Готові списки джерел за темами / Fiber kinematics

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Fiber kinematics"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 23 вересня 2022

Оновлено: 22 жовтня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "Fiber kinematics"

Amancharla, Maneesh R., Joseph R. Rodarte, and Aladin M. Boriek. "Modeling the kinematics of the canine midcostal diaphragm." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 280, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): R588—R597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.2.r588.

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The hypotheses that the chest wall insertion (CW) is displaced laterally during inspiration and that this displacement is essential in maintaining muscle curvature of the costal diaphragmatic muscle fibers were tested. With the use of data from three dogs, caudal, lateral, and ventral displacements of CW during both quiet, spontaneous inspiration and during inspiratory efforts against an occluded airway were observed and recorded. We have developed a kinematic model of the diaphragm that incorporates these displacements. This model describes the motions of the muscle fibers and central tendon; the displacements of the midplane, muscle-tendon junction (MTJ), CW, and center of the muscle fiber-central tendon arcs are modeled as functions of muscle fiber length. In the model, the center of the fiber arcs and MTJ both move caudally parallel to the midplane during inspiration, whereas CW moves both caudally and laterally. The observed lateral displacement of CW and the observed caudal displacement of MTJ, as functions of muscle fiber length, both approximate well the theoretical displacements that would be necessary to maintain curvature of the fiber arcs. In confirming our hypotheses, we have found that lateral displacement of CW is a mechanism by which changes in the shape of the costal diaphragm, as described by its curvature, are limited.

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Nguyen, Ngan Hong. "FIBER CUTTING MACHINE USED FOR COMPOSIT MATERIAL." Science and Technology Development Journal 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v13i2.2116.

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This paper proposes a structure and kinematics parameters of a fiber cutting machine, which is used to cut fibers (such as jute fiber, bamboo fiber, coconut fiber...) for composite materials. To come over this obstacle, dynamic and geometric parameters of cutting parts were calculated and studied, some fibers physico-mechanical properties and their effect in the quality of the composite materials were investigated.

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Park, Jang Min, and Seong Jin Park. "Modeling and Simulation of Fiber Orientation in Injection Molding of Polymer Composites." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2011 (2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/105637.

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We review the fundamental modeling and numerical simulation for a prediction of fiber orientation during injection molding process of polymer composite. In general, the simulation of fiber orientation involves coupled analysis of flow, temperature, moving free surface, and fiber kinematics. For the governing equation of the flow, Hele-Shaw flow model along with the generalized Newtonian constitutive model has been widely used. The kinematics of a group of fibers is described in terms of the second-order fiber orientation tensor. Folgar-Tucker model and recent fiber kinematics models such as a slow orientation model are discussed. Also various closure approximations are reviewed. Therefore, the coupled numerical methods are needed due to the above complex problems. We review several well-established methods such as a finite-element/finite-different hybrid scheme for Hele-Shaw flow model and a finite element method for a general three-dimensional flow model.

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Abisset-Chavanne, Emmanuelle, Rabih Mezher, and Francisco Chinesta. "Two-Scales Kinetic Theory Model of Short-Fibers Aggregates." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 391–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.391.

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This paper proposes a first attempt to define a two scales kinetic theory to describe concentrated suspensions involving short fibers, nano-fibers or nanotubes. In this case, fiber-fiber interactions can not be neglected and rich microstructures issued from these interactions can be observed, involving a diversity of fibers clusters or aggregates with complex kinematics, and different sizes and shapes. These clusters can interact to create larger clusters and also break because the flow induced hydrodynamic forces. In this paper we propose a double-scale model to describe such microstructure: at the finest scale we study the cluster kinematic based on the behaviour of the rods that constitute it, at a coarser scale, we use clusters distribution to derive the effect of the clusters presence on the suspensions properties.

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Gilbert, Thomas W., Michael S. Sacks, Jonathan S. Grashow, Savio L. Y. Woo, Stephen F. Badylak, and Michael B. Chancellor. "Fiber Kinematics of Small Intestinal Submucosa Under Biaxial and Uniaxial Stretch." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 128, no. 6 (May 13, 2006): 890–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2354200.

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Improving our understanding of the design requirements of biologically derived collagenous scaffolds is necessary for their effective use in tissue reconstruction. In the present study, the collagen fiber kinematics of small intestinal submucosa (SIS) was quantified using small angle light scattering (SALS) while the specimen was subjected to prescribed uniaxial or biaxial strain paths. A modified biaxial stretching device based on Billiar and Sacks (J. Biomech., 30, pp. 753–7, 1997) was used, with a real-time analysis of the fiber kinematics made possible due to the natural translucency of SIS. Results indicated that the angular distribution of collagen fibers in specimens subjected to 10% equibiaxial strain was not significantly different from the initial unloaded condition, regardless of the loading path (p=0.31). Both 10% strip biaxial stretch and uniaxial stretches of greater than 5% in the preferred fiber direction led to an increase in the collagen fiber alignment along the same direction, while 10% strip biaxial stretch in the cross preferred fiber direction led to a broadening of the distribution. While an affine deformation model accurately predicted the experimental findings for a biaxial strain state, uniaxial stretch paths were not accurately predicted. Nonaffine structural models will be necessary to fully predict the fiber kinematics under large uniaxial strains in SIS.

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Thomopoulos, Stavros, Gregory M. Fomovsky, Preethi L. Chandran, and Jeffrey W. Holmes. "Collagen Fiber Alignment Does Not Explain Mechanical Anisotropy in Fibroblast Populated Collagen Gels." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 129, no. 5 (February 15, 2007): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2768104.

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Many load-bearing soft tissues exhibit mechanical anisotropy. In order to understand the behavior of natural tissues and to create tissue engineered replacements, quantitative relationships must be developed between the tissue structures and their mechanical behavior. We used a novel collagen gel system to test the hypothesis that collagen fiber alignment is the primary mechanism for the mechanical anisotropy we have reported in structurally anisotropic gels. Loading constraints applied during culture were used to control the structural organization of the collagen fibers of fibroblast populated collagen gels. Gels constrained uniaxially during culture developed fiber alignment and a high degree of mechanical anisotropy, while gels constrained biaxially remained isotropic with randomly distributed collagen fibers. We hypothesized that the mechanical anisotropy that developed in these gels was due primarily to collagen fiber orientation. We tested this hypothesis using two mathematical models that incorporated measured collagen fiber orientations: a structural continuum model that assumes affine fiber kinematics and a network model that allows for nonaffine fiber kinematics. Collagen fiber mechanical properties were determined by fitting biaxial mechanical test data from isotropic collagen gels. The fiber properties of each isotropic gel were then used to predict the biaxial mechanical behavior of paired anisotropic gels. Both models accurately described the isotropic collagen gel behavior. However, the structural continuum model dramatically underestimated the level of mechanical anisotropy in aligned collagen gels despite incorporation of measured fiber orientations; when estimated remodeling-induced changes in collagen fiber length were included, the continuum model slightly overestimated mechanical anisotropy. The network model provided the closest match to experimental data from aligned collagen gels, but still did not fully explain the observed mechanics. Two different modeling approaches showed that the level of collagen fiber alignment in our uniaxially constrained gels cannot explain the high degree of mechanical anisotropy observed in these gels. Our modeling results suggest that remodeling-induced redistribution of collagen fiber lengths, nonaffine fiber kinematics, or some combination of these effects must also be considered in order to explain the dramatic mechanical anisotropy observed in this collagen gel model system.

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Andric, Jelena, Stefan Lindstrom, Srdjan Sasic, and Håkan Nilsson. "Particle-level simulations of flocculation in a fiber suspension flowing through a diffuser." Thermal Science 21, suppl. 3 (2017): 573–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci160510185a.

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We investigate flocculation in dilute suspensions of rigid, straight fibers in a decelerating flow field of a diffuser. We carry out numerical studies using a particle-level simulation technique that takes into account the fiber inertia and the non-creeping fiber-flow interactions. The fluid flow is governed by the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the standard k-omega eddy-viscosity turbulence model. A one-way coupling between the fibers and the flow is considered with a stochastic model for the fiber dispersion due to turbulence. The fibers interact through short-range attractive forces that cause them to aggregate into flocs when fiber-fiber collisions occur. We show that ballistic deflection of fibers greatly increases the flocculation in the diffuser. The inlet fiber kinematics and the fiber inertia are the main parameters that affect fiber flocculation in the prediffuser region.

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Kholinne, Erica, Rizki Fajar Zulkarnain, Hyun-Joo Lee, Arnold Adikrishna, and In-Ho Jeon. "Functional Classification of the Medial Ulnar Collateral Ligament: An In Vivo Kinematic Study With Computer-Aided Design." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 232596711876275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118762750.

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Background: It has been widely accepted that the anterior and posterior bundles of the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) tighten at extension and flexion, respectively. However, this belief is based on anatomic data acquired from cadaveric studies. The advancement of 3-dimensional (3D) model technology has made possible the simulation of dynamic movement that includes each ligament bundle fiber to analyze its functional properties. To date, no study has analyzed ligament kinematics at the level of the fibers while also focusing on their functional properties. Purpose: To propose a new classification for functional properties of the MUCL based on its kinematic pattern. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Five healthy elbow joints were scanned by use of computed tomography, and 3D models were rendered and translated into vertex points for further mathematical analysis. The humeral origin and ulnar insertion of the MUCL fiber groups were registered. Each vertex point on the origin side was randomly connected to the insertion side, with each pair of corresponding points defined as 1 ligament fiber. Lengths of all the fibers were measured at 1° increments of elbow range of motion (ROM). Ligament fibers were grouped according to their patterns. Mean coverage area for each group, expressed as the percentage of ligament fibers per group to the total number of fibers, was calculated. Results: Four major bundle groups were found based on fiber length properties. Kinematic simulation showed that each group had a different kinematic function throughout elbow ROM. Mean coverage area of groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 was 8% ± 4%, 10% ± 5%, 42% ± 6%, and 40% ± 8%, respectively. Each group acted as a dominant stabilizer in certain arcs of motion. Reciprocal activity was observed between groups 1 and 3 along with groups 2 and 4 to produce synergistic properties of maintaining elbow stability. Conclusion: Detailed analysis of fibers of the MUCL allows for further understanding of its kinematic function. This study provides MUCL group coverage area and kinematic function for each degree of motion arc, allowing selective reconstruction of the MUCL according to mechanism of injury. Clinical Relevance: Understanding the dominant functional fibers of the MUCL will benefit surgeons attempting MUCL reconstruction and will enhance further anatomic study.

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Streng, Martha L., Laurentiu S. Popa, and Timothy J. Ebner. "Climbing fibers predict movement kinematics and performance errors." Journal of Neurophysiology 118, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 1888–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00266.2017.

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Requisite for understanding cerebellar function is a complete characterization of the signals provided by complex spike (CS) discharge of Purkinje cells, the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. Numerous studies have provided insights into CS function, with the most predominant view being that they are evoked by error events. However, several reports suggest that CSs encode other aspects of movements and do not always respond to errors or unexpected perturbations. Here, we evaluated CS firing during a pseudo-random manual tracking task in the monkey ( Macaca mulatta). This task provides extensive coverage of the work space and relative independence of movement parameters, delivering a robust data set to assess the signals that activate climbing fibers. Using reverse correlation, we determined feedforward and feedback CSs firing probability maps with position, velocity, and acceleration, as well as position error, a measure of tracking performance. The direction and magnitude of the CS modulation were quantified using linear regression analysis. The major findings are that CSs significantly encode all three kinematic parameters and position error, with acceleration modulation particularly common. The modulation is not related to “events,” either for position error or kinematics. Instead, CSs are spatially tuned and provide a linear representation of each parameter evaluated. The CS modulation is largely predictive. Similar analyses show that the simple spike firing is modulated by the same parameters as the CSs. Therefore, CSs carry a broader array of signals than previously described and argue for climbing fiber input having a prominent role in online motor control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This article demonstrates that complex spike (CS) discharge of cerebellar Purkinje cells encodes multiple parameters of movement, including motor errors and kinematics. The CS firing is not driven by error or kinematic events; instead it provides a linear representation of each parameter. In contrast with the view that CSs carry feedback signals, the CSs are predominantly predictive of upcoming position errors and kinematics. Therefore, climbing fibers carry multiple and predictive signals for online motor control.

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Skulborstad, A. J., Y. Wang, J. D. Davidson, S. M. Swartz, and N. C. Goulbourne. "Polarized Image Correlation for Large Deformation Fiber Kinematics." Experimental Mechanics 53, no. 8 (May 3, 2013): 1405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9751-4.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Fiber kinematics"

Schmidt, Valentin Lorenz [Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Pott. "Modeling techniques and reliable real-time implementation of kinematics for cable-driven parallel robots using polymer fiber cables / Valentin Lorenz Schmidt ; Betreuer: Andreas Pott." Stuttgart : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Stuttgart, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1130657019/34.

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Sednieva, Yuliia. "Caractérisation mécanique du fascia lata et contribution à sa modélisation numérique." Thesis, Lyon, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LYSE1326.

