Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Feudal principalities"

In 1860–1 the Tokugawa bakufu established diplomatic relations with the kingdom of Prussia. The fascination for the Prussian military system rapidly spread in Japan, a land that was destabilized by political struggles between principalities and engaged in a military modernization. As a consequence of the Austro-Prussian War and the Second Chōshū War in 1866, the principality of Kishū was the first Japanese state to apply the Prussian system to its army. This was the root of the crucial Prussian influence on the Imperial Japanese Army from the late nineteenth century.

This article aims to show that concepts originating in the vocabulary of international relations were crucial to the rhetoric of nation-building in mid-nineteenth-century Europe. A close examination of the Romanian context elucidates in a more general way historical actors’ reflections and critiques of this conceptual vocabulary as well as the permeable nature of the (inter)national in the given historical context. The article explores two conceptual pairs: jus Gentium versus jus publicum Europaeum, and sovereignty versus suzerainty. In the process, it shows how Romanian nation- and state-builders became scholars of international relations. This they did in an effort to demonstrate the historically grounded sovereignty of the Romanian Principalities, in a manner compatible with the prevailing norms of the law of nations. The emphasis on a contractual relationship with the Ottoman Empire allowed for the assertion of national agency, both in the past and in the present. Increasingly focused on the imperfect translatability of concepts forged by the Western historical experience, pamphleteers of all stripes ultimately came to jettison the supposedly feudal, anachronistic vocabulary of suzerainty, militating for the inclusion of the Principalities as full parties in European public law. Thus, the article elucidates some significant conceptual tensions in the development of mid-nineteenth-century nationalism, simultaneously contributing to a growing body of scholarship on the intellectual history of international relations.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to discuss the originality of the Catalan literature at its beginnings in relation to the poetry of the Occitan troubadours, and to explain why some Catalans today do not feel connected to the Castilian heritage. The paper presents the Occitan-Catalan political and cultural relations in the time between 993 and 1213, with particular emphasis on the 12th century when the Great Occitan War took place. The historical Occitania at that time was divided into numerous principalities affected by constant internal struggles. That unstable political situation encouraged powerful neighbours – as the rulers from the House of Barcelona – to attain their domination over the region. The successful military and diplomatic engagements of the Catalan sovereigns allowed them to create a relatively homogeneoas Occitan-Catalan community based on cultural similarity and feudal dependence.

AbstractDuring the Thirty Years’ War, the affairs of the Italian imperial fiefdoms could not be at the centre of Imperial Court policy. The correspondence of the nuncios with the Roman Secretariat of State, however, shows that disputes over enfeoffments and other feudal-law problems were not important only in connection with the War of the Mantuan Succession, but that conflicts arose in various areas of northern Italy and kept the Imperial Court Council and imperial commissioners occupied. On the one hand, there were conflicting views concerning the feudal status of territories annexed by the Papal States. In addition, there were unclear legal conditions and disputes regarding many small dominions in the border regions of Savoy-Piedmont, Milan, Genoa and Tuscany, and not just because of the efforts of these principalities to incorporate imperial fiefdoms. There were also serious conflicts over generously granted imperial enfeoffments not in line with Spanish interests. The reports of the nuncios also name some of the fief holders who were taking legal action in Vienna. Additionally, they show that measures taken by the Imperial Court regarding the Italian imperial fiefdoms were considered with great suspicion in Rome and that the Curia in various cases conformed to the French position, which tended to ignore or expressly reject the idea that the imperial fiefdoms were under the control of the Emperor.

The 13th century in the Piast Poland was marked by a feudal fragmentation of the Polish Kingdom and was heavily burdened with the deepening political disruption of the country resulting in economic and military weakening of the component principalities (dukedoms) of the country. This, in the next century, eventually led to some of the provinces falling into dependencies upon the Kingdom of Bohemia. However, what was destructive and divisive from the perspective of political history, offered a stimulating dimension for the history of culture and education, for the period in question was characterized by a multiplication of chanceries throughout the whole of the century, which, as a result, increased a demand for literate individuals. Colonization based on the Magdeburg Law (a set of German town laws) and the influx of foreigners into Polish lands: chief settlers (German: der Lokator), friars and monks from newly established Cistercian, Dominican and Franciscan orders as well as knights in service of ducal courts or representing military orders, in short, people deeply rooted in Western legal tradition, capable of making use of documents or written legal codification, boosted the phenomenon even more. The development of towns, trade relations between the principalities as well as international trade facilitated the emergence of capital that, alternatively, could also be used in founding schools of all kind. A considerable influence upon the following leaping increase in the number of schools and the quality of teaching standards in the country came from ecclesiastical synods and councils whose legislation regulated many relevant activities and issues related to management of schools, levels of education for applicants for teaching posts, or, more broadly, created appropriate intellectual climate favourable for further development of the schooling system. A number of the above factors, as well as other factors discussed in the body of the article, were decisive in making the thirteenth century a particularly significant period in the historical process of the development of Polish literary and educational culture.

In the wake of the Serbo-Turkish wars of 1876-77 and the 1878 Congress of Berlin the process of establishing local government in the newly-liberated areas began. The process of incorporating the so-called New Areas into the legal system of pre-war Serbia took five years (1877-82) and went through four phases. The first phase began with the Second Serbo-Turkish war and lasted to the border demarcation between the principalities of Serbia and Bulgaria in 1878. It was marked by the establishment of provisional local authorities, carried out by the representative of the Serbian government in the Supreme Army Command. In the second phase permanent local institutions were established in the New Areas in order to harmonize their administrative and judicial structure with that of pre-war Serbia. In the third phase the agrarian reform was carried out in order to abolish feudal relations, while protecting the property rights of the former Muslim land?owners in compliance with Article 39 of the Berlin Treaty. In the fourth phase the question of resettling the "New Serbian Areas" was being resolved after the significant population change brought about by the Second Serbo-Turkish War. The focus of the paper is on the first two phases.

Most governance arrangements involve spatial units with highly unequal powers, for example, a feudal monarchy and its principalities, an empire and its colonies, a formal empire and an informal empire (or sphere of influence), a national government and its subnational entities, or a regional government and its local entities. In this situation, the dominant unit (A) usually enjoys some discretion about how to institutionalize its authority over the subordinate unit (B). An important element of this decision concerns how much authority should be delegated to the weaker unit. The authors simplify this dimension of governance along a continuum of “direct” and “indirect” styles of rule. Why, in some cases, does one find a relatively direct (centralized) system of rule and in others a relatively indirect (decentralized) system of rule? While many factors impinge on this decision, the authors argue that an important and highly persistent factor is the prior level of centralization existing within the subordinate unit. Greater centralization in B is likely to lead to a more indirect form of rule between A and B, all other things being equal. The authors refer to this as an institutional theory of direct/indirect rule. Empirical analyses of this hypothesis are applied to patterns of direct and indirect rule (1) during the age of imperialism and (2) across contemporary nation-states. The article concludes by discussing applications of the theory in a variety of additional settings.

In the history of Bukovinian social life in the 1840–1850s, an important role is played by the fierce struggle for the introduction of rail transport. This struggle took place in the deepening crisis of the feudal system and the development of capitalism in the Austrian Empire. Primitive medieval methods of transporting goods and passengers by waterways and unpaved roads, which for centuries met the needs of feudal Bukovyna, became a brake on the economