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Статті в журналах з теми "Fiber optic chemical"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Lee, Seunghun, Hyerin Song, Heesang Ahn, Seungchul Kim, Jong-ryul Choi, and Kyujung Kim. "Fiber-Optic Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors Based on Nanomaterials." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030819.

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Applying fiber-optics on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors is aimed at practical usability over conventional SPR sensors. Recently, field localization techniques using nanostructures or nanoparticles have been investigated on optical fibers for further sensitivity enhancement and significant target selectivity. In this review article, we explored varied recent research approaches of fiber-optics based localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors. The article contains interesting experimental results using fiber-optic LSPR sensors for three different application categories: (1) chemical reactions measurements, (2) physical properties measurements, and (3) biological events monitoring. In addition, novel techniques which can create synergy combined with fiber-optic LSPR sensors were introduced. The review article suggests fiber-optic LSPR sensors have lots of potential for measurements of varied targets with high sensitivity. Moreover, the previous results show that the sensitivity enhancements which can be applied with creative varied plasmonic nanomaterials make it possible to detect minute changes including quick chemical reactions and tiny molecular activities.

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2

Pospíšilová, Marie, Gabriela Kuncová, and Josef Trögl. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Fiber-Optic Bio-Sensors." Sensors 15, no. 10 (September 30, 2015): 25208–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s151025208.

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3

Arnold, Mark A. "Fiber optic chemical sensors." Analytical Chemistry 64, no. 21 (November 1992): 1015A—1025A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00045a001.

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4

Arnold, Mark A. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors." Analytical Chemistry 64, no. 21 (November 1992): 1015A—1025A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00045a720.

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5

Lee, Jung Ryul, Chang Yong Yoon, Dipesh Dhital, and Dong Jin Yoon. "All-Fiber Optic Chemical Sensors for Public Safety Monitoring." Advanced Materials Research 123-125 (August 2010): 855–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.123-125.855.

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The leakage of toxic or flammable chemical substances that might affect or endanger public safety has always attracted the attention of the researchers to develop a chemical sensor that could prevent any life-threatening incidents. Due to its robust features, hard polymer clad fiber (HPCF) was used in this experiment to develop an all-fiber optical chemical sensor. The outer hard polymer clad was removed by using mechanical method to expose the inner core. The exposure lets contact between the leaked chemical and the core, both with different refractive indices (RI). The change in signal property of the passing light wave occurs at this point and hence can be detected using optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). In this way, HPCF was transformed into a fiber optic chemical sensor. OTDR was used as a sensing system that allowed the sensor to detect and localize the leakage of chemical substances in real-time, by measuring the light loss in backscattering light (signal) that was caused due to extraction of chemical on fiber cladding. This light loss is based on leaky wave mode principle. The reliability of the sensor was tested with Benzene, Toluene, Pyridine, Dimethylsulphoxide and several other toxic chemicals. The results showed that the sensor was able to detect the chemicals (in liquid state) and localize the event positioning. With the promising results, the sensor will be further tested with different types of chemicals to optimize the fiber chemical sensing system.

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6

Wolfbeis, Otto S. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors." Analytical Chemistry 76, no. 12 (June 2004): 3269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac040049d.

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7

Wolfbeis, Otto S. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors." Analytical Chemistry 72, no. 12 (June 2000): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/a1000013k.

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8

Wolfbeis, Otto S. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors." Analytical Chemistry 78, no. 12 (June 2006): 3859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac060490z.

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9

Wolfbeis, Otto S. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors." Analytical Chemistry 74, no. 12 (June 2002): 2663–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac020176e.

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10

Wolfbeis, Otto S. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors." Analytical Chemistry 80, no. 12 (June 2008): 4269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac800473b.

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11

Potyrailo, Radislav A., and Gary M. Hieftje. "Distributed Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor with Chemically Modified Plastic Cladding." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 8 (August 1998): 1092–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981944805.

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A novel method for modification of the polymer cladding of an optical fiber has been developed for use in distributed chemical sensing. The usefulness of the new technique is illustrated by means of a distributed sensor for ammonium ions based on a 9 m long plastic-clad silica fiber modified with phenol red. The stability of the immobilized indicator made it possible, for the first time, to use a chemically modified fiber for the reversible detection of ammonium ions in highly alkaline solution (pH 11–14). The new sensor offers a broader dynamic range (four orders of magnitude) and shorter response time (30 s) than point sensors for ammonium ions reported in the past.

