Статті в журналах: "Fiber reinforced elastomer"

1

Semar, Jan Eric, and David May. "Textile-Integrated Elastomer Surface for Fiber Reinforced Composites." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.53.

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Elastomer layers offer a wide range of surface functionalization options for fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPC), e.g. erosion protection or increased impact resistance. Goal of this study was to investigate if it is possible to prepare a textile-based semi-finished product with elastomeric surface, which can easily be used as outermost layer in different liquid composite molding (LCM) processes. For this purpose, different types of elastomer were pressed and vulcanized onto a biaxial glass fiber fabric. Target of this procedure was to reach partial immersion of the elastomer into the textile with remaining dry textile areas. The dry areas of the textile can later be impregnated with a thermoset resin system. The strategy is to have the transition region between elastomer and thermoset within one textile layer and to give a robust and easy to handle semi-finished-product in order to achieve a maximum bonding strength of the elastomer surface to the final composite part. It could be shown by micrographs and computer tomography that the elastomer only penetrates the textile at its boundary. A remarkable microimpregnation of individual filaments within the rovings does not take place. Concerning the manufacturing, since water evaporates during vulcanization, a sufficient process pressure must be maintained throughout the entire vulcanization process to ensure a pore-free elastomer. Peel-off tests similar to DIN EN 28510-1 on the finished composite showed a failure in the laminate and not in the boundary layer between laminate and elastomer, so that the desired high joint strength could be demonstrated.

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2

Hintze, C., M. Shirazi, S. Wiessner, A. G. Talma, G. Heinrich, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "INFLUENCE OF FIBER TYPE AND COATING ON THE COMPOSITE PROPERTIES OF EPDM COMPOUNDS REINFORCED WITH SHORT ARAMID FIBERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.87977.

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ABSTRACT There is a renewed interest in the application of short aramid fibers in elastomers because of the considerable improvement in mechanical and dynamic properties of the corresponding rubber composites. Possible applications of short aramid fiber–reinforced elastomers are tires, dynamically loaded rubber seals, diaphragms, engine mounts, transmission belts, conveyer belts, and hoses. Our studies are related to the investigation of dispersion, length distribution, and the fiber–matrix interaction of two types of short aramid fibers, standard coated and resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL) coated, in ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM). Because the detection of the polymer fiber morphology in rubber compounds is hampered in the presence of carbon black, which is typically used in industrial elastomer compounds, fiber length, fiber length distribution, and dispersion are investigated in corresponding carbon black–free model compounds. Optical methods, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing are employed to explore the short aramid fiber–reinforced elastomer composites. The effects of morphology and fiber–matrix interaction on the mechanical properties of composites are discussed. Regarding fiber type, it is shown that co-poly-(paraphenylene/3,4′-oxydiphenylene terephthalamide) (PP/ODPTA) fibers end up with a higher final length than does poly(para-phenylene terephtalamide) (PPTA), which results in considerably higher mechanical properties of corresponding rubber compounds. For each fiber type, the higher final length as a result of RFL coating and the interaction with the rubber matrix are the key factors that overcome even the negative effect of poorer dispersion of RFL-coated fibers. The differences between the short aramid fibers and aramid cords regarding the RFL coating are also discussed.

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3

Ngo, Van Thuyet. "Effect of shear modulus on the performance of prototype un-bonded fiber reinforced elastomeric isolators." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - NUCE 12, no. 5 (August 30, 2018): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.nuce2018-12(5)-02.

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Un-bonded fiber reinforced elastomeric isolator (U-FREI) is light weight and facilitates easier installation in comparison to conventional steel reinforced elastomeric isolators (SREI), in which fiber layers are used as reinforcement to replace steel shims as are normally used in conventional isolators. Shear modulus of elastomer has significant influence on the force-displacement relationship of U-FREI. However, a few studies investigated the effect of shear modulus on the horizontal behavior of prototype U-FREI in literature. In this study, effect of shear modulus on performance of prototype U-FREIs is investigated by both experiment and finite element (FE) analysis. It is observed that reduction in horizontal stiffness of U-FREI with increasing horizontal displacement is due to both rollover deformation (or reduction in contact area of isolator with supports) and shear modulus of elastomer. Reasonable agreement is observed between the findings from experiment and FE analysis. Keywords: base isolator; prototype un-bonded fiber reinforced elastomeric isolator; rollover deformation; shear modulus; cyclic test.

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4

Huang, Hao, Chee-Ryong Joe, Dong-Uk Kim, Jehyun Lee, and Heekyu Choi. "A study on fiber-reinforced elastomer with a biphasic loading behavior." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0050.

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AbstractA specific fiber-reinforced elastomer (FRE) composite was formed by inserting curved fibers into a rubber matrix. This material combined the hyperelastic behavior of a soft elastomer matrix with the high stiffness character of a fibrous reinforcement. A biphasic loading property could be realized physically. Based on the guided concept, experiments were performed on the specimens of pure and fiber-reinforced silicone rubber, respectively. Test results showed that this FRE composite first experienced an elastomer-dominant phase with a large recoverable deformation and then a fiber-dominant phase with rapid increasing loading. This biphasic behavior of the developed FRE composite was also identified by the constitutive equations based on the nonlinear solid mechanics. It was further discovered that the division of the two phases could be varied with the change of curved fiber length.

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5

Stoll, Matthias, Franziska Stemmer, Sergej Ilinzeer, and Kay André Weidenmann. "Optimization of Corrosive Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Aluminum Laminates due to Integration of an Elastomer Interlayer." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.287.

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Fiber-Metal-Laminates (FML) show superior dynamic mechanical properties combined with low densities. The mechanical performance of for example commercially available fiber-metal-laminate, glass laminate aluminum reinforced epoxy, can be improved by the substitution of glass fibers with carbon fibers. However, carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminate introduces a mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion and the possibility of galvanic corrosion. The fiber-metal-laminate is altered by the integration of an elastomer interlayer which is desired to solve both problems. The high electrical resistance is supposed to inhibit the corrosion. This study focuses on the effect of galvanic corrosion caused by neutral salt spray tests on fiber-metal-laminates, the influence of an elastomer interlayer and the quantification of the residual mechanical properties. The galvanic corrosion affects the interfaces of the laminates, therefore in this study edge shear tests and flexural tests were carried out to quantify the residual properties and thereby the corrosive damage. The elastomer interlayer was found to inhibit galvanic corrosion in the salt spray chamber, whereas the fiber-metal-laminate without interlayer showed corrosive damage. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the fiber-metal-laminate with elastomer interlayer remained constant after the corrosion tests, whilst the fiber-metal-laminate’s properties decreased with corrosive loads.

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6

Kopyrin, M. M., A. E. Markov, A. A. Dyakonov, А. G. Tuisov, А. А. Okhlopkova, A. K. Kychkin, and N. N. Lazareva. "Investigation of butadiene-elastomer-based high modulus materials reinforced by basalt, glass, and carbon fabrics." Diagnostics, Resource and Mechanics of materials and structures, no. 3 (June 2022): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17804/2410-9908.2022.3.006-012.

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A relevant task in improving the properties of elastomers is to increase their strength and stiffness, which affect the reliability and durability of rubber products. The paper presents a technology for manufacturing high-modulus materials based on SKD-V butadiene rubber and reinforcing layers of fabrics from basalt, glass, and carbon fibers. The results of studying elastic strength properties reveal a significant increase in the ultimate strength of reinforced samples in comparison with an unmodified elastomer. The increase in tensile strength varies from 1.7 to 2.8 times. The addition of reinforcing layers reduced the elongation value by 25 to 47 times compared to rubber without reinforcement. High tensile strength and low elongation increase shear resistance. The wear resistance testing of elastomers coated with reinforcing fabrics shows a decrease in abrasion resistance reduced by a factor of 5.8. Abrasion wear and interaction between the reinforcing filler and the polymer are studied by electron microscopy. The study of the microstructure shows a weak contact between the fiber and the elastomeric matrix. Lack of contact during the abrasion process causes destruction of the fibers on the abrasive surface and their further separation. Due to the combination of high tensile strength and low elongation, the reinforced materials obtain high modulus properties combined with lateral mobility.

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7

Vleugels, N., W. K. Dierkes, A. Blume, L. A. E. M. Reuvekamp, and J. W. M. Noordermeer. "MAIN GOVERNING FACTORS INFLUENCING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SHORT-CUT ARAMID FIBER–REINFORCED ELASTOMERS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 92, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 445–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.19.82593.

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ABSTRACT This study concerns short-cut aramid fiber reinforcement of synthetic elastomer compounds and their influence on the processability and mechanical properties. Short-fiber reinforcement of elastomers is very complex, because it depends on many mutually interacting factors: fiber concentration, fiber orientation distribution, fiber length and distribution, fiber-matrix interfacial strength, and properties of the matrix. The relationship between these influencing factors is highlighted in an S-SBR compound by design of experiments. Two 3 mm long aramid fibers were used: an epoxy-amine–coated fiber and a virgin fiber without coating. To potentially achieve a fiber–matrix interaction, the following silane coupling agents were employed: bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-disulfane (TESPD), bis-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfane (TESPT), S-3-(triethoxysilylpropyl)-octanethioate (NXT), and an alkylpolyether-mercapto-silane (Si 363), all in combination with the adhesion-activated aramid fibers and in comparison with the virgin fibers. They are compared on equimolar basis with regard to the amount of reactive ethoxy groups versus TESPD, making use of a “design of experiments” approach of the experimental setup. The outcome shows that, contrary to common assumptions, the effect of the fiber–matrix interaction is grossly overshadowed by the effects of other factors (i.e., fiber concentration and orientation) on the vulcanization system. For each mechanical property response, an optimization prediction is calculated and confirmed with an experimental run, showing, for example, a 330% potential improvement in the Young's modulus.

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8

Corrêa, R. A., R. C. R. Nunes, and W. Z. Franco Filho. "Short fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer composites." Polymer Composites 19, no. 2 (April 1998): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.10086.

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9

Alshammari, Basheer A., Mohammed S. Alsuhybani, Alaa M. Almushaikeh, Bander M. Alotaibi, Asma M. Alenad, Naif B. Alqahtani, and Abdullah G. Alharbi. "Comprehensive Review of the Properties and Modifications of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 13, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 2474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152474.

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Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers are considered a promising composite for many industrial applications including in the automation, renewable energy, and aerospace industries. They exhibit exceptional properties such as a high strength-to-weight ratio and high wear resistance and stiffness, which give them an advantage over other conventional materials such as metals. Various polymers can be used as matrices such as thermosetting, thermoplastic, and elastomers polymers. This comprehensive review focuses on carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymers due to the advantages of thermoplastic compared to thermosetting and elastomer polymers. These advantages include recyclability, ease of processability, flexibility, and shorter production time. The related properties such as strength, modulus, thermal conductivity, and stability, as well as electrical conductivity, are discussed in depth. Additionally, the modification techniques of the surface of carbon fiber, including the chemical and physical methods, are thoroughly explored. Overall, this review represents and summarizes the future prospective and research developments carried out on carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymers.

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10

Li, Chi, Yuhan Xie, Guorui Li, Xuxu Yang, Yongbin Jin, and Tiefeng Li. "Electromechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced dielectric elastomer membrane." International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials 6, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475411.2015.1061234.

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11

Zhu, D. S., Bo Qin Gu, and Ye Chen. "Study on Temperature-Dependent Tensile Strength of Short-Fiber-Reinforced Elastomer Matrix Composites." Advanced Materials Research 44-46 (June 2008): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.44-46.97.

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The temperature-dependent tensile strength is an important indicator used to evaluate combination property of short-fiber-reinforced elastomer matrix composite. Some short-fiber-reinforced elastomer matrix composites are manufactured in the molding preparation process, and the tensile tests of fiber, matrix and the composites are carried out at different temperatures. The fiber length and orientation distributions are statistically analyzed. The influence of temperature on the micromechanical stress distribution and transfer in the composite is investigated, and the thermal stresses in the fiber, matrix and fiber-matrix interface are obtained. Based on the theory of micromechanical stress distribution and transfer of the fibrous composite, the mixture law is modified, and a model for predicting the temperature-dependent tensile strength of this kind of composite is developed. Moreover, the mechanism of the tensile fracture of the composite at various temperatures is discussed. Research indicates that the tensile strength is largely related to the temperature, mechanical performances of the main components of the composite and some microstructural parameters, such as short fiber aspect ratio, volume fraction and orientation distribution. The tensile strength of SFRE decreases with increasing temperature. The tensile strength increases with the increase of fiber length when the fiber length is no larger than critical fiber length. There exists a critical fiber volume fraction where the tensile strength of SFRE reaches the maximum. The tensile fracture of the composite depends largely on the temperature, the bond strength of fiber-matrix interface and the average length of reinforcing short fibers. The temperature-dependent tensile strengths predicted by the presented model are in good agreement with experimental data.

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12

Roh, Hyun-gyoo, Sunghoon Kim, Jungmin Lee, and Jongshin Park. "Effect of Low-Temperature Pyrolysis on the Properties of Jute Fiber-Reinforced Acetylated Softwood Kraft Lignin-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane." Polymers 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 1338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10121338.

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Short jute fiber-reinforced acetylated lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethane (JF reinforced ASKLTPU) was prepared and characterized as a short-fiber-reinforced elastomer with carbon-neutrality and biodegradability. The acetylated softwood kraft lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethane (ASKLTPU) was prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a soft segment. Short jute fiber was modified using low-temperature pyrolysis up to the temperatures of 200, 250, and 300 °C in order to remove non-cellulosic compounds of jute fibers for enhancing interfacial bonding and reducing hydrophilicity with the ASKLTPU matrix. JF-reinforced ASKLTPUs with fiber content from 5 to 30 wt % were prepared using a melt mixing method followed by hot-press molding at 160 °C. The JF-reinforced ASKLTPUs were characterized for their mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, thermal transition behavior, thermal stability, water absorption, and fungal degradability. The increased interfacial bonding between JF and ASKLTPU using low-temperature pyrolysis was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and also proved via interfacial shear strength measured using a single-fiber pull-out test. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, and water absorption aspects of JF-reinforced ASKLTPU were affected by increased interfacial bonding and reduced hydrophilicity from low-temperature pyrolysis. In the case of the degradation test, the PEG component of ASKLPTU matrix highly affects degradation and deterioration.

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13

Zhao, Nan, Xiuxiu Wang, Liru Yao, Huixuan Yan, Ban Qin, Chensha Li, and Jianqi Zhang. "Actuation performance of a liquid crystalline elastomer composite reinforced by eiderdown fibers." Soft Matter 18, no. 6 (2022): 1264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01356d.

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An eiderdown fiber-reinforced liquid crystal elastomer composite developed here demonstrated greatly enhanced actuation mechanical properties and anti-fatigue properties, thus revealing potential in industrial utilizations as an actuator material.

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14

Nurazzi, N. M., M. R. M. Asyraf, S. Fatimah Athiyah, S. S. Shazleen, S. Ayu Rafiqah, M. M. Harussani, S. H. Kamarudin, et al. "A Review on Mechanical Performance of Hybrid Natural Fiber Polymer Composites for Structural Applications." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132170.

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In the field of hybrid natural fiber polymer composites, there has been a recent surge in research and innovation for structural applications. To expand the strengths and applications of this category of materials, significant effort was put into improving their mechanical properties. Hybridization is a designed technique for fiber-reinforced composite materials that involves combining two or more fibers of different groups within a single matrix to manipulate the desired properties. They may be made from a mix of natural and synthetic fibers, synthetic and synthetic fibers, or natural fiber and carbonaceous materials. Owing to their diverse properties, hybrid natural fiber composite materials are manufactured from a variety of materials, including rubber, elastomer, metal, ceramics, glasses, and plants, which come in composite, sandwich laminate, lattice, and segmented shapes. Hybrid composites have a wide range of uses, including in aerospace interiors, naval, civil building, industrial, and sporting goods. This study intends to provide a summary of the factors that contribute to natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites’ mechanical and structural failure as well as overview the details and developments that have been achieved with the composites.

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15

Cherif, Ch, R. Hickmann, A. Nocke, R. Fleischhauer, M. Kaliske, and S. Wießner. "Simulation-based development of adaptive fiber-elastomer composites with embedded shape memory alloys." Journal of Industrial Textiles 48, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 322–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716686938.

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Fiber-reinforced composites are currently being used in a wide range of lightweight constructions. Function integration, in particular, offers possibilities to develop new, innovative products for a variety of applications. The large amount of experimental testing required to investigate these novel material combinations often hinders their use in industrial applications. This paper presents an approach that allows the layout of adaptive, fiber-reinforced composites by the use of numerical simulation. In order to model the adaptive characteristics of this functional composite with textile-integrated shape memory alloys, a thermo-elastic simulation is considered by using the Finite Element method. For the numerical simulation, the parameters of the raw materials are identified and used to generate the model. The results of this simulation are validated through deflection measurements with a specimen consisting of a glass fiber fabric with structurally integrated shape memory alloys and an elastomeric matrix system. The achieved experimental and numerical results demonstrate the promising potential of adaptive, fiber-reinforced composites with large deformation capabilities.

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16

Miedzianowska, Justyna, Marcin Masłowski, and Krzysztof Strzelec. "Thermoplastic Elastomer Biocomposites Filled with Cereal Straw Fibers Obtained with Different Processing Methods—Preparation and Properties." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040641.

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This work is focused on thermoplastic elastomers composites (TPEs) reinforced with straw. Crop waste with different particle size was used as a filler of ethylene-octene rubber (EOR). Application of cheap and renewable natural fiber like straw into a TPE medium is not fully recognized and explored. The effect of fiber orientation induced by two processing techniques on the different mechanical properties of composites was investigated. Microscopic images were used to present the tested straw fractions and observe the arrangement and dispersion of fibers in the polymer matrix. It was found that the usage of an injection molding process allowed for the forming of a more homogenous dispersion of short fiber particles in the elastomer matrix. An oriented straw filler and polymer chains resulted in the improved mechanical strength of the whole system as evidenced by the obtained values of tensile strength almost two times higher for injected composites. In addition, all composites showed very good resistance to thermo-oxidative aging, where the aging factor oscillated within the limits of one, regardless of the processing method and the amount of bioadditive used. On the other hand, vulcanized composites were characterized by greater tear resistance, for which Fmit values increased by up to 600% compared to the reference sample.

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17

Proietti, Alice, Nicola Gallo, Denise Bellisario, Fabrizio Quadrini, and Loredana Santo. "Damping Behavior of Hybrid Composite Structures by Aeronautical Technologies." Applied Sciences 12, no. 15 (August 8, 2022): 7932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12157932.

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Hybrid composite laminates are manufactured by using technologies and raw materials of the aeronautic sector with the aim to improve the damping behavior of composite structures. Matrix hybridization was achieved by laminating carbon fiber reinforced (CFR) plies with elastomer interlayers. Up to 10 different composite sandwich architectures were investigated by changing the stacking sequence, the thickness of the elastomer layers, and the elastomer typology, whereas the total number of the CFR plies was fixed to six for all the hybrid composites. Square panels with the size of 300 × 300 mm2 were autoclave molded with vacuum bagging, and rectangular samples were extracted for static and dynamic tests. Dynamic mechanical analyses were performed to measure the storage modulus and loss factor of hybrid materials, which were compared with static and dynamic performances of the composite structures under bending. Repeated loading–unloading cycles and free oscillation tests allowed us to the energy loss per unit of volume, and the acceleration damping, respectively. Results show that softest elastomer interlayers lead to big loss of stiffness without any positive effect in the damping behavior, which worsens as well. By using soft elastomers, complex architectures do not provide any additional benefit in comparison with the traditional sandwich structure with soft core and hard skins.

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18

López-Manchado, M. A., and M. Arroyo. "Optimization of Composites Based on PP/Elastomer Blends and Short Pet Fibers." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74, no. 2 (May 1, 2001): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3544943.

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Abstract The physical and mechanical properties of ternary composites based on isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and ethylene—octene copolymer blends reinforced with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers have been studied. In order to evaluate the effect of the matrix composition and fiber content on the final properties of the composite, an experimental design based on a Doehlert Uniform Net has been employed. The results show that PET fibers behave as a reinforcing agent for PP/ethylene—octene copolymer blends, this effect being more evident at high copolymer percentages in the blend. It is important to notice that the analyzed mechanical properties are more dependent on matrix composition than on fiber percentage. So, as PP content is increased, the blend becomes more rigid and stable, and a noticeable increase in tensile and flexural modulus and strength are observed. Moreover, dynamic mechanical measurements provide a further confirmation of the reinforcing effect of these fibers. A displacement of the glass-transition temperature ((Tg)) of the elastomeric phase to higher temperatures is observed as fiber content in the composite increased. The morphology of the composites has been also analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Good interfacial adhesion between fibers and matrix is observed, especially when the copolymer is the continuous phase. Hence, it is possible to correlate good interaction at the fiber—matrix interface with an improvement of composite properties.

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19

Moss, Austin, Mike Krieg, and Kamran Mohseni. "Modeling and Characterizing a Fiber-Reinforced Dielectric Elastomer Tension Actuator." IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters 6, no. 2 (April 2021): 1264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lra.2021.3056349.

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20

Lee, B. L., and D. S. Liu. "Cumulative Damage of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomer Composites under Fatigue Loading." Journal of Composite Materials 28, no. 13 (July 1994): 1261–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839402801306.

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21

Cherif, Chokri, Rico Hickmann, Andreas Nocke, Matthias Schäfer, Klaus Röbenack, Sven Wießner, and Gerald Gerlach. "Development and testing of controlled adaptive fiber-reinforced elastomer composites." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 3 (November 25, 2016): 345–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517516679151.

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The integration of shape memory alloys (SMAs) into textile-reinforced composites produces a class of smart materials whose shape can be actively influenced. In this paper, Ni-Ti SMA wires are inserted during the weaving of a glass fiber reinforcement textile. This “active” reinforcement is then combined with an elastomeric matrix to produce a highly flexible composite sheet, which maintains high rigidity in the longitudinal direction. By activating the SMAs, high deflection ratios of up to 35% (relative to the component's length) are achieved. To adjust the composite's deflection to defined values, a closed-loop control is set up to adjust the current flow through the SMA wires. A control algorithm is designed and evaluated for several test cases. The high deformability and the controllable behavior show the high potential of these materials for applications such as aerodynamic flow control, automation and architecture.

