI of winter wheat crops on the height and development stage of plants is a polynomial of the third degree and is characterized by high accuracy (Rcorr = 0.98). The analysis of the NDVI, RED and NIR data of fields on dates close to the dates of collecting plant samples showed a considerable degree of relationship between the vegetation index NDVI and height of winter wheat plants. In 2013, the correlation coefficient was 0.60, in 2014 – 0.66, in 2016 – 0.80, and in 2013–2016 on average about 0.85. Discussion and Conclusion. The studies have shown that the Earth remote sensing data can be used to assess the state and degree of the development of winter wheat crops during the seeding and tillering stages, including in the production conditions. To improve the accuracy of the assessment, it is better to use the spectral brightness values in the infrared region of the spectrum.
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Ashton, DH, and JA Chappill. "Secondary Succession in Post-Fire Scrub Dominated by Acacia verticillata (L'hérit) Willd at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 37, no. 1 (1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Senescence and death of 30-year-old post-fire Acacia verticillata scrub in areas originally supporting sclerophyll eucalypt forest were studied over a 6-year period at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria. The potential for eucalypt regeneration was also examined. On drier sites, A. verticillata has been replaced by drought-resistant Kunzea ambigua while on wet sites it has been replaced by waterlogging-tolerant Melaleuca ericifolia. In mid slopes A. verticillata is regenerating from soil seed in gaps in the field layer of Pteridium esculentum and Goodenia ovata and forming a patchy, uneven-aged stand. The composition of the mid-slope community is determined by the relative resistance of species to browsing and grazing. The failure of eucalypts to reclaim the scrub areas at this critical time has been due to poor seed crops, seed harvesting by ants and intense selective browsing. Exclosure plots have demonstrated the importance of herbivory in modifying this vegetation and indicate potential means of reafforestation without the intervention of fire.
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Nuttall, J. G., G. J. O'Leary, N. Khimashia, S. Asseng, G. Fitzgerald, and R. Norton. "‘Haying-off' in wheat is predicted to increase under a future climate in south-eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 7 (2012): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12062.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Under a future climate for south-eastern Australia there is the likelihood that the net effect of elevated CO2, (eCO2) lower growing-season rainfall and high temperature will increase haying-off thus limit production of rain-fed wheat crops. We used a modelling approach to assess the impact of an expected future climate on wheat growth across four cropping regions in Victoria. A wheat model, APSIM-Nwheat, was performance tested against three datasets: (i) a field experiment at Wagga Wagga, NSW; (ii) the Australian Grains Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (AGFACE) experiment at Horsham, Victoria; and (iii) a broad-acre wheat crop survey in western Victoria. For down-scaled climate predictions for 2050, average rainfall during October, which coincides with crop flowering, decreased by 32, 29, 26, and 18% for the semiarid regions of the northern Mallee, the southern Mallee, Wimmera, and higher rainfall zone, (HRZ) in the Western District, respectively. Mean annual minimum and maximum temperature over the four regions increased by 1.9 and 2.2°C, respectively. A pair-wise comparison of the yield/anthesis biomass ratio across climate scenarios, used for assessing haying-off response, revealed that there was a 39, 49 and 47% increase in frequency of haying-off for the northern Mallee, southern Mallee and Wimmera, respectively, when crops were sown near the historically optimal time (1 June). This translated to a reduction in yield from 1.6 to 1.4 t/ha (northern Mallee), 2.5 to 2.2 t/ha (southern Mallee) and 3.7 to 3.6 t/ha (Wimmera) under a future climate. Sowing earlier (1 May) reduced the impact of a future climate on haying-off where decreases in yield/anthesis biomass ratio were 24, 28 and 23% for the respective regions. Heavy textured soils exacerbated the impact of a future climate on haying-off within the Wimmera. Within the HRZ of the Western District crops were not water limited during grain filling, so no evidence of haying-off existed where average crop yields increased by 5% under a future climate (6.4–6.7 t/ha). The simulated effect of eCO2 alone (FACE conditions) increased average yields from 18 to 38% for the semiarid regions but not in the HRZ and there was no evidence of haying-off. For a future climate, sowing earlier limited the impact of hotter, drier conditions by reducing pre-anthesis plant growth, grain set and resource depletion and shifted the grain-filling phase earlier, which reduced the impact of future drier conditions in spring. Overall, earlier sowing in a Mediterranean-type environment appears to be an important management strategy for maintaining wheat production in semiarid cropping regions into the future, although this has to be balanced with other agronomic considerations such as frost risk and weed control.
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McDonald, G., and A. M. Smith. "The incidence and distribution of the armyworms Mythimna convecta (walker) and Persectania spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their parasitoids in major agricultural districts of Victoria, south-eastern australia." Bulletin of Entomological Research 76, no. 2 (June 1986): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300014693.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractField studies of Mythimna convecta (Walker), Persectania ewingii (Westwood) and P. dyscrita Common, and their associated parasitoids, were conducted in cereals and pastures in Victoria, Australia, in 1980–83. The study included a survey of the armyworm fauna in the major agricultural districts, detailed phenological studies within five oat crops, and ultraviolet-light trapping of adults. M. convecta was the most abundant species in cereals and was found more commonly in the warmer months of spring and summer in all districts. Larval development in oat crops during spring was preceded by little moth activity in light traps. P. ewingii was common in the southern districts and in the cooler months from May to September. It was the most prevalent armyworm species in pastures and rarely occurred in barley. P. dyscrita was the least abundant species and occurred mostly in the drier inland areas, particularly in the west. Light-trap catches of P. ewingii and P. dyscrita suggested there were two generations, one in spring and one in the autumn. Regular sampling in oat crops showed that M. convecta developed faster and was usually more abundant than P. ewingii during seed development and ripening, and hence had the potential to inflict more crop damage. Of the 17 species of parasitoids reared from field-collected larvae, the wasp Campoletis sp. was the most abundant. In 1980–82, average parasitism ranged from 13 to 16% but fell to 2% after the drought of 1982.
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Bird, P. R., T. T. Jackson, and K. W. Williams. "Effect of synthetic windbreaks on pasture growth in south-western Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 6 (2002): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The impact of a synthetic windbreak on the growth of subterranean clover and perennial ryegrass pasture in the cool-temperate zone of south-western Victoria was investigated over 2 years. Four square plots (10 m sides) at each of 2 sites were fenced with wire mesh 1.2 m tall in 1996 and 1997. Two plots at each site were sheltered with synthetic mesh of 50% porosity attached to the wire mesh. The open wind speed averaged 3.6 m/s in 1996 and 3.1�m/s in 1997. Winds exceeded 6 m/s for 4–23% and 2–8% of the time in 1996 and 1997, respectively. There were small but significant differences in temperature between the sheltered and open plots. The mean daily temperature was 0–0.4°C warmer with shelter. Temperatures in the shelters were always higher from 0900 to 1800�hours, the differences ranging from 0.1 to 0.9°C. Conversely, lower temperatures (a maximum difference of 0.4°C) usually occurred in the shelters from 1800 to 0600 hours. The mean daily relative humidity was 1.4–3.1% greater in shelter than in the open and the maximum difference was 3.8%. There was a significant (P< 0.01) effect of shelter on pasture growth in both years. In terms of total production over both years, the results indicate a small but consistent increase in pasture growth of about 9% for sheltered v. open plots at both sites. There was a clear seasonal effect of shelter, with greater production in autumn–winter, and a trend towards greater production in open plots during very wet periods. The results indicate that responses of pasture plants to shelter in the cool-temperate zone of Australia may be modest, and difficult to determine in field experiments, but shelter should contribute significantly to animal production because of improved plant growth in times of scarcity and reduced expenditure of energy for maintenance. Artificial shelters may provide the best means of testing the likely response to shelter of other pasture species or crops.
