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1
Amer Rajab, Musaab, and Mohammed Sadeq Abdul.Razaq. "Using Some Estimation Methods for Mixed-Random Panel Data Regression Models with Serially Correlated Errors with Application." Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences 28, no. 134 (December 31, 2022): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.33095/jeas.v28i134.2423.
Анотація:
This research includes the study of dual data models with mixed random parameters, which contain two types of parameters, the first is random and the other is fixed. For the random parameter, it is obtained as a result of differences in the marginal tendencies of the cross sections, and for the fixed parameter, it is obtained as a result of differences in fixed limits, and random errors for each section. Accidental bearing the characteristic of heterogeneity of variance in addition to the presence of serial correlation of the first degree, and the main objective in this research is the use of efficient methods commensurate with the paired data in the case of small samples, and to achieve this goal, the feasible general least squares method (FGLS) and the mean group method (MG) were used, and then the efficiency of the extracted estimators was compared in the case of mixed random parameters and the method that gives us the efficient estimator was chosen. Real data was applied that included the per capita consumption of electric energy (Y) for five countries, which represents the number of cross-sections (N = 5) over nine years (T = 9), so the number of observations is (n = 45) observations, and the explanatory variables are the consumer price index (X1) and the per capita GDP (X2). To evaluate the performance of the estimators of the (FGLS) method and the (MG) method on the general model, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) scale was used to compare the efficiency of the estimators. The results showed that the mean group estimation (MG) method is the best method for parameter estimation than the (FGLS) method. Also, the (MG) appeared to be the best and best method for estimating sub-parameters for each cross-section (country).
2
Aloui, Amel. "The Covid-19 Crisis and the Impact of Vulnerability on Economic Growth." British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 4, no. 3 (June 16, 2023): 84–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0220.
Анотація:
The present study, aimed at determining the level of resilience of a country, identified the effects of the health crisis as a form of external shock on the impact relationship between vulnerability and economic growth. Using a macroeconomic perspective, we conducted panel data estimates on a sample of countries classified by level of vulnerability (high, medium, and low) using the FGLS method for panel data with cross-sectional and serial correlation over the period 2000-2021.
3
Hossain, M. D. Akter, M. D. Eleais, Afrida Jinnurain Urbee, M. D. Atik Hasan, and Farian Tahrim. "Assessing the Intensity of Economic Progress, Industrialization,Energy Use on Environmental Degradation." South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 5, no. 1 (February 4, 2024): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2024.5102.
Анотація:
This study intensifies the interrelationship between environmental downfall, economic and industrial enhancement, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption in the period of 1997 to 2018 for the G-7 and selected five MENA countries. The paper intends to explore how renewable energy, fossil fuel, electricity generation, GDP, and industrialization affect the environmental pollution. For a dynamic panel data analysis, some statistical methods have been utilized, including Slope Homogeneity (SH), Cross Section Dependence (CSD), Cross-Section Im-Pesaran-Shin (CIPS), and Cross-Section Augmented Dickey-Fuller (CADF) of the second generation unit root tests, and the second generation (Westerlund-2007) CO-integration test, both Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS), Panel-Corrected Standard Error (PCSE), and dynamic generalized method of moments (d-GMM) panel estimation approach have been applied. Feasible generalized least square (FGLS) shows that if GDP, fossil fuel energy consumption, industrialization, and electricity generation, increase by 1% then CO2 emission increases by 79.8%, 5.3%, 10.37%, and 8.26% respectively. If renewable energy increases by 1% CO2 emission decreases by 6.56%. When GDP growth rises, there is a corresponding increase in environmental pollution within industrialized economies. This demonstrates a positive correlation between GDP, industrialization, and CO2 emissions, which means that as the economy grows, environmental degradation will continue to worsen over time. Therefore, concerned parties should take proper policy steps to protect environment in industries and towards sustainable growth.
4
Saputra, Darman. "Analysis of Factors Affecting Economic Growth in Bangka Belitung Province, Indonesia with LSDV And FGLS Methods." Integrated Journal of Business and Economics 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/ijbe.v2i1.42.
Анотація:
The Least Square Dummy Variable (LSDV) method can be used to estimate parameters in the panel data regression model incomplete one-way fixed effect. To produce the best model with GDP data of GRASB. Variables that do not occur heteroscedasticity and models that meet the smallest sum square of error is the variable Mining and Processing Industry, this variable affects the per capita income. The Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) method can be used to estimate the regression parameters for incomplete panel data for a one-way random effect. In this model produce the best model with non-oil and gas GRDP data. The variables that fulfill it are the processing Industry, service, and agriculture of Forestry and Fishery. Therefore looking at the above model can be concluded non-oil and Gas GRDP has three factors that affect per capita income in Bangka Belitung. This should be a reference of local governments to further improve the quality or production in agriculture and services because this potential is more promising for the future. Software used to analyze data in this paper is with R.
5
Sağlam Çeliköz, Yıldız, Tuba Yildiz, Ünal Arslan, and Hale Kirmizioğlu. "The relationship between economic globalization and ecological footprint: empirical evidence for developed and developing countries." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 8, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2022.08.04.05.
Анотація:
Purpose. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between economic globalization and the ecological footprint in countries with different levels of development using a Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) analysis.
Methodology / approach. The study covers the years 1970 to 2017 for 65 developed and developing countries. The ecological footprint is the dependent variable in the study’s model, and the GDP and KOF Globalization Index (KOF) index are the independent variables. The CADF panel unit root test, which takes into account cross-sectional dependence, was used to choose the appropriate test method for the analysis. Feasible Generalised Least Square and Westerlund ECM panel cointegration analyses were performed for model estimation.
Results. Economic globalization and ecological footprint have a considerable relationship, according to the results of FGLS and Westerlund cointegration analysis. Economic globalization has a long-run negative impact on the ecological footprint. Environmental problems are being addressed as a result of more economic globalization, faster technology development, and consequently decreased usage of natural resources. Furthermore, as globalization and communication technologies develop, societies will have more information on the importance of the environment. As a result, they can show more eco-friendly behavior.
Originality / scientific novelty. Several studies in the literature include the cointegration relationship between economic globalization and ecological footprint. Although there are few studies on this topic in the literature, one aspect that distinguishes this study is the use of an estimation method that takes into account the cross-sectional dependent, second-generation unit root tests, FGLS cointegration analysis, and Westerlund ECM analysis.
Practical value / implications. The importance of the findings is that increased economic globalization has a negative effect on the ecological footprint. As economic globalization increases, so does communication technology, as well as international trade. Individuals become more environmentally conscious as a result of communication, which generally reduces ecological footprint.
6
Viphindrartin, Sebastiana, and Suryaning Bawono. "Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Projects in Low-Income and Developing Countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, And South America: Panel Data Analysis." Tamansiswa Accounting Journal International 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54204/taji/vol512022007.
Анотація:
This study investigated PPP in 129 low-income and developing countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, And South America during the period between 1990 to 2020 with panel analysis. In this study, we used statistics and regression coefficients using the Panel Ordinary Least Squares (POLS) method, We used Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) regression to triangulate the POLS. We found that governments of low-income and developing countries need increased savings in GDP. The finding of a positive relationship between the share of total investment and the number of PPP projects indicates a lack of infrastructure in low-income and developing countries. The need for additional capital in developing countries encourages low-income and developing countries to encourage PPPs.
7
Yesbolat, Madina. "Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Banking Sector in Northern Europe." International Journal of Business and Management (IJBM) 2, no. 2 (January 20, 2024): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56879/ijbm.v2i2.24.
Анотація:
This research intends to investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial performance of the banking sector in Northern Europe spanning from 2010 to 2021. In order to execute an empirical investigation into the elements that influence profitability, we worked with the OLS method (FGLS panel-data model). The results demonstrate the importance of factors that are both macroeconomic and specific in explaining profitability. Specifically, the capital adequacy ratio (CAR) exerts a noteworthy influence on bank profitability. Additionally, the bank's Z-score exhibits a negative correlation with the net interest margin (NIM) and attains statistical significance.
8
Alabede, James Oladapo. "Economic freedom and tax revenue performance in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting 16, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 610–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfra-04-2017-0024.
Анотація:
Purpose This study aims to expand the conventional tax effort model to incorporate relevant economic freedom variables to investigate whether economic freedom fosters tax revenue performance in `sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Design/methodology/approach This study uses data from 42 countries across the four sub-regions of SSA from the period 2005 to 2012 with 252 year-country observations in an unbalanced panel method. The data were statistically treated using feasible generalised least square (FGLS) and panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) estimate techniques. Findings The findings are twofold. First, the principal finding of the study suggests that economic freedom promotes tax revenue performance. Precisely, the FGLS analysis indicates that property rights freedom, freedom from corruption and investment freedom, as well as the composite economic freedom, exerted positive significant impact on tax revenue performance. This implies that country, which attained high degree of economic freedom, is likely to have higher tax-to-GDP ratio than a country with low level of economic freedom. Secondly, the results of most conventional variables conform to the prediction in the traditional theory except per capita income. Specifically, agriculture share in GDP and per capita income indicate negative significant relationship with tax revenue performance. Originality/value Because little is known empirically about the connection between economic freedom and tax revenue performance, this study extended the conventional tax effort model to incorporate the economic freedom to bridge the knowledge gap due to the absence of empirical evidence on the relationship between economic freedom and tax effort.
9
Habtoor, Omar. "The impact of audit committee characteristics on Saudi bank performance." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 11, no. 6 (September 12, 2022): 388–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i6.1969.
Анотація:
This paper examines the impact of audit committee characteristics on the performance of Saudi listed banks. Data are collected from the annual reports of Saudi listed banks from 2010 to 2018. To test hypotheses, this study applies the random effects model as the main method of analysis, while the ordinary least square (OLS), the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), and the panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) methods are used for robustness check and additional analysis. The empirical results indicate a significant positive effect of audit committee independence on all measures of bank performance (ROA, ROE, Tobin’s Q). The empirical results of this study also provide important implications for regulatory bodies and market participants in Saudi Arabia and developing countries to understand the actual role of different attributes of the audit committees on firm performance.
10
Djouaka, Armel Mbiapep Peuwo, Ibrahim Ngouhouo, and Derick Ulrich Younda. "Factors Explaining the Real Effective Exchange Rate in Franc Zone: A New View." South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics 20, no. 3 (October 10, 2023): 260–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/sajsse/2023/v20i3729.
Анотація:
Although there is an abundant literature on the determinants of the real effective exchange rate, no study has focused specifically on all the African countries in the Franc zone, whose currencies are still pegged to the euro by a fixed parity, despite the end of the gold standard in 1971. The main objective of this article is to identify the main factors explaining the real effective exchange rate in the franc zone. The data used in this work cover 15 countries that use the CFA franc over the period 1990-2019. To achieve our objective, we mobilized several estimation methods such as the Driscoll and Kraay method, the Panel Corrected Standard Error (PCSE) and the Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) method. The results of this study reveal that inflation, money supply, the interest rate, gross domestic product per capita, imports and direct investment are the main determinants of the real effective exchange rate in the franc zone.
11
Ayansola, Olufemi, and Adebowale Adejumo. "On the Performance of Some Estimation Methods in Models with Heteroscedasticity and Autocorrelated Disturbances (A Monte-Carlo Approach)." Mathematical Modelling and Applications 9, no. 1 (April 2, 2024): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.mma.20240901.13.
Анотація:
The proliferation of panel data studies has been greatly motivated by the availability of data and capacity for modelling the complexity of human behaviour than a single cross-section or time series data and these led to the rise of challenging methodologies for estimating the data set. It is pertinent that, in practice, panel data are bound to exhibit autocorrelation or heteroscedasticity or both. In view of the fact that the presence of heteroscedasticity and autocorrelated errors in panel data models biases the standard errors and leads to less efficient results. This study deemed it fit to search for estimator that can handle the presence of these twin problems when they co- exists in panel data. Therefore, robust inference in the presence of these problems needs to be simultaneously addressed. The Monte-Carlo simulation method was designed to investigate the finite sample properties of five estimation methods: Between Estimator (BE), Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS), Maximum Estimator (ME) and Modified Maximum Estimator (MME), including a new Proposed Estimator (PE) in the simulated data infected with heteroscedasticity and autocorrelated errors. The results of the root mean square error and absolute bias criteria, revealed that Proposed Estimator in the presence of these problems is asymptotically more efficient and consistent than other estimators in the class of the estimators in the study. This is experienced in all combinatorial level of autocorrelated errors in remainder error and fixed heteroscedastic individual effects. For this reason, PE has better performance among other estimators.
12
Hossain, Md Shakib. "Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 11 (October 26, 2016): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n11p200.
Анотація:
<p class="Default">This paper has explores the interplay between economic freedom, foreign direct investment and economic growth using panel data analysis for a sample of 79 developing countries from 1998 to 2014 by considering the level of economic freedom, as provided by the “Heritage Foundation”. Panel unit root, pedroni residual co-integration test, generalized least square (GLS), feasible GLS (FGLS), pooled OLS, random effect, fixed effect, poisson regression, prais-winsten, generalized method of movement (GMM) and generalized estimating equation (GEE) methods have used to estimates the relationship. According to the OLS and generalized method of movement the coefficient implies that a one standard deviation improvement in business freedom, trade freedom, size, investment freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption, labor freedom, financial freedom, fiscal freedom, monetary freedom increases FDI by 21.4%, 15.6%, 21.6%, 17.5%, 11.55, 9.1%, 6.9%, 8.5%, 7.4%, 10.3% and 56.1%, 45.3%, 58.3%, 51.6%, 33.7%, 39.2%, 47.4%, 41.6%, 32.5%, 38.5% points respectively and for the economic variable ,the coefficient implies that a one standard deviation improvement in GDPG and GDPPC increases FDI by 24.1%, 17.4% and 30.2%, 33.4% points respectively. By using the other method like random effect, fixed effect, poisson regression, prais-winsten and generalized estimating equation (GEE) method explores that economic freedom in the host country is a positive determinants of FDI inflows in developing countries and also the result suggests that foreign direct investment is positively correlated with the economic growth in the host countries.</p>
13
Nur Aji Cokro Darsono, Susilo, Thang Le-Dinh, Nguyen Trong Than, Wing Keung Wong, Tran Thai Ha Nguyen, and Jenho Peter Ou. "Did COVID-19 challenge the volatility of the sustainable stock market? An examination of Asian market." Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR) 10, no. 7 (December 3, 2023): 989–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v10i7.1343.
Анотація:
The coronavirus outbreak at the end of 2019 hit many aspects of the financial sector, especially the stock market. This research examines the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, exchange rates, gold price, and the Brent oil price on the volatility of the Sustainable Stock Market in Asia. A quantitative research method is applied using average monthly panel data from March 2020 to April 2022, covering the COVID-19 pandemic period. We employed panel regressions and applied Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) in the analysis, which also serves as a robustness check. This study contributes to the literature by examining the variables significantly impacting sustainable investing, particularly in the sustainable stock market. Empirical results find that COVID-19, gold price and the exchange rate have negatively affected sustainable stock market volatility, while the Brent oil price has a positive impact on the volatility of the sustainable stock market. This study's recommendations infer that both investors and managers should consider the increase of COVID-19 cases and frequency-varying exchange rates to the USD on the Asian sustainable stock market volatility.
14
Hossain, Shakib, and Abu Zafar Ahmed Mukul. "Does Institutional Quality and Economic Freedom Impact on Foreign Direct Investment? Evidence From Developing Countries." International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 8, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijafr.v8i4.13973.
Анотація:
Using panel data analysis, it is an attempt to estimates the significance of institutional quality and economic freedom on foreign direct investment for a sample of 79 developing countries from 1998 to 2014. Panel unit root, pedroni residual cointegration test, vector error correction model, generalized least square (GLS), feasible GLS (FGLS), pooled OLS, random effect, fixed effect, poisson regression, prais-winsten, generalized method of movement (GMM) and generalized estimating equation (GEE) method are utilizing for estimates the importance of institutional qualities and economic freedom for facilitating foreign direct investment. VECM confirms that there is a long run relationship among the tested variables means that commensurate institutional quality and substantive economic freedom stimulates foreign direct investment. According to the OLS method ,for the institutional quality the coefficient implies that a one standard deviation improvement in political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory qualities, rules of law and control of corruption increases FDI by 24.6%, 31.6%, 12.8%, 23.9% and 37.7% and on the other hand for the economic freedom , the coefficient implies that a one standard deviation improvement in business freedom, trade freedom, government size, investment freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption, labor freedom, financial freedom, fiscal freedom, monetary freedom increases FDI by 28.4%, 32.7%, 29.5%,22.8%, 29.0%, 36.4%,29.3%, 37.5%, 46.1% and 38.2% respectively. By using the other methods like random effect, fixed effect, poisson regression, prais-winsten and generalized estimating equation (GEE) method explores that both the institutional quality and economic freedom are influencing on FDI in the developing countries.