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12

Tan, Weihong, Zhong You Shi, and Raoul Kopelman. "Development of submicron chemical fiber optic sensors." Analytical Chemistry 64, no. 23 (December 1992): 2985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00047a019.

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13

Healey, Brian G., and David R. Walt. "Improved fiber-optic chemical sensor for penicillin." Analytical Chemistry 67, no. 24 (December 1995): 4471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00120a007.

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14

Murray, R. T., D. E. Smith, and P. G. Wright. "Fiber-optic sensors for the chemical industry." Optics News 12, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/on.12.1.000031.

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15

Yang, Jyisy, Chung-Jay Lee, and Cheng-Huang Wei. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors: A General Review." Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 49, no. 5 (October 2002): 677–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jccs.200200102.

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16

Yappert, M. Cecilia. "A Tutorial on Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors." Chemical Educator 1, no. 6 (February 1997): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897-996-0007-6.

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17

Alarie, J. P., D. L. Stokes, W. S. Sutherland, A. C. Edwards, and T. Vo-Dinh. "Intensified Charge Coupled Device-Based Fiber-Optic Monitor for Rapid Remote Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 11 (November 1992): 1608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924926736.

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This paper describes the development of an intensified charge coupled device (ICCD)-based fiber-optic monitor for remote Raman and surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) sensing. Both Raman and SERS data were obtained with the use of a fiber-optic probe design incorporating 20-m optical fibers carrying the Raman signal. Spectra were obtained in 5 milliseconds for Raman and 9 ms for SERS. The proposed system could be used for a highly sensitive portable Raman system for rapid and remote chemical sensing.

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18

Hirsch, Marzena. "Fiber optic microsphere with ZnO thin film for potential application in refractive index sensor – theoretical study." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i3.835.

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Optical fiber sensors of refractive index play important role in analysis of biological and chemical samples. This work presents a theoretical investigation of a spectral response of fiber optic microsphere with zinc-oxide (ZnO) thin film deposited on the surface and evaluates the prospect of using such structure for refractive index sensing. Microsphere is fabricated by optical fiber tapering method on the base of a single mode fiber. A numerical model is described and simulation was conducted to assess the influence of the ZnO layer deposition on a reflected signal. The results indicate that ZnO film improves the performance in terms of a potential application in refractive index sensor. Full Text: PDF ReferencesY. Qian, Y. Zhao, Q. Wu, Y. Yang, Review of salinity measurement technology based on optical fiber sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 260, 86–105 (2018). CrossRef M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, Response of a New Low-Coherence Fabry-Pérot Sensor to Hematocrit Levels in Human Blood, Sensors, 14, 4, 6965–6976, (2014). CrossRef F. Sequeira et al., Refractive Index Sensing with D-Shaped Plastic Optical Fibers for Chemical and Biochemical Applications, Sensors, 16, 12, 2119, (2016). CrossRef M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska et al., ALD thin ZnO layer as an active medium in a fiber-optic Fabry–Pérot interferometer, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 221, 88–94, (2015). CrossRef M. Hirsch, D. Majchrowicz, P. Wierzba, M. Weber, M. Bechelany, M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, Low-Coherence Interferometric Fiber-Optic Sensors with Potential Applications as Biosensors, Sensors, 17, 2, 261, (2017). CrossRef M. Hirsch, P. Wierzba, M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, Application of thin dielectric films in low coherence fiber-optic Fabry-Pérot sensing interferometers: comparative study, Proc. SPIE 10161, 101610D (2016). CrossRef J. Pluciński, K. Karpienko, Fiber optic Fabry-Pérot sensors: modeling versus measurements results, Proc. SPIE 10034, 100340H (2016). CrossRef F. Goldsmith, Quasioptical systems: Gaussian beam quasioptical propagation and applications. (Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press 1998). CrossRef

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19

Krska, R., K. Taga, and R. Kellner. "New IR Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensor for in Situ Measurements of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Water." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (September 1993): 1484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067423.

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In this work the development and validation of a new MIR fiber-optic physicochemical sensor system for the continuous in situ analysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs) in water is described. This study took advantage of the selectivity and sensitivity of fiber evanescent wave spectroscopy (FEWS) and the recent development of polycrystalline silver halide fibers. Since these fibers are transparent up to 20 μm, it was possible for the first time to develop a fiber-optic sensing system for CHCs, which have their strongest absorption bands > 10 μm. The silver halide fibers were coated with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to enrich the CHC within the evanescent wave and to exclude the IR absorbing water from the measurement. For the quantitative in situ FEWS measurements, the coated silver halide fibers were coupled to a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer using an off-axis parabolic mirror and a fiber-detector coupling system. This setup enabled the simultaneous in situ detection of the most common chlorinated hydrocarbons in concentrations between 1 to 50 mg/L in water by employing a fiber sensing part only 10 cm in length. A comparative analysis of waste water samples under participation of two experienced head space-gas chromatography (HSGC) laboratories showed good agreement of this continuous sensor system with the established standard techniques. The resulting working curve for tetrachloroethylene showed a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.968 and a relative standard deviation of 17% in the range from 1 to 10 ppm.

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20

Consales, M., A. Cutolo, M. Penza, P. Aversa, M. Giordano, and A. Cusano. "Fiber Optic Chemical Nanosensors Based on Engineered Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of Sensors 2008 (2008): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/936074.

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In this contribution, a review of the development of high-performance optochemical nanosensors based on the integration of carbon nanotubes with the optical fiber technology is presented. The paper first provide an overview of the amazing features of carbon nanotubes and their exploitation as highly adsorbent nanoscale materials for gas sensing applications. Successively, the attention is focused on the operating principle, fabrication, and characterization of fiber optic chemosensors in the Fabry-Perot type reflectometric configuration, realized by means of the deposition of a thin layer of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) upon the distal end of standard silica optical fibers. This is followed by an extensive review of the excellent sensing capabilities of the realized SWCNTs-based chemical nanosensors against volatile organic compounds and other pollutants in different environments (air and water) and operating conditions (room temperature and cryogenic temperatures). The experimental results reported here reveal that ppm and sub-ppm chemical detection limits, low response times, as well as fast and complete recovery of the sensor responses have been obtained in most of the investigated cases. This evidences the great potentialities of the proposed photonic nanosensors based on SWCNTs to be successfully employed for practical environmental monitoring applications both in liquid and vapor phase as well as for space. Furthermore, the use of novel SWCNTs-based composites as sensitive fiber coatings is proposed to enhance the sensing performance and to improve the adhesion of carbon nanotubes to the fiber surface. Finally, new advanced sensing configurations based on the use of hollow-core optical fibers coated and partially filled by carbon nanotubes are also presented.

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21

Меkhtiyev, А. D., E. G. Neshina, P. Sh Madi, and D. A. Gorokhov. "Automated Fiber-Optic System for Monitoring the Stability of the Pit Quarry Mass and Dumps." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 4 (April 2021): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-4-19-26.

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This article ls with the issues related to the development of a system for monitoring the deformation and displacement of the rock mass leading to the collapse of the quarry sides. Monitoring system uses point-to-point fiber-optic sensors. Fiber-optic sensors and control cables of the communication line are made based on the single mode optical fibers, which allows to measure with high accuracy the deformations and displacements of the rock mass at a distance of 30-50 km. To create fiber-optic pressure sensors, an optical fiber of the ITU-T G. 652.D standard is used. Laboratory sample is developed concerning the point fiber-optic sensor made based on the two-arm Mach-Zender interferometer using a single mode optical fiber for monitoring strain (displacements) with a change in the sensitivity and a reduced influence of temperature interference leading to zero drift. The article presents a mathematical apparatus for calculating the intensity of radiation of a light wave passing through an optical fiber with and without mechanical stress. A laboratory sample of single mode optical fibers based on the Mach-Zender interferometer showed a fairly high linearity and accuracy in the measurement and can be used to control the strain of the mass after appropriate refinement of its design. Mathematical expressions are also given for determining the intensity of the light wave when the distance between the fixing points of a single mode optical fiber changes depending on the change in the external temperature. A diagram for measuring strain using a point fiber-optic strain sensor is developed. Hardware and software package is developed, which can be used to perform a number of settings of measuring channels. The work is aimed at solving the production problems of the Kenzhem quarry of AK Altynalmas JSC.

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22

Landis, David A., and Carl J. Seliskar. "Fiber-Optic/GRIN Lens Couples for Use in Chemical Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 5 (May 1995): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953964075.

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Multimode optical fiber-graded index (GRIN) lens couples are modeled with the use of an algorithm which quantitatively traces light paths through the optical elements. The effects of the variation of optical fiber core size, GRIN lens length (pitch), fiber-optic/GRIN lens separation, and wavelength are quantitatively demonstrated. Chromatic effects specific to™ GRIN lens couples are evaluated for the near-UV to near-infrared spectral region. In general, GRIN lens couples are found to be superior to equivalent ball lens couples for spectroscopic applications. A simple example application of the multimode fiber-optic/GRIN lens couple in remote chemical spectroscopy is presented.

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23

Avino, Saverio. "“Fiber-Optic Cavities for Physical and Chemical Sensing”." Open Optics Journal 7, no. 1 (2013): 128–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874328501307010128.

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24

Tromberg, Bruce J., Michael J. Sepaniak, Tuan Vo-Dinh, and Guy D. Griffin. "Fiber-optic chemical sensors for competitive binding fluoroimmunoassay." Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 8 (April 15, 1987): 1226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00135a033.

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25

Wang, Xu-dong, and Otto S. Wolfbeis. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2015–2019)." Analytical Chemistry 92, no. 1 (October 30, 2019): 397–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04708.

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26

Wang, Xu-Dong, and Otto S. Wolfbeis. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2008–2012)." Analytical Chemistry 85, no. 2 (December 12, 2012): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac303159b.

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27

Wang, Xu-dong, and Otto S. Wolfbeis. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2013–2015)." Analytical Chemistry 88, no. 1 (December 3, 2015): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04298.

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28

Ferrell, Douglas J. "Instrumentation systems for passive fiber optic chemical sensors." Optical Engineering 32, no. 3 (1993): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.60858.

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29

Boldov, I. A., A. S. Kuch’yanov, A. I. Plekhanov, N. A. Orlova, I. Yu Kargapolova, and V. V. Shelkovnikov. "Fiber-optic chemical sensor of amine-type compounds." Physics of the Solid State 53, no. 6 (June 2011): 1152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783411060072.

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30

Thompson, R. B. "Fiber optic sensors advance chemical analysis from afar." IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine 10, no. 3 (May 1994): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/101.283649.

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31

Angel, S. M., D. G. Garvis, S. K. Sharma, and A. Seki. "Field Applications of Fiber-Optic Sensors. Part I: Temperature Measurements in a Geothermal Well." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 3 (March 1989): 430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894202922.

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We have initiated a program for developing and field testing fiber-optics-based sensors to monitor in situ physical and chemical parameters in highly corrosive environments, such as geothermal wells, oil wells, and hot-water boiler reactors. Inability to sample hot geothermal wells or to measure the chemical composition of hot brines limits our understanding of in situ conditions in geothermal fields. In this communication, we report preliminary results obtained with a temperature optrode to profile the temperature in a geothermal steam well. To our best knowledge, this is the first time in situ geothermal well measurements have been made with the use of a fiber-optic sensor.

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32

Lesa, A. D., I. Puspita, A. M. Hatta, F. Kurniawan, and S. Koentjoro. "The effect of immersion time on singlemode-tapered multimode-singlemode (STMS) fabrication using a chemical etching method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2274, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2274/1/012011.

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Abstract Singlemode-Multimode-Singlemode (SMS) is one of the fiber optic sensor structures that is widely applied for many sensing applications. High sensitivity is the preferred characteristic of SMS fiber structure. In this paper, a tapered structure is introduced to the SMS fiber structure to increase its performance. The tapered structure is made by the etching method by immersing the SMS multimode fiber in hydrofluoric acid (HF) solution. The immersion time was varied 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes. The diameter of the multimode fiber decreases with the longer immersion time, while the length does not change. The STMS transmission spectrum was measured to investigate its performance. The chemical etching method using HF solution for tapering the SMS fibers has great potential as a simple method to achieve a smaller radius without lengthening multimode fibers.

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33

Gupta, B. D., and R. K. Verma. "Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Fiber Optic Sensors: Principle, Probe Designs, and Some Applications." Journal of Sensors 2009 (2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/979761.

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Surface plasmon resonance technique in collaboration with optical fiber technology has brought tremendous advancements in sensing of various physical, chemical, and biochemical parameters. In this review article, we present the principle of SPR technique for sensing and various designs of the fiber optic SPR probe reported for the enhancement of the sensitivity of the sensor. In addition, we present few examples of the surface plasmon resonance- (SPR-) based fiber optic sensors. The present review may provide researchers valuable information regarding fiber optic SPR sensors and encourage them to take this area for further research and development.

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34

Ma, Jiaying, and Dor Ben-Amotz. "Rapid Micro-Raman Imaging Using Fiber-Bundle Image Compression." Applied Spectroscopy 51, no. 12 (December 1997): 1845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702971939668.

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A new technique for rapid Raman imaging and chemical analysis of micro-composites and biomaterials, with potential applications in real-time robotic vision, automated manufacturing, and medical imaging, is described and demonstrated. The key feature of this new instrument is a fiber-optic bundle used to compress two-dimensional images onto a one-dimensional fiber stack, which serves as the entrance slit of an imaging optical spectrograph. Thus a complete Raman spectrum is simultaneously collected from every point within a sample in a single scan of a charge-coupled-device (CCD) detector. The method is demonstrated by using Raman imaging of a microscopic mixed-salt sample. Its efficiency relative to alternative Raman imaging methods is quantitatively evaluated, and potential applications in other spectral imaging measurements are discussed. Index Headings: Raman spectroscopy; Spectral imaging; Chemical imaging; Fiber optics; Chemical sensor.

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35

Nelson, Matthew P., Wendy C. Bell, Michael L. McLester, and M. L. Myrick. "Single-Shot Multiwavelength Imaging of Laser Plumes." Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 2 (February 1998): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702981943383.

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A novel optical approach to single-shot chemical imaging with high spectroscopic resolution is described with the use of a prototype dimension-reduction fiber-optic array. Images are focused onto a 30 × 20 array of hexagonally packed 250 μm o.d. f/2 optical fibers that are drawn into a 600 × 1 distal array with specific ordering. The 600 × 1 side of the array is imaged with an f/2 spectrograph equipped with a holographic grating and a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera for spectral analysis. Software is used to extract the spatial/spectral information contained in the CCD images and de-convolute them into wavelength-specific reconstructed images or position-specific spectra that span a 190 nm wavelength space. “White light” zero-order images and first-order spectroscopic images of laser plumes have been reconstructed to illustrate proof-of-principle. Index Headings: Fiber optics; Chemical imaging; Spectroscopic imaging; Charged-coupled device (CCD); Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS).

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36

Szczerska, Malgorzata. "Temperature Sensors Based on Polymer Fiber Optic Interferometer." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060228.

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Temperature measurements are of great importance in many fields of human activities, including industry, technology, and science. For example, obtaining a certain temperature value or a sudden change in it can be the primary control marker of a chemical process. Fiber optic sensors have remarkable properties giving a broad range of applications. They enable continuous real-time temperature control in difficult-to-reach areas, in hazardous working environments (air pollution, chemical or ionizing contamination), and in the presence of electromagnetic disturbances. The use of fiber optic temperature sensors in polymer technology can significantly reduce the cost of their production. Moreover, the installation process and usage would be simplified. As a result, these types of sensors would become increasingly popular in industrial solutions. This review provides a critical overview of the latest development of fiber optic temperature sensors based on Fabry–Pérot interferometer made with polymer technology.

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37

El Abdi, Rochdi, and Alexandru Dumitrache Rujinski. "Change of Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Optical Fibers Aged in CTAC Aqueous Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 811 (November 2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.811.3.

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Fiber-optic sensors are mostly used for in situ measurements of diverse chemical composition of industrial surfactants employed in industry as detergents, emulsifying and dispersing agents, coatings, and pharmaceutical adjuvants. These optical sensors are often used in wet chemical environments in which the temperature can be high.The purpose of this work is to study the mechanical behaviour of optical fibers in contact with CetylTrimethylAmmonium Chloride in aqueous solution (CTAC) at different immersion durations and different temperatures.Optical fibers were submitted to dynamic bending test under different velocities.Result analysis demonstrates that immersion in CTAC drastically decreases the fiber strength particularly when immersed for long aging periods at high temperatures.