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22

Kroll, Markus, Beate Langer, and Wolfgang Grellmann. "Toughness optimization of elastomer-modified glass-fiber reinforced PA6 materials." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 127, no. 1 (April 16, 2012): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.36853.

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23

Sessner, Vincent, Matthias Stoll, Arnaud Feuvrier, and Kay André Weidenmann. "Determination of the Damping Characteristics of Fiber-Metal-Elastomer Laminates Using Piezo-Indicated-Loss-Factor Experiments." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.325.

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. In technical applications components are often exposed to vibrations with a broad range of frequencies. To ensure structural integrity and a convenient usage for the customer, materials with good damping characteristics are desirable. Especially stiff and lightweight structures tend to be prone to vibrations. Fibre metal laminates (FML) offer great potential for lightweight design applications due to their good fatigue behavior. By using carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) as part of the laminates very good strength and stiffness to weight ratios can be obtained. To improve the damping characteristics of this hybrid material an additional layer of elastomer can be added between the CFRP and the metal, generating a fiber-metal-elastomer laminate (FMEL). In this present study the damping behavior of different layups of FMEL was examined. Two different metal sheets and two types of elastomer were used, also the layup of the constituents was variated. Vibrations were induced with a frequency range from 100 Hz to 20 kHz by mounting the laminates onto a speaker. The vibration response was measured with a piezoelectric accelerometer. Eventually the different laminate layups were compared with each other to determine the influence of the individual constituents regarding the damping characteristics. The different elastomer types and prepreg layups affected the damping of vibrations, whereas the use of different metal sheet materials showed only little influence.

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Sessner, Vincent, Alexander Jackstadt, Wilfried V. Liebig, Luise Kärger, and Kay A. Weidenmann. "Damping Characterization of Hybrid Carbon Fiber Elastomer Metal Laminates using Experimental and Numerical Dynamic Mechanical Analysis." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 1 (January 4, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3010003.

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Lightweight structures which consist to a large extent of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), often lack sufficient damping behavior. This also applies to hybrid laminates such as fiber metal laminates made of CFRP and aluminum. Since they are usually prone to vibrations due to their high stiffness and low mass, additional damping material is required to meet noise, vibration and harshness comfort demands in automotive or aviation industry. In the present study, hybrid carbon fiber elastomer metal laminates (HyCEML) are investigated which are intended to influence the damping behavior of the laminates by an elastomer interlayer between the CFRP ply and the aluminum sheets. The damping behavior is based on the principle of constrained layer damping. To characterize the damping behavior, dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA) are performed under tension on the elastomer and the CFRP, and under three point bending on the hybrid laminate. Different laminate lay-ups, with and without elastomer, and two different elastomer types are examined. The temperature and frequency dependent damping behavior is related to the bending stiffness and master curves are generated by using the time temperature superposition to analyze the damping behavior at higher frequencies. A numerical model is built up on the basis of DMA experiments on the constituents and micro mechanical studies. Subsequently, three point bending DMA experiments on hybrids are simulated and the results are compared with the experimental investigations. In addition, a parameter study on different lay-ups is done numerically. Increasing vibration damping is correlated to increasing elastomer content and decreasing elastomer modulus in the laminate. A rule of mixture is used to estimate the laminate loss factor for varying elastomer content.

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25

Nitya Santhiarsa, I. Gusti Ngurah, I. Gusti Ayu Agung Praharsini, I. Gusti Agung Alit Suryawati, and Pratikto Pratikto. "Analysis of mechanical strength of weight fraction variation sugar palm fiber as polypropylene-elastomer matrix reinforcement of hybrid composite." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 12(113) (October 31, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.238507.

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Currently, the availability of polypropylene, elastomer and sugar palm fiber (Arenga pinnata) is very abundant, which has a good impact on the potential for the development of new composite materials that have good properties and characteristics. Composites are generally a new material composed of two or more different materials with the aim of producing a new material that has better properties than the constituent material. In this study, polypropylene (PP) plastic and elastomer were used as a composite matrix reinforced with sugar palm fiber (Arenga pinnata). The purpose of this study was to determine the value of tensile strength, impact strength, and bending strength of composites with a weight fraction of 20 % (80:20), 30 % (70:30), and 40 % (60:40). Based on the results of the research on hybrid composites of polypropylene and fiber-reinforced elastomers, composites with a weight fraction of 20 % (80:20) got the lowest tensile strength value of 1.153 MPa, while composites with a weight fraction of 40 % (60:40) obtained the highest tensile strength value of 2.613 MPa. Composites with a weight fraction of 20 % (80:20) got the lowest tensile strain value of 0.0049 and the highest tensile strain value of 0.0067 was found in composites with a weight fraction of 40 % (60:40). For the impact strength, the 40 % (40:60) weight fraction composite got the lowest value of 45248.234 kJ/mm2, while the 20 % (80:20) weight fraction composite got the highest impact strength of 17649.97 kJ/mm2. For bending strength results, the composite with a weight fraction of 20 % (80:20) obtained the lowest bending strength of 1.7778 MPa, while the composite with a weight fraction of 30 % (70:30) obtained the highest bending strength of 4.8867 MPa. The highest bending strain was found in the composite with a weight fraction of 20 % (80:20), which was 0.0207.

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26

Ju, Jaehyung, Mallikarjun Veeramurthy, Joshua D. Summers, and Lonny Thompson. "Rolling Resistance of a Nonpneumatic Tire Having a Porous Elastomer Composite Shear Band." Tire Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2346/tire.13.410303.

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ABSTRACT The shear band is the critical component of a nonpneumatic tire (NPT) when determining the rolling resistance resulting from the elastomer's shear friction. In an effort to reduce the rolling resistance of an NPT, a shear band made of a porous, fiber-reinforced elastomer is explored. The porous shear band is designed to have the same effective shear modulus as the shear modulus of a continuous shear band. The originality of the study in this article is in the design of a flexible, porous solid for fuel efficiency of a tire structure by including a low viscoelastic energy loss material—a carbon fiber that partially replaces the volume of high viscoelastic energy loss material—polyurethane. To make the NPT structure remain flexible, porous volumes were included. Finite element (FE)–based numerical experiments with ABAQUS were conducted to quantify the reduced energy loss of an NPT using hyperelastic and viscoelastic material models. Load carrying capacity of the NPT with the designed porous shear band is also discussed.

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27

Fazli, Ali, and Denis Rodrigue. "Phase morphology, mechanical, and thermal properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Effects of blend composition and compatibilization." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 41, no. 7-8 (October 22, 2021): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07316844211051749.

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In this work, recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) was compounded with regenerated tire rubber (RR) (35–80 wt.%) and reinforced with recycled tire textile fiber (RTF) (20 wt.%) as a first step. The materials were compounded by melt extrusion, injection molded, and characterized in terms of morphological, mechanical, physical, and thermal properties. Although, replacement of the rubber phase with RTF compensated for tensile/flexural moduli losses of rHDPE/RR/RTF blends because of the more rigid nature of fibers increasing the composites stiffness, the impact strength substantially decreased. So, a new approach is proposed for impact modification by adding a blend of maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE)/RR (70/30) into a fiber-reinforced rubberized composite. As in this case, a more homogeneous distribution of the fillers was observed due to better compatibility between MAPE, rHDPE, and RR. The tensile properties were improved as the elongation at break increased up to 173% because of better interfacial adhesion. Impact modification of the resulting thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) composites based on rHDPE/(RR/MAPE)/RTF was successfully performed (improved toughness by 60%) via encapsulation of the rubber phase by MAPE forming a thick/soft interphase decreasing interfacial stress concentration slowing down fracture. Finally, the thermal stability of rubberized fiber-reinforced TPE also revealed the positive effect of MAPE addition on molecular entanglements and strong bonding yielding lower weight loss, while the microstructure and crystallinity degree did not significantly change up to 60 wt.% RR/MAPE (70/30).

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28

Jang, Hye-Sook, Jae-Hyoung An, Jun-Hyeok Song, Seung-Hwan Son, Yu-Sik Hong, and Hee-Chang Eun. "Out-of-Plane Strengthening of Unreinforced Masonry Walls by Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyurea." Civil Engineering Journal 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-01-011.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcement or polyurea reinforcement techniques are applied to strengthen unreinforced masonry walls (UMWs). The purpose of this experimental study is to verify the out-of-plane reinforcing effect of sprayed glass fiber-reinforced polyurea (GFRPU), which is a composite elastomer made of polyurea and milled glass fibers on UMW. The out-of-plane strengths and ductile behaviors based on various coating shapes are compared in this study. An empirical formula to describe the degree of reinforcement on the out-of-plane strength of the UMW is derived based on the experimental results. It is observed that the peak load-carrying capacity, ductility, and energy absorption capacity gradually improve with an increase in the strengthening degree or area. Compared with the existing masonry wall reinforcement method, the GFRPU technique is a construction method that can help improve the safety performance along with ease of construction and economic efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-01-011 Full Text: PDF

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29

Lignon, E., P. Le Tallec, and N. Triantafyllidis. "Onset of failure in a fiber reinforced elastomer under constrained bending." International Journal of Solids and Structures 50, no. 2 (January 2013): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2012.07.022.

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30

Kishi, Hajime, Manabu Kuwata, Satoshi Matsuda, Toshihiko Asami, and Atsushi Murakami. "Damping properties of thermoplastic-elastomer interleaved carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites." Composites Science and Technology 64, no. 16 (December 2004): 2517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.05.006.

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31

He, Liwen, Jia Lou, Jianke Du, and Huaping Wu. "Voltage-induced torsion of a fiber-reinforced tubular dielectric elastomer actuator." Composites Science and Technology 140 (March 2017): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.12.032.

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32

Kosenko, E. A., N. I. Baurova, and V. A. Zorin. "Influence of hybrid matrix components on changes in impact strength of carbon plastics under extremely low temperatures in Arctic." Technology of Metals, no. 3 (March 2023): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-2499-2023-0-3-17-24.

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The results of tests to determine the impact strength of carbon fiber reinforced plastics based on an epoxy matrix and components that form an independent liquid phase in the composite structure (anaerobic polymer material (Loctite 638), silicone elastomer (Unisil-9628), synthetic wax) are presented. The tests were carried out after holding the samples at temperatures of 20±2 °C, –30 °C and –50 °C according to the Charpy method with the direction of an impact perpendicular to the plane. The use of an anaerobic polymer material as a component of the liquid phase of the hybrid matrix makes possible to obtain the highest impact strength among the compared types of carbon plastics and to ensure the stability of this characteristic after exposure at a temperature of –50°C. Synthetic wax in the structure of the composite matrix ensures the stability of impact strength after storage at a temperature of –30°C. Samples of carbon fiber reinforced plastics with silicone elastomer as part of the hybrid matrix have the lowest impact strength after holding under different temperature conditions.

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33

Redondo, Alexandre, Sourav Chatterjee, Pierre Brodard, LaShanda T. J. Korley, Christoph Weder, Ilja Gunkel, and Ullrich Steiner. "Melt-Spun Nanocomposite Fibers Reinforced with Aligned Tunicate Nanocrystals." Polymers 11, no. 12 (November 20, 2019): 1912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121912.

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The fabrication of nanocomposite films and fibers based on cellulose nanocrystals (P-tCNCs) and a thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) elastomer is reported. High-aspect-ratio P-tCNCs were isolated from tunicates using phosphoric acid hydrolysis, which is a process that affords nanocrystals displaying high thermal stability. Nanocomposites were produced by solvent casting (films) or melt-mixing in a twin-screw extruder and subsequent melt-spinning (fibers). The processing protocols were found to affect the orientation of both PU hard segments and the P-tCNCs within the PU matrix and therefore the mechanical properties. While the films were isotropic, both the polymer matrix and the P-tCNCs proved to be aligned along the fiber direction in the fibers, as shown using SAXS/WAXS, angle-dependent Raman spectroscopy, and birefringence analysis. Tensile tests reveal that fibers and films, at similar P-tCNC contents, display Young’s moduli and strain-at-break that are within the same order of magnitude, but the stress-at-break was found to be ten-times higher for fibers, conferring them a superior toughness over films.

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34

Tengfei, Qin, Liu Jinsheng, Wei Xing, Fu Bin, Xuan Shanyong, and Wang Zhiyuan. "Research on damping performance of elastomer/carbon fiber epoxy composite." Materials Research Express 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac5353.

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Abstract The preparation method of the composite material with damping layer and the influence of the position of the single-layer damping layer in the composite material on the damping coefficient have not been studied in detail. In this paper, the most commonly used composite molding methods, the hot autoclave and hot patch method, to manufacture elastomer/carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin (elastomer/CFER) composites. Then, the effects of the manufacturing method and the position of the elastomer on the short beam shear strength and damping performance of the co-cured composite were studied. The novel results show that the composite manufactured by the hot autoclave has high shear strength, but the damping factor of the composite is relatively weak. The addition of the damping layer has little effect on the shear strength of the composites of the hot patch instrument, and the damping factor of the composites with an elastic layer in the middle can reach 0.0683, which is 4.1 times that of the composites without the damping layer, and 2.5 times of the composites with an elastic layer in the middle of the hot autoclave manufacturing.

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35

Varghese, Siby, Baby Kuriakose, Sabu Thomas, and Kuruvilla Joseph. "Effect of Adhesion on the Equilibrium Swelling of Short Sisal Fiber Reinforced Natural Rubber Composites." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538730.

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Abstract Solvent swelling of natural rubber composites, containing both untreated and acetylated short sisal fiber, has been investigated in a series of normal alkanes such as pentane, hexane, heptane and octane. The restriction on elastomer swelling exerted by sisal fiber as well as the anisotropy of swelling of the composite have been confirmed by this study. The results showed that increased fiber content and the addition of bonding agent reduced the swelling considerably. It has been demonstrated that with improved adhesion between short fiber and rubber, the factor, (VI−VF)/VI, decreases, where VI and VF are the volume fraction of rubber in dry and swollen samples, respectively.

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36

Wang, Ke, and Jing Shen Wu. "Mechanical Properties and Fracture Mechanisms of Fiber Reinforced PBT/PC/Elastomer Blends." Key Engineering Materials 177-180 (April 2000): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.177-180.363.

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37

Hintze, Christian, Regine Boldt, Sven Wiessner, and Gert Heinrich. "Influence of processing on morphology in short aramid fiber reinforced elastomer compounds." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 130, no. 3 (May 3, 2013): 1682–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.39353.

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38

Chin Tjong, Sie, Shi-Ai Xu, Robert Kwok Yiu Li, and Yiu-Wing Mai. "Tensile deformation mechanisms of polypropylene/elastomer blends reinforced with short glass fiber." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 87, no. 3 (November 14, 2002): 441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11398.

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39

Nanni, Alessandro, Mariafederica Parisi, Martino Colonna, and Massimo Messori. "Thermo-Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Polymer Composites Reinforced by Natural Fibers Derived from Wet Blue Leather Wastes: A Comparative Study." Polymers 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2021): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13111837.

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The present work investigated the possibility to use wet blue (WB) leather wastes as natural reinforcing fibers within different polymer matrices. After their preparation and characterization, WB fibers were melt-mixed at 10 wt.% with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polyamide 12 (PA12), thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and the obtained samples were subjected to rheological, thermal, thermo-mechanical, and viscoelastic analyses. In parallel, morphological properties such as fiber distribution and dispersion, fiber–matrix adhesion, and fiber exfoliation phenomena were analyzed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to evaluate the relationship between the compounding process, mechanical responses, and morphological parameters. The PLA-based composite exhibited the best results since the Young modulus (+18%), tensile strength (+1.5%), impact (+10%), and creep (+5%) resistance were simultaneously enhanced by the addition of WB fibers, which were well dispersed and distributed in and significantly branched and interlocked with the polymer matrix. PA12- and TPU-based formulations showed a positive behavior (around +47% of the Young modulus and +40% of creep resistance) even if the not-optimal fiber–matrix adhesion and/or the poor de-fibration of WB slightly lowered the tensile strength and elongation at break. Finally, the TPE-based sample exhibited the worst performance because of the poor affinity between hydrophilic WB fibers and the hydrophobic polymer matrix.

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40

Beg, MDH, Muhammad Remanul Islam, AA Mamun, H.-P. Heim, and M. Feldmann. "Comparative analysis of the properties: Microcrystalline cellulose fiber polyamide composites filled with ethylene copolymer and olefin elastomer." Polymers and Polymer Composites 28, no. 4 (September 5, 2019): 242–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391119871740.

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Polyamide 6.10 (PA) composites, reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose fibers, were prepared separately using two types of coupling agents, Exxelor VA1803 (VA) and Bondyram 7103 (BR), using extrusion followed by an injection molding process. The fiber loading was fixed to 30 wt%, whereas the coupling agent was fixed to 5 wt%. The properties of the composites were characterized by the tensile properties, impact testing, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic thermomechanical, thermogravimetric, and X-ray diffraction analyses. The distribution of the fibers into the PA was examined by a scanning electron microscope. It was found that the VA improved the mechanical and thermomechanical properties slightly compared to BR-based samples. Overall, the structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the composites were also improved comparatively using VA.