15
Osabohien, Romanus, Olaronke Onanuga, Busayo Aderounmu, Oluwatoyin Matthew, and Evans Osabuohien. "SOCIAL PROTECTION AND EMPLOYMENT IN AFRICA’S AGRICULTURAL SECTOR." Business: Theory and Practice 21, no. 2 (August 18, 2020): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.11945.
Анотація:
Social protection is increasingly becoming a powerful tool for enhancing productivity and employment and is, therefore, important for Africa’s agricultural transformation. Thus, this study aims at examining how Africa’s agricultural sector can be transformed through social protection policies and programmes for employment. It applies the Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) econometric method on a panel of 38 African countries with the data sourced from the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) and World Development Indicators (WDI) for the period 2005–2017. The results from the study show that social protection has a positive impact on employment outcomes through various channels such as building human resource, equity in the use of public resources, social inclusion, among others. The study concludes by recommending that the governments of African countries should implement effective social protection programmes and policies in the agricultural sector in form of insurance, in-kind and cash support, among others to make farming attractive, thereby increasing employment and productivity.
16
Tuna, Elif, Atıf Ahmet Evren, Zehra Zeynep Şahinbaşoğlu, and Mert Veznikli. "Examination of the Effects of COVID-19 on Happiness in Different Geographical Regions with Piecewise Linear Panel Data Models." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (May 25, 2023): 8569. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118569.
Анотація:
The COVID-19 pandemic has recently caused the loss of millions of lives, and billions of others have been deeply affected. This crisis has changed the way people live, think about life, and perceive happiness. The aim of this study is to reveal differences between geographical regions by investigating the effect of the happiness variable on different countries during the international COVID-19 pandemic. The primary purpose is to demonstrate how such a pandemic may affect different countries in terms of happiness at the individual level and to identify possible strategies for the future. With this aim, both static and dynamic panel data models were used while applying fixed effects, random effects, and the generalized method of moments (GMM). A basic assumption in panel data models is that the coefficients do not change over time. This assumption is unlikely to hold, however, especially during major devastating events like COVID-19. Therefore, the piecewise linear panel data model was applied in this study. As a result of empirical analysis, pre- and post-COVID differences were seen between different geographical regions. Based on analysis conducted for three distinct geographical regions with piecewise linear models, it was determined that the piecewise random effects model was appropriate for European and Central Asian countries, the piecewise FGLS model for Latin American and Caribbean countries, and the piecewise linear GMM model for South Asian countries. According to the results, there are many variables that affect happiness, which vary according to different geographical conditions and societies with different cultural values.
17
Ngono, Jean Francky Landry. "L’assurance vie : un atout pour lutter contre la pauvreté monétaire des travailleurs dans la CEMAC." Assurances et gestion des risques 87, no. 3-4 (March 31, 2021): 267–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1076123ar.
Анотація:
The objective of this study is to determine the effect of life insurance on the monetary poverty of workers in the CEMAC. To do this, data from the World Bank (2019), the United Nations Program (UNDP, 2018) and the Global Financial Development Database (2019) justified a study period which goes from 2007 to 2017. The estimation of the model used in this work was done, using least squares with indicator variables then corrected for problems of heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation of error terms by panel corrected standard error (PCSE) and the least squares achievable (FGLS), then by the generalized moments method. As a result, it first appears that life insurance can significantly reduce the percentage of working poor in CEMAC. And secondly, it appears that education is an important lever to combat the precariousness of workers in this sub-region. Finally, the results show that political stability and an increase in the growth rate of the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita also reduce the percentage of working poor in the CEMAC.
18
Shobande, Olatunji Abdul. "Decomposing the Persistent and Transitory Effect of Information and Communication Technology on Environmental Impacts Assessment in Africa: Evidence from Mundlak Specification." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094683.
Анотація:
This study examines the persistent and transitory effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on the environmental impact assessment in Africa. The applied advanced econometrics is based on both the Mundlak and Hausman–Taylor methodology for correcting endogeneity and the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) method to identify any potential cross-panel correlation. The empirical evidence suggests that an increase in ICT (Internet penetration) has a positive transitory effect on the environment. On the contrary, an increase in ICT has a negative persistent effect on the environment. This implies that a temporary change in ICT usage increases carbon emissions, whereas ICT use can reduce carbon emissions in the long run. In addition, this study identified mediums through which ICT can affect the environment, such as energy consumption. Therefore, this study recommends continuous investment in ICT infrastructure and education on the importance of practicing environmentally sustainable practices. Similarly, energy conservation is critical because use of the Internet appears to indirectly increase energy usage by increasing the overall productivity of the economy, which may subsequently degrade the environment.
19
Febri Nanda Marchela and Purwanto Widodo. "Determinants of non-performing loans in Regional Development Banks (BPD) in Indonesia." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 12, no. 3 (May 6, 2023): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v12i3.2573.
Анотація:
The country's macroeconomic conditions, whether directly and indirectly will influence the development of the financial and banking sector. This study aims to determine the effect of macroeconomic and internal company variables consisting of BOPO, ROA, money supply, and the unemployment rate on non-performing loans (NPL) in Indonesian banking, especially Regional Development Banks (BPD). The sampling technique used is purposive sampling technique. There are 20 Regional Development Banks (BPD) that met the requirements determined by the observation period from 2008-2021. The data processing method used is panel data regression. Model selection uses the Chow test, Hausman test and Langgrange Multiplier test (LM Test). Based on this, the appropriate model is the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Testing the classical assumptions of FEM shows that there is a heteroscedasticity problem, then it is recovered using the Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS). The results of the analysis show that the variables BOPO, ROA, money supply, and unemployment rates both simultaneously and individually have a significant positive effect on the NPL of Regional Development Banks.
20
Quynh, Pham Xuan. "Testing the optimal capital structure hypothesis: A case of property firms in Vietnam." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 66, no. 1 (April 20, 2024): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.66(1).53-61.
Анотація:
This study examines the relationship between capital structure and firm value to test the optimal capital structure hypothesis. By collecting accounting and market data of Vietnamese property firms listed on the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange for the period from 2017 to 2022, we employ a panel data approach with a total of 306 observations. With data that ensures stationarity, the study utilises the Feasible Generalised Least Squares (FGLS) method to address potential concerns related to heteroskedasticity within the model. The results indicate that the relationship between capital structure in general, capital structure by term, and firm value is quadratic, suggesting the presence of an optimal level of capital structure. Firm value increases with the increase in the debt ratio, and firms can maximise value at the optimal debt threshold. Additionally, the study finds that firm value is influenced by scale and asset structure, both of which have a positive impact on firm value. However, there is no evidence of the impact of sales growth and liquidity on firm value in this analysis.
21
Qian, Chen, and Ghulam Rasool Madni. "Encirclement of Natural Resources, Green Investment, and Economic Complexity for Mitigation of Ecological Footprints in BRI Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 15269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215269.
Анотація:
Environmental deterioration has been increasing constantly for many years and has become the major reason for climatic changes. Consequently, policy makers and researchers are enquiring into the factors affecting environmental quality. The earlier literature describes little about the impact of economic complexity, natural resources, and green investment on ecological footprint for countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), so this research is an effort to close this gap for the 45 BRI countries covering the time period 1995–2020. We applied a number of methods to address the issue of cross-sectional dependence, then cointegration is determined through the Lagrange multiplier bootstrap method. The Driscoll–Kraay standard error method is employed to find the long-run estimates while the robustness of the estimated findings is checked through panel-corrected standard errors (PCSE) and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS). The estimated outcomes suggest a significant negative effect of green investment on ecological footprint while natural resources, economic complexity, economic growth, and globalization have significant and positive effects on ecological footprint. These conclusions provide profound insight into natural resources, green investments, and economic complexity for sustainable development of the environment in BRI participating economies and provide a meaningful reference for ecological safety for other economies in the world. This study also highlights some necessary insights for policy makers and practitioners engaged in obtaining the target of sustainable development policies.
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Rizka Amalia Farentina. "Effect of village funds and other variables on economic growth of Central Java Province 2015–2018." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan 30, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jep.30.1.2022.1-14.
