Дисертації з теми "Feux de surfaces"
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Valéa, Françoise. "Etudes des feux de brousse au Burkina-Faso : approches multi-échelles des feux actifs et des surfaces brûlées." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN1596.
In the African savannas, bush fires are a complex phenomenon. Some consider it like a natural factor because of its ecological role of vegetation regeneration. Others assimilate it to a human factor because it related to populations who light fires, decide their rhythm according to their activities and their beliefs. Point of meeting of the surroundings and practices, the bush fires are a demonstration of interface between the nature and the society. The objective of this survey, based on the analysis of the spatial and temporal distribution of bush fires, its explanatory factors, is to understand how takes place the mastery of the middle by fire and its possible mutations. The interest of this survey resides in the game of scale that it generates of by the levels of observations examined (national, regional and local) and their overlapping. Otherwise, the study takes in account as well the natural elements as socioeconomic and cultural factors. The first part of the document makes a state of the knowledge on fires in surroundings of savanna, and puts Burkina Faso forward like site of survey. The methodological gait is fully exposed there: it is founded on the cartography of the active fires and the burnt surfaces as well as the sociological investigations and land observations. The second part presents the results of the cartography of the active fires and puts in relation this distribution with the ecological, climatic and human factors to the scale of Burkina Faso. The third part analyzes the distribution of fires through the burnt areas, to the regional scale of the west part of Burkina Faso. It shows that the landscape structures of this west part of the country condition the distribution of fires. The fourth part deals with the socioeconomic and cultural aspects that enter in the distribution of fires to the local scale
Jamaladdeen, Rawaa. "Investigation on Wildfire Flashovers in the Mediterranean Climate Regions with Emphasis on VOCs Contributions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ESMA0015.
Requests from the firefighting communities are increasing urging the scientific communities to create operational protective and preventive tools that help them understand extreme wildfire behaviors considering not only the atmospheric conditions but also topography, and vegetation characteristics. Thus, our objective was to provide answers to such requests by investigating the probable factors responsible for intensifying wildfire regimes to flashovers using numerical, and thermobiochemical experimental approaches. The numerical model is a gas dispersion model validating experimental data from wind tunnel tests to resolve the controversy of whether or not the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulations in confined topographies end up inducing wildfire flashovers. It comprises a propagating fire front calculated using the Rothermel semi-empirical steady-state surface fire model, and Van Wagner transition to crown fire behavior criteria, with an integrated unsteady rate of VOC emissions simulating the ones evolving from the vegetation burning in the firefront. To synchronize our work with field input, thermochemical experiments were conducted on various Mediterranean vegetation species to examine their VOC emission rates in normal and stressful environmental conditions as they may end up defining different flammability scenarios in wildfires. First, two Mediterranean shrub species: Cistus albidus and Rosmarinus officinalis are explored for their VOC emissions and physiological changes after being subjected to abiotic stresses (drought and heat), using pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses. Two other Mediterranean forest species: Quercus suber L. and Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis L. were investigated for their distinctive flammability characteristics using thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), coupled with Py-GC/MS analysis to identify the gases emitted during the exo-thermic peaks. This step aims to better understand the flammability descriptors of these species as a part of a more efficient forest management strategy by which, favoring the plantation of certain lesser flammable species in silviculture measures may protect other more flammable but economically valuable species, from the dangers of wildfires and their extreme behaviors. Mediterranean vegetation species are important VOC emitters especially when provoked by external stresses during wildfires however, some biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), more particularly sesquiterpenes, are still not thoroughly covered for their flammability characteristics, such as their lower and upper flammability limits, auto-ignition temperatures, flashpoints, etc. Such a scientific lack we found it necessary to enrich by studying the flammability limits of β-Caryophyllene, one of the most important sesquiterpenes emitted from Mediterranean vegetation. Preliminary tests for measuring the vapor pressures of β-Caryophyllene are conducted in preparation for experimenting its flammability limits in a spherical bomb as future plans. The work in this thesis should be considered as the first step in a more global approach that should provide operational firefighting staff, with a comprehensive decision-making tool capable of shaping their forest management strategies from wildfire characteristics themselves and protecting wildlands and firefighters equally from the dangers and extreme behaviors of wildfire flashovers
Marcelli, Thierry. "Propagation de feux de forêt : Modélisation et étude expérimentale de la transition d'un feu de surface vers un feu de cime." Corte, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CORT0005.