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41

Stelescu, Maria Daniela, Anton Airinei, Alexandra Bargan, Nicusor Fifere, Mihai Georgescu, Maria Sonmez, Mihaela Nituica, Laurentia Alexandrescu, and Adriana Stefan. "Mechanical Properties and Equilibrium Swelling Characteristics of Some Polymer Composites Based on Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer (EPDM) Reinforced with Hemp Fibers." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 1, 2022): 6838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196838.

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EPDM/hemp fiber composites with fiber loading of 0–20 phr were prepared by the blending technique on a laboratory electrically heated roller mill. Test specimens were obtained by vulcanization using a laboratory hydraulic press. The elastomer crosslinking and the chemical modification of the hemp fiber surface were achieved by a radical reaction mechanism initiated by di(tert-butylperoxyisopropyl)benzene. The influence of the fiber loading on the mechanical properties, gel fraction, swelling ratio and crosslink degree was investigated. The gel fraction, crosslink density and rubber–hemp fiber interaction were evaluated based on equilibrium solvent-swelling measurements using the Flory–Rehner relation and Kraus and Lorenz–Park equations. The morphology of the EPDM/hemp fiber composites was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The water absorption increases as the hemp fiber loading increases.

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42

Mühlich, Mona, Edith A. González, Larissa Born, Axel Körner, Lena Schwill, Götz T. Gresser, and Jan Knippers. "Deformation Behavior of Elastomer-Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastics in Dependence of Pneumatic Actuation." Biomimetics 6, no. 3 (June 22, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics6030043.

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This paper aims to define the influencing design criteria for compliant folding mechanisms with pneumatically actuated hinges consisting of fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP). Through simulation and physical testing, the influence of stiffness, hinge width as well as variation of the stiffness, in the flaps without changing the stiffness in the hinge zone, was evaluated. Within a finite element model software, a workflow was developed for simulations, in order to infer mathematical models for the prediction of mechanical properties and the deformation behavior as a function of the aforementioned parameters. In conclusion, the bending angle increases with decreasing material stiffness and with increasing hinge width, while it is not affected by the flap stiffness itself. The defined workflow builds a basis for the development of a predictive model for the deformation behavior of FRPs.

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43

Zou, Wanqiu, Xuezhen Huang, Qingkun Li, Licheng Guo, Chensha Li, and Hongrui Jiang. "Photo-thermo-mechanically actuated liquid crystalline elastomer nanocomposite reinforced by polyurethane fiber-network." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 631, no. 1 (May 23, 2016): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2016.1147327.

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44

Favre, Audrey, Edith Roland Fotsing, Martin Levesque, and Edu Ruiz. "Comparative study of fiber-reinforced elastomer composites subjected to accelerated aging in water." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 47, no. 8 (May 29, 2014): 719–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244314534102.

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45

Kaynak, Cevdet, Aslihan Arikan, and Teoman Tincer. "Flexibility improvement of short glass fiber reinforced epoxy by using a liquid elastomer." Polymer 44, no. 8 (April 2003): 2433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00100-9.

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46

Kim, Jung Soo, Hyo Jin An, Ki Young Kim, Won Young Jeong, No Hyung Park, Dae Young Lim, and Dong Hyun Kim. "Composites of polyolefin elastomer reinforced with short carbon fiber and its copolymerization conditions." Fibers and Polymers 14, no. 12 (December 2013): 2128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-013-2128-6.

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47

Shibulal, G. S., and Kinsuk Naskar. "RFL coated aramid short fiber reinforced thermoplastic elastomer: Mechanical, rheological and morphological characteristics." Journal of Polymer Research 18, no. 6 (June 23, 2011): 2295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-011-9643-1.

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48

Ahmadi, Alireza, and Masoud Asgari. "Nonlinear coupled electro-mechanical behavior of a novel anisotropic fiber-reinforced dielectric elastomer." International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 119 (March 2020): 103364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2019.103364.

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49

Li, Hui, Wenyu Wang, Qingshan Wang, Qingkai Han, Jinguo Liu, Zhaoye Qin, Jian Xiong, and Xiangping Wang. "Static and dynamic performances of sandwich plates with magnetorheological elastomer core: Theoretical and experimental studies." Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials 24, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 1556–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10996362211053620.

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This paper investigates the static and dynamic performances of sandwich plates with magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) core, in which the MRE core includes two copper wire layers, two inner metal layers, and one MRE layer. First, based on the complex modulus method, the Jolly theory and the pre-defined magnetic coefficients, the dynamic moduli, and loss factors of MRE are assumed as a function of magnetic induction intensity. Furthermore, a theoretical model of the MRE sandwich plates (MRESPs) is proposed, which considers the internal magnetic field excitation and four types of panel materials, namely fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), fiber-reinforced polymer with carbon nanotubes (CNT-FRP), metal and fiber-metal hybrid (FMH) panels. After the deformation and energy equations are derived to solve the static bearing stiffness, dynamic stiffness, and damping parameters, some literature results are employed to provide the initial validation of the model developed. Subsequently, four MRESP specimens with the FRP, CNT-FRP, metal, and FMH panels are fabricated and measured to further verify the model as well as to evaluate the mechanical performance. The influence of critical geometric and material parameters related to MRE on static and dynamic properties is also discussed to summarize some practical conclusions for engineering applications.

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50

Chen, Lili, Boqin Gu, and Jianfeng Zhou. "Development of the RSA method for random short fiber reinforced elastomer composites with large fiber aspect ratios." Materials Research Express 6, no. 6 (March 27, 2019): 065322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1041.

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