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38

Kittidechachan, M., I. Sripichai, W. Supakum, S. Thuamthai, Suppalak Angkaew, and Pichet Limsuwan. "Construction and Evaluation of the Fiber-Optic Sensor System for Chemical Vapor Detection." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 509–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.509.

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The fiber optic sensor system for chemical vapor detection was desiged and constructed. The system consisted of three parts; the optic unit, the fiber-optic sensing head and the flow controlling unit. The optic unit included a He-Ne laser source which lazes a red laser into an aligned optical fiber, a photo detector, and a signal processing with computer interface controlled by the Labview® program version 7.1. The sensing head was made of a polyaniline thin film coated onto the de-cladded section of an optical fiber covered by a gas mixing cell. The concentration of measured gas was controlled by varying nitrogen gas flow rate. The nitrogen flow controller was set-up to obtain vapor concentration in the range of 0.04 to 0.40 % v/v. Vapors of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and n-butyl amine (a weak base) were used to test the performance of the sensor system. It was found that output intensity increases with an increasing HCl concentration and decreases with increasing n-butyl amine concentration. The response toward the amine vapor was faster than that of the HCl vapor (23 seconds for n-butyl amine and 72 seconds for HCl). Experiments performed at various concentrations of amine vapor (between 0.04 to 0.21 %v/v) found that a higher concentration yields faster response time.

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39

Aydin, Deniz, Jack A. Barnes, and Hans-Peter Loock. "In-fiber interferometry sensors for refractive index." Applied Physics Reviews 10, no. 1 (March 2023): 011307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0105147.

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Compact interferometers based on waveguiding structures have found countless applications in refractive index measurements, chemical sensing, as well as temperature and pressure measurements. The most common fiber devices are based on Mach–Zehnder interferometry and Michelson interferometry—two design concepts that can readily be implemented using simple fiber optic components, such as mode splitters and combiners, fiber optic gratings, and fiber tapers, among others. Fiber interferometry can also be conducted based on the Sagnac effect and the Young (double-slit) interferometer. In this review, we examine and compare over 400 fiber optic interferometers as well as more than 60 fiber optic refractive sensors based on fiber optic cavities. Even though many of the devices show temperature-, strain-, and pressure-sensitivity, we focus our review on refractive index measurements, as these are the most common applications. Many devices were characterized by their inventors using their sensitivity to refractive index changes. While the sensitivity is an important characteristic of the device, it does not easily relate to the smallest resolvable refractive index change or the limit of detection when applied to chemical measurements. Instead, we propose here that one should use the figure of merit, which is defined through the refractive index sensitivity and the width of an interferometer fringe. Using simple assumptions, we were able to mathematically relate the sensitivity and the figure of merit to common design parameters, such as the length of the interferometer arms, the operating wavelength, refractive indices of the fiber and the sample, as well as an overlap parameter, which describes the fraction of the guided wave in the sensing arm that interacts with the sample. We determined this overlap parameter for each reviewed device from the reported interferograms. Our meta-analysis provides for the first time simple and easily applicable guidance to increase the figure of merit of fiber optic interferometers and fiber optic cavities with regard to their ability to detect small refractive index changes. A high figure of merit allows measuring very small refractive index changes such as those of gases at different pressures or of very dilute solutions.

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40

Orellana, Guillermo, and David Haigh. "New Trends in Fiber-Optic Chemical and Biological Sensors." Current Analytical Chemistry 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341108785914871.

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41

Villar, Ignacio, Ignacio Matias, and Francisco Arregui. "Fiber-Optic Chemical Nanosensors by Electrostatic Molecular Self- Assembly." Current Analytical Chemistry 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 341–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/157341108785914934.

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42

McPolin, Daniel O., P. A. Muhammed Basheer, Kenneth T. V. Grattan, Adrian E. Long, Tong Sun, and Weiguo Xie. "Preliminary Development and Evaluation of Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 23, no. 8 (August 2011): 1200–1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0000290.

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43

Kim, Yoon-Chang, James A. Jordan, Diana Chávez, and Karl S. Booksh. "Coaxial fiber-optic chemical-sensing excitation–emission matrix fluorometer." Optics Letters 36, no. 3 (January 26, 2011): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.36.000355.

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44

Flannery, Damien, Stephen W. James, Ralph P. Tatam, and Geoffery J. Ashwell. "Fiber-optic chemical sensing with Langmuir–Blodgett overlay waveguides." Applied Optics 38, no. 36 (December 20, 1999): 7370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.38.007370.

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45

Landis, David A., and Carl J. Seliskar. "Alternative Coupler/Splitter for Single-Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 3 (March 1994): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944028263.

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46

Lieberman, R. A. "Recent progress in intrinsic fiber-optic chemical sensing II." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 11, no. 1-3 (March 1993): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(93)85237-5.

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47

Langry, Kevin, and B. Rambabu. "Ionic optodes: role in fiber optic chemical sensor technology." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 74, no. 8 (August 1999): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4660(199908)74:8<717::aid-jctb105>3.0.co;2-w.

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48

Engholm, Magnus, Krister Hammarling, Henrik Andersson, Mats Sandberg, and Hans-Erik Nilsson. "A Bio-Compatible Fiber Optic pH Sensor Based on a Thin Core Interferometric Technique." Photonics 6, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics6010011.

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There is an increasing demand for compact, reliable and versatile sensor concepts for pH-level monitoring within several industrial, chemical as well as bio-medical applications. Many pH sensors concepts have been proposed, however, there is still a need for improved sensor solutions with respect to reliability, durability and miniaturization but also for multiparameter sensing. Here we present a conceptual verification, which includes theoretical simulations as well as experimental evaluation of a fiber optic pH-sensor based on a bio-compatible pH sensitive material not previously used in this context. The fiber optic sensor is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique, where the pH sensitive material is coated on a short, typically 20-25 mm thin core fiber spliced between two standard single mode fibers. The working principle of the sensor is simulated by using COMSOL Multiphysics. The simulations are used as a guideline for the construction of the sensors that have been experimentally evaluated in different liquids with pH ranging from 1.95 to 11.89. The results are promising, showing the potential for the development of bio-compatible fiber optic pH sensor with short response time, high sensitivity and broad measurement range. The developed sensor concept can find future use in many medical- or bio-chemical applications as well as in environmental monitoring of large areas. Challenges encountered during the sensor development due to variation in the design parameters are discussed.

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Taguchi, Kozo, Jun Okada, and Nobuyuki Watanabe. "Investigation on Dynamic Chemical Etching of Fiber Probe for Cell Isolation." Key Engineering Materials 523-524 (November 2012): 1065–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.523-524.1065.

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A novel single fiber optic tweezers was proposed for cell isolation. Fiber tips were fabricated by dynamic chemical etching. The mechanically cleaved bare single mode fiber was dipped into Hydrofluoric acid containing a protective layer of Toluene at the top. By moving the fiber at variable speeds, a variety of tip shapes could be created. In our experiments, tip angle could be adjusted from 7deg to 55deg. Three-dimensional optical trap of a yeast cell could be formed by the fiber tip with less than 23deg tip.

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50

Chyad, Radhi M., Mohd Zubir Mat Jafri, and Kamarulazizi Ibrahim. "Nano-Optical Fiber Evanescent Field Sensors." Advanced Materials Research 626 (December 2012): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.626.1027.

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The nanofiber optic evanescent field sensor based on a changed cladding part as a sensor presented numerically. The influences of numerical opening, core radius of the fiber, the wavelength is effected on the light source and the submicron fiber on the sensors are promise to studied in this work. The results pointed out the sensitivity of the sensor increases when the numerical opening of the fiber is increases and the core radius is decreases. The NA of the fiber affects the sensitivity of the sensor. In the uniform core fiber, the increase in the NA increases the sensitivity of the sensor. Therefore, one should choose a fiber with high NA for the design of an evanescent-wave-absorption sensor if the core of the sensing segment uniform in diameter, so that the increase in the penetration depth or number of ray reflections or both, increases the evanescent absorption field and hence the sensitivity of the sensors. Keywords:fiber optic sensor, chemical sensors, biosensors, nanofiber optic.

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