Анотація:
The Economic growth of Central Java Province from 2015 to 2018 experienced a slowdown compared to other provinces in Java. One of the main focuses on improving the economy is fiscal decentralization which is manifested in the form of village funds. This is in line with one of nine development priorities for the next five years agendas, or so- called Nawacita, namely to develop Indonesia from the periphery by strengthening regions and villages within the framework of a unitary state. The village funds data from the Ministry of Finance shows that Central Java Province receives the largest village funds each year, but this does not necessarily increase economic growth in the recipient districts. In addition to the economic growth policy, the government also plans through investment and government spending. The purposes of this study are to determine the effectiveness of the village fund budget and the effect of the realization of village funds, capital expenditure, goods and services expenditure, and the level of open unemployment on economic growth. The method used in this study is the panel data regression analysis method with the research locus of 29 districts receiving village funds in Central Java Province from 2015 to 2018. The results of the study using the selected panel data regression model that is the Fixed Effect Model FGLS SUR show that all independent variables influence significantly to economic growth (GRDP). The variable realization of village funds and goods and services expenditure has a significant positive effect, while the variable realization of capital expenditure and the variable open unemployment has a significant negative effect on economic growth (GRDP).
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Yunita, Anna Kristiana. "Internet dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pengangguran di Indonesia Tahun 2015-2019." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Statistik Indonesia 1, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jesi.01.01.05.
Анотація:
The internet has two effects, whether it supports or will it reduce productivity which will have an impact on the unemployment rate. This study aims to examine the effect of the internet on the unemployment rate in Indonesia in 2015-2019. Panel data analysis with the Feasible generalized least square (FGLS) method using STATA software was used to solve the problem of not fulfilling the assumptions of normality and heteroscedasticity in this study. Based on the results of data processing, the proportion of internet users shows a positive and statistically significant sign. The coefficient value of the proportion of internet users is 0.4898; which means that an increase in the proportion of internet users by 1 percent will cause the open unemployment rate to increase by 0.4898 percent, assuming the other variables are fixed. It can be concluded that the higher the proportion of internet users in an area, the higher the area's open unemployment rate. This is because the use of the internet in Indonesia is still not fully used to increase the productivity of the population such as looking for jobs or improving skills through training so that the internet actually causes the unemployment rate to increase.
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Le Thi Thoan and Vo Thi Ngoc Thuy. "Corporate Governance in Listed Firms: Does Market Competition Make a Difference?" Asian Academy of Management Journal 29, no. 1 (May 15, 2024): 171–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/aamj2024.29.1.7.
Анотація:
This study assesses the relationship between market competition and corporate governance by analysing 562 non-financial companies listed on the Vietnamese stock market from 2010 to 2019. We used the quantitative method through oridinary least squares (OLS) robust and feasible generalised least squares (FGLS) regression to control heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, which is suitable with panel data to test the above relationship. According to the research results, market competition has complementary and alternative effects on corporate governance, as reflected in the positive and negative effects of the variable Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), a proxy for market competition, on corporate governance. Market competition has a support impact on corporate governance, which is more evident in board size, CEO duality, and CEO ownership. In contrast, the impact of market competition substituted corporate governance and reduced the role of corporate governance, as demonstrated by the independent board members. As a result, our study provides an extended understanding of the factors affecting corporate governance, primarily based on contingency theory. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for further research in this field and identifies a number of potential solutions for investors and regulators.
25
Hatef Abdulkadhim Altaee, Hatem, Naz Hiwa Ghani, Saya Jamal Azeez, and Sameer Abduljabbar Abdulwahab. "Factors influencing commercial bank profitability in Iraq: A quantile regression approach." Banks and Bank Systems 19, no. 2 (June 20, 2024): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.19(2).2024.14.
Анотація:
This study aims to empirically examine the influence of bank-specific determinants, macroeconomic factors, and governance factors on profitability in Iraq’s banking industry. In addition, bank-specific and macroeconomic determinants were included in the analysis. In terms of governance, the average of corruption control and rule of law was used. Different pre-estimation tests were used to check the properties of the data. The method of moment quantile regression was used as the baseline model. The PCSE and FGLS techniques were used for robustness checks. A sample of balanced panel data consisting of nine commercial banks listed on the Iraq stock exchange from 2012 to 2021 was selected. The results suggested that liquidity and total debt to total shareholders’ equity ratios have a significant positive relationship with ROA. Inflation and openness negatively impact bank profitability only at the 50th and 90th quantiles. Institutional governance appeared to be a positive and significant contributor to bank profitability. The findings suggest that a certain level of liquidity is required for a continuous increase in ROA. Moreover, institutional governance emerged as a noteworthy and positive factor influencing bank profitability.
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Khanum, Sana, Jabbar Ul-Haq, Qazi Muhammad Adnan Hye, and Ahmed Raza Cheema. "Does trade liberalization increase child labor in rural Pakistan? A rural perspective." Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (December 27, 2023): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i1.414.
Анотація:
Trade liberalization has differentiated effects on the regions (i.e., urban and rural). Concerning regional importance, we investigate the association between trade liberalization (TL) and child labor (CL), with special emphasis on rural areas, using micro-level data from 1990-2005 in rural Pakistan. Our estimation approach analyzes geographical differences in the effects of trade policy through province-level exposure to a reduction in import tariffs. We construct provincial panel data for the investigation of the liaison between trade liberalization and child labor in rural Pakistan. The feasible generalized least-squares (FGLS) method is utilized for empirical analysis. Pakistan is related to trade liberalization and the prevalence of child labor in rural areas. In Pakistan, trade liberalization has given rise to child labor in rural regions. It might be the reason that children who are living in rural areas assist their parents with household chores and on-farm. In rural Pakistan, trade liberalization leads to a rise in child labor. Our results hold up well against a range of control variables. The policy implication of the study is that the government should provide free education programs and packages to the poor, especially in rural areas, for the survival of their lives and then parents should send their children to school instead of work.
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Deng, Zhang, Ahmad, and Draz. "Local Government Competition, Environmental Regulation Intensity and Regional Innovation Performance: An Empirical Investigation of Chinese Provinces." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12 (June 16, 2019): 2130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122130.
Анотація:
：The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity on regional innovation performance and its regional heterogeneity. Based on the theoretical mechanism of the aforementioned variables, this study uses the Chinese provincial panel data from 2001 to 2016. We use the super-efficiency data envelopment analysis (SE-DEA) to evaluate regional innovation performance. To systematically examine the impact of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity on regional innovation performance, we build a panel date model using the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) method. The results indicate that: the regional innovation performance can be significantly improved through technological spillover; local governments compete for foreign direct investment (FDI) to participate in regional innovative production. Moreover, improvements in environmental regulation intensity enhance regional innovation performance through the innovation compensation effect. Our results show that the local governments tend to choose lower environmental regulation intensity to compete for more FDI, which has an inhibitory effect on regional innovation performance. Furthermore, due to regional differences in factor endowments, economic reforms and economic development levels in Chinese provinces, there exists a significant regional consistency in the impact of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity on regional innovation performance. Therefore, institutional arrangements and incentive constraints must be adopted to enhance regional innovation performance as well as to guide and foster the mechanism of green innovation competition among local governments. At the same time, considering the regional heterogeneity of local government competition and environmental regulation intensity affecting regional innovation performance, policy makers should avoid the “one-size-fits-all” strategy of institutional arrangements.
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Ul-Haq, Jabbar, Iqra Ashraf, Ahmed Raza Cheema, Qazi Muhammad Adnan Hye, and Hubert Visas. "The relationship between trade liberalization and gender disparity in education: Evidence from Pakistan." Nurture 17, no. 3 (May 18, 2023): 180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55951/nurture.v17i3.291.
Анотація:
Purpose: Over the past few decades, there has been an increasing interest in understanding the relationship between trade liberalization and gender inequality in developing countries. In Pakistan, due to its social, demographic, cultural and economic problems, gender disparity in education (GDE) is still prevalent. This study examines the impact of trade reforms on gender disparity in education using micro data from Pakistan.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The feasible generalized least-squares (FGLS) method is employed for empirical analysis. We used panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) for robustness checks.
Findings: The analysis reveals that a reduction in import tariffs is associated with GDE. Trade liberalization gives rise to gender disparities. We added several control variables to the baseline model for robustness checks. Regarding the control variables, average family wage income, family size, urbanization, female-to-male labor force participation and the female share of the total labor force are identified as important determinants of GDE in Pakistan.