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Nuttall, J. G., R. D. Armstrong, D. J. Connor, and V. J. Matassa. "Interrelationships between edaphic factors potentially limiting cereal growth on alkaline soils in north-western Victoria." Soil Research 41, no. 2 (2003): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr02022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Calcarosols of the Victorian southern Mallee comprise subsoils that are typically saline, sodic, and have high concentrations of soluble boron (B), which have the potential to restrict growth of rain-fed grain crops. This paper reports relationships between various soil factors, from 150 soil profiles over a survey area of 3600 km2, to determine if field texture, pH1:5, electrical conductivity (ECe), and Na+ could be used to estimate exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and B. Assessment of soil profiles across 5 layers to 1 m (n = 750) showed that exchangeable Na+ correlated well with both ESP (r = 0.96) and B (r = 0.88). High correlation also existed between ESP and ECe (r = 0.71) and between B and pH1:5 (r = 0.70). Using linear and asymptotic regression functions, ESP overall was defined by: ESP = 1.47 + 2.68 × Na+ (r2 = 93.9) or ESP = 26.53 – 29.84 × 0.84ECe (r2 = 75.5). Boron was described by: B = –0.34 + 3.93 × Na+ (r2 = 76.7) or B = 3.2 × 10–6 × 6.11pH1:5 (r2 = 68.5). Inclusion of multiple explanatory variates, using stepwise multiple regression, did not account for more variation; hence, prediction using several variables simultaneously appeared unnecessary. Rapidly determined Na+, by ion-specific electrode, could also accurately predict sodicity: ESP = 1.31 + 0.03 × Na+ (r2 = 95.1). Soils with a pH1:5 <8.1 were shown to have B levels not potentially toxic to cereal growth. Soil texture also provided valuable estimation of B. Soils in the sand to clay loam texture range did not have levels of B toxic to cereal growth, unlike soils in the light to heavy clay range that frequently had levels of B potentially toxic to cereal growth.
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Paridaen, Annieka, and John A. Kirkegaard. "Forage canola (Brassica napus): spring-sown winter canola for biennial dual-purpose use in the high-rainfall zone of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
European winter canola (Brassica napus L.) varieties adapted to the long, cool seasons in high-rainfall areas of southern Australia have recently been adopted as autumn-sown, grain-only and dual-purpose crops. A spring-sown winter canola could be used as a biennial dual-purpose crop, to provide additional forage for summer and autumn grazing before recovery to produce an oilseed crop. We report a series of field experiments demonstrating that European winter canola types have suitable phenological characteristics to allow for their use as biennial, spring-sown crops, providing significant forage (2.5–4 t ha–1) for grazing while remaining vegetative through summer and autumn, and recovering following vernalisation in winter to produce high seed yield (2.5–5.0 t ha–1). Sowing too early (September) in colder inland areas risked exposure of the crop to vernalising temperatures, causing the crop to bolt to flower in summer, whereas all crops sown from mid-October remained vegetative through summer. Crop stands thinned by 20–30% during summer, and this was exacerbated by grazing, but surviving stands of ~30 plants m–2 were sufficient to support high yields. Grazing had no effect on grain yield at one site, but reduced yield by 0.5 t ha–1 at a second site, although this was more than offset by the value of the grazed forage. The spring-sowing approach has potential to replace the existing forage rape–spring cereal sequence, or to add a further option to the existing autumn-sown winter canola in areas such as southern Victoria, where early autumn establishment can be problematic and spring-sown crops can better withstand pests and winter waterlogging, which limit yield of autumn-sown crops. Because these are the first known studies in Australia to investigate the use of spring-sown winter canola, further work is warranted to refine further the crop and grazing strategies to maximise productivity and profitability from this option.
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Ridley, A. M., B. Christy, F. X. Dunin, P. J. Haines, K. F. Wilson, and A. Ellington. "Lucerne in crop rotations on the Riverine Plains. 1. The soil water balance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99165.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dryland salinity, caused largely by insufficient water use of annual crops and pastures, is increasing in southern Australia. A field experiment in north-eastern Victoria (average annual rainfall 600 mm) assessed the potential for lucerne grown in rotation with crops to reduce the losses of deep drainage compared with annual crops and pasture. Soil under lucerne could store 228 mm of water to 1.8 m depth. This compared with 84 mm under continuous crop (to 1.8 m depth), except in 1997–98 where crop dried soil by 162 mm. Between 1.8 and 3.25 m depth lucerne was able to create a soil water deficit of 78 mm. The extra water storage capacity was due to both the increased rooting depth and increased drying abiliy of lucerne within the root-zone of the annual species. Large drainage losses occurred under annuals in 1996 and small losses were calculated in 1997 and 1999, with no loss in 1998. Averaged over 1996–1999, drainage under annual crops was 49 mm/year (maximum 143 mm) and under annual pastures 35 mm/year (maximum 108 mm). When the extra soil water storage under lucerne was accounted for, no drainage was measured under this treatment in any year. Following 2 years of lucerne, drainage under subsequent crops could occur in the second crop. However, with 3 or 4 years of lucerne, 3–4 crops were grown before drainage loss was likely. Our calculations suggest that in this environment drainage losses are likely to occur under annual species in 55% of years compared with 6% of years under lucerne. In wet years water use of lucerne was higher than for crops due to lucerne’s ability to use summer rainfall and dry soil over the summer–autumn period. During the autumn–winter period crop water use was generally higher than under lucerne. The major period of increased soil water extraction under lucerne was from late spring to midsummer, with additional drying from deeper layers until autumn. Under both lucerne and crops, soil dried progressively from upper to lower soil layers. Short rotations of crops and lucerne currently offer the most practical promise for farmers in cropping areas in southern Australia to restore the water balance to a level which reduces the risk of secondary salinity.
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Bretag, T. W., P. J. Keane, and T. V. Price. "Effect of sowing date on the severity of ascochyta blight in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in the Wimmera region of Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 8 (2000): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00097.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field experiments were established at Horsham, in the Wimmera region ofVictoria, in 1987, 1988 and 1989 to compare the severity of ascochyta blightand grain yield of field peas sown in May, June and July. In each year, theseverity of ascochyta blight on all the pea cultivars studied was greatest onthe May-sown plots and least severe on the July-sown plots. The level of seedinfestation by ascochyta blight fungi was also highest in grain harvested fromthe plots sown earliest. In 1987, the average length of lesions girdling themain stem was 28.7 cm in the May-sown plots and 1.0 cm in the July-sown plots.In 1988, the average percentage of stem area affected by ascochyta ranged from 60.2% in the May-sown plots to 13.1% in the July-sown plots,while in 1989 the range was from 38.3% in the May-sown plots to5.8% in the July-sown plots. In 1988, delaying sowing until Julyresulted in a significant reduction in disease with only a small reduction inyield. However, in 1989 while July sowing reduced the severity of disease by 17%, compared to a June sowing, the later sowing also reduced grainyields by 40%.In a separate trial at Horsham in 1988, using cv. Buckley, disease progresswas most rapid on the April-sown plots and slowest on the August-sown plots.The final disease levels ranged from 100% of stem area affected (Aprilsowing) to 2% of stem area affected (August sowing). The yield lossescaused by the disease were greater the earlier the plots were sown.These studies suggest that the severity of disease in commercial crops may bereduced by delaying sowing until after mid-June, thus avoiding exposure ofyoung plants to high levels of primary inoculum.