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Les pathologies du genou liées au sport sont nombreuses et impliquent, pour partie, la bandelette iliotibiale (ITT). Il s’agit d’un renforcement d’une partie du fascia profond de la cuisse, nommé fascia lata. Le fascia lata est un tissu conjonctif fibreux composé de fibres d’élastine et de réseaux de fibres de collagène présents dans différentes couches de tissu. Il a un rôle stabilisateur de l’articulation et permet le transfert des efforts entre les muscles, mais les propriétés et mécanismes de déformation de ce tissu restent mal connus. Dans ce contexte, les mécanismes de déformation du fascia lata lors de mouvements physiologiques du genou ont été étudiés. Des données quantitatives des champs de déformation du fascia lata ont été obtenues in situ mettant en évidence des mécanismes de déformation en traction, compression et aussi cisaillement. Par conséquent, le comportement mécanique d’échantillons isolés de fascia lata a été analysé avec des essais de cisaillement de type large bande et traction de biais, incluant l'étude de la cinématique des fibres de collagène. Une première contribution à la modélisation en éléments finis du comportement du fascia a également été proposée. Enfin, comme l'état de déformation naturel du fascia lata contribue à une bonne mobilité du genou, une étude in situ a été mise en place pour évaluer l'impact sur les déformations du fascia et mobilités articulaires d'une technique chirurgicale de relâchement des tensions, dite de pie-crusting appliquée à l’ITT et pouvant être recommandée dans des cas pathologiques. L’ensemble du travail réalisé apporte donc de nouveaux éléments dans l'étude du comportement mécanique du fascia lata
There are many sports-related knee injuries, some of which involve the iliotibial band (ITT). This is a thicker part of the deep fascia of the thigh, called fascia lata. The fascia lata is a fibrous connective tissue composed of elastin fibers and networks of collagen fibers present in different layers of tissue. It has a stabilizing role in the joint and allows the transfer of forces between muscles, but its properties and strain mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this context, the strain mechanisms of the fascia lata during physiological knee movements were studied. Quantitative data of fascia lata strain fields were obtained in situ highlighting strain mechanisms in tension, compression, and shear. Therefore, the mechanical behavior of isolated fascia lata samples was analyzed with shear tests such as bias extension tests and traction of a large band tissue. The study of collagen fiber kinematics was also included. A first contribution to the finite element modelling of fascia behavior was also proposed. Finally, as the natural state of deformation of the fascia lata contributes to good knee mobility, an in situ study was set up to evaluate the impact on joint mobility and strain levels on fascia of a surgical tension-release technique, known as pie-crusting, applied to the ITT and which may be recommended in pathological cases. All the work carried out therefore provides new elements in the study of the mechanical behavior of fascia lata

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Wilkinson, Peter John. "Novel mechanical alignment and component fabrication for wavelength-selective optical switches." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277801.

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Murphy, Jeremy David. "Dark matter halos and stellar kinematics of elliptical galaxies." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6019.

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The hierarchical assembly of mass, wherein smaller clumps of dark matter, stars, gas, and dust buildup over time to form the galaxies we see today in the local Universe through accretion events with other clumps, is a central tenet of galaxy formation theory. Supported by theoretically motivated simulations, and observations of the distribution of galaxies over a large range of redshift, the theory of hierarchical growth is now well established. However, on the scales of individual galaxies, hierarchical growth struggles to explain a number of observations involving the amount and distribution of dark matter in galaxies, and the timescale of both the formation of stars, and the assembly of those stars into galaxies. In this dissertation I attempt to address some of the central issues of galaxy formation. My work focuses on massive elliptical galaxies and employs the orbit-based, axisymmetric dynamical modeling technique of Schwarzschild to constrain the total mass of a galaxy to large radii. From this starting point a determination of the extent and shape of the dark matter halo profile is possible and can then be compared to the results of simulations of the formation of galaxies. These dynamical models include information on the stellar orbital structure of the galaxy, and can be used as a further point of comparison with N-body simulations and observations from other groups. Dynamical modeling results for both M49 and M87, the first and second rank galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, are presented and compared in Chapters 4 and 2 respectively. Although both galaxies are similar in mass, a closer analysis shows they exhibit very different dark matter halo profiles and stellar orbital structure, and likely followed very different formation pathways. My primary dataset comes from observations carried out on the Mitchell Spectrograph (formally VIRUS-P) at McDonald Observatory.\footnote{The instrument's name was changed over the last year. As some of this work was originally written when the instrument was named VIRUS-P, I have elected to use that name in those sections of this dissertation (Chapters 2 and 5). In Chapters 3, 4, and 6, I use the current name.} The Mitchell Spectrograph is a fiber-fed integral field spectrograph, and allows one to collect spectra at many positions on a galaxy simultaneously. With spectroscopy one is able to not only constrain the kinematics of the stars, but also their integrated chemical abundances. In the introduction I describe recent work I have carried out with my collaborators using the Mitchell Spectrograph to add further constraints to our picture of galaxy formation. In that work we find that the cores of massive elliptical galaxies have been in place for many billions of years, and had their star formation truncated at early times. The stars comprising their outer halos, however, come from less massive systems. Yet unlike the stars of present day, low-mass galaxies, whose star formation is typically extended, these accreted systems had their star formation shut off at high redshift. Although our current sample is relatively small, these observations place a rigid constraint on the timescale of galaxy assembly and indicate the important role of minor mergers in the buildup of the diffuse outer halos of these systems. All of these advances in our understanding of the Universe are driven, in large part, by advances in the instrumentation used to collect the data. The Mitchell Spectrograph is a wonderful example of such an advance, as the instrument has allowed for observations of the outer halo of M87 to unprecedented radial distances (Chapter 3). A significant component of my dissertation research has been focused on characterizing the fiber optics of both the Mitchell Spectrograph and the fiber optics for the VIRUS spectrograph. I cover the results of the work on the Mitchell Spectrograph optical fibers in Chapter 5. The affects of stress and motion on a fiber bundle, critical to the VIRUS spectrograph, are explored in Chapter 6.
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Shell, Courtney Elyse. "A framework for manipulating the sagittal and coronal plane stiffness of a commercially-available, low profile carbon fiber foot." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2012-08-6308.

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While amputee gait has been studied in great detail, the influence of prosthetic foot sagittal and coronal plane stiffness on amputee walking biomechanics is not well understood. In order to investigate the effects of sagittal and coronal plane foot stiffness on amputee walking, a framework for manipulating the stiffness of a prosthetic foot needs to be developed. The sagittal and coronal plane stiffness of a low profile carbon fiber prosthetic foot was manipulated through coupling with selective-laser-sintered prosthetic ankles. The carbon fiber foot provided an underlying non-linear stiffness profile while the ankle modified the overall stiffness of the ankle-foot combination. A design of experiments was performed to determine the effect of four prosthetic ankle dimensions (keel thickness, keel width, space between the ankle top and bottom faces, and the location of the pyramid connection) on ankle-foot sagittal and coronal plane stiffness. Ankles were manufactured using selective laser sintering and statically tested to determine stiffness. Two of the dimensions, space between the ankle top and bottom faces and the location of the pyramid connection, were found to have the largest influence on both sagittal and coronal plane stiffness. A third dimension, keel thickness, influenced only coronal plane stiffness. A number of prosthetic ankle-foot combinations were created that encompassed a range of sagittal and coronal plane stiffness levels that were lower than that of the low profile carbon fiber foot alone. To further test the effectiveness of the framework to manipulate sagittal and coronal plane stiffness, two ankle-foot combinations, one stiffer than the other in the sagittal and coronal planes, were used in a case study analyzing amputee walking biomechanics. Differences in stiffness were large enough to cause noticeable changes in amputee kinematics and kinetics during turning and straight-line walking. Future work will expand the range of ankle-foot stiffness levels that can be created using this framework. The framework will then be used to create ankle-foot combinations to investigate the effect of sagittal and coronal plane stiffness on gait mechanics in a large sample of unilateral transtibial amputees.
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Частини книг з теми "Fiber kinematics"

Tempel, Philipp, Felix Trautwein, and Andreas Pott. "Experimental Identification of Stress-Strain Material Models of UHMWPE Fiber Cables for Improving Cable Tension Control Strategies." In Advances in Robot Kinematics 2018, 258–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93188-3_30.

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Kar, V. R., A. Karakoti, S. Jena, P. Tripathy, K. Jayakrishna, M. Rajesh, D. Mallikarjuna Reddy, and M. T. H. Sultan. "Modeling and Analysis of Functionally Graded Biocomposite Plate Structure Using Higher-Order Kinematics." In Structural Health Monitoring System for Synthetic, Hybrid and Natural Fiber Composites, 9–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8840-2_2.

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Liao, Jun, and Michael S. Sacks. "On the Unique Functional Elasticity and Collagen Fiber Kinematics of Heart Valve Leaflets." In Advances in Heart Valve Biomechanics, 81–104. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01993-8_4.