Originality or Value: This study contributes to the existing literature by studying the relationship between trade liberalization and gender disparity in education in Pakistan and employing a better measure of reductions in import tariffs for trade liberalization. We construct a provincial liberalization index. Second, this study takes into account the whole trade regime as a sample period (i.e., from 1990-2005) to assess the impacts of the trade regime as protection rates significantly reduced through this regime. Third, we measure the gender gap in education by comparing males and females' average years of schooling as opposed to previous studies that used secondary school enrolment ratios as a proxy for the gender gap in education. Fourth, we used panel data to explore the impact of trade liberalization on gender disparity in education for empirical analysis.
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Chen, Ruixu, Yang Chen, Oleksii Lyulyov, and Tetyana Pimonenko. "Interplay of Urbanization and Ecological Environment: Coordinated Development and Drivers." Land 12, no. 7 (July 21, 2023): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12071459.
Анотація:
The interplay between urbanization and ecological environmental efficiency has gained increasing significance in the context of sustainable development, as rapid urban growth poses challenges to resource consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and the overall ecological well-being of urban areas. Understanding and analyzing the coordinated development of urbanization and ecological environmental efficiency, as well as assessing the influence of drivers on this relationship, is crucial for developing effective policies and strategies that promote environmentally sustainable urban development. This study establishes an urbanization index based on four key aspects: economy, society, population, and ecology. This investigation focuses on 30 provinces in China spanning from 2011 to 2020. The following methods are applied: global Malmquist–Luenberger productivity index, entropy method, TOPSIS model, coupled coordination degree model, panel-corrected standard error (PCSE), and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) models. The empirical results demonstrate a favorable level of coordinated development between urbanization and the ecological environment overall, with more pronounced regional evolution trends. The trade openness, energy structure, and digitalization level play significant roles in effectively promoting the coordinated development of urbanization and the ecological environment to varying extents. The growth of trade openness and digitalization level promote coordinated development between urbanization and the ecological environment by 0.125 and 0.049, respectively. However, the increase in the energy structure decreases it by 0.509. These results have significant implications for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that prioritizes ecological environmental protection in urbanization efforts. This study underscores the importance of sustainable urban development strategies to ensure long-term ecological and environmental sustainability.
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Liu, Xiaohong, and Meiwen Zhang. "The Impact of Market Integration on Renewable Energy Technology Innovation: Evidence from China." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113778.
Анотація:
China is vigorously building a unified domestic market, with priority given to regional market integration while maintaining a national unified market. Limited research has been conducted on whether market integration affects renewable energy technology innovation (RETI). This paper empirically studies this topic based on panel data of 30 Chinese provinces from 2004 to 2020 using FMOLS (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares), DOLS (Dynamic Least Squares method), and FGLS (Feasible Generalized Least Squares). Research results have been verified by robustness tests. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Market integration has an important positive impact on RETI, namely, boosting it. This conclusion remains robust when different indicators of innovation and market segmentation are included. (2) The regional impacts of market integration on RETI are heterogeneous, being the greatest in east China, followed by west China and central China. (3) Market integration affects RETI through energy structure and technological innovation. It can optimize energy structure, improve technological innovation, and thus enhance RETI. Based on the above conclusions, in order to improve RETI in China and expand its contribution to carbon neutrality and carbon peaking, China needs to strengthen the construction of a national unified market and implement differentiated market integration policies in east, central, and west China. Furthermore, it is necessary to give full play to the role of energy structure and technological innovation in market integration by optimizing energy structure and improving technological innovation.
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Setyari, Ni Putu Wiwin, Surya Dewi Rustariyuni, and Luh Putu Aswitari. "CAPITAL INTENSITY, OPENNESS, AND THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE ASEAN 5." Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business 31, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jieb.23268.
Анотація:
One of the core elements of the neoclassical growth theory is that poor countries have low capital-labor ratios but have higher marginal products of capital than the rich countries. This means the low-income countries experience faster growth rates and become a reason for allowing capital, goods, and technology can move across countries. Assuming that the labor intensive countries have higher returns on capital, then investment will flows into those countries and encourage higher economic growth. However, in fact capital flows seems to go in the opposite direction. A country with abundant capital can expand its capital-intensive sectors and export their goods along with trade liberalization. Consequently, the returns to capital in its capital-intensive sectors rise and a greater demand for investment induces higher capital inflows from abroad. Those predictions push developing countries to change their labor intensive industrial structures and become more capital intensive, to encourage their economic growth. This paper examines how capital intensity and openness affect economic growth using data from the ASEAN 5 countries data. The issue of endogeneity and unobserved heterogeneity, as major problems in a data panel, are addressed by the fixed effect method and the Feasible General Least Square (FGLS). Capital flows appears to be the most important source of economic growth, whilst trade is found to have a limited role. The interaction between capital intensity and the openness indicator do not indicate significant effects. Generally, there is no evidence that the more outward-oriented countries with high levels of capital intensity experiences higher economic growth.
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Liu, Qiongzhi, and Xikai Zhang. "A Study on the Effects of Tax Reduction Policies on Fiscal Sustainability in China." Sustainability 15, no. 10 (May 10, 2023): 7831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15107831.
Анотація:
Tax reduction policies can promote economic development, employment, and social equity in the short term. Especially during economic downturns, their effects are even more pronounced. Following the massive tax cuts amounting to 4 trillion yuan in China in 2022, the government work report for 2023 has revealed that tax reduction will continue to be the central theme of fiscal policies. However, amidst a backdrop of economic growth slowdown, China is facing objective challenges such as sluggish growth in fiscal revenues, rising inflexibility in fiscal expenditures, mounting debt burdens, and fiscal imbalances among regions, which pose severe threats to fiscal sustainability. This paper selects panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2009 to 2019. Controlling for provincial and year fixed effects, FGLS method is used to empirically test the impact of tax reduction policies on fiscal sustainability. The results indicate that tax reduction significantly undermines fiscal sustainability, which exhibits a certain degree of persistence. Heterogeneity tests reveal that tax reduction policies have more pronounced inhibitory effects on fiscal sustainability in western regions, regions with lower proportions of the tertiary industry, and regions with higher levels of fiscal decentralization. Further analysis demonstrates that tax reduction primarily impacts local fiscal sustainability through two channels: stimulating enterprise production and distorting local government behavior. Based on these findings, our study proposes the need to moderate the pace of overall tax reduction policies in China, implement tax reduction policies with varying intensities tailored to regional characteristics, and promote tax reduction policy dividends as well as reduce policy costs to enhance fiscal sustainability.
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Ben Amar, Anis, and Nourhen Sayadi. "Independent financial expert members on audit committees, earnings management and the role of female directors." Journal of Accounting and Management Information Systems 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/jamis.2022.01001.
Анотація:
Research Question: What is the impact of the presence of expert and independent members within the audit committee on earnings management? What is the impact of the presence of expert and independent women on the audit committee on earnings management? Motivation: A number of studies have empirically examined the impact of audit committee financial expertise on earnings management. However, the results have been mixed (Ben Amar, 2014; Zalata et al., 2018). Some studies find a negative impact, while others find no significant association (eg. Yang & Krishnan, 2005). Moreover, examining all of this work allows us to observe an ongoing debate concerning the type of expertise that is most associated with earnings management. Idea: This paper examines the impact of independent financial expert members on the audit committee on earnings management. Moreover, the presence of female financial experts on the audit committee is necessary for the effectiveness of internal control mechanisms to mitigate earnings management. Hence, the impact of female financial experts on the audit committee on earnings management is also examined. Tools: This study uses a sample of 280 French non-financial companies listed on the CAC All Tradable index for the period 2008-2018. Feasible Generalized Least Square (FGLS) regression method is used to estimate the econometric models. Findings: Based on a panel of 3080 French firm-observations from 2008 to 2018 period, a negative effect of the audit committee's financial expertise on earnings management was observed. We also find that the proportion of female independent financial experts on the audit committee is significantly associated with less earnings management. Contribution: Our findings expand the literature on the relationship between audit committee structure and earnings management and provide guidance for regulatory bodies in some countries, due to the further integration of types of expertise related to audit committee members. Thus, regulators need to intensify their efforts on the optimal characteristics of this control mechanism.
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Mei, Bingjing, Arshad Ahmad Khan, Sufyan Ullah Khan, Muhammad Abu Sufyan Ali, and Jianchao Luo. "Complementarity or Substitution: A Study of the Impacts of Internet Finance and Rural Financial Development on Agricultural Economic Growth." Agriculture 12, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111786.
Анотація:
Based on the Chinese county-level panel data from 2014–2018, in the study reported in this paper, we empirically tested the “complementarity and substitution” effects of internet finance and rural finance on rural economic development using the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimation method. The research data were obtained from the China County Statistical Yearbook. Similarly, the data of agricultural credit societies were obtained from the unique database of the agricultural credit societies of Shaanxi Rural Finance Research Center, while the internet finance development index was obtained from the Digital Finance Research Center of Peking University. In this research, we found that rural finance and internet finance contribute to rural economic growth. In the context of rural economic growth, internet finance and rural finance development show a substitution effect. The scale and efficiency of rural finance contribute to rural economic growth, while the structure of rural finance has the opposite effect. The development of internet finance reduces the marginal contribution of the rural financial scale and efficiency to rural economic growth. It weakens the negative effect of the rustic financial structure on rural economic growth. Furthermore, the development of internet finance contributes to the rural economic growth of counties of high economic levels but hinders the development of counties of low and medium economic levels. In counties with a high economic status, the development of internet finance and rural finance have a complementary effect on rural economic growth, while in counties of low and medium economic levels, we can observe a substitution effect. These assessments provide guidance, a source for policy recommendations and a reference for researchers and policy makers seeking to optimize the structure and break the monopoly pattern of agricultural credit cooperation in the rural financial market and to strengthen innovation and significantly improve the operational level of rural financial institutions. Moreover, the development of internet financial business and technology is necessary to overcome the demerits of traditional financial institutions.
35
h, h., and h. h. "Determinants of Green Technology Diffusion and Green Trade." Journal of Korea Trade 27, no. 6 (December 31, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35611/jkt.2023.27.6.1.
Анотація:
Purpose - This study aims to explore the factors that contribute to the international diffusion of green technology and further analyze the relationship between green technology diffusion and green trade. Previous studies and theoretical foundations suggest that economic, technological, and institutional environments are important factors influencing the diffusion of green technology among countries. For this study, trade openness, intellectual property protection, the level of development of information and communication technology (ICT), research and development (R&D) investment, environmental regulations, and environmental norms were used as the key factors in the diffusion of green technology. In addition, a comparative analysis of OECD and non-OECD countries is conducted.
Design/methodology - Panel data were collected from 58 countries for the period 2007-2019. The empirical analysis consists of two parts, first exploring the drivers of green technology diffusion using the feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) method, and then analyzing the linkage between green technology diffusion and green trade using the two-stage least squares (2SLS) model. The demand for green technology is expected to vary among countries because of their different economic development levels and goals. A comparative analysis was conducted based on the classification of countries by the level of economic development.
Findings - We found that the level of intellectual property protection, R&D investment and environmental norms contribute positively to the diffusion of green technology. However, there is a negative correlation between trade openness, environmental regulations and green technology diffusion. Green technology diffusion positively affects green trade. Moreover, the positive impact of green technology diffusion on green trade is more pronounced in non-OECD countries than in OECD countries.
Originality/value - Previous studies have focused on technology transfer and green technology innovation at the firm level; however, research on green technology diffusion is insufficient. This study investigated the determinants of green technology diffusion at the national level. The study also explored the relationship between green technology diffusion and green trade. It helps to fill the gap in the literature on green technology diffusion and provides a reference for future studies. Additionally, our findings offer valuable guidance for government and corporate decision-makers in formulating strategies for the transfer of green technologies and sustainable development initiatives.
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Maury, Cédric, and Teresa Bravo. "Vibrational Effects on the Acoustic Performance of Multi-Layered Micro-Perforated Metamaterials." Vibration 6, no. 3 (September 17, 2023): 695–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vibration6030043.
Анотація:
Broadband noise reduction over the low–mid frequency range in the building and transportation sectors requires compact lightweight sound absorbers of a typical subwavelength size. The use of multi-layered, closely spaced (micro-)perforated membranes or panels, if suitably optimized, contributes to these objectives. However, their elasticity or modal behaviors often impede the final acoustical performance of the partition. The objective of this study is to obtain insights into the vibrational effects induced by elastic limp membranes or panel volumetric modes on the optimized sound absorption properties of acoustic fishnets and functionally graded partitions (FGP). The cost-efficient global optimization of the partitions’ frequency-averaged dissipation is achieved using the simulated annealing optimization method, while vibrational effects are included through an impedance translation method. A critical coupling analysis reveals how the membranes or panel vibrations redistribute the locations of the Hole-Cavity resonances, as well as their cross-coupling with the panels’ first volumetric mode. It is found that elastic limp micro-perforated membranes broaden the pass-band of acoustic fishnets, while smoothing out the dissipation ripples over the FGP optimization bandwidth. Moreover, the resonance frequency of the first panels mode sets an upper limit to the broadband optimization of FGPs, up to which a high dissipation, high absorption, and low transmission can be achieved.
37
Kang, Hyunsoo. "An Analysis of the Relationship between Energy Trilemma and Economic Growth." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 3863. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073863.
Анотація:
This study analyzed the relationship between energy trilemma (ET) and economic growth in 109 countries between 2000 and 2020 across income levels and regions. This study constructed an extended Cobb-Douglas production function including three elements of ET such as energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability as their effects on economic growth differ by income level and region. The methodology of this study differs from that of previous studies, which utilized the representative value of ET based on principal component analysis. To analyze the panel series, this study utilized econometric procedures, panel regression of pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), feasible generalized least squares (FGLS), fixed effects, and dynamic panel analysis of generalized methods of moments (GMM) by three income levels. In addition, this study undertook a time series analysis between ET and economic growth for each country. The results showed that each element of ET is not balanced. Moreover, each element can contribute differently to economic growth due to differences in income levels and regions. This study suggested that a balanced environmental policy reflecting various aspects of ET is required and can contribute to the economic growth.
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Azaria, Shania Puteri, and Estro Dariatno Sihaloho. "IMPACTS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ON POVERTY ERADICATION IN ASEAN-5 COUNTRIES." Vol 20 No 2 (2021): December Edition 20, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.23969/trikonomika.v20i2.4085.
Анотація:
This research aims to investigate the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and poverty using panel data of five ASEAN upper and lower middle-income countries for 28 years. The time series data period selected in this study is from 1990 until 2018. The five countries selected to be investigated in this research are presumed as the Tiger Cub Economies, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. This study conducted the Feasible Generalized least Square (FGLS) methods to analyze the statistical panel data. The result from this analysis indicates that foreign direct investment has a negative and significant impact on poverty in five ASEAN countries. Other important results from this study showed that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), credit provided by the financial sector as the proxy of financial development, and education variables contribute significantly to lower poverty incidence. Policies that focus on attracting foreign direct investment, improving financial development, and support a higher level of education have the potential to reduce poverty in the selected five ASEAN countries.
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Sreeju Nair S B, C. Pany. "Functionally Graded Panels: A Review." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology, no. 8 (August 5, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst060808.
Анотація:
Functionally gradedmaterials (FGMs) are not homogeneous materials. It consists of different(two or more) materials, engineered to have a continuously varying spatial composition profile. FGM is the one that can solve practical problems arising from the production and application of a new type of composite material. This paper describes the overview of FGM basic concepts, classification, properties, and its modeling which may focus on the static and dynamic analysis of functionally graded panels. The effective material properties of functionally graded materials for the panel are graded in the thickness direction from the bottom surface to the top surface according to the power-law distribution of volume fractions of the constituents. The use of structures like beams, plates, and shells, which are made from functionally graded (FG) materials, is increasing because of the smooth variation of material properties along with preferred directions. This variation gives continuous stress distribution in the FG structures. Therefore, an FGM can be effectively used in avoiding corrosion, fatigue, fracture, and stress corrosion cracking. The paper covers the literature study on static, buckling and free vibration, thermo-mechanical analysis of FGM panel. From this literature study it is found that, analysis of these problems is made using the constitutive relations and governing equations associated with the classical laminated theory structural model, the FSDT model, the HSDT model,Reissner and Sander theory,differential quadrature, finite element method and closed form solutions. Results are availableon different geometrical dimensional ratios variations, power-law index value n variationsand simply supported,clamped, free edges boundary conditionswith its combinations for FG panels. Lesser literatures are available for different edge boundary conditions such as SCSC, CSCS,SSSC, SFSF, SSSF, SCSF on curved panelfor free vibration, buckling and thermo-structural analysis.
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Rasool, Harmain, Jabbar Ul-Haq, and Ahmed Raza Cheema. "Are tourism and energy consumption linked? Evidence from tourism dependent countries." Energy Economics Letters 10, no. 2 (November 23, 2023): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5049.v10i2.4915.
Анотація:
The tourism industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors across the globe. Tourism is not only playing a key role in the development of many small economies but is also considered a major source of income. Tourism-dependent economies are heavily reliant on the tourism sector. This study explored the relationships among energy consumption (EC), economic growth (EG), and tourism (TR) using panel data spanning 2000-2019, for tourism-dependent countries. Panel data methods like feasible generalized least-squares (FGLS) and panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) are employed for empirical analysis. Results reveal that the impact of EC on TR is mixed and sensitive to econometric techniques. While the impact of EG on TR is positive and robust to econometric techniques. We also used other control variables like total population and financial development. The impact of financial development and total population on TR is positive on tourism because they both boosted the tourism industry. Building on these findings, policy recommendations emphasize sustainable energy practices within the tourism industry. This study’s insights guide policymakers toward effective strategies that balance economic growth, energy efficiency and sustainable tourism development, ensuring the resilience of the tourism industry within evolving energy landscapes and economic dynamics.
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Basumatary, Iragdao Raja, Manjit Das, Sijousa Basumatary, and Konita Basumatary. "Macroeconomic determinants of income inequality among different income group countries: Evidence from panel data." Journal of Social Economics Research 11, no. 1 (January 23, 2024): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/35.v11i1.3614.
Анотація:
This paper investigates the macroeconomic determinants of income inequality among different income-group countries across the world by using panel data over the period from 1996 to 2019. In our research, we employ various econometric techniques to determine the model that best aligns with our purpose. Additionally, we assess the presence of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. Finally, we have employed FGLS and PCSE methods to estimate the impact of selected variables on income inequality and to counter the issues of autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity. Our results indicate that in low-income countries, population growth, gender equality, and globalization have a negative impact on income inequality, while HDI, civil liberty, and governance have a positive impact on income inequality. In lower-middle-income countries, economic growth, urbanization, HDI, and gender equality are inversely related to income inequality, while population growth, globalization, and governance are positively associated with income inequality. In upper-middle-income countries, urbanization, HDI, and unemployment are negatively associated with income inequality, whereas economic growth, population growth, civil liberty, and governance are positively related to it. In high-income countries, urbanization, HDI, inflation, civil liberty, globalization, and governance have a negative effect on income inequality, while economic growth, population growth, gender equality, and natural resources have a positive impact on it. The findings of the study suggest viable policy recommendations to reduce income inequality in different income-group countries.
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Osinubi, Tolulope Temilola. "Does Economic Complexity Influence Carbon Emissions? Evidence from Next Eleven Countries." Economics and Culture 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jec-2024-0005.
Анотація:
Abstract Research Purpose The study examines the effect of economic complexity on carbon dioxide emissions in the Next 11 countries with the view to validate or refute the economic complexity-Kuznets curve (EcKC) between 1995 and 2019. The Next 11 countries include Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Turkey, and Vietnam. Design/Methodology/Approach Two econometric methods, correlated Panel standard error (PCSE) and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) estimating techniques, are used to achieve the objectives of the study. Findings The estimates from the FGLS approach are consistent with that of the PCSE approach. The results from both techniques show that economic complexity increases carbon emissions in the Next 11 countries. Also, from the EcKC, the study invalidates the hypothesis and supports a positive monotonic linear relationship between economic complexity and carbon emissions, which also means the “pollution haven hypothesis”. Originality/Value/Practical Implications The study examines whether the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in the Next 11 countries is valid or not. To do this, the current study is different from earlier studies in that it uses economic complexity—that is, the economic complexity-Kuznets Curve (ECKC)—instead of GDP. This is explained by the fact that environmental issues should involve the development of more advanced commodities rather than just raising an economy's GDP productivity. And most of the countries in the Next 11 countries are currently shifting their economies to produce more complex goods.
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Cunha, Antonio M. "Econometric Advances in the Estimation of Housing Price Determinants." European Conference on Research Methodology for Business and Management Studies 23, no. 1 (June 26, 2024): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ecrm.23.1.2393.
Анотація:
This paper aims to help improve the estimations produced by researchers who rely on conventional housing market pricing models to determine housing prices. The widespread use of panel data in estimating housing prices is justified by the richness of cross-sectional regional or metropolitan data analysed over several periods. Unfortunately, panel data has slope coefficient heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence, producing inconsistent and misleading estimates of the coefficients using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimator. Recent advances in econometrics address these panel data limitations, producing better estimates. We analysed the empirical application of these new estimators on housing market panel data, showing that the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares Augmented Mean Group (FMOLS-MG) estimator produces the best estimates of the long-term housing market equilibrium and that the Dynamic Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (DCCE-MG) estimator produces the best estimates of the housing market's short-term dynamics. Adopting a trending methodology like Difference-in-Differences (DID) in housing market research to explain the effects of policy decisions on housing prices also has complications related to using the OLS estimator with fixed effects when the data has serial correlation. We show these problems can be overcome using the Feasible Generalised Least Squares estimator in a Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (FGLS-SURE) system. Recent econometric developments produce more accurate housing price determinant estimates than conventional econometric methods. These new methodologies can help researchers better estimate the effects of fundamental economic changes and policy decisions on housing prices, which can, in turn, support policymakers in implementing better housing policies.
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Kim, Sun Bae, and Ji Hwan Kim. "Thermal Post-Buckling Analysis of Functionally Graded Panels in Hypersonic Airflows." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.387.
Анотація:
In this study, thermal post-buckling characteristics of functionally graded (FG) panels in hypersonic airflows are investigated. The volume fraction and the material properties of FGMs are continuously changed from ceramic to metal in the thickness direction agreeably to a simple power law distribution and a linear rule of mixture, respectively. Using the principle of virtual work, the governing equations are derived and the finite element method is applied to obtain the solutions. Based on the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the FG panels are modeled by the von Karman strain-displacement relation for the structural non-linearity. Also, the third-order piston theory is employed to consider the aerodynamic non-linearity.
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Vaskouei Eshkevarei, Khorshid, Kamran Hajinabi, Leila Riahi, and Mohammadreza Maleki. "Developing a Shared Decision-Making Model for Diabetic Patients: A Qualitative Study." Galen Medical Journal 10 (October 23, 2021): e1735. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v10i0.1735.
Анотація:
Background: Patient participation in healthcare leads to increased satisfaction and trust, reduction of anxiety, and a better understanding of patients’ needs. The components of shared decision-making (SDM) are well documented in the literature. The purpose of this study was to design an SDM model for diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This qualitative content analysis study was performed in three steps. First, a descriptive comparative study was conducted using the widely-used George Brady method. Next, the perceptions of participants (both physicians and patients) were collected via interview and in focus group discussions (FGDs). Content analysis was used to categorize the comments made by participants. In the final step, the model of SDM for diabetic patients was designed based on expert panel discussions. Results: Twelve components were extracted from the comparative study. Two themes and six sub-themes were extracted from data resulting from physicians’ interviews, and two themes and ten sub-themes were extracted from data resulting from the FGDs involving patients. The model of SDM for diabetic patients was designed in light of three concepts; practitioners’ behavior, participatory decision-making process, and patients’ autonomy. Conclusion: This model was valuable because it recognizes the process of SDM in the context of Iran. The model’s main purpose was to help choose optimum strategies for the care of diabetic patients within the health sector. [GMJ.2021;10:e1735]
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Ayaz, Mohammad, Noman Arshed, and Ikram ul Haq. "Characteristics of Shari’ah Governance and Incidence of Charity: A case of Pakistan." COMSATS Journal of Islamic Finance 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2020): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26652/cjif.5202025.
Анотація:
Characteristics of Shari’ah Governance and Incidence of Charity: A case of Pakistan There are several studies which have evidenced the role of Shari’ah governance on the profitability of Islamic banks for different countries in different data setup. The main purpose of Shari’ah governance is derived from the concept of corporate governance to avoid any non-compliant transactions and book charity against any non- compliant income. There are two kinds of Shari’ah supervisory boards. First is the proactive type that follows the rule of ‘Hisba’ which restricts any non-compliant transaction before it happens. The second type is reactive which detects and reacts to the non-compliant transactions following the Islamic legal system when they happen. The first type would conclude to a reduction in the incidence of charity transactions. In contrast, the second type would conclude to increase in the incidence of charity transaction. The objective of this study is to explore whether the Shari’ah governance of Islamic banks of Pakistan is jointly proactive or reactive. This study is deductive and uses quantitative methods. This study builds an unbalanced panel data of full-fledged Islamic banks of Pakistan using the available data from financial statements. This study is one of its kinds to see the nature of Shari’ah governance based on empirical patterns using Panel FGLS model. The results show that board size, board expertise, and reputation are the reactive factors while the others are proactive factors. Keywords: Shari’ah Supervisory Board, Panel Data Analysis, Shari’ah Disclosure, Shari’ah Controls.
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Łącka, Irena, Błażej Suproń, and Iwona Szczepaniak. "Does Climate Change and Energy Consumption Affect the Food Security of European Union Countries? Empirical Evidence from a Panel Study." Energies 17, no. 13 (July 1, 2024): 3237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17133237.
Анотація:
This study aims to provide empirical evidence on whether using renewable and non-renewable energy, CO₂ emissions, and the resulting changes in temperature and precipitation can alter cereal yields in European Union countries. To this end, a panel data set covering 1992–2021 has been used to analyse the impact of climate change and economic factors on cereal production in European Union countries. The study employed various analytical techniques to better understand the impact of climate change and economic factors on cereal crop yields. These included using annual average temperature and rainfall to measure climate change, energy consumption, and economic growth to analyse the economic aspects. To achieve the objective, feasible generalised least squares (FGLS) models with robust standard errors and bootstrap and a quantile regression (QR) model with marginal analysis were employed. The Westerlund cointegration test confirmed the presence of cointegration between cereal production and climate variables, economic growth, and energy consumption. The results indicate that increases in temperature and precipitation may contribute to increased cereal production in European Union countries. In contrast, energy consumption, including renewable energy and CO₂ emissions, may have a nonlinear effect on cereal production. Quantile regression analysis suggests climate change may impact crop yields most in countries with low and moderate cereal production per hectare. Increased CO₂ emissions may increase yields in the initial period, but excessive CO₂ may negatively impact cereal production in the long term. It would be advisable for countries with low and moderate crop productivity to consider implementing technological advances and combating global warming by modernising cultivation methods and making greater use of renewable energy sources.
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Mikhailova, Ekaterina, Olga Illarionova, Alexander Komkov, Elena Zerkalenkova, Ilgar Mamedov, Larisa Shelikhova, Yulia Olshanskaya, et al. "Reliable Flow-Cytometric Approach for Minimal Residual Disease Monitoring in Patients with B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia after CD19-Targeted Therapy." Cancers 14, no. 21 (November 5, 2022): 5445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14215445.
Анотація:
We aimed to develop an antibody panel and data analysis algorithm for multicolor flow cytometry (MFC), which is a reliable method for minimal residual disease (MRD) detection in patients with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL) treated with CD19-directed therapy. The development of the approach, which was adapted for the case of possible CD19 loss, was based on the additional B-lineage marker expression data obtained from a study of primary BCP-ALL patients, an analysis of the immunophenotypic changes that occur during blinatumomab or CAR-T therapy, and an analysis of very early CD19-negative normal BCPs. We have developed a single-tube 11-color panel for MFC-MRD detection. CD22- and iCD79a-based primary B-lineage gating (preferably consecutive) was recommended. Based on patterns of antigen expression changes and the relative expansion of normal CD19-negative BCPs, guidelines for MFC data analysis and interpretation were established. The suggested approach was tested in comparison with the molecular techniques: IG/TR gene rearrangement detection by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and RQ-PCR for fusion-gene transcripts (FGTs). Qualitative concordance rates of 82.8% and 89.8% were obtained for NGS-MRD and FGT-MRD results, respectively. We have developed a sensitive and reliable approach that allows MFC-MRD monitoring after CD19-directed treatment, even in the case of possible CD19 loss.
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Mikayelyan, A. G., M. V. Marey, Yu S. Bulatova, N. K. Tetruashvili, and M. Yu Vysokikh. "The Study of the Relationship Between Blood Microvesicle Structure in Pregnant Women with Subsequent Placenta-Associated Complications." Doctor.Ru 21, no. 5 (2022): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31550/1727-2378-2022-21-5-6-12.
Анотація:
Study Objective: To find the relationship between the levels of mitochondrial signal protein sequences in blood microvesicles of pregnant women and subsequent development of foetal growth retardation syndrome (FGRS), low birth-weight baby, preeclampsia (PE) or foetuses and newborns with normal weight and height. Study Design: Prospective comparative study. Materials and Methods. The microvesicular blood plasma fraction of women with placenta-associated complications in the outcome of previous pregnancies was studied as a risk group for their recurrence (n = 96). The study group was divided into 4 sub-groups: sub-group IА included 32 patients with pregnancies complicated with FGRS; sub-group IB comprised 20 patients with FGRS and PE; sub-group IC included 24 pregnant women, whose newborns were small for gestation age; sub-group ID was 20 pregnant women with a history of placenta-associated complications and abnormal Doppler velocimetry results, whose postnatal weight and height did not differ from normal values. The control group consisted of 20 women with a physiological course of pregnancy. The microvesicular fraction of the peripheral blood of the patients was obtained by differential plasma ultracentrifugation. Protein of the outer membrane of mitochondria (VDAC1), mitochondrial DNA transcription and replication activator (TFAM), recombinant protein of the outer membrane of mitochondria (MFN2), and TAZ protein encoding cardiolipin modelling in oxidative damage were measured by western blot analysis using a monoclonal antibody panel. Study Results. Plasma microvesicles in patients with subsequent placenta-associated complications demonstrated decreased levels of a number of mitochondrial proteins (VDAC1, TFAM, MFN2, OPA1). Levels of these proteins determine successful intercellular signaling on the adequate functional activity of mitochondria, their integrity and normal biogenesis. Conclusion. The obtained results allow to make a conclusion about a pronounced violation of mitochondrial biogenesis in the body of women with intrauterine growth restriction, which probably makes a serious contribution to the development of pathology and its progression. Keywords: foetal growth retardation syndrome, microvesicles, habitual abortion, placental insufficiency, preeclampsia, mitochondria, pregnancy.
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Moitra, Panchali, Jagmeet Madan, and Preeti Verma. "Development of the Food Related Environments at School and Home Questionnaire (FRESH-Q)." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab048_014.
Анотація:
Abstract Objectives Delineating determinants of food choice within the school and home environments of adolescents might help to translate advocacy efforts to effective interventions. However, this will require the development of valid instruments that measure school and home food environmental factors systematically. We conducted a cross-sectional study to develop a valid questionnaire that evaluates the food-related environments at schools and homes (FRESH- Q) of adolescents aged 10–15 years in Mumbai, India. Methods A preliminary draft was developed based on a review of literature, eleven focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescents (n = 36) and parents (n = 27), and eight in-depth interviews (IDIs) with school supervisors followed by the identification of school food (SFE) and home food environment (HFE) constructs and an item pool generation. The content validity was evaluated by an expert panel and the item-wise content validity indices (I-CVI) for clarity and relevance were calculated. The questionnaire was pretested in 42 adolescents for face validity and further administered among 315 adolescents (mean age 13.2 (2.1) years) for psychometric evaluation. The principal axis method of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) established the construct validity and the internal consistency was determined using Cronbach alpha values > 0.7. A sub-sample (n = 108) completed FRESH-Q twice to estimate test-retest reliability. Results Content analysis of FGDs and IDIs revealed six SFE and eleven HFE constructs. The I-CVI for the majority of items were satisfactory (0.72–0.96) and the Cronbach alpha values were 0.88 for SFE and 0.92 for HFE items. The intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.78–0.96 indicating good to excellent reliability. Four factors – availability, and affordability of school foods, adolescents’ perceptions of SFE, and cafeteria policies explained 76.2% of the variance in SFE items. The EFA model identified five underlying constructs for HFE items – availability, accessibility and visibility of foods at home, family dietary habits, food purchasing behaviors, parents’ perceptions and consumption patterns. Conclusions A valid 36 item self-reported questionnaire was developed to evaluate the school and home food environments of urban adolescents in India. Further investigations in different settings are recommended. Funding Sources None.