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Evans, J., GE O'Connor, GL Turner, DR Coventry, N. Fettell, J. Mahoney, EL Armstrong, and DN Walsgott. "N2 fixation and its value to soil N increase in lupin, field pea and other legumes in south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 4 (1989): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890791.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
N2 fixation and its potential contribution to increasing soil total N were estimated in field-grown crops of lupin and pea in 21 trials at 10 locations in New South Wales and Victoria, during 1984 to 1987. Chickpea, faba bean and annual medic were included at some sites. Across experiments there were differences in annual rainfall (267 to 646 mm), soil N (0.02 to 0.20%), soil pH (CaCl2,4.3 to 8.0) and sowing date (24 April to 16 June). Most experiments were conducted on acidic (pH < 4.8) red-earth, the others on grey-cracking clay or sandy soil, both of higher pH The differing sites, seasons, and sowing time contributed to variation in legume biomass (2.02 to 14.33 t/ha) and total N (45 to 297 kg N/ha), and the amount of N harvested with grain (8 to 153 kg N/ha), which were related.Lupin fixed an average of 65% of total crop N, and pea 61%, but there was considerable variation about these averages (20 to 97%). Significant differences in % N2 fixation between legumes within sites were few. The amount of N2 fixed averaged 98.5 kg N/ha by lupin and 80.5 kg N/ha by pea, varying 26 to 288 kg N/ha and 16 to 177 kg N/ha, respectively. Variation in proportional and total N2 fixation was associated with biomass, soil mineral N, and sowing date. N2 fixation increased with more biomass and declined with higher soil mineral N, and later sowing (lupin). Each additional tonne of dry matter increased fixed N by c. 20 kg N/ha. Differences in amounts of fixed N between legumes within sites were due primarily to biomass differences.N2fixed by lupin contributed an average of 38.2 kg N/ha to soil N, and by pea, 17.9 kg N/ha. The contribution was variable, -41 to 135 kg N/ha (lupin) and -32 to 96 kg N/ha (pea), and correlated with proportional and total N2 fixation. Positive increase to soil total N occurred when lupin fixed at least 50% of its crop N, and pea 65%. This occurred in most crops. Legumes frequently used less of the available soil N than cereals.
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Hirth, J. R., P. J. Haines, A. M. Ridley, and K. F. Wilson. "Lucerne in crop rotations on the Riverine Plains. 2. Biomass and grain yields, water use efficiency, soil nitrogen, and profitability." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a field experiment in north-eastern Victoria (average annual rainfall 598 mm), the impact of 2–4 years of lucerne growth on the following 3–4 crops was assessed. Controls of continuous lucerne, annual pasture, and continuous crop were compared with 5 lucerne–crop rotations. Above-ground biomass and water use efficiency of lucerne, annual pasture, and crops were assessed, as were the soil N status, grain yields, and profitability of crops after lucerne. Lucerne grew more slowly over the autumn–spring growing season (20 kg DM/ha.day) than did annual pastures and crops (41 and 58 kg DM/ha.day, respectively), while over the spring–autumn period, it grew at a mean 26 kg DM/ha.day. The summer growth rates of lucerne were, however, highly variable (1–52 kg DM/ha.day). Despite large changes in temperature and water availability over the year, the biomass water use efficiency (WUEB) of lucerne was similar over the winter and summer growth seasons (16 and 10 kg DM/ha.mm, respectively) and averaged 13 kg DM/ha.mm for the whole year. In contrast, the WUEB of wheat, canola, and annual pasture over their respective growth seasons averaged 36, 38, and 26 kg DM/ha.mm. When calculated over a whole year, however, they were much closer to lucerne at 23, 14, and 17 kg DM/ha.mm, respectively. Autumn removal of lucerne left soils initially low in mineral N (mean 82 kg N/ha.m depth in April) for the establishment of the first crop, but this was not reflected in the subsequent N contents of crop biomass and grain. Autumn mineral N concentrations peaked 1–2 years after lucerne removal (mean 141 kg N/ha.m depth). Yields of first crops after lucerne were strongly dependent on growing season rainfall. When sowing commenced in a wet year, they were similar to, or greater than, the control, but when sown in a dry year, were substantially lower. When sowing commenced in a wet year, lucerne supplied additional N for a minimum of 2 crops. At least 3 crops were supplied with lucerne N when cropping commenced in a dry year. The inclusion of 2–3 years of lucerne into a continuous cropping sequence only decreased annual profitability by $AU40/ha. This work shows that short phases of lucerne (minimum of 3 years) followed by 3–4 crops can provide economically viable options for farmers and produce better hydrological outcomes than current annual-plant based cropping systems.
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Manickam, Ravishankar, Jaw-Rong Chen, Paola Sotelo-Cardona, Lawrence Kenyon, and Ramasamy Srinivasan. "Evaluation of Different Bacterial Wilt Resistant Eggplant Rootstocks for Grafting Tomato." Plants 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010075.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bacterial wilt (BW) is one of the most economically important diseases of tomato and eggplant in the tropics and subtropics, and grafting onto resistant rootstocks can provide an alternative and effective solution to manage soil-borne bacterial in these crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the BW resistance and agronomic potential of newly identified eggplant accessions as rootstocks for tomato grafting. Five BW resistant eggplant accessions (VI041809A, VI041943, VI041945, VI041979A, and VI041984) from the World Vegetable Center were evaluated as rootstocks for grafting with two different fresh market tomato cultivars (Victoria and TStarE) as scion under open field conditions in Taiwan. Graft compatibility using the tube grafting method as well as BW wilting percentage, disease index, fruit yield and quality parameters were assessed. All the rootstocks showed good graft compatibility (93% and above) and grafted plants showed low wilting percentage (0.0–20.0%) and disease index (0.0–20.8%) following inoculation with BW. Yield for the eggplant rootstock grafted tomato plants was higher compared to the non-grafted tomatoes and self-grafted tomato. Fruit quality was not affected by grafting, although some differences in antioxidant activities were observed. The new eggplant rootstocks can be considered as alternatives to the rootstocks currently used for commercial production of tomatoes during the hot-wet season.
