Статті в журналах: "Fiber harness"

1

Srisuwan, Sawitri, and Pranee Chumsamrong. "The Effects of Fiber Architecture and Fiber Surface Treatment on Physical Properties of Woven Sisal Fiber/Epoxy Composites." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.39.

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The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of fiber architecture and fiber surface treatment on flexural and impact properties of woven sisal fiber/epoxy composites. The woven sisal fibers with three different weave types including plain weave (P-weave), harness satin weave (S-weave) and right hand twill weave (R-weave) were used. For untreated fiber/epoxy composites, the fiber contents in the composite were 0, 5, 10 and 15% by weight (%wt). The untreated S-weave sisal fiber/epoxy composites showed the best overall properties and the composites with 15% fiber loading showed the highest properties. When compared to pure epoxy, flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength of the composite with 15% wt fiber increased by 4.5%, 60.6% and 150% respectively. Therefore, the composite of 15% wt silane treated S-weave and epoxy was prepared in order to study the effect of fiber surface treatment. The results showed that the composite containing 15% wt silane treated fiber possessed nearly the same properties with the untreated fiber/epoxy composite.

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2

Vicki., W. V., Taness Santhana Rajah, and S. Selvakumar. "Synthesis of cellulose from office waste paper and the effect on mechanical properties of cellulose/kenaf/epoxy composite." MATEC Web of Conferences 189 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818905002.

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Environmental and open public health aspects have an important and increasing role, especially in the exploration of natural fibers from recycle materials. The aim of this study is to synthesis cellulose from office waste paper and use it as a reinforcement filler to develop biocomposites. Epoxy reinforced kenaf fiber and cellulose composite were prepared in this study using polymer casting technique consisting of grinded kenaf fibre (natural fibre) 5% and epoxy 95% as reinforcement element. Cellulose was synthesized from recycled office papers and used as a filler to prepare cellulose/kenaf reinforced epoxy composite. Effect of cellulose to the mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. Samples were fabricated by weight percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of cellulose content. For mechanical properties impact test, Rockwell harness and tensile testings were conducted.

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3

Widrick, Jeffrey J., and Robert H. Fitts. "Peak force and maximal shortening velocity of soleus fibers after non-weight-bearing and resistance exercise." Journal of Applied Physiology 82, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.82.1.189.

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Widrick, Jeffrey J., and Robert H. Fitts. Peak force and maximal shortening velocity of soleus fibers after non-weight-bearing and resistance exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 189–195, 1997.—This study examined the effectiveness of resistance exercise as a countermeasure to non-weight-bearing-induced alterations in the absolute peak force, normalized peak force (force/fiber cross-sectional area), peak stiffness, and maximal shortening velocity ( V o) of single permeabilized type I soleus muscle fibers. Adult rats were subjected to one of the following treatments: normal weight bearing (WB), non-weight bearing (NWB), or NWB with exercise treatments (NWB+Ex). The hindlimbs of the NWB and NWB+Ex rats were suspended for 14 days via tail harnesses. Four times each day, the NWB+Ex rats were removed from suspension and performed 10 climbs (∼15 cm each) up a steep grid with a 500-g mass (∼1.5 times body mass) attached to their tail harness. NWB was associated with significant reductions in type I fiber diameter, absolute force, normalized force, and stiffness. Exercise treatments during NWB attenuated the decline in fiber diameter and absolute force by almost 60% while maintaining normalized force and stiffness at WB levels. Type I fiber V oincreased by 33% with NWB and remained at this elevated level despite the exercise treatments. We conclude that in comparison to intermittent weight bearing only (J. J. Widrick, J. J. Bangart, M. Karhanek, and R. H. Fitts. J. Appl. Physiol. 80: 981–987, 1996), resistance exercise was more effective in attenuating alterations in type I soleus fiber absolute force, normalized force, and stiffness but was less effective in restoring type I fiber V oto WB levels.

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4

Ab-Rahman. "COST-EFFECTIVE WIRE-HARNESS MODEL BY USING POLYMER OPTICAL FIBER." Journal of Computer Science 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 935–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3844/jcssp.2013.935.942.

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5

Aghaei, Mohammad, Mahmood M. Shokrieh, and Reza Mosalmani. "Effect of warp and fill-fiber volume fractions on mechanical properties of glass/epoxy woven fabric composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 24 (April 7, 2020): 3501–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320914002.

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Mechanical properties of woven fabric composites are influenced by fabric geometry and harness. In the present research, woven fabric composites made of ML-506 epoxy resin and E-glass woven fabrics with three different fabric geometries (harnesses of 2, 5, and 8) were studied experimentally. The new concepts of warp and fill-fiber volume fractions were introduced. Based on these new concepts, a micromechanical model for predicting the stiffness and strength of composites made of woven fabrics was developed. An experimental program was conducted to evaluate the present model and the new concepts of warp and fill-fiber volume fractions. The results obtained by the new micromechanical model have been compared with the conducted experimental results as well as the experimental data available in the literature, and very good correlations were obtained.

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6

Choudhry, RS, Kamran A. Khan, Sohaib Z. Khan, Muhammad A. Khan, and Abid Hassan. "Micromechanical modeling of 8-harness satin weave glass fiber-reinforced composites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 5 (July 28, 2016): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316649782.

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This study introduces a unit cell-based finite element micromechanical model that accounts for correct post cure fabric geometry, in situ material properties and void content within the composite to accurately predict the effective elastic orthotropic properties of 8-harness satin weave glass fiber-reinforced phenolic composites. The micromechanical model utilizes a correct post cure internal architecture of weave, which was obtained through X-ray microtomography tests. Moreover, it utilizes an analytical expression to update the input material properties to account for in situ effects of resin distribution within yarn (the yarn volume fraction) and void content on yarn and matrix properties. This is generally not considered in modeling approaches available in literature and in particular, it has not been demonstrated before for finite element micromechanics models of 8-harness satin weave composites. The unit cell method is used to obtain the effective responses by applying periodic boundary conditions. The outcome of the analysis based on the proposed model is validated through experiments. After validation, the micromechanical model was further utilized to predict the unknown effective properties of the same composite.

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7

Ogasawara, Toshio, Akinori Yoshimura, Takashi Ishikawa, Ryuya Takahashi, Nobuyuki Sasakib, and Takeshi Ogawa. "Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of 5 Harness Satin Woven Fabric Carbon Fiber/Epoxy Composites." Advanced Composite Materials 21, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156855112x626219.

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8

Lucchesi, Arthur J., Jack C. Hay, and Kenneth W. White. "The influence of an oxidation inhibitor on the elevated temperature fracture resistance of carbon/carbon composites." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 7 (July 1992): 1795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.1795.

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This fracture study evaluates the role of a fiber/matrix interfacial glass on the toughening of two different carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Both composites incorporate a two-dimensional layup of 8-harness satin weave continuous fiber fabric, but differ in several aspects, the most significant of which is the presence of an oxidation inhibitor in one of these. The fracture behavior of both materials was determined in three-point flexure at 20 through 1650 °C. Microstructural studies indicate that the nonhomogeneous distribution of the oxidation inhibitor within the fiber bundles controls the fracture behavior. Electron microprobe results indicate a high concentration of the glass oxidation inhibitor associated with the inter-bundle matrix, while the intra-bundle matrix is composed primarily of carbon. Accordingly, debonding along the inter-bundle interfaces characterizes the oxidation inhibited composite, whereas the nonoxidation inhibited samples debond by individual fibers. Both materials exhibit strongly rising R-curves throughout the test temperature range. At the higher test temperatures the oxidation inhibited C/C shows the greatest cumulative toughening component, although at a lower value of the fracture toughness. This is consistent with the observed increase in the percentage of fibers that experience individual pullout at the higher temperatures.

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9

Oladele, I. O., A. D. Akinwekomi, I. O. Ibrahim, M. H. Adegun, and S. I. Talabi. "Assessment of Impact Energy, Wear Behavior, Thermal Resistance and Water Absorption Properties of Hybrid Bagasse Fiber/CaCO3 Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-3984.

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Abstract To harness the inherent advantages of both synthetic and natural reinforcements, mercerized bagasse fibers (BF) and particulate calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were utilized as a complementing reinforcement for the fabrication of bagasse fiber/calcium carbonate (BF/CaCO3) polypropylene composites. Two sets of composites were produced – one with mercerized BF/CaCO3 and the other with unmercerized BF/ CaCO3. The effect of reinforcement loading on the impact energy, wear behavior, thermal resistance and water absorption properties of the composites were studied. Results showed that the mercerized BF/CaCO3 hybrid reinforced polypropylene composites exhibited significant increase in impact energy and offered better resistance to weight loss during wear test. Similarly, the thermal resistance of the mercerized composites was higher than their corresponding unmercerized composites. Additionally, water absorption in mercerized composites was highly resisted than in unmercerized samples. These results indicated that mercerization treatment and reinforcement hybridization improved the impact energy, wear, thermal resistance and water ingress resistance of hybrid fiber/ particulate reinforced polypropylene composites.

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10

Park, Dong-Cheol, Tianyu Yu, Soo-Jeong Park, Do-Hoon Shin, and Yun-Hae Kim. "Prediction of permeability of five-harness satin fabric by a modified Kozeny constant determined from experiments." Functional Composites and Structures 4, no. 1 (January 14, 2022): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ac46fa.

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Abstract Permeability is a critical parameter not only in flow simulation analysis but also in liquid composite molding process. When a liquid resin is infused into a dry preform, the impregnation is mainly characterized by the permeability. The permeability of a dry preform can be obtained through theoretical and experimental methods. In the theoretical estimation of permeability, the effects of fiber arrangement as well as fabric type and form for various types of preforms are not sufficiently reflected in the calculation. Thus, there is a gap between the theoretical and experimental permeability. Recently, experimental determination has been gaining considerable attention as a mean to obtain accurate permeability values; however, it requires a number of trials. In this study, the permeability of the Hexforce G0926 5HS (five-harness satin) carbon fabric preform is estimated using representative theoretical prediction models, the Gebart and Kozeny–Carman equations. In addition to the Kozeny–Carman permeability (using the Kozeny constant values from literature), the Kozeny constant obtained through experiments was used to obtain a modified Kozeny–Carman permeability. All three calculated permeabilities were compared and verified with the fabric manufacturer’s reference value. The results showed that the modified Kozeny–Carman permeability using the experimentally determined Kozeny constant was closest to the reference value at 57% fiber volume fraction. Further, the predicted permeability was compared with other experimental permeability values from literature over the 40%–65% range of fiber volume fraction. We found that the modified Kozeny–Carman permeability once again came closest to the literature values. Finally, an optimized fitting equation was proposed to replace the Kozeny–Carman equation for predicting the permeability of Hexforce G0926 5HS carbon fabric over the 40%–65% fiber volume fraction range.

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11

Joven, Ronald, and Bob Minaie. "Thermal properties of autoclave and out-of-autoclave carbon fiber-epoxy composites with different fiber weave configurations." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 29 (May 8, 2018): 4075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318774608.

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Thermal expansion, specific heat, diffusivity, and conductivity of carbon fiber-epoxy composites were studied using autoclave and out-of-autoclave prepregs with three different fabric weaves including unidirectional, eight-harness satin, and plain weave. For this purpose, light flash analysis was utilized where the implications of using anisotropic materials were studied. Results indicated that density, thermal expansion, conductivity, and diffusivity were strongly influenced by the fiber configuration of the sample. This phenomenon was attributed to the difference in fiber volume fraction induced by the different weaves of the fabric. Nevertheless, specific heat was similar for all the samples regardless of fabric type or resin formulation. Finally, thermal properties of tetrafluoroethylene release film were presented to analyze the tool-part heat transfer during manufacturing. This release film showed thermal conductivity three times lower than carbon fiber-epoxy samples indicating that the film could be an important contributor to thermal lag between tool and part.

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12

Şerban, Alexandru. "Automatic detection of fiber orientation on CF/PPS composite materials with 5-harness satin weave." Fibers and Polymers 17, no. 11 (November 2016): 1925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-016-6049-z.

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13

Montesano, John, Marina Selezneva, Zouheir Fawaz, Cheung Poon, and Kamran Behdinan. "Elevated temperature off-axis fatigue behavior of an eight-harness satin woven carbon-fiber/bismaleimide laminate." Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing 43, no. 9 (September 2012): 1454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2012.04.016.

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14

Khattab, Ahmed. "Cure Cycle Effect on High-Temperature Polymer Composite Structures Molded by VARTM." Journal of Composites 2013 (April 28, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/162657.

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This paper presents an analytical and experimental investigation of cure cycle effect on carbon-fiber reinforced high-temperature polymer composite structures molded by vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The molded composite structure consists of AS4-8 harness carbon-fiber fabrics and a high-temperature polymer (Cycom 5250-4-RTM). Thermal and resin cure analysis is performed to model the cure cycle of the VARTM process. The temperature and cure variations with time are determined by solving the three-dimensional transient energy and species equations within the composite part. Several case studies were investigated by the developed analytical model. The same cases were also experimentally investigated to determine the ultimate tensile strength for each case. This study helps in developing a science based technology for the VARTM process for the understanding of the process behavior and the effect of the cure cycle on the properties of the molded high-temperature polymer composites.

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15

Naito, Kimiyoshi, Yutaka Kagawa, Seishi Utsuno, Tamaki Naganuma, and Kanshi Kurihara. "Dielectric properties of eight-harness-stain fabric glass fiber reinforced polyimide matrix composite in the THz frequency range." NDT & E International 42, no. 5 (July 2009): 441–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2009.02.001.

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16

Hartinger, Thomas, and Qendrim Zebeli. "The Present Role and New Potentials of Anaerobic Fungi in Ruminant Nutrition." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030200.

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The ruminal microbiota allows ruminants to utilize fibrous feeds and is in the limelight of ruminant nutrition research for many years. However, the overwhelming majority of investigations have focused on bacteria, whereas anaerobic fungi (AF) have been widely neglected by ruminant nutritionists. Anaerobic fungi are not only crucial fiber degraders but also important nutrient sources for the host. This review summarizes the current findings on AF and, most importantly, discusses their new application potentials in modern ruminant nutrition. Available data suggest AF can be applied as direct-fed microbials to enhance ruminal fiber degradation, which is indeed of interest for high-yielding dairy cows that often show depressed ruminal fibrolysis in response to high-grain feeding. Moreover, these microorganisms have relevance for the nutrient supply and reduction of methane emissions. However, to reach AF-related improvements in ruminal fiber breakdown and animal performance, obstacles in large-scale AF cultivation and applicable administration options need to be overcome. At feedstuff level, silage production may benefit from the application of fungal enzymes that cleave lignocellulosic structures and consequently enable higher energy exploitation from forages in the rumen. Concluding, AF hold several potentials in improving ruminant feeding and future research efforts are called for to harness these potentials.

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17

Ihara, C., and T. Misawa. "Stochastic Models Related to Fatigue Damage of Materials." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905903.

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The stochastic models for the fatigue damage phenomena are proposed. They describe the uncertainty caused by inhomogeneity of materials for fatigue crack propagation of metals and fatigue damage of carbon fiber composite (CFRP). The models are given by the stochastic differential equations derived from the randomized Paris-Erdogan’s fatigue crack propagation law and Kachonov’s equation of fatigue damage. The sample paths and life distribution of fatigue crack propagation in metals or of damage accumulation in CFRP are obtained by using the solution of the stochastic differential equation and the probability density function, respectively. These theoretical results are compared with the actual experiments—fatigue crack propagation of high tensile strength steel APFH 60 and fatigue test for a carbon eight-harness-satin/epoxy laminate—through numerical experiments.

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18

Namilae, S., and N. Chandra. "Multiscale Model to Study the Effect of Interfaces in Carbon Nanotube-Based Composites." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 127, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1857940.

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In order to fully harness the outstanding mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) as fiber reinforcements, it is essential to understand the nature of load transfer in the fiber matrix interfacial region of CNT-based composites. With controlled experimentation on nanoscale interfaces far off, molecular dynamics (MD) is evolving as the primary method to model these systems and processes. While MD is capable of simulating atomistic behavior in a deterministic manner, the extremely small length and time scales modeled by MD necessitate multiscale approaches. To study the atomic scale interface effects on composite behavior, we herein develop a hierarchical multiscale methodology linking molecular dynamics and the finite element method through atomically informed cohesive zone model parameters to represent interfaces. Motivated by the successful application of pullout tests in conventional composites, we simulate fiber pullout tests of carbon nanotubes in a given matrix using MD. The results of the pullout simulations are then used to evaluate cohesive zone model parameters. These cohesive zone models (CZM) are then used in a finite element setting to study the macroscopic mechanical response of the composites. Thus, the method suggested explicitly accounts for the behavior of nanoscale interfaces existing between the matrix and CNT. The developed methodology is used to study the effect of interface strength on stiffness of the CNT-based composite.

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19

He, Yonglyu, Su Ju, Ke Duan, Jun Tang, Shuxin Bai, Dazhi Jiang, Yingying Pei, and Jianwei Zhang. "Tuning the through-thickness orientation of 1D nanocarbons to enhance the electrical conductivity and ILSS of hierarchical CFRP composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2021-0040.

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Abstract In this article, we proposed a novel but simple multilayer resin film infusion-compressive molding (MLRFI-CM) manufacturing process that can harness the resin shear flow to architect hierarchical carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with tunable 1D nanocarbons orientation. Via this novel process, we demonstrated that the orientation of two typical 1D nanocarbons, namely, the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs), can be successfully tuned via altering the infusion time and that the tuning strategy is especially effective toward CNTs. Further, the structure-performance relationships between the electrical conductivity/interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and filler through-thickness orientation of the hierarchical CFRP composites is explored and compared. In the best case, with only 0.3 wt% of CNTs, the ILSS of CFRP composites revealed an increase of 19.7%, and the through-thickness conductivity demonstrated an increase of 38%.

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20

Khattab, Ahmed, and A. Sherif El-Gizawy. "Analytical and experimental evaluation of elastic properties of vacuum assisted resin infusion molded polymer composites with eight-harness woven fiber mats." Polymer Composites 29, no. 1 (December 4, 2007): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20356.

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21

Brown, Alan S. "Positive Reinforcement." Mechanical Engineering 132, no. 03 (March 1, 2010): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2010-mar-3.

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This article focuses on the future applications and challenges of nanotube-enhanced composites. In spite of their well-known strength and stiffness, nanotubes have proved incredibly difficult to harness, especially in composites. Researchers have eventually found ways to compatibilize nanotubes by attaching molecules to the nanotube surface. Some formulators compatibilize nanotubes for infusion processes, which pump resin into reinforcing fiber preforms. Electric hybrid car designer Velozzi is working with Bayer Materials Science LLC, a subsidiary of Germany’s Bayer AG, to use nanotube-based composites in its high-performance electric Supercar and its more affordable plug-in hybrid Solo. Lockheed Martin is investigating a complete range of applications for carbon nanotubes in both materials and electronics. The company wants to incorporate nanotubes into its established production methods. Nanotubes improve resistance to impact, fatigue, and microcracking, all properties related to resins. The result is a much stronger and more durable composite.

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22

YU, BOMING, L. JAMES LEE, and HANQIANG CAO. "FRACTAL CHARACTERS OF PORE MICROSTRUCTURES OF TEXTILE FABRICS." Fractals 09, no. 02 (June 2001): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x01000610.

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It is found that the pore microstructures of textile fabrics, widely used in the manufacture of fiber-reinforced composites, exhibit the fractal characters. The fractal behaviors are described by the proposed analytical method and measured by the box-counting method for the three different types of textile fabrics: plain woven, four-harness, bidirectional-stitched fiberglass mats. The pore area fractal dimension is derived analytically and found to be the function of the porosity and architectural parameters of fabrics. The results indicate that the fractal characters are isotropic although the fabrics are rothotropic in structures. The theoretical predictions by the proposed analytical model are in good agreement with those from the box-counting method, and this verifies the proposed fractal dimension model. The present fractal analysis may have the potential and significance on fractal analysis of transport properties (such as the permeability, dispersion, thermal and mechanical properties) in porous media.

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23

De Pauw, Ben, Francis Berghmans, Hugo Thienpont, Piet Verdiere, and Thomas Geernaert. "Optical fiber-based sensors as an experimental tool to assess the weft and warp yarn tension beam-to-roll in rapier weaving machines." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 7-8 (October 23, 2019): 857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519881817.

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High cycle rates are important in commercial weaving machines to maximize productivity. Faster operation, however, can lead to higher tension on the yarns, which in turn increases the occurrence of yarn breakage and thus machine interruptions. Significant work has therefore been conducted to improve the many weaving machine components with the goal to attain higher production rates without increasing the yarn loads. Quantifying the impact of such improvements is not always possible using conventional, indirect measurement techniques. In addition, these techniques are limited to locations with sufficient access to the yarn to mount a sensor, typically between the warp beam and the first harness. In this paper, we show that the use of optical fiber-based sensors allows directly measuring the yarn tension in both the warp and weft directions in the region from the warp beam to the fabric rolls in rapier-type weaving machines. To do so, we replaced one warp and one weft yarn with an optical fiber equipped with strain sensors and measured strain throughout the subsequent weaving process. The small diameter of the optical fiber allowed minimizing our intrusion on the weaving operation. Our main observations are four-fold. Firstly, we demonstrated how the strain on the warp yarns evolves during the weaving cycle and we used this to focus on the beat-up phase for a low weaving resistance situation. Secondly, we monitored the warp yarn tension between the warp beam and the fabric rolls. Thirdly, we exploited the multiplexing capability of the optical fiber sensors to obtain a tension distribution along the width of the fabric in the weft direction between the reed to the fabric roll. Fourthly, we observed and identified the different phases of a yarn insertion (weft-wise) in a double rigid rapier machine.

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24

Chilelli, Sean K., John J. Schomer, and Marcelo J. Dapino. "Detection of Crack Initiation and Growth Using Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Embedded into Metal Structures through Ultrasonic Additive Manufacturing." Sensors 19, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 4917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19224917.

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Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a rapidly growing field focused on detecting damage in complex systems before catastrophic failure occurs. Advanced sensor technologies are necessary to fully harness SHM in applications involving harsh or remote environments, life-critical systems, mass-production vehicles, robotic systems, and others. Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are attractive for in-situ health monitoring due to their resistance to electromagnetic noise, ability to be multiplexed, and accurate real-time operation. Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) has been demonstrated for solid-state fabrication of 3D structures with embedded FBG sensors. In this paper, UAM-embedded FBG sensors are investigated with a focus on SHM applications. FBG sensors embedded in an aluminum matrix 3 mm from the initiation site are shown to resolve a minimum crack length of 0.286 ± 0.033 mm and track crack growth until near failure. Accurate crack detection is also demonstrated from FBGs placed 6 mm and 9 mm from the crack initiation site. Regular acrylate-coated FBG sensors are shown to repeatably work at temperatures up to 300 ∘ C once embedded with the UAM process.

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25

Avalon, Stephanie C., and Steven L. Donaldson. "Strength of composite angle brackets with multiple geometries and nanofiber-enhanced resins." Journal of Composite Materials 45, no. 9 (November 22, 2010): 1017–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998310381538.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in strength and failure mode of composite angle brackets due to changes in both the angle bend radius and laminate thickness, as well as the addition of vapor-grown carbon nanofiber to the epoxy resin matrix. The brackets explored within this study each contained a 90° bend and was subjected to four-point bend loading. Such angle brackets exhibit weakness around the radius due to the excessive through-the-thickness tensile stresses which can lead to delamination. Composite brackets of 8- and 16-plies were examined, with bend radii of 3.175 and 6.35 mm. The composites consisted of Hexcel AS4 carbon fiber, five-harness satin weave, and Epon 862/Epikure W epoxy resin. Specimens were fabricated with and without ASI PR-24 vapor-grown carbon nanofiber in the epoxy matrix. A servo-hydraulic load frame was used to perform a four-point-bend test as per American Society for Testing and Materials International D6415 for measuring the curved beam strength (CBS) of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite. Despite a threefold difference in failure load and CBS, data reduction using both closed-form and finite element modeling resulted in a nearly single critical value of radial peel stress at initial failure of 30—32 MPa for all specimens. The mechanical load response (large load drop vs. ‘stick-slip’ after initial failure) and optical microscopy results are explored in detail.

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26

Tuniz, Alessandro. "Nanoscale nonlinear plasmonics in photonic waveguides and circuits." La Rivista del Nuovo Cimento 44, no. 4 (April 2021): 193–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40766-021-00018-7.

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AbstractOptical waveguides are the key building block of optical fiber and photonic integrated circuit technology, which can benefit from active photonic manipulation to complement their passive guiding mechanisms. A number of emerging applications will require faster nanoscale waveguide circuits that produce stronger light-matter interactions and consume less power. Functionalities that rely on nonlinear optics are particularly attractive in terms of their femtosecond response times and terahertz bandwidth, but typically demand high powers or large footprints when using dielectrics alone. Plasmonic nanostructures have long promised to harness metals for truly nanoscale, energy-efficient nonlinear optics. Early excitement has settled into cautious optimism, and recent years have been marked by remarkable progress in enhancing a number of photonic circuit functions with nonlinear plasmonic waveguides across several application areas. This work presents an introductory review of nonlinear plasmonics in the context of guided-wave structures, followed by a comprehensive overview of related experiments and applications covering nonlinear light generation, all-optical signal processing, terahertz generation/detection, electro optics, quantum optics, and molecular sensing.

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Jeon, Kwang-Woo, Kwang-Bok Shin, and Jung-Seok Kim. "A Study on the Evaluation of Tension-Compression Fatigue Characteristics of Glass Fiber/Epoxy 4-Harness Satin Woven Laminate Composite for the Railway Bogie Application." Journal of The Korean Society for Composite Materials 23, no. 5 (October 31, 2010): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7234/kscm.2010.23.5.022.

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Cheng, Shengfu, Huanhao Li, Yunqi Luo, Yuanjin Zheng, and Puxiang Lai. "Artificial intelligence-assisted light control and computational imaging through scattering media." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 12, no. 04 (July 2019): 1930006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545819300064.

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Coherent optical control within or through scattering media via wavefront shaping has seen broad applications since its invention around 2007. Wavefront shaping is aimed at overcoming the strong scattering, featured by random interference, namely speckle patterns. This randomness occurs due to the refractive index inhomogeneity in complex media like biological tissue or the modal dispersion in multimode fiber, yet this randomness is actually deterministic and potentially can be time reversal or precompensated. Various wavefront shaping approaches, such as optical phase conjugation, iterative optimization, and transmission matrix measurement, have been developed to generate tight and intense optical delivery or high-resolution image of an optical object behind or within a scattering medium. The performance of these modulations, however, is far from satisfaction. Most recently, artificial intelligence has brought new inspirations to this field, providing exciting hopes to tackle the challenges by mapping the input and output optical patterns and building a neuron network that inherently links them. In this paper, we survey the developments to date on this topic and briefly discuss our views on how to harness machine learning (deep learning in particular) for further advancements in the field.

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Hassan, Emadelddin, Iasonas Zekos, Philip Jansson, Toa Pecur, Christophe Floreani, Colin Robert, Conchúr M. Ó Brádaigh, and Margaret M. Stack. "Erosion Mapping of Through-Thickness Toughened Powder Epoxy Gradient Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Plates for Tidal Turbine Blades." Lubricants 9, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9030022.

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Erosion of tidal turbine blades in the marine environment is a major material challenge due to the high thrust and torsional loading at the rotating surfaces, which limits the ability to harness energy from tidal sources. Polymer–matrix composites can exhibit leading-blade edge erosion due to marine flows containing salt and solid particles of sand. Anti-erosion coatings can be used for more ductility at the blade surface, but the discontinuity between the coating and the stiffer composite can be a site of failure. Therefore, it is desirable to have a polymer matrix with a gradient of toughness, with a tougher, more ductile polymer matrix at the blade surface, transitioning gradually to the high stiffness matrix needed to provide high composite mechanical properties. In this study, multiple powder epoxy systems were investigated, and two were selected to manufacture unidirectional glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (UD-GFRP) plates with different epoxy ratios at the surface and interior plies, leading to a toughening gradient within the plate. The gradient plates were then mechanically compared to their standard counterparts. Solid particle erosion testing was carried out at various test conditions and parameters on UD-GFRP specimens in a slurry environment. The experiments performed were based on a model of the UK marine environment for a typical tidal energy farm with respect to the concentration of saltwater and the size of solid particle erodent. The morphologies of the surfaces were examined by SEM. Erosion maps were generated based on the result showing significant differences for materials of different stiffness in such conditions.

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Aryal, Shreya, Bishwash Dhungel, Khem Raj Subedi, Pawan Lamichhane, and Sulav Bhattarai. "RESPONSE OF WHEAT PARAMETERS TO SOWING DATE AND IRRIGATION SUPPLIED IN TERAI REGION OF NEPAL." Tropical Agrobiodiversity 2, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 07–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/trab.01.2021.07.09.

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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important staple food crops all around the world. It belongs to the family Poaceae. It has high dietary fiber content and is the good source of carbohydrate due to which it has wide cultivation in the entire world. It is the 3 rd most cultivated commercial crop in Nepal. It is most popular among terai region due to suitable climate and irrigation supply. Wheat is generally a winter season crop and its growth and yield highly depends upon various factors where sowing time and irrigation requirements are the major ones. Wheat sown at appropriate time with average water supply and minimum to average temperature contributes to high wheat production. Sowing in time leads the wheat to absorb adequate sunlight and harness it for increasing the production. Similarly ,6-7 irrigation supplied during the growth contributes to higher yield and good grain quality of wheat. With the advancement in technology improved seeds have been introduced in Nepal which are disease resistant. But still water stress resistant wheat varieties have not been introduced and researches are going on. So, sowing on time and providing irrigation is very important for good response of growth parameters and to attain maximum productivity of wheat.

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Xie, Kaifang, Xinjun Bao, Hengshu Zhou, Bin He, Yuegang Liu, Guangbiao Xu, and Hua Shen. "Effect of polyurethane/polyvinyl alcohol coating on mechanical properties of polyester harness cord." e-Polymers 22, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2022-0007.

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Abstract In this article, water-based polyurethane (PU) with different concentrations and partial alcoholysis polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were used to coat polyester (PET) harness cord in turn. The surface and mechanical properties of harness cord before and after coating were evaluated by performing the tests of dynamic contact angle, morphology observation, bending properties, tensile properties, and wearability. It was found that the surface properties of 1.5% PU-coated harness cord tended to be stable, and the mechanical properties of PU(1.5%)/PVA-coated harness cord were optimal. Compared with PVA-coated harness cord, the wearability of PU(1.5%)/PVA-coated harness cord showed a great increment up to 135.7%. This was because the PU coating effectively improved the interfacial properties between the PVA coating and the hydrophobic PET fibers and enhanced the adhesion of the PVA coating to the PET fibers.

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Ghose, Sayata, Kent A. Watson, Roberto J. Cano, Sean M. Britton, Brian J. Jensen, John W. Connell, Helen M. Herring, and Quentin J. Lineberry. "High Temperature VARTM of Phenylethynyl Terminated Imides." High Performance Polymers 21, no. 5 (September 8, 2009): 653–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008309339935.

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Depending on the part type and quantity, fabrication of composite structures using vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) can be more affordable than conventional autoclave techniques. Recent efforts have focused on adapting VARTM for the fabrication of high temperature composites. Due to their low melt viscosity and long melt stability, certain phenylethynyl terminated imides (PETI) can be processed into composites using high temperature VARTM (HT-VARTM). However, one of the disadvantages of the current HT-VARTM resin systems has been the high porosity of the resultant composites. For aerospace applications, the desired void fraction of less than 2% has not yet been achieved. In the current study, two PETI resins, LaRC PETI-330 and LaRC PETI-8 have been used to make test specimens using HT-VARTM. The resins were infused into ten layers of IM7-6K carbon fiber 5-harness satin fabric at 260 or 280 °C and cured at temperature up to 371 °C. Initial runs yielded composites with high void content, typically greater than 7% by weight. A thermogravimetric-mass spectroscopic study was conducted to determine the source of volatiles leading to high porosity. It was determined that under the thermal cycle used for laminate fabrication, the phenylethynyl endcap was undergoing degradation leading to volatile evolution. This finding was unexpected as high quality composite laminates have been fabricated under higher pressures using these resin systems. The amount of weight loss experienced during the thermal cycle was only about 1% by weight, but this led to a significant amount of volatiles in a closed system. By modifying the thermal cycle used in laminate fabrication, the void content was significantly reduced (typically ∼ 3% or less). The results of this work are presented herein.

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Shuvo, Ikra Iftekhar, Mashiur Rahman, Tasneem Vahora, Jason Morrison, Shawna DuCharme, and Lin-P’ing Choo-Smith. "Producing light-weight bast fibers from canola biomass for technical textiles." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 11-12 (November 26, 2019): 1311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519886636.

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Due to the excessive use of water required for cotton cultivation, scientists in this field have been looking at waste biomass as an alternative source of fiber supply. Canola waste biomass is a source of textile fibers which effectively costs nothing, as the biomass can be collected from the waste plant stems of canola plants after harvesting. Therefore, an investigation has been conducted to identify the characteristics of canola fiber and of the canola cultivar ( Brassica napus L.) suitable for textile applications. In this research, a bio-inspired approach was applied to produce fiber from canola biomass by water retting of four different cultivars (HYHEAR 1, Topas, 5440, and 45H29) cultivated in a greenhouse under controlled atmospheric conditions. It was found that the structural hierarchy of fiber density, mechanical properties and other textile fiber properties of canola fiber differ from cultivar to cultivar, which can be carefully harnessed for different applications. Further, it was found that the density of canola fiber is much lower than that of cotton and other competitive bast fibers, owing to its hollow structure, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that canola may be an excellent choice for manufacturing of non-woven fabrics, eco-composites, apparel or other technical textiles.

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Arakelyan, S. M., V. L. Evstigneev, M. A. Kazaryan, M. N. Gerke, A. F. Galkin, S. V. Zhirnova, A. V. Osipov, G. A. Evstyunin, and E. L. Shamanskaya. "DETECTION OF DYNAMIC PROCESSES FOR LASER THERMOSTRENGTHENING OF THE MATERIAL SURFACE IN A REAL-TIME SCALEUNDER ILLUMINATION FROM LASER PLUME IN THE TRANSMISSION CHANNEL OF OPTICAL IMAGES VIA OPTICAL FIBER HARNESS USING A LASER BRIGHTNESS AMPLIFIER." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 31-36 (January 6, 2019): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.31-36.071-085.

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The article deals with model/test experiments on laser thermal hardening with the registration of the dynamics of the material surface modification in real time using a laser projection microscope (monitor) in the geometry of “pump-probe”. Hardening of materials by laser radiation, as well as dimensional processing compared to traditional methods is much more environmentally friendly because it happens very quickly and almost without emissions of harmful substances. And the possibility of observing the surface at the time of the hardening process can improve the quality of processed products. With the help of a laser projection microscope, it is possible to detect the moment of appearance of the transition region arising from the interaction of laser radiation with matter, to monitor the dynamics of its expansion, to register the appearance of the thermal front, the melting front, oxide fronts which is relevant in the heat treatment processes. A large number of publications are devoted to such methods and their modifications which confirms the importance and effectiveness of diagnostic methods using laser projection microscope to study various dynamic processes in the interaction of laser radiation with matter. In this work, the modernization of laser projection microscope with inclusion in the probing channel of optical harness is carried out. The basic physical principles of the obtained system and the existing problems, as well as the prospects of their overcoming in various conditions of specific processes of laser thermal hardening, including the use of computer simulation to find the optimal optical circuits and modes, are revealed. Depth-of-field problems are discussed for the resulting image through an optical fiber/optical bundle when recording such dynamic processes and how to overcome them by choosing the appropriate optical scheme. The analysis is also carried out on the basis of computer modeling. These issues are important in the implementation of various thermal hardening regimes in experiments with single-and multi-beam radiation of a power laser affecting the object at the appropriate setting of the laser monitor in the probing channel.

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Wang, Xiangke, Wanling Wu, Yipeng Lun, Huakang Yu, Qihua Xiong, and Zhi-yuan Li. "Polarization-Dependent Lateral Optical Force of Subwavelength-Diameter Optical Fibers." Micromachines 10, no. 10 (September 21, 2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10100630.

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It is highly desirable to design optical devices with diverse optomechanical functions. Here, we investigate lateral optical force exerted on subwavelength-diameter (SD) optical fibers harnessed by input light modes with different polarizations. It is interesting to find that input light modes of circular or elliptical polarizations would bring about lateral optical force in new directions, which has not been observed in previous studies. By means of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations, detailed spatial distributions of the asymmetric transverse force density are revealed, meanwhile dependence of optical force on input light polarizations, fiber diameters, and inclination angles of fiber endfaces are all carefully discussed. It is believed that polarization-sensitive reflection, refraction, and diffraction of optical fields occur at the interface, i.e., fiber oblique endfaces, resulting in asymmetrically distributed optical fields and thereafter non-zero transverse optical force. We believe our new findings could be helpful for constructing future steerable optomechanical devices with more flexibility.

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Kedward, Keith T., and Peter W. R. Beaumont. "On the Notch-Sensitivity and toughness of A Ceramic Composite." Advanced Composites Letters 1, no. 2 (March 1992): 096369359200100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369359200100204.

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A Nicalon TM/SiC fabric (8-harness satin) reinforced alumina matrix (CMC) was loaded in tension to fracture. A coating on the surface of the fibre reduced the strength of the fibre-matrix bond, increased the toughness of the CMC by more than 3 times, and raised the unnotched strength by more than 2 times.

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Kudielka, K., P. Boehle, M. Tornell, and A. Borges Alejo. "Design, development, and verification of the fibre-optic harness for SMOS." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 124, no. 6 (June 2007): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00502-007-0440-9.

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Dubovan, Jozef, Jan Litvik, Daniel Benedikovic, Jarmila Mullerova, Ivan Glesk, Andrej Veselovsky, and Milan Dado. "Impact of Wind Gust on High-Speed Characteristics of Polarization Mode Dispersion in Optical Power Ground Wire Cables." Sensors 20, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 7110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247110.

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Polarization mode dispersion is recognized as a key factor limiting optical transmission systems, particularly those fiber links that run at bit rates beyond 10 Gbps. In-line test and characterization of polarization mode dispersion are thus of critical importance to evaluate the quality of installed optical fibers that are in use for high-speed signal traffics. However, polarization-based effects in optical fibers are stochastic and quite sensitive to a range of environmental changes, including optical cable movements. This, in turn, gives rise to undesired variations in light polarization that adversely impair the quality of the signal transmission in the link. In this work, we elaborate on experimental testing and theoretical analysis to asses changes of polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers that are caused by environmental variations, here wind gusts in particular. The study was performed on commercially harnessed optical fibers installed within optical power ground wire cables, taking into account different weather conditions. More specifically, we showed that changes caused by wind gusts significantly influence the differential group delay and the principal state of polarization in those optical fibers. For this, we experimentally measured a number of parameters to characterize light polarization properties. Measurements were carried out on C-band operated fiber-optic link formed by 111-km-long power ground wire cables and 88 spectral channels, with a test time step of 1 min during 12 consecutive days. Variations in differential group delay allowed for sensitive testing of environmental changes with measured maxims up to 10 ps under the worst wind conditions. Moreover, measured parameters were used in a numerical model to assess the quality of transmitted high-bit-rate optical signals as a function of wind conditions. The analysis revealed a negligible impact of wind on a 10 Gbps transmission, while substantial influence was noticed for higher bit rates up to 100 Gbps. These results show promises for efficient sensing of environmental changes and subsequent monitoring of the quality of recently used fiber-optic link infrastructures.

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Mantilla, Carlos B., and Gary C. Sieck. "Neuromotor control in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Journal of Applied Physiology 114, no. 9 (May 1, 2013): 1246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01212.2012.

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Neuromotor control of skeletal muscles, including respiratory muscles, is ultimately dependent on the structure and function of the motor units (motoneurons and the muscle fibers they innervate) comprising the muscle. In most muscles, considerable diversity of contractile and fatigue properties exists across motor units, allowing a range of motor behaviors. In diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), there may be disproportional primary (disease related) or secondary effects (related to treatment or other concomitant factors) on the size and contractility of specific muscle fiber types that would influence the relative contribution of different motor units. For example, with COPD there is a disproportionate atrophy of type IIx and/or IIb fibers that comprise more fatigable motor units. Thus fatigue resistance may appear to improve, while overall motor performance (e.g., 6-min walk test) and endurance (e.g., reduced aerobic exercise capacity) are diminished. There are many coexisting factors that might also influence motor performance. For example, in COPD patients, there may be concomitant hypoxia and/or hypercapnia, physical inactivity and unloading of muscles, and corticosteroid treatment, all of which may disproportionately affect specific muscle fiber types, thereby influencing neuromotor control. Future studies should address how plasticity in motor units can be harnessed to mitigate the functional impact of COPD-induced changes.

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Xie, Kaifang, Ziyun Zhang, Hua Shen, and Guangbiao Xu. "Analysis on Property Discrepancy between Core and Sheath Fibers in Braided Harness Cords." Fibers and Polymers 20, no. 6 (June 2019): 1311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-019-8206-z.

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Poggetti, Ilaria, Jack Dyson, Daniel Martínez Sánchez, Gianni Albertini, Constantinos Soutis, Matthieu Gresil, and Valeria Corinaldesi. "Distributed internal strain measurement of the fluid-solid state coefficients of thermal expansion below the glass transition temperature during a composite manufacturing process." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 22 (March 1, 2018): 3053–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318760699.

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The total distributed strain produced during a vacuum-assisted resin infusion moulding composite manufacture process is measured in real time by using optical fibre sensors embedded in three different layers of a thin 5-harness satin weave flat plate cured with low-viscosity epoxy resin/cycloaliphatic polyamine epoxy resin polymer matrix. We present and discuss the chemical reaction of the epoxy resin polymer matrix adhesive to show that under manufacturing conditions, well below the glass transition point, substrates gradually come into contact with and become covered with epoxy resin polymer matrix strongly bonded to their surfaces. The fluid dynamics of the reaction system under such conditions reduces to a Cauchy equilibrium found in stressed solids, which leads to a strength of materials argument to show that the embedded, distributed optical fibres can accurately measure the motion of the surrounding epoxy resin polymer matrix before the gel point. The same argument is applied to the embedded 5-harness satin carbon fibre weave and leads immediately to an extension of the composite laminate theory for the thermodynamic liquid phase before the glass transition temperature. The predictions of the modified composite laminate theory framework are found to be consistent with experiment.

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Nerger, Bryan A., P. T. Brun, and Celeste M. Nelson. "Marangoni flows drive the alignment of fibrillar cell-laden hydrogels." Science Advances 6, no. 24 (June 2020): eaaz7748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz7748.

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When a sessile droplet containing a solute in a volatile solvent evaporates, flow in the droplet can transport and assemble solute particles into complex patterns. Transport in evaporating sessile droplets has largely been examined in solvents that undergo complete evaporation. Here, we demonstrate that flow in evaporating aqueous sessile droplets containing type I collagen—a self-assembling polymer—can be harnessed to engineer hydrated networks of aligned collagen fibers. We find that Marangoni flows direct collagen fiber assembly over millimeter-scale areas in a manner that depends on the rate of self-assembly, the relative humidity of the surrounding environment, and the geometry of the droplet. Skeletal muscle cells that are incorporated into and cultured within these evaporating droplets collectively orient and subsequently differentiate into myotubes in response to aligned networks of collagen. Our findings demonstrate a simple, tunable, and high-throughput approach to engineer aligned fibrillar hydrogels and cell-laden biomimetic materials.

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Agrell, Erik, Alex Alvarado, and Frank R. Kschischang. "Implications of information theory in optical fibre communications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2062 (March 6, 2016): 20140438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0438.

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Recent decades have witnessed steady improvements in our ability to harness the information-carrying capability of optical fibres. Will this process continue, or will progress eventually stall? Information theory predicts that all channels have a limited capacity depending on the available transmission resources, and thus it is inevitable that the pace of improvements will slow. However, information theory also provides insights into how transmission resources should, in principle, best be exploited, and thus may serve as a guide for where to look for better ways to squeeze more out of a precious resource. This tutorial paper reviews the basic concepts of information theory and their application in fibre-optic communications.

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Balarabe, Isah W., Mohamad Hisham, Ahmad R. Niraku, and Indra S. H. Harahap. "Preliminary View of a Smart Technique for Materials Testing in the Laboratory using FBG Sensor." MATEC Web of Conferences 203 (2018): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820304001.

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Simple experiments for calibrating Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) in order to measure strain and temperature have been successfully demonstrated in this study. This will allow convenient use of FBG sensor in the laboratory for measuring quantities. Linear curve fittings were employed for both the strain and temperature, and R2 values are determined respectively. The result showed a perfect correlation between FBG, strain and temperature. The approach can be employed with ease, simplicity in an inexpensive manner, in order harness the advantages offered by FBG sensors such as accuracy, precision, speed and high resolution.

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Daggumati, S., I. De Baere, W. Van Paepegem, J. Degrieck, J. Xu, S. V. Lomov, and I. Verpoest. "Fatigue and post-fatigue stress–strain analysis of a 5-harness satin weave carbon fibre reinforced composite." Composites Science and Technology 74 (January 2013): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.09.012.

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Weißenborn, Oliver, Eric Haentzsche, Andreas Nocke, Sirko Geller, Chokri Cherif, and Niels Modler. "Influence of Carbon Roving Strain Sensory Elements on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Composites." Key Engineering Materials 809 (June 2019): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.809.407.

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Over the last decade, carbon fibre-reinforced composites (CFRP) are increasingly used as lightweight material for various industrial applications. Due to the anisotropic material structure and its corresponding properties, novel design concepts and processing technologies were developed to further harness the material inherent lightweight potential. However, the material degradation in long-term use and failure behaviour is still considered a challenging issue for material scientists and engineers in particular. Therefore, concepts for structural health monitoring and their suitable implementation is still a major research topic. Among others, one solution uses the conductivity of carbon fibre yarns and their suitability to act as in-situ strain sensors. In the present work, the measurement principle bases on the usage of the piezo-resistive effect, meaning that every mechanical strain of the roving filaments causes a correlative change of the measurable electrical resistance. Since, these sensory elements need shielding from their surrounding carbon filaments of the composite structure, suitable fibre-based dielectric jackets have been developed with a wide range of suitable materials and textile processing technologies. In this contribution, the influence of the integrated carbon fibre sensors on the resulting mechanical performance of the composite structure is evaluated using an analysis of variances approach. Beyond that, the local composite morphology is analysed to evaluate the composite microstructure.

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Rathore, Sumati, Sarla Shashni, Sher Samant, and Rakesh Sundriyal. "Indigenous uses of wild hemp (Cannabis sativa) by the local inhabitants in Manikaran Valley of Himachal Pradesh, North Western Himalaya." Journal of Non Timber Forest Products 25, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54207/bsmps2000-2018-7393kf.

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Current study deals with the use of wild hemp by the native communities of Manikaran valley, district Kullu of Himachal Pradesh in the North Western Himalaya. Data was collected during 2015 to 2017 through various field visits, questionnaire surveys, interviews with the locals and herb practitioners in the valley. Traditionally, the communities have being using the herb as medicine for treating various ailments like, arthritis, abnormal menstrual disorder, wounds, sores, joint pain, sting pain and recorded their usage pattern. Hemp plant fibers are used for making ropes, pullan, etc. Its seeds are also used for flavoring traditional foods like Siddu/Aaksalu. Further research is needed to explore and harness the many other benefits of the herb.

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Maltsev, Anna V., Victor A. Maltsev, and Michael D. Stern. "Clusters of calcium release channels harness the Ising phase transition to confine their elementary intracellular signals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 29 (July 3, 2017): 7525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701409114.

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Intracellular Ca signals represent a universal mechanism of cell function. Messages carried by Ca are local, rapid, and powerful enough to be delivered over the thermal noise. A higher signal-to-noise ratio is achieved by a cooperative action of Ca release channels such as IP3 receptors or ryanodine receptors arranged in clusters (release units) containing a few to several hundred release channels. The channels synchronize their openings via Ca-induced Ca release, generating high-amplitude local Ca signals known as puffs in neurons and sparks in muscle cells. Despite the positive feedback nature of the activation, Ca signals are strictly confined in time and space by an unexplained termination mechanism. Here we show that the collective transition of release channels from an open to a closed state is identical to the phase transition associated with the reversal of magnetic field in an Ising ferromagnet. Our simple quantitative criterion closely predicts the Ca store depletion level required for spark termination for each cluster size. We further formulate exact requirements that a cluster of release channels should satisfy in any cell type for our mapping to the Ising model and the associated formula to remain valid. Thus, we describe deterministically the behavior of a system on a coarser scale (release unit) that is random on a finer scale (release channels), bridging the gap between scales. Our results provide exact mapping of a nanoscale biological signaling model to an interacting particle system in statistical physics, making the extensive mathematical apparatus available to quantitative biology.

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Ab-Rahman, Mohammad Syuhaimi, Farshad Nasimi Khamene, and Hadi Guna. "New Concept for Reducing Wire-Harness and Implementing Advanced Facilities for Non-Luxury Vehicles via Application of POF." Applied Mechanics and Materials 165 (April 2012): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.165.98.

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In the past decade automotive industries being faced the exponential increase of in-vehicle electronic devices. The hydraulic systems are replaced with sophisticated electronic systems. Market demands for exploiting new in-vehicle technologies such as multimedia systems, internet access, GPS, Mobile communication, internal private network; engine, body and power train intelligent control and monitoring systems are increasing daily. These new needs make the wire-harness as physical pathway for power and data more complex. The amount of different data types transmission in vehicle networking requires higher bandwidth and subsequently applying expensive and advanced equipment. Furthermore functions and facilities lead to raise the number of electronic control units (ECU). The high cost of manufacturing and implementing the previous equipment and systems only can be justified to luxury vehicles high prices. This paper presents a conceptual model of in-vehicle networking which would lead to the appliance of considerable portion of these advanced systems in non-luxury vehicles. In this context, polymer optical fibers (POF) exploited to achieve high speed bandwidth and cost-effective solution to transfer huge amount of data and one ECU to control and manage body/cabin electronic devices. This paper suggests three red, blue and green lights for transferring video/audio, communication data network such as internet/vehicle internal network and body/cabin command lines respectively. Moreover, this concept model claims for reducing wire-harness with integration of command lines into multiplexed POF line.

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Yegnasubramanian, S., and G. E. Carver. "Polish-induced damage in GaAs: A systematic TEM investigation." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100088592.

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Gallium Arsenide Integrated Circuit (IC) Technology demands extremely flat and almost “damage-free” GaAs wafers to maximize the yield in the manufacturing of ICs. These devices are fabricated on oriented surfaces of the crystals, which have been polished to a high degree of Harness and smoothness. The polishing procedures typically involve the use of abrasives successively to result in finer surfaces with a final chemical polishing step to remove the surface damage caused by the abrasives. However, if the final polishing step does not result in damage-free surfaces, local variations in the crystallographic orientation of the surface may lead to defective device structures. Extensive reviews are available in literature on the aspects of etching of GaAs substrates, including procedures for the preparation of polished substrates and on the revelation of defects by selective etchants.

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