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Cavinato, Cristina, Pierre Badel, Witold Krasny, Stéphane Avril, and Claire Morin. "Experimental Characterization of Adventitial Collagen Fiber Kinematics Using Second-Harmonic Generation Imaging Microscopy: Similarities and Differences Across Arteries, Species and Testing Conditions." In Multi-scale Extracellular Matrix Mechanics and Mechanobiology, 123–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20182-1_5.

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Nardini, Fabrizio, Nicola Sancisi, and Vincenzo Parenti-Castelli. "A Ligament Model Based on Fibre Mapping for Multibody Simulations." In Advances in Robot Kinematics 2018, 327–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93188-3_38.

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Weis, Jens C., Björn Ernst, and Karl Heinz Wehking. "Use of High Strength Fibre Ropes in Multi-Rope Kinematic Robot Systems." In Mechanisms and Machine Science, 185–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31988-4_12.

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Leigh, R. John, and David S. Zee. "The Ocular Motor Periphery." In The Neurology of Eye Movements, 24–54. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews contributions of orbital tissues and extraocular muscles (EOM) to the control of eye movements. The anatomy of the orbit, fascia, fibromuscular pulleys, and EOM are described and related to the kinematics of 3-D eye rotations. Current concepts of the embryology of the EOM and their unique and diverse characteristics are described, suggesting why they are more vulnerable to certain neuromuscular disorders and less susceptible to others, compared with skeletal muscles. Electrophysiological properties of different EOM fiber types (and their motor neuron innervation) are contrasted, describing new models that attempt to account for nonlinear mechanical properties of the orbit. The substrate and roles of extraocular proprioception in the control of eye movements are summarized and related to clinical disorders affecting EOM. The anatomy of the cranial nerves supplying the EOM is summarized, diagrammed and highlighted to aid diagnosis of common palsies of the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves.

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Beutner, Edward C., Donald M. Fisher, and James L. Kirkpatrick. "Kinematics of deformation at a thrust fault ramp (?) from syntectonic fibers in pressure shadows." In Geological Society of America Special Papers, 77–88. Geological Society of America, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe222-p77.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fiber kinematics"

Colón, Diego. "Cartan’s Connection, Fiber Bundles and Quaternions in Kinematics and Dynamics Calculations." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-46758.

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It is used the concept of Cartan’s connection and principal fiber bundles to obtain formulas for kinematics and dynamics calculations for robotic manipulators. A principal fiber bundle is a differentiable manifold formed by a base space B (in this case ℝ3)) plus all possible reference frames attached to a point p ∈ B (that is the fiber Sp). Cartan’s connections are the most general way to represent velocity of frames. In previous works, those ideas were applied to fiber bundles with fibers homomorphic to the Lie group SO(3) (or SE(3)). In this paper, it is applied to the case of fibers homomorphic either to the group SU(2) (for rotational motion) or to the group of unit dual quaternions (for translational plus rotational motion). It is also presented some results of calculations, and indicate future directions for research.

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Courtney, Todd D., Jun Liao, William R. Wagner, and Michael S. Sacks. "Local Non-Affine Deformations and Fiber Kinematics of Elastomeric Electrospun Scaffolds." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-176720.

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For most tissue engineering applications that seek to generate tissue de novo, the scaffold is the first step in a series of important developmental considerations. Whether synthetic or natural, scaffolds developed for immediate in vivo use must have mechanical properties comparable to the native tissue for at least the minimum time necessary for the accompanying seeded cells, and eventual cells that migrate in, to lay down an equivalent supporting matrix. Scaffolds developed for the purpose of growing a tissue in vitro, with eventual in vivo use, need not necessarily meet these mechanical requirements. However, to better develop new tissues in bioreactors or in vivo, it is pertinent to understand how the fiber network changes under some regimen of mechanical load, in essence to understand what the cell witnesses within the scaffold. Extending our previous work, which focused on measuring and modeling the mechanical response of electrospun poly ester urethane urea (es-PEUU) scaffolds [1], we investigated the intricate and detailed es-PEUU fiber networks that are created during scaffold synthesis and how these networks change under various levels of strain. Specifically, we focused on several scaffold responses to strain: 1) Characteristics of fiber tortuosity, which when increased can yield delayed onset of scaffold stiffness as well as other varying mechanical responses. 2) Fiber splay, which determines the orientation of the all fibers within the scaffold. 3) Local vs global strain analysis to determine whether the scaffolds follow affine or non-affine deformations. 4) Fiber strain, to investigate how increasing levels of scaffold strain are transmitted to local fibers. 5) Changes in fiber tortuosity and overall fiber directions under strain.

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Billiar, Kristen L., and Michael S. Sacks. "Effect of Chemical Fixation on the Fiber Kinematics of Bovine Pericardium." In ASME 1997 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1997-0367.

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Abstract Microstructural modeling of chemically treated bovine pericardium (BP), a popular material for cardiovascular bioprostheses, requires knowledge of the initial collagen fiber angular distribution and fiber kinematics.1 In a previous study, utilizing combined small angle light scattering (SALS) and biaxial stretch, we found that the collagen fibers in fresh BP reorient towards the direction of stretch to a greater extent than predicted by an affine transformation model.2

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Gilbert, Thomas W., Jonathan Grashow, Savio L. Y. Woo, Michael B. Chancellor, and Michael S. Sacks. "Fiber Kinematics of Small Intestinal Submucosa Subjected to Biaxial Stretch." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43019.

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Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) of the porcine has been used extensively over the past decade for repair of a variety of connective tissues, and is now being considered for functional tissue engineering applications. Thus, it is important to consider the kinematics of its fibers. The current study investigated the fiber kinematics of SIS in response to multiple stretch patterns using a modified version of a biaxial stretching device integrated with a small angle light scattering (SALS) apparatus (Billiar and Sacks 1997). Each sample was loaded to equibiaxial strain of 10% by stretching in each of the following stretch patterns: 1) first in the preferred fiber direction, then in the cross-preferred direction, 2) first in the cross-preferred direction, then in the preferred direction, and 3) simultaneously in both directions equally. The collagen fiber distributions for the equibiaxial strain states were found to be relatively insensitive to the stretch pattern. Further, an affine transformation calculation based on Lanir (1979) and Billiar and Sacks (1997) was used to predict the strip biaxial and equibiaxial collagen fiber distributions and it was found that while the tissue generally followed the trends expected for an affine material, the intensity levels were not predictive.

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Szczesny, Spencer E., John Peloquin, Sarah Ilkhani-Pour, Daniel H. Cortes, Jennifer A. Kadlowec, Louis J. Soslowsky, and Dawn M. Elliott. "Continuity and Affine Fiber Kinematics in Biaxial Tension of the Supraspinatus Tendon." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53588.

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The human supraspinatus tendon (SST) exhibits strong heterogeneity in fiber alignment and material properties [1,2]. The relationship between fiber angle distribution and material properties has been previously described by a structurally based continuum model [3], which provided new quantitative structure-function relationships to explain the observed SST heterogeneity; however, in some locations and testing directions, the model predictions were not consistent with a continuum assumption [3]. More recent analysis of the change in fiber angle during loading showed that samples with less aligned fibers have less affine kinematics in uniaxial tensile loading [4]. That is, in uniaxial tensile testing, where the transverse edges freely contract, the fiber strain did not match the tissue strain. Because the SST is somewhat transversely constrained by surrounding rotator cuff structures in vivo and has distributed fibers to support multidirectional loading, the freely contracting edges of uniaxial tension may not appropriately constrain the tendon. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate SST stress-strain behavior and affine deformation under biaxial tension. Specifically, if behaving as a continuum, we expected that applying a fixed boundary condition in the transverse direction would produce a higher apparent modulus, a smaller toe-region, and more affine fiber realignment than a free boundary condition.

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Bishop-Moser, Joshua, Girish Krishnan, Charles Kim, and Sridhar Kota. "Kinematic Synthesis of Fiber Reinforced Soft Actuators in Parallel Combinations." In ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-71261.

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Complex controlled motions, flexible surfaces, and minimal moving mass all drive the need for soft robots using fiber reinforced elastomer enclosures (FREEs) in a parallel configuration. This paper addresses the challenge of synthesizing a design with desired kinematics, as only small portions of the entire design space have been previously investigated. A systematic characterization of the kinematic freedom, constraint, and actuation directions of all circumferentially and longitudinally repeating fiber topologies is determined. The parallel kinematics is mapped for the combinations of actuators by determining the sets of mobilities necessary in the constituent members for all possible output motions. The kinematics of all possible parallel combinations for pairs and triangular triplets of FREEs are mapped. A graphical user interface (GUI) is presented, which allows a user to input a kinematic specification and generate all feasible FREE sets and their respective kinematics. With the entire design space mapped and easily accessible, a range of possible applications across a span of kinematic requirements becomes readily attainable. A case study is performed to verify the ability of the GUI to determine feasible FREE sets for a pick-and-place manipulator task.

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Lake, Spencer P., Daniel H. Cortes, Jennifer A. Kadlowec, Dawn M. Elliott, and Louis J. Soslowsky. "Comparison of Experimental and Affine-Predicted Fiber Kinematics in Human Supraspinatus Tendon." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19234.

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Mathematical modeling approaches are frequently used to characterize and predict the mechanics of biological soft tissues. Structurally-based continuum models, which describe the relationship of the constituents’ properties (i.e., collagen fibers, matrix) to overall tissue properties, require knowledge of the relationship between microscopic (fiber) and macroscopic (tissue) deformation. The most common and straightforward approach is the use of an affine model, which assumes that local fiber kinematics follow the global tissue deformation. Although the affine assumption is often used in constitutive modeling, several studies have reported non-affine fiber behavior in soft tissue testing [1–2]. Our recent work has quantified the anisotropic and inhomogeneous mechanical and organizational properties of human supraspinatus tendon (SST) [3–4]. We have also utilized a fiber dispersion model to examine SST [5]; however the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic deformation in this tendon remains unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the affine assumption in human SST fiber kinematics by comparing experimentally-measured fiber alignment to the affine model prediction.

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Voycheck, Carrie A., Patrick J. McMahon, and Richard E. Debski. "The Collagen Fiber Kinematics in the Anteroinferior Glenohumeral Capsule Are Not Affine-Predicted." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53835.

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Glenohumeral dislocation is a significant clinical problem and often results in injury to the anteroinferior (anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament (AB-IGHL) and axillary pouch) glenohumeral capsule. [1] However, clinical exams to diagnose capsular injuries are not reliable [2] and poor patient outcome still exists following repair procedures. [3] Validated finite element models of the glenohumeral capsule may be able to improve diagnostic and repair techniques; however, improving the accuracy of these models requires adequate constitutive models to describe capsule behavior. The collagen fibers in the anteroinferior capsule are randomly oriented [4], thus the material behavior of the glenohumeral capsule has been described using isotropic models. [5,6] A structural model consisting of an isotropic matrix embedded with randomly aligned collagen fibers proved to better predict the complex capsule behavior than an isotropic phenomenological model [7] indicating that structural models may improve the accuracy of finite element models of the glenohumeral joint. Many structural models make the affine assumption (local fiber kinematics follow global tissue deformation) however an approach to account for non-affine fiber kinematics in structural models has been recently developed [8]. Evaluating the affine assumption for the capsule would aid in developing an adequate constitutive model. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the affine assumption of fiber kinematics in the anteroinferior glenohumeral capsule by comparing experimentally measured preferred fiber directions to the affine-predicted fiber directions.

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Gloeckner, D. Claire, and Michael S. Sacks. "Biaxial Fiber Kinematics and Structural Constitutive Modeling of Small Intestinal Submucosa." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0164.

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Abstract Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been studied as a potential biomaterial for use in tissue engineering applications. Extracted from the mammalian small bowel, it consists of two collagen fiber populations at ∼±30° from the longitudinal axis. We have previously investigated the biaxial mechanical properties of SIS (Sacks and Gloeckner, 1998), which were comparable to other bioprosthetic biomaterials. Our long-term goal is to develop structural constitutive models of implantable biomaterials made from SIS and other acellular materials. These models can aid in determining how well a biomaterial will perform in the virgin and remodeled states. Structural models require quantitative morphologic information, especially fiber structure and kinematics. In this study, we examined the change in the fiber kinematics at different states of biaxial stretch and developed an initial structural constitutive model for SIS.

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Bishop-Moser, Joshua, Girish Krishnan, and Sridhar Kota. "Force and Hydraulic Displacement Amplification of Fiber Reinforced Soft Actuators." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-12657.

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Soft robots allow for complex continuum motions and shapes that conform to their environment. Using a fiber-reinforced elastomeric enclosure (FREE) driven by fluid provides a high power density, soft continuum actuator. While the force generation for a small subset of this structure known as McKibben actuators has been studied extensively, the force and moments generated by a wider set of fiber reinforcements have not been previously investigated. Using virtual work and kinematics derived from fiber inextensibility and fluid incompressibility, the force and moments for the entire design space of FREEs has been determined analytically. Graphical representations have been created, providing easy tools for synthesis and analysis of force and moments in all possible FREEs. The hydraulic displacement amplification, or volumetric transduction, of output motion to fluid displacement has also been determined using kinematics; this transduction gives an indication of stiffness of the structure. Graphical representations have also been created, providing a designer with an intuitive understanding of the behavior all FREE topologies.

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