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Verburg, K., W. J. Bond, J. R. Hirth, and A. M. Ridley. "Lucerne in crop rotations on the Riverine Plains. 3. Model evaluation and simulation analyses." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 12 (2007): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07133.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The use of a lucerne phase in crop rotations can reduce water lost as drainage past the root zone under dryland agriculture in southern Australia. During the lucerne phase the perenniality of lucerne and its deep rooting ability allow extraction of soil water from below the root zone of annual crops and the creation of a soil water storage buffer against deep water loss. The longevity of the soil water storage buffer depends on rainfall patterns, management of the crops and summer fallows, as well as the magnitude of the buffer created during the lucerne phase. Results from a previously reported field experiment in north-eastern Victoria (average annual rainfall 600 mm) suggested that a 2-year lucerne phase could be insufficient to prevent drainage under subsequent crops for more than 1 year. Computer simulations were used to explore the implications of climatic variability on the creation and refilling of the soil water storage buffer. After first testing that the simulations described the experimental data satisfactorily, they were then used to extend the results and conclusions of the field experiment. These showed that the outcome of the experimental evaluation was affected by the climatic conditions experienced during the experiment and that a lucerne phase duration of 2 years was not appreciably less effective than a 3-year lucerne phase in reducing drainage past 1.8 m (the depth evaluated in the experiment). This conclusion was, however, sensitive to the depth at which drainage was evaluated and also depended on management factors such as the timing of lucerne removal and weed control during the summer fallows. For example, when drainage was evaluated to the maximum depth of lucerne rooting (3.6 m), lucerne was removed in December rather than April, and weeds were permitted, a third year of lucerne allowed a longer cropping phase without refilling of the profile in 47% of years. As a general recommendation a 3-year lucerne phase might, therefore, be an appropriate option for maximising the prevention of drainage. The large variability in the longevity of the soil water storage buffer (from 3 to > 45 months) and its sensitivity to management suggest, however, that it may be more beneficial to link phase changes to local assessment of the status of soil water storage buffer.
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Oliver, Yvette M., Chris Gazey, James Fisher, and Michael Robertson. "Dissection of the Contributing Factors to the Variable Response of Crop Yield to Surface Applied Lime in Australia." Agronomy 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2021): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050829.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Modern agricultural farming systems acidify the soil profile due to application of fertilisers with acidifying properties. In most parts of Australia, lime has been used to improve agricultural soil conditions and restore its productive potential. The observed response of crop yield to applied lime often varies with soil type, acidity profile and seasonal conditions, so it is difficult to specify the expected yield response in a given situation. We conducted a meta-analysis of 86 agricultural field trials from Western Australia (WA), New South Wales (NSW) and Victoria (VIC) where various rates of lime had been applied to the soil surface and crop yield (wheat, barley, canola, lupin or field pea) measured for a number of years after the initial application. Information from the meta-analysis was then paired with output from a crop simulation model, where the water-limited yield potential was estimated for both a neutral and acidified soil profile. The average increase in yield to applied lime across all locations and crops was 12%, but the response ranged from 0 to 185%. A trend was observed, where sites with topsoil pH (CaCl2) < 5 and subsoil pH < 4.5 had the greater benefit to liming. Soil type had little effect on the percentage yield increase. Overall, responses to applied lime were most likely when the yield of the trial site was at 50% of water-limited yield potential (or less), the quantity of lime applied was greater than 2.5 t ha−1 and the time since lime had been applied was greater than three years (with the maximum response occurring from four and sometimes up to eight years after liming). Therefore, soil pH measurements, combined with an assessment of actual yield relative to potential yield, provide the best guide to the response to surface applied lime and this response is likely to take more than four years to be realised.
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Harris, R. H., M. C. Crawford, W. D. Bellotti, M. B. Peoples, and S. Norng. "Companion crop performance in relation to annual biomass production, resource supply, and subsoil drying." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A field experiment located in NE Victoria compared the productivity of cereals sown into mature lucerne (companion crop) with cereals and lucerne grown as monocultures. Additional nitrogen (N) and water was applied to investigate if increased resource supply could alleviate competition and improve cereal performance in the presence of lucerne. Cereal plant populations, lucerne and cereal biomass, and cereal grain yields and protein were measured throughout the experiment. Soil water content was also monitored over time to determine whether companion cropping compromised the ability of lucerne to extract deep soil water. While companion cropping depressed both lucerne and cereal production, the combined annual biomass production was greater than cereal and lucerne when grown alone. Averaged over the three seasons, companion cropping resulted in a 31% increase (P < 0.05) in total annual biomass compared with the lucerne monoculture, and an 18% increase compared with the cereal monoculture in the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. Cereals growing with lucerne produced fewer tillers, spikes and consequently cereal biomass compared with cereals growing as a monoculture. Therefore, companion crops yielded 25% less (P < 0.05) grain compared with the cereal monoculture over the 3-year study. Competition for N and light in the pre-cereal stem elongation period, were likely causes. Increasing the supply of N and water did not result in a main treatment (monoculture v. companion crop) by additional resource interaction, indicating that cereal responses were the same irrespective of lucerne’s presence. The application of N, water and these combined inputs, resulted in a 13–40%, 35% and 49% increase (P < 0.05) in cereal grain yields, respectively. While companion cropping compromised lucerne’s capacity to extract water from deep soil layers to a degree, this practice was still able to maintain drier subsoil in comparison to the cereal monoculture.
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LANGILLE, J. E., J. A. MacLEOD, J. S. BUBAR, and R. W. JONES. "VICTORIA FIELD PEA." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 785–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Victoria, a yellow-cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was licensed in April 1984, will be released to growers in 1986. Victoria is well-adapted to most areas of the Maritime Region, where it outyielded the check cultivars in Regional Cooperative Trials conducted from 1981 to 1983.Key words: Cultivar description, pea (field), Pisum sativum L.
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Armstrong, R. D., C. Eagle, and S. D. Jarwal. "Application of composted pig bedding litter on a Vertosol and Sodosol soil. 2. Effect on soil chemical and physical fertility." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 11 (2007): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06288.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The application of composted bedding litter (wheat straw or rice hulls) that had been used to house swine has been shown to significantly improve the yield and water use of dry land grain crops growing on two contrasting soil types (a Vertosol and Sodosol) in the Wimmera region of Victoria, Australia. The effect of applying this composted litter on a range of chemical and physical properties of these soils was investigated to better understand how the composted bedding litter improved grain production. Applying bedding litter significantly increased soil total nitrogen (N) and organic carbon in both the Vertosol and Sodosol in the season after application in proportion to the rate of litter application. Applying pig bedding litter also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the level of more labile soil fertility indicators. Soil nitrate (NO3) concentration at the time of sowing of both canola in 1998 (second crop after initial application of litter) and oats/field peas in 1999 (third crop) was significantly higher than control plots at both sites, with values as high as 90 mg NO3/kg soil in the topsoil being recorded. Most of the soil NO3 resulting from the application of bedding litter was concentrated in the topsoil of the poorly structured Sodosol whereas on the Vertosol, soil NO3 tended to be distributed more evenly throughout the soil profile. Litter application also increased soil microbial N concentrations in the topsoil. Soil physical structure was improved by adding bedding litter, especially on the Sodosol soil. The application of litter decreased the number of small, unstable aggregates (250–1000 µm) whereas the number of large (>2000 µm) water stable aggregates in the topsoil (0–10 cm) was increased. Applying bedding litter also significantly decreased the exchangeable sodium percentage on the Sodosol but not on the Vertosol. Cone penetrometer resistance was reduced in the subsoil at both sites following the application of bedding litter. It was concluded that the beneficial effects of applying pig bedding litter on grain crops was attributed to several factors but the over riding effect appeared due to improved N supply on the well structured Vertosol and enhanced soil structure on the Sodosol.
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Korte, Chris J., Patrick Wilson, Brian Kearns, Glenn J. Fitzgerald, Joe F. Panozzo, Cassandra K. Walker, Brendan Christy, et al. "Potential impact of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change on Victorian wheat marketing grades and value." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 11 (2019): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The potential impact of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) and future climate predicted for 2050 on wheat marketing grades and grain value was evaluated for Victoria, Australia. This evaluation was based on measured grain yield and quality from the Australian Grains FACE program and commercial grain delivery data from Victoria for five seasons (2009–13). Extrapolation of relationships derived from field experimentation under elevated [CO2] to the Victorian wheat crop indicated that 34% of grain would be downgraded by one marketing grade (range 1–62% depending on season and region) because of reduced protein concentration; and that proportions of high-protein wheat grades would reduce and proportions of lower protein grades would increase, with the largest increase in the Australian Standard White (ASW1) grade. Simulation modelling with predicted 2050 [CO2] and future climate indicated reduced wheat yields compared with 2009–13 but higher and lower grain quality depending on region. The Mallee Region was most negatively affected by climate change, with a predicted 43% yield reduction and 43% of grain downgraded by one marketing grade. Using 2016 prices, the value of Victorian wheat grain was influenced mainly by production in the different scenarios, with quality changes in different scenarios having minimal impact on grain value.
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Armstrong, R. D., C. Eagle, V. Matassa, and S. D. Jarwal. "Application of composted pig bedding litter on a Vertosol and Sodosol soil. 1. Effect on crop growth and soil water." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 6 (2007): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05156.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trials were undertaken at two sites with contrasting soil types in the Wimmera region of Victoria: a well-structured grey cracking clay soil (Vertosol) at Traynors Lagoon and a poorly structured sodic clay soil (Sodosol) at Gre Gre. The effect of a once-off application of three different types of bedding litter (wheat straw and two types of rice hulls) applied at three rates (20, 30 and 40 t/ha) was compared with that of a control (no amelioration), nitrogen fertiliser (46 kg N/ha) applied to each crop, or nitrogen plus a once-off application of gypsum (2.5 t/ha). The growth of three subsequent crops and soil water was examined. Pig bedding litter (rice hulls 1, rice hulls 2 or wheat straw) produced marked improvements in the dry matter production and grain yield of the first crop (wheat) in 1997 and a following canola crop in 1998. In 1999, bedding litter significantly improved the growth of an oats crop at Gre Gre, but had no effect on a crop of field peas at Traynors Lagoon. The beneficial effects of bedding litter on grain yields, however, were matched by small but significant reductions in grain quality resulting from soil water limitations for the yield potential. Although crop growth was improved by the addition of nitrogen fertiliser each year or both nitrogen plus gypsum, the effect was usually small compared with that of adding litter and provided minimal residual value in the following year. There was a general trend for gravimetric soil water to be higher at sowing where bedding litter had been applied, especially at Gre Gre. In contrast, soil water tended to be lower at grain maturity at Traynors Lagoon, where bedding litter or nitrogen fertiliser had been applied, reflecting the enhanced crop growth in these treatments compared with the control. There was no consistent effect of treatments on soil water at maturity in either 1998 or 1999 at Gre Gre.
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Belyaeva, Oxana N., Sally J. Officer, Roger D. Armstrong, Rob H. Harris, Ashley Wallace, Debra L. Partington, Kirsten Fogarty, and Andrew J. Phelan. "Use of the agricultural practice of pasture termination in reducing soil N2O emissions in high-rainfall cropping systems of south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 54, no. 5 (2016): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr15307.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Conversion of long-term pasture to cropping was investigated for its effects on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions in a 2-year field experiment in the high-rainfall zone of south-western Victoria. Early termination (pasture terminated 6 months before sowing) followed by winter (ETw) and spring (ETs) crops and late termination (pasture terminated 1 month before sowing) followed by a winter crop (LTw) were compared with continuous, mown pasture (MP). Emissions of N2O were measured with an automated gas sampling and analysing system. Emissions from MP were the lowest throughout the study, resulting in annual losses of 0.13kg N2O-N ha–1 in the first and the second years of the experiment. N2O-N loss was 0.6kgha–1 from treatments without fallow in both years (LTw in 2013 and ETs in 2014). In the first year, annual losses from previous fallow in ETw and ETs plots were 7.1 and 3.6kg N2O-N ha–1, respectively. Higher annual N2O losses from treatments with fallow periods continued in the second year of the study and were 2.0 and 1.3kg N2O-N ha–1 from ETw and LTw treatments, respectively. High emissions were associated with N mineralisation and the accumulation of NO3-N in the soil during the extensive fallow period after early pasture termination or wheat harvest. Soil water content was a key factor influencing the temporal fluctuations in N2O emissions. Low emissions occurred when water-filled pore space was <30%, whereas high emissions occurred when it was >65%, suggesting that denitrification was the major source of N2O emission. Crop grain yield was not affected by the duration of fallow (and therefore timing of pasture termination) in the first year, but was lower (P<0.05) in the treatment without fallow in the second year. Terminating pasture late rather than early, thus reducing the length of the fallow period, is a practical way of reducing N2O emissions from mixed pasture–cropping systems.
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Bolan, NS, RE White, and MJ Hedley. "A review of the use of phosphate rocks as fertilizers for direct application in Australia and New Zealand." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900297.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Field trials in New Zealand have shown that reactive phosphate rocks (RPRs) can be as effective as soluble P fertilisers, per kg of P applied, on permanent pastures that have a soil pH<6.0 (in water) and a mean annual rainfall >800 mm. Whereas RPRs such as North Carolina, Sechura, Gafsa and Chatham Rise have been evaluated on permanent pastures in New Zealand, most Australian field trials have examined unreactive PRs such as Christmas Island A and C grade, Nauru and Duchess, using annual plant species. Only in recent experiments has an RPR, North Carolina, been examined. Except on the highly leached sands in southern and south-western Australia, both reactive and unreactive PRs have shown a low effectiveness relative to superphosphate. In addition to chemical reactivity, other factors may contribute to the difference in the observed agronomic effectiveness of PRs in Australia and New Zealand. Generally, PRs have been evaluated on soils of lower pH, higher pH buffering capacity (as measured by titratable acidity) and higher P status in New Zealand than in Australia. Rainfall is more evenly distributed throughout the year on New Zealand pastures than in Australia where the soil surface dries out between rainfall events. Dry conditions reduce the rate at which soil acid diffuses to a PR granule and dissolution products diffuse away. Even when pH and soil moisture are favourable, the release of P from PR is slow and more suited to permanent pasture (i.e. the conditions usually used to evaluate PRs in New Zealand) than to the annual pastures or crops used in most Australian trials. Based on the criteria of soil pH<6.0 and mean annual rainfall >800 mm, it is estimated that the potentially suitable area for RPRs on pasture in New Zealand is about 8 million ha. Extending this analysis to Australia, but excluding the seasonal rainfall areas of northern and south-western Australia, the potentially suitable area is about 13 million ha. In New Zealand, many of the soils in the North and South Islands satisfy both the pH and rainfall criteria. However, suitable areas in Australia are confined mainly to the coastal and tableland areas of New South Wales and eastern Victoria, and within these areas the actual effectiveness of RPR will depend markedly on soil management and the distribution of annual rainfall. Further research on RPR use should be focused on these areas.
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Burrows, V. D., and G. McDiarmid. "AC Hunter oat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 1099–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-147.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AC Hunter is a high yielding, white-hulled, daylength-sensitive, spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar suitable for the feed industry in Quebec and Ontario. Its hull percentage is higher than is desirable for milling purposes but most of its yield and agronomic characteristics compare favourably with the check cultivars. AC Hunter is resistant to victoria blight (Bipolaris victoriae (Meehan and Murphy) Shoem.), loose smut (Ustilago avenae (Pers.) Rostr.) and to races CR13 and CR36 of crown rust (Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae Eriks. and E. Henn.). It is susceptible to septoria blotch (Septoria avenae Frank, f. sp. avenae), red leaf (barley yellow dwarf virus) and stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. avenae Eriks and E. Henn.) but shows field reactions similar to the better checks. Key words: Avena sativa L., rust, smut, cultivar description, oat
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Freeman, K. L., P. R. Franz, and R. W. de Jong. "Effect of phosphorus on the yield, quality and petiolar phosphorus concentrations of potatoes (cvv. Russet Burbank and Kennebec) grown in the krasnozem and duplex soils of Victoria." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 1 (1998): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96045.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary. The response of cvv. Russet Burbank and Kennebec potatoes to different levels of residual and applied phosphorus (P) was compared on krasnozem and duplex soils in the Central Highlands of Victoria. Field experiments were conducted at 12 sites over 3 years to examine the effects of applied P (banded at planting) at rates up to 475 kg/ha on yield, petiolar P concentrations, tuber size, number of tubers/plant and specific gravity. The relationships between yield response and fertiliser P required to optimise yields with Olsen P and P adsorption isotherms were also determined. Application of P significantly (P<0.05) increased yields at 11 of the 12 sites for cv. Russet Burbank and at 6 of the 9 sites for cv. Kennebec. Based on data for all sites, there was a significant (P<0.001) Mitscherlich relationship between yield response to applied P and Olsen P. This relationship was significantly (P<0.05) different for each cultivar. The critical Olsen P concentration was 27 mg/kg for cv. Kennebec. However, for cv. Russet Burbank the relationship had not plateaued, although our Olsen P concentrations ranged from 5–46 mg/kg. For cv. Russet Burbank there was a significant (P<0.05) negative linear relationship between the amount of applied P required to achieve 95% of maximum yield and Olsen P concentrations. However, there was no significant (P>0.05) relationship between the amount of applied P required to achieve 99% of maximum yield and Olsen P concentrations. For these krasnozem and duplex soils, the predictive models of either yield response or the amount of applied P required to optimise yield, were not significantly (P>0.05) improved by including P sorptivity measures. At yield-responsive sites there were significant (P<0.05) changes in the proportion of tubers >280 g for both cultivars. However, the only quality parameter adversely affected by applied P was specific gravity. There were significant (P<0.05) Mitscherlich relationships between relative yield and petiole P concentrations for both cultivars. The following critical petiole P ranges have been proposed to assist in the assessment of the P status of cv. Russet Burbank crops in Victoria: 0.45–0.57% at a tuber length of 5–10 mm; 0.35–0.47% at a tuber length of 35–45 mm and 0.21–0.26% at a tuber length of 75–85 mm. The use of petiole sampling for assessment of the P status of potatoes before the 5–10 mm tuber stage is not recommended. The critical P range for cv. Russet Burbank was higher than the critical P range for cv. Kennebec at a 5–10 mm tuber length. The practical implications from this work are that Olsen P is a good indicator of a site’s potential yield response to applied P fertiliser. However, at those soil P concentrations where a yield response is expected, Olsen P is of little value to predict the amount of P fertiliser required to achieve maximum yields. We have established that separate calibration curves are required for cvv. Russet Burbank and Kennebec to define their critical Olsen P concentrations on krasnozem and duplex soils. This is the first work in Australia showing critical nutrient ranges for petiolar P over time in cv. Russet Burbank.
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Tsialtas, J. T., and I. G. Eleftherohorinos. "First Report of Branched Broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) on Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus), Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis), and Wild Vetch (Vicia spp.) in Northern Greece." Plant Disease 95, no. 10 (October 2011): 1322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-11-0462.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa L.) is a chlorophyll-lacking, root parasitic plant that infects many crops and wild species (2). Plants are densely hairy with minute, glandular hairs, particularly on flowers and upper stems. Stems are erect, often branched just above the ground, and brown to straw yellow. Leaves are sparse, triangular, dark brown or purple, and arranged alternately mainly near the base of the stem. Flowers are numerous, arranged along an upright spike with a lance-shaped bract beneath the flower (about a third of the length of the flower). Petals are pale blue to purple and united into a slender tube approximately 15 mm long with two lips, the upper divided into two lobes and the lower into three lobes. The flowers have two short and two long stamens. During 2010 and 2011, a severe broomrape infection was found in an oilseed rape (Brassica napus L., cvs. Nelson and W31) crop on light-textured soil in northern Greece (Paralimnio-Serres, 41°01′N, 23°32′E, 40 m above sea level), where oriental tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), a susceptible host of branched broomrape, was grown 20 years ago. The field had been cultivated with oilseed rape for three consecutive seasons in rotation with sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The infestation of the oilseed rape crop was confirmed in April by digging in the soil (25 to 30 cm deep) to verify attachment of the broomrape to roots of the crop plants. Density of the broomrape ranged from 20 to 120 stems per m2 and broomrape stems were 15 to 30 cm tall. Yield losses were estimated at 30 to 60%. In 2011, branched broomrape was found parasitizing wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) growing as a weed in the oilseed rape field. Attachment of the broomrape was verified on a lateral root of the wild mustard plant near the soil surface, 0.95 m from the main root of the weed. Additionally, branched broomrape was found in April 2010 and 2011 parasitizing wild vetch (Vicia spp.) growing in field margins at the Cotton and Industrial Plants Institute-National Agricultural Research Foundation (Sindos, 40°41′N, 22°48′E, 17 m above sea level). The parasitized vetch plants were growing on light-textured soil. Attachment of the broomrape to roots of the host plants was verified at a 5-cm soil depth. Stems of the parasite were short (7 to 10 cm). The monthly mean air temperature for February (7.3°C), March (9.6°C), and April (14.1°C) and mean soil temperature at a 10-cm depth for February (7.0°C), March (9.5°C), and April (13.4°C), before verification of the broomrape infestation at Sindos, were much lower than the temperature range reported (18 to 23°C) for branched broomrape infestations (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of O. ramosa on oilseed rape, wild mustard, and wild vetch in northern Greece. Since branched broomrape could be a significant parasite for oilseed rape, which was introduced to Greece as a commercial crop 5 years ago, measures should be taken to avoid significant yield losses from this parasitic plant. References: (1) I. Faithfull and D. McLaren. Landcare Note LC0272. Department of Sustainability and Environment, State of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, 2004. (2) C. Parker. Pest Manag. Sci. 65:453, 2009.
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Mackie, Joanne, Ellena Higgins, Grant A. Chambers, Len Tesoriero, Ramez Aldaoud, Geoff Kelly, Wycliff M. Kinoti, Brendan C. Rodoni, and Fiona E. Constable. "Genome Analysis of Melon Necrotic Spot Virus Incursions and Seed Interceptions in Australia." Plant Disease 104, no. 7 (July 2020): 1969–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-19-0846-re.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) was detected in field-grown Cucumis melo (rockmelon) and Citrullus lanatus (watermelon) plants in the Sunraysia district of New South Wales and Victoria, Australia, in 2012, 2013, and 2016, and in two watermelon seed lots tested at the Australian border in 2016. High-throughput sequencing was used to generate near full-length genomes of six isolates detected during the incursions and seed testing. Phylogenetic analysis of the genomes suggests that there have been at least two incursions of MNSV into Australia and none of the field isolates were the same as the isolates detected in seeds. The analysis indicated that one watermelon field sample (L10), the Victorian rockmelon field sample, and two seed interception samples may have European origins. The results showed that two isolates (L8 and L9) from watermelon were divergent from the type MNSV strain (MNSV-GA, D12536.2) and had 99% nucleotide identity to two MNSV isolates from human stool collected in the United States (KY124135.1, KY124136.1). These isolates also had high nucleotide pairwise identity (96%) to a partial sequence from a Spanish MNSV isolate (KT962848.1). The analysis supported the identification of three previously described MNSV genotype groups: EU-LA, Japan melon, and Japan watermelon. To account for the greater diversity of hosts and geographic regions of the MNSV isolates used in this study, it is suggested that the genotype groups EU-LA, Japan melon, and Japan watermelon be renamed to groups I, II, and III, respectively. The divergent isolates L8 and L9 from this study and the stool isolates from the United States formed a fourth genotype group, group IV. Soil collected from the site of the Victorian rockmelon MNSV outbreak was found to contain viable MNSV and the virus vector, a chytrid fungus, Olpidium bornovanus (Sahtiyanci) Karling, 18 months after the initial MNSV detection. This is a first report of O. bornovanus from soil sampled from an MNSV-contaminated site in Australia.
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Rodriguez, D., and V. O. Sadras. "The limit to wheat water-use efficiency in eastern Australia. I. Gradients in the radiation environment and atmospheric demand." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 4 (2007): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06135.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the wheatbelt of eastern Australia, rainfall shifts from winter dominated in the south (South Australia, Victoria) to summer dominated in the north (northern New South Wales, southern Queensland). The seasonality of rainfall, together with frost risk, drives the choice of cultivar and sowing date, resulting in a flowering time between October in the south and August in the north. In eastern Australia, crops are therefore exposed to contrasting climatic conditions during the critical period around flowering, which may affect yield potential, and the efficiency in the use of water (WUE) and radiation (RUE). In this work we analysed empirical and simulated data, to identify key climatic drivers of potential water- and radiation-use efficiency, derive a simple climatic index of environmental potentiality, and provide an example of how a simple climatic index could be used to quantify the spatial and temporal variability in resource-use efficiency and potential yield in eastern Australia. Around anthesis, from Horsham to Emerald, median vapour pressure deficit (VPD) increased from 0.92 to 1.28 kPa, average temperature increased from 12.9 to 15.2°C, and the fraction of diffuse radiation (FDR) decreased from 0.61 to 0.41. These spatial gradients in climatic drivers accounted for significant gradients in modelled efficiencies: median transpiration WUE (WUEB/T) increased southwards at a rate of 2.6% per degree latitude and median RUE increased southwards at a rate of 1.1% per degree latitude. Modelled and empirical data confirmed previously established relationships between WUEB/T and VPD, and between RUE and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and FDR. Our analysis also revealed a non-causal inverse relationship between VPD and radiation-use efficiency, and a previously unnoticed causal positive relationship between FDR and water-use efficiency. Grain yield (range 1–7 t/ha) measured in field experiments across South Australia, New South Wales, and Queensland (n = 55) was unrelated to the photothermal quotient (Pq = PAR/T) around anthesis, but was significantly associated (r2 = 0.41, P < 0.0001) with newly developed climatic index: a normalised photothermal quotient (NPq = Pq . FDR/VPD). This highlights the importance of diffuse radiation and vapour pressure deficit as sources of variation in yield in eastern Australia. Specific experiments designed to uncouple VPD and FDR and more mechanistic crop models might be required to further disentangle the relationships between efficiencies and climate drivers.
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McCallum, M. H., D. J. Connor, and G. J. O'Leary. "Water use by lucerne and effect on crops in the Victorian Wimmera." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (2001): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of the perennial legume lucerne on the soil water regime of a farming system in the Victorian Wimmera was investigated by a combination of direct field measurements and the use of simulation modelling. In the field, soil profiles under lucerne-based pastures (also containing annual medic and Wimmera ryegrass) remained consistently drier throughout the year compared with continuous annual cropping. The amount of plant-available soil water (0–2.0 m) after 3–4 years of lucerne pasture was on average 48 mm less than after annual crops (wheat, field pea), most of which (81%) was extracted at depth (1.0–2.0 m). A wheat simulation study evaluated yield responses post-lucerne under a range of environmental conditions likely to be experienced within the region. It was predicted that the yield penalty for the first wheat crop after lucerne would vary from 0 to 0.87 t/ha, depending upon seasonal conditions. Overall, the analysis predicted a median yield penalty of 0.4 t/ha (15%) for wheat after lucerne. The risk of a large yield penalty (>0.8 t/ha) was low (5 years in 100). In the simulation, the risk of yield loss decreased during a cropping phase with each year after lucerne as the soil profile progressively became recharged with water. The time taken to recharge the soil prof ile fully after lucerne to levels equivalent to that under continuous cropping was not resolved in the field, but simulation studies suggested that it would be within 5 years.
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Briefel, Aviva. "Undisciplined Reading." Victorian Literature and Culture 50, no. 3 (2022): 601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150321000206.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In their field-shaking 2020 essay, “Undisciplining Victorian Studies,” Ronjaunee Chatterjee, Alicia Mireles Christoff, and Amy R. Wong set out to “think carefully and deliberately about how we can develop a truly relational thinking and set of practices that engage scholarship across fields and disciplines, enabling a cross-fertilization of ideas, a coalition-based politics and activism, and even a refashioning of academic structures to better serve the purposes of equity and justice.” Sukanya Banerjee, Ryan D. Fong, and Helena Michie make a similarly powerful call in their introductory essay, “Widening the Nineteenth Century,” for a 2021 special issue of Victorian Literature and Culture. This “widening” occurs across different fields and dimensions, stemming from a “wish to examine the interpretive and methodological possibilities that emerge when we expand our objects of study beyond what has been ordained by the temporal—and spatial—purview of the British nineteenth century, which is to say that we wish to put further pressure on the geotemporal linkage that has largely tethered studies of the nineteenth century to the geographic confines of Britain.” My sense is that central to these projects to “undiscipline” and “widen” the Victorian field should be a reexamining of our reading practices as scholars. What do we read, and when? Do we stick to our “subfields,” however we define these, or do we venture elsewhere? And what does it look like to read “elsewhere” while continuing to produce meaningful scholarship?
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McDonald, B. A., J. Zhan, and J. J. Burdon. "Genetic Structure of Rhynchosporium secalis in Australia." Phytopathology® 89, no. 8 (August 1999): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.8.639.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of Australian field populations of the barley scald pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis. Fungal isolates were collected by hierarchical sampling from five naturally infected barley fields in different geographic locations during a single growing season. Genetic variation was high in Australian R. secalis populations. Among the 265 fungal isolates analyzed, 214 distinct genotypes were identified. Average genotype diversity within a field population was 65% of its theoretical maximum. Nei's average gene diversity across seven RFLP loci was 0.54. The majority (76%) of gene diversity was distributed within sampling site areas measuring ≈1 m2; 19% of gene diversity was distributed among sampling sites within fields; and 5% of gene diversity was distributed among fields. Fungal populations from different locations differed significantly both in allele frequencies and genotype diversities. The degree of genetic differentiation was significantly correlated with geographic distance between populations. Our results suggest that the R. secalis population in Western Australia has a different genetic structure than populations in Victoria and South Australia.
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Nancarrow, Narelle, Mohammad Aftab, Angela Freeman, Brendan Rodoni, Grant Hollaway, and Piotr Trębicki. "Prevalence and Incidence of Yellow Dwarf Viruses Across a Climatic Gradient: A Four-Year Field Study in Southeastern Australia." Plant Disease 102, no. 12 (December 2018): 2465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-18-0116-re.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) form a complex of economically important pathogens that affect cereal production worldwide, reducing yield and quality. The prevalence and incidence of YDVs including barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDV-PAV and BYDV-MAV) and cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV-RPV) in cereal fields in Victoria, Australia were measured. As temperature decreases and rainfall increases from north to south in Victoria, fields in three geographical regions were evaluated to determine potential differences in virus prevalence and incidence across the weather gradient. Cereal samples randomly collected from each field during spring for four consecutive years (2014–2017) were tested for BYDV-PAV, BYDV-MAV, and CYDV-RPV using tissue blot immunoassay. BYDV-PAV was the most prevalent YDV species overall and had the highest overall mean incidence. Higher temperature and lower rainfall were associated with reduced prevalence and incidence of YDVs as the northern region, which is hotter and drier, had a 17-fold decrease in virus incidence compared with the cooler and wetter regions. Considerable year-to-year variation in virus prevalence and incidence was observed. This study improves our understanding of virus epidemiology, which will aid the development of more targeted control measures and predictive models. It also highlights the need to monitor for YDVs and their vectors over multiple years to assess the level of risk and to make more informed and appropriate disease management decisions.
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Powles, Stephen B., and Peter D. Howat. "Herbicide-resistant Weeds in Australia." Weed Technology 4, no. 1 (March 1990): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025203.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This review considers the development of herbicide-resistant weed biotypes in Australia. Biotypes of the important annual weed species, capeweed, wall barley, and hare barley are resistant to the bipyridylium herbicides paraquat and diquat. These resistant biotypes developed on a small number of alfalfa fields that have a long history of paraquat and diquat use within a distinct geographical area in central western Victoria. The resistant biotypes are controlled by alternative herbicides and pose little practical concern. Some populations of wild oat are resistant to the methyl ester of diclofop. Of greatest concern is the development of cross resistance in biotypes of rigid ryegrass to aryloxyphenoxypropionate, cyclohexanedione, sulfonylurea, and dinitroaniline herbicides. The cross-resistant rigid ryegrass infests crops and pastures at widely divergent locales throughout the cropping zones of southern Australia. The options for control of cross-resistant rigid ryegrass by herbicides are limited. A biotype of rigid ryegrass on railway tracks treated for 10 yr with amitrole plus atrazine has resistance to amitrole and atrazine and other triazine, triazinone, and phenylurea herbicides. Management tactics for cross resistance are discussed.
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Riffkin, Penny, Trent Potter, and Gavin Kearney. "Yield performance of late-maturing winter canola (Brassica napus L.) types in the High Rainfall Zone of southern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 1 (2012): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10410.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Area and production of canola (Brassica napus L.) in the High Rainfall Zone (HRZ) of southern Australia has increased significantly over the past decade. Varieties available to growers have not been bred specifically for the HRZ and are generally adapted to the drier regions of the cropping belt. Field experiments were conducted at Hamilton in south-west Victoria in 2005, 2006 and 2008 to identify canola traits and management suited to the HRZ of southern Australia. Nine varieties with different reported maturities (winter and spring types) were sown at either two times of sowing and/or under different nitrogen (N) fertiliser regimes. Dates of key phenological development were recorded, dry matter was determined at bud, flowering and maturity and grain yield and yield components were determined at harvest. Plant traits and climate data were assessed in relation to grain yield. Yields of the winter types were either significantly (P < 0.05) greater or not significantly less than the spring types in all 3 years and similar to those reported under experimental conditions in Europe. This was despite the winter types flowering up to 35 days later than the spring types and spring rainfall being approximately half that of the long-term average. In general, the winter types had greater early vigour, greater dry matter production at the bud, flowering and maturity stages and were taller than the spring types. Regression analysis showed positive relationships between grain yield and pod density and plant size (dry matter and plant height). Plant size was influenced by variety, time of sowing and N fertiliser application rates. Crops in the HRZ were able to sustain more seeds per pod at larger canopy sizes and pod densities than those achieved in the northern hemisphere. Despite the number of pods per g of dry matter at flowering being nearly double that reported in the UK, there was little apparent reduction in the number of seeds per pod. It is possible that higher solar radiation and warmer minimum temperatures in the HRZ of Australia provide conditions more favourable for growth before, and during grainfill. This indicates that different dry matter production and yield component targets may be appropriate for canola in this environment especially in more typical seasons. It is likely that growers will need to sow new, later maturing varieties earlier and with higher rates of N fertiliser than is current practice in Australia. This study indicates that winter types may have the potential to provide improvements to the yield of canola in the HRZ either through the direct importation of varieties from overseas or through the identification and incorporation of desired traits into existing material. It is recommended that a wider range of germplasm be assessed over a greater geographical area to identify traits and management practices to optimise phenology and canopy structure. This information can be used to help inform breeders on crop improvement priorities as well providing tailored management practices to maximise grain yields for this environment.
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Johnstone, P. K., A. V. Jolley, G. R. Code, M. R. Moerkerk, and A. Corbett. "Degradation of trifluralin in three Victorian soils —long-term field trials." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, no. 4 (1998): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97076.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary. The persistence of trifluralin was investigated at 3 sites in southern Australia over 8 years. Persistence varied from year-to-year, with the highest persistence being recorded at all sites in the dry year of 1984. Trifluralin persistence (expressed as a percentage of the initial measured concentration) 1 year after application was lowest at Rutherglen (7–22%), followed by Dooen (7–26%) and Walpeup (13–120%). Trifluralin degradation at Walpeup in 1984 was negligible. The resultant high residue concentrations would have posed a threat to subsequent crops. However, 1 year later after the subsequent fallow, the residue concentration had dropped to more typical levels. Trifluralin did not accumulate after repeated application (either 1 or 2 years apart) at all 3 sites. It was found important to measure the amount of trifluralin in the soil immediately after application because the trifluralin concentration could not be assumed from the rate. Soil concentrations immediately after application ranged from 32 to 138% of that expected from the nominal application rate. Therefore, measuring initial concentrations when comparisons were to be made between treatments, years and sites, was essential. In addition to studies of 1 year persistence, trifluralin concentration was also measured 2 years after application at Walpeup and Dooen. There was evidence to suggest that the rate of degradation over the same 1 year period, was different for a recent application when compared with weathered trifluralin residues from a previous application. Correlations between persistence and various weather factors indicated that the most influential factors were those that occurred in the first 60 days after application. These included total rainfall, effective rainfall (rainfall minus evaporation) and average maximum temperature.