Dorez, Gaëlle. "Formulation et comportement au feu de composites biosourcés." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20144.
The environmental awareness in the society is increasing and leads to a strong demand in material from renewable resources, such as biocomposites. The thermal sensitivity and the flammability restrict their use for certain applications such as building. The fire safety regulation is of prime importance and requires adaptive solutions to be found to improve the fire behavior of these materials.In this context, we have studied the thermal degradation and the fire behavior of natural fibers and particularly the effect of its components on the fire behavior. Then, we studied the reactivity of four moieties (amine, carboxylic acid, alkoxisilane and phosphonic acid) on the natural fibers. The grafting characterization was carried out with original techniques based on thermal degradation.Then, we are interested on the thermal degradation and the fire behaviour of biocomposites. We studied the fire behaviour of biocomposite based on PBS and natural fibers varying different parameters such as the amount of fibers, the type of natural fibers and the influence of a phosphonated fire retardant. Two fireproofing strategies have been tested: the addition in polymer matrix and the grafting on natural fibers of fire retardant. To go further in the fireproofing strategy by fire retardant grafting, we have compared the influence of the molecule or macromolecule grafting on the fire behaviour of flax and PBS/flax biocomposite
Jacquin, Anne. "Dynamique de la végétation des savanes en lien avec l’usage des feux à Madagascar : analyse par série temporelle d’images de télédétection." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7223/1/jacquin.pdf.
Gallou, Hélène. "Amélioration du comportement au feu du polyamide 6,6 par traitement de surface et en masse." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10186/document.
The main objective of this study concerns the development of fire retardant PA66 formulations, reinforced or not with glass fibers, uses for electrical material. The experimental approaches studies the influence of non-halogenous organophosphorous flame retardant, such as melamine polyphosphate, phosphinate, or melamine cyanurate on the fire performance of the PA66 in order to understand the fireproofing mechanisms. The efficiency in terms of fire protection defines the OP1230 as optimal flame retardant. The attention was related more particularly to the formulation with the minimal amount of additive so that the product present to the fire conditions for electric applications. The thermal degradation study shows that no new species are identified during the degradation which indicates that no chemical reaction appears. This means that only physical interactions could explain the improved fire behavior of the heated formulation. The evolution of the intermediate structures has been investigated and mechanisms have been proposed according to the conclusions made. The second axis of the study concerns the use of surface treatments to fireproof the polymer surface. Thin layer deposits using cold plasma assisted polymerization technique or thicker layer by intumescent coating applications were carried out on the PA66-25 % FV after surface activation. Both processes allows to preserve the mechanical and physical properties of the polymer. The last step of the work was to apply the surface treatment on PA66 containing 5 % OP1230 which gives very satisfying results in terms of fire protection, the OP1230 showed the best efficiency in terms of fire protection
Cavodeau, Florian. "Étude de l’amélioration du comportement au feu de polymères thermoplastiques par utilisation d’alumines trihydratées modifiées et de charges de vitrification." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS192/document.
Polymeric materials are booming for many years in the building industry, due to a wide range of properties. However, those materials are particularly heat sensitive and may be easily flammable, contributing to the development of a fire. Because of the implementation of more strict standards related to fire safety, the elaboration of more and more efficient fire retardant systems is necessary.The first goal of this thesis is to study the fire retardant mechanisms of EVA/ATH composites, and particularly the barrier effect. The role of the packing fraction of the particles layer was assessed used the oedometric compression test. The measurement of the resistance to compression of a powder, or a combination, can be used to estimate the efficiency of the barrier effect for EVA/ATH composites.The second goal has focused on the characterization of new fillers in order to improve the fire behavior of the EVA copolymer. Firstly, diatomite was introduced as a synergistic agent with ATH. In a second time, ground colemanite and glass frits were introduced in order to improve the cohesion of the barrier layer and the residue of combustion by vitrification. Colemanite seems to be an efficient fire retardant, because of the endothermic reaction associated with the release of structural water, and a vitrification at high temperature. When the glass frits are introduced in EVA/ATH composites, the formation of the barrier layer is disrupted because of the coagulation of particles. As an upper layer in a skin-core structure, the glass frit vitrifies during the cooling of the sample, improving the cohesion of the residue and acting as a smoke suppressor.Finally, the last goal of this thesis was to functionalize ATH, to improve mechanical and fire retardant properties of EVA. Surface treatment molecules were synthetized, based on a phosphonated monomer, the MAPC1. The presence of a p(MMA-co-MAPC1(OH)2) copolymer at the surface of particles improves the filler dispersion in the matrix, enhancing the elongation at break. The grafting using a p(MAPC1(OH)2) homopolymer also improves the filler dispersion and the elongation at break. Moreover, the phosphorus based functions along the molecular chain, seem to act in condensed phase as a char promoter, and in gaseous phase by means of reactive radicals
Dilger, Melvin. "Flame retardant expanded polypropylene for applications in electric vehicles : design and mechanism of action." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR066.
Today the sector of transport is changing with the transition from thermal vehicles to electrical vehicles. Thus, the materials widely used in vehicles as EPP also have to change due to higher requirements in terms of fire properties.In this thesis, three approaches were considered to increase the fire properties of EPP and reach a V0 rating at UL-94 vertical test, according to the three steps of manufacturing EPP. In fact, to manufacture EPP, three steps are necessary: (1) the polypropylene (PP) is melt blended with various additives via an extrusion process, (2) the blended PP is expanded, i.e. an expansion gas is introduced into it to form EPP beads and (3) the EPP beads are then molded into the desired shape. Before investigating the different approaches, the UL-94 vertical test was instrumented in order to obtain more information and have a better understanding in terms of fire properties. The different approaches considered were: (1) incorporating flame retardants and synergists into the PP matrix before expansion, this is the most common approach. This approach was deeply investigated with a comparison between several FRs with different modes of action (intumescent FR, free radical generator, etc), an optimization of the most efficient FRs combination and a study of the influence of industrial manufacturing, especially the expansion step. Indeed, the FRs can disrupt the foaming processability (expansion step), due to the high amount of FRs needed and the fact that FRs can play the role of nucleating agents. Moreover, the mechanism of action of the chosen FRs was studied before and after the expansion step. To counter the complexity of the expansion step in the approach (1), alternative approaches were studied in order to validate others concept. The alternative (2), applying a flame-retardant coating on the EPP beads (before molding) and (3) applying a flame-retardant coating to the molded final piece (EPP bars). However, these approaches have also some drawbacks. Indeed, the EPP has poor adhesion properties because it has no functional groups. Thus, an optimization of a plasma treatment was needed in order to increase the adhesion of EPP. Several flame retardant coatings were applied on the surface and the moldability of the coated EPP beads was studied. Finally, the fire properties at UL-94 vertical test of the molded coated EPP beads and coated EPP bars were studied
Messias, Pereira Nogueira Joana. "Apports de la télédétection globale pour la caractérisation et modélisation du régime des incendies au Brésil : vers une approche des patchs de feux." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT126.
Fires are intrinsic disturbances in ecosystems functioning, and affecting species distribution, biogeochemical cycles and biosphere/atmosphere interactions. The spatial and temporal pattern of burnt areas is mainly the consequence of a compromise between fuel biomass availability and its water status. Characterizing and modelling a fire regime then relies on a reliable spatial and temporal evaluation of mainly seasonality and intensity of drought. In fire-prone ecosystems as savannas, the most fire affected biome globally, the only available information on burnt areas are derived from global remote sensing. Despite this information has been widely used for a global assessment of carbon emissions from fires since 2000, uncertainties remain important among data sources available for the scientific community. As well, processes used in the dynamic modelling of burned areas, embedded in vegetation models, are based on empirical equations quantifying the seasonal pattern of drought. For ecosystems like Brazilian savannas where fire information only rely on global remote sensing products, and where the variability in vegetation functional types affects the soil water budget, evaluating uncertainties on these variables is a prerequisite for an adequate modelling of processes. This thesis then aimed at characterizing the fire seasonality and the associated uncertainties in the different Brazilian biomes based on the main sources of global burned area (GFED4, GFED4s, MODIS MCD45A1, ESA FIRECCI) and a panel of drought indices developed by forest services worldwide. This thesis also investigated the same relationships analysis but with burned areas derived from the major dynamic global vegetation models (DGVM) coupled with fire modules, in order to test whether the burned area/drought relationships based on remote sensing are conserved in global models. After a review of the main processes computed in DGVMs, and particularly the new developments on the characterization of fire patches, the second part of this research aimed at evaluating the ability of global remote sensing products at 500m resolution to conserve patch morphologies captured at finer resolutions, for better characterizing fire regimes and evaluate DGVMs performances. The last part of this work used a functional biogeography approach based on fire morphological traits to describe an assemblage of fire events and to compare them between different remote sensing products, in order to evaluate their similarities and discrepancies, or between biomes for a new approach of comparative pyrogeography
Courtat, Julie. "Étude de la fonctionnalisation de charges minérales préformées pour la formation de matériaux polymères en vue d’une tenue au feu améliorée pour un remplacement, à terme, des charges halogénées actuelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10326.
In order to protect our environment, toxic compounds have to be replaced to meet the new regulations as well as industrial standards. Therefore, to be environmental friendly, some solutions have to be found in terms of fire safety, since halogenated compounds are still used in fire retardant systems. The way studied to solve this problem was to add silica fillers modified by phosphorous or nitrogen agents into two polymer matrices (polypropylene and polybutylene terephthalate). Two different techniques were used to modify the silica surface: the first by grafting and the second by impregnation. Only 10% by weight of untreated or modified fillers was introduced into the polymers thanks to extrusion process. Morphology studies, rheological and fire behaviors as well as thermogravimetric analyses were performed on composites and relationship between those properties have been established. In the case of polypropylene, the untreated fillers induce the most significant reduction of peak of Heat Release Rate while the surface modification by phosphorous agents does not lead to the expected effect on the fire behavior of PP composite. The origin of this phenomenon was deeply studied and was related to the difference of morphology and rheological behavior between the several PP composites. Concerning polybutylene terephthalate, the best fire performances were obtained for composites containing phosphorous modified silica. Given these results, relationships between the type of flame-retardant compound, the viscoelasticity, the formation of a fire protective layer and the improvement of fire behavior has been identified
Graells, Castellà Simó. "Creixement de nanoestructures plamòniques mitjançant la deposició induïda per un feix d'electrons focalitzat." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9143.
recentment ha rebut un interès creixent en microelectrònica però encara no ha despertat massa atenció dins la comunitat d'òptica. L'FEBID és el resultat de la descomposició local, per un feix
d'electrons focalitzat, de les molècules d'un precursor adsorbides sobre una superfície. Aquesta s'ha aplicat majoritàriament en la escriptura directa de contactes o per a la reparació de circuits, però amb l'ús de metalls nobles podria aprofitar-se per a l'òptica de plasmons.
En aquesta tesi es demostra l'ús de l'FEBID per a fabricar nanoestructures d'or per a aplicacions d'òptica de plasmons. S'investiguen els efectes del material del substrat i dels paràmetres de deposició, com ara el corrent del feix i la pressió de vapor d'aigua, sobre el ritme de creixement i la puresa de l'or. S'ha emprat un recuit ex situ de la mostra com a mètode de millora de la puresa. Les mesures òptiques de dispersió sobre les estructures purificades evidencien que suporten plasmons de superfície localitzats. Aquest mètode de fabricació permet el creixement d'estructures plasmòniques amb una elevada relació d'aspecte i ha de facilitar l'escriptura en superfícies no planes com l'extremitat d'una sonda de rastreig allargada.
La ingeniería de las propiedades plasmónicas de las nanoestructuras metálicas requiere un control preciso de sus formas y distribución. Esto normalmente se consigue con el uso de la litografía por haz de electrones sobre polímeros electro-sensibles combinado con la deposición de capas finas de metal y el lift-off. La deposición directa y localizada de metales inducida por un haz de electrones (FEBID por Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition) es un método alternativo que recientemente ha despertado un interés creciente en microelectrónica pero todavía no ha recibido demasiada atención dentro de la comunidad de óptica. La FEBID es el resultado de la descomposición local, por un haz de electrones focalizado, de las moléculas de un precursor adsorbidas sobre una superficie. Esta se ha aplicado mayoritariamente en la escritura directa de contactos o para la reparación de circuitos, pero con el uso de metales nobles podría ser aprovechada para la óptica de plasmones.
En esta tesis se demuestra el uso de la FEBID para fabricar nanoestructuras de oro para aplicaciones de óptica de plasmones. Se investigan los efectos del material del sustrato y de los parámetros de deposición, como la corriente del haz y la presión de vapor de agua, sobre el ritmo de crecimiento y la pureza del oro. Se ha utilizado un recocido ex situ de la muestra
como método de mejora de la pureza. Las medidas ópticas de dispersión sobre las estructuras purificadas evidencian que soportan plasmones de superficie localizados. Este método de fabricación permite el crecimiento de estructuras plasmónicas con una elevada relación de aspecto y tiene que facilitar la escritura en superficies no planas como la extremidad de una sonda de rastreo alargada.
Engineering the plasmon properties of metal nanostructures requires an accurate control on their shapes and distribution. This is conventionally achieved by using electron-beam lithography on electro-sensitive polymers combined with thin-metal-film deposition and lift-off. Direct local deposition of metals induced by a focused electron beam (FEBID for Focused Electron
Beam Induced Deposition) is an alternative method that has been receiving a growing interest in microelectronics but it has not yet received much attention in the optical community. The FEBID is the result of the local decomposition, by a focused electron beam, of precursor molecules adsorbed on a surface. It has mostly been applied to direct-contact writing or to circuit reparation, but can be applied advantageously to plasmon optics when involving noble metals.
In this thesis the use of the FEBID to fabricate gold nanostructures for plasmon optics applications is demonstrated. The effects of the substrate material and the deposition parameters, such as beam current and water vapor pressure, on both the deposition rate and the gold purity are investigated. Ex-situ annealing of the sample is used as a purity improvement method. Scattering optical measurements on the purified structures evidence that they support localized surface plasmon resonances. This fabrication method enables to grow high aspect ratio plasmonic structures and to render much easier nano-patterning on non-flat surfaces such as the extremity of an elongated scanning probe.
Bensaad, Bourassia. "Étude expérimentale de l'évolution et de l'établissement de l'état de surface d'un matériau métallique en contact avec un plan de saphir : application à la modélisation des résistances thermiques de contact." Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2037.
Primarily experimental, the present study aims at the observation of the evolution of the TCR and the geometrical characteristics of an interface according to the contact pressure; this in order to improve the models of TCR proposed by certain authors. Among these characteristics, those which interest us more particularly are the real rate of contact solid-solid S*, the density of points of contact N and the separation distance d. Our principal motivation is to establish the laws of evolution of these three parameters then to correlate them with the TCR obtained by thermal measurement. We developed an experimental methodology allowing to carry out thermal measurements of the TCR and measurements of the micro-geometry of the contact and its deformations. Micro-geometrical measurements are based on non-conventional techniques calling upon laser profilometry and the imagery. The test of micro-hardness can also be of great importance for the estimate of the parameters characterizing the micro-geometry of the interface solid-solid. We are interested in an interface of contact between a plate of transparent, smooth and infinitely rigid sapphire and a rough and deformable metallic material. The experimental study is based on an experimental design initially aiming at emphasizing the behaviour of the TCR according to the parameters S* N and d. This experimental design is also built with an aim of revealing the influence of the topography and the development of surface on these three parameters of contact by the means of the parameters of roughness and the Hv micro-hardness. The experiments are undertaken on two couple’s materials brass / sapphire and steel / sapphire and three different surface qualities: controlled, electro-eroded and turned. The tests of reproducibility of thermal measurement show the great reliability of the device carried out. The profilometric study shows that electro-eroded surfaces and rounds can be considered Gaussian then controlled surfaces are not it. The evolution of the real rate of contact S* according to the contact pressure is studied primarily on controlled surfaces (N constant). S* is considered of three way different: The first consists in analyzing the curves of Abbott raised after each loading, the second fact call to the model of Bowden and Tabor S*=P/H and with the concept of effective micro-hardness Hc and in the third we tried to determine it by a specific treatment of the photographs of the interfaces to metal /sapphire. The evolution of the density of points of contact N according to the load is observed for the couples surfaces magnet-eroded / sapphire and surfaces turned / sapphire. It is given primarily by the imagery. The evolution of the distance from separation of the average plans of surfaces d in contact is obtained by considering d equal to the parameter of roughness RP raised before loading and after each loading. The experimental results obtained show that the behaviour of the TCR according to the contact pressure, of the roughness and the nature of materials in contact, is in conformity with the literature. The results of the estimate of the TCR according to the parameters of contact S*, N and d are divided into two parts: the first relates to controlled surfaces and the second relates to "electro-eroded and turned random surfaces. For the studied samples, the distance from separation of the average plans of surfaces in contact d is considered equal to the parameter of roughness RP raised before loading and after each loading. The results of the estimate of the real rate of contact show that the profilometric technique suggested at the time of this study is more adaptable in the cases of stepladder of roughness (surfaces with strong roughness). With strong loads, this technique can give very satisfactory results. The comparison of the values of the TCR estimated according to S*=P/Hc with those obtained by thermal measurement shows a great relevance of the model Boden and Tabor, using the notion of the effective micro-hardness Hc. One notes that this model masks the presence of several scales of roughness. One also shows that the S*=P/Hv model over-estimates the real rate of contact, his use gives values of TCR lower than those obtained by thermal measurement. The comparison of the TCR estimated according to the parameters of contact with that of the TCR obtained by thermal measurement shows that it does not matter the curve of N used, the use of the model of CMY gives values of the of the same TCR order of magnitude as those measured. The model of Bardon gives values quite higher than those measured except for the very strong loadings. This result can be justified by the fact that the model of CMY is adapted for Gaussian surfaces whereas the model of Bardon is based on the assumption of the uniformity of all the points of contact
Courtat, Julie. "Étude de la fonctionnalisation de charges minérales préformées pour la formation de matériaux polymères en vue d’une tenue au feu améliorée pour un remplacement, à terme, des charges halogénées actuelles." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10326/document.
In order to protect our environment, toxic compounds have to be replaced to meet the new regulations as well as industrial standards. Therefore, to be environmental friendly, some solutions have to be found in terms of fire safety, since halogenated compounds are still used in fire retardant systems. The way studied to solve this problem was to add silica fillers modified by phosphorous or nitrogen agents into two polymer matrices (polypropylene and polybutylene terephthalate). Two different techniques were used to modify the silica surface: the first by grafting and the second by impregnation. Only 10% by weight of untreated or modified fillers was introduced into the polymers thanks to extrusion process. Morphology studies, rheological and fire behaviors as well as thermogravimetric analyses were performed on composites and relationship between those properties have been established. In the case of polypropylene, the untreated fillers induce the most significant reduction of peak of Heat Release Rate while the surface modification by phosphorous agents does not lead to the expected effect on the fire behavior of PP composite. The origin of this phenomenon was deeply studied and was related to the difference of morphology and rheological behavior between the several PP composites. Concerning polybutylene terephthalate, the best fire performances were obtained for composites containing phosphorous modified silica. Given these results, relationships between the type of flame-retardant compound, the viscoelasticity, the formation of a fire protective layer and the improvement of fire behavior has been identified
Cinausero, Nicolas. "Etude de la dégradation thermique et de la réaction au feu de nanocomposites à matrice PMMA et PS." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00382965.
Touré, Birane. "Incorporation d'additifs retardateurs de flamme dans un copolymère PP-PE : conséquences sur le comportement au feu, la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques." Montpellier 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995MON20116.
Bernardeau, Fabien. "Stratégies et scénarii de valorisation de déchets phénoplastes au sein de matrices thermoplastiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTS033/document.
The main goal of this PhD project, born from a partnership between EMA, APR2 and Enedis, was to develop a material recycling solution for phenolic molding compound (PMC, or Bakelite). Indeed, these types of thermoset material are hardly valorized and end up in landfill, mostly because of the lack of technically and economically viable solutions for recycling.Phenolic molding compound material are present in large amount in End of Life (EOL) electrical meter waste stream. Therefore, Enedis committed to find a valorisation scheme for these materials. This PhD work is aimed to develop a recycling process for PMC issued from this waste stream.Firstly, a dismantlement and sorting scheme was designed. It is based on the study of the waste stream material composition – in particular the plastic stream. The presence of regulated substances (such as halogenated flame retardant, etc.) in plastic formulations was assessed. The objective was to optimize the separation process to recover materials with a high degree of purity.The proposed recycling solution consists in using the PMC as a functional filler in a thermoplastic matrix. To do so, a comminution scheme was developed to reduce the size of the PMC part. The particle size distribution, morphology and surface chemistry of the obtained products were characterized. Quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties of composite materials incorporating micronized PMC were determined. Various coupling schemes were studied in order to increase the adhesion between filler and matrix. The mechanical behaviour of the composite materials was also modelized using finite element methods.The fire behaviour of the composite material incorporating PMC filler was also studied. Because of the high thermal stability and high char yield of phenolic molding compound, its potential use as a carbon donor in intumescent flame retardant formulations was finally assessed
Matar, Mohamad. "Exploration de nouvelles voies pour l'ignifugation des polymères." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0067/document.
In this study, we have tried to develop new formulations to improve the thermal stability and fire behavior of three polymer matrices widely used: the polyethylene (PE), the polystyrene (PS) and the polyamide 66 (PA 66). The intumescent system used consists to combine a classical flame retardants (ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaeryhthritol (PER)) with a small amount of nanooxides whose properties can be adjusted in order to improve the compatibility of the melting mixture, or to change the degradation mechanism by a chemical (catalytic effect) or physical (insulating layer, viscosity, etc …) process. The total amount of additives has been set at 25wt%. An important part of this study was consecrated to the synthesis of oxides with different morphologies, porosities, structures and functionalities. In this regard, the mesoporous silica has an advantage of having a high surface area (700-1400 m²/g) and a pore size compatible with the polymer chains. By adapting the synthesis conditions, we have aimed to correlate between some parameters related to the prepared silicas (such as (1) the specific surface area (2) particle size (3) pore size (4) morphology and (5) the type of structure (usually SBA-15)) on the thermal stability and fire behavior of different polymer matrices. A comprehensive study has been conducted globally, regardless of the matrix, that the improvements provided by the mesostructured silicas are modest compared to those elicited by classical FR. However, the fire behavior has been improved (particularly LOI) by combining APP/PER system with 1-2wt% of SBA-15. The surface modification of SBA-15 by grafting a different organic functions (CTAB, amine, thiol, phenol, phosphonate, benzoic acid and diphenylphosphate), inorganic species (aluminum, phosphoric acid and tungstophosphoric acid) or metals (copper, nickel) have been the subject of an advanced characterizations in order to assess the amount and the thermal stability of the grafted species, well as the nature of the surface bonds. Other types of synthetic nanooxides (aluminophosphates, zirconium phosphate and titanate nanotubes) or commercial (CeO2, ZrO2, CeZr and CePr) have been also studied. Most of these particles in combination with APP/PER system have shown a slightly positive effect on the thermal stability and fire behavior of polymers. In mechanistic terms, the nanooxides have mainly an effect on enhancing the barrier effect. The analyses carried out by Py/GC/MS showed that the grafted oxides by acidic species catalyze the conversion of alkenes and dienes (resulting from the decomposition of PE) to aromatics. In the presence of SBA-15, the analysis of char (by XRD and FTIR) shows the formation of new crystalline phases which enhance the protective layer
Guion, Antoine. "Droughts and heatwaves in the Western Mediterranean, impact on ozone pollution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS056.
Droughts and heatwaves are extreme events able to affect both vegetation and atmospheric chemistry, notably through surface-troposphere interactions. The objective of this thesis is to assess their effects on biomass, fire activity and ozone pollution in the western Mediterranean. This study is mainly based on regional numerical models of the land surface (hydrology and vegetation) and the atmosphere (meteorology and atmospheric chemistry). In addition, several datasets of in situ and satellite observations are used.Identifying droughts and heatwaves over the period 1979-2016 (WRF-ORCHIDEE), I highlighted their spatial and temporal distribution. Based on observations (MODIS), I demonstrated that the decline in vegetation activity (decrease in biomass) is mainly attributable to droughts, while the increase in fire intensity results from a synergy between droughts and heatwaves. Finally, these events both lead to an increase in surface ozone concentration including simulated (CHIMERE) and observed (AQ e-Reporting) pollution peaks. This is explained by an increase in precursor emissions, a decrease in dry deposition in the canopy and favourable meteorological conditions for photochemistry
Winkenwerder, Wyatt August 1981. "Surface chemistry of FeHx with dielectric surfaces : towards directed nanocrystal growth." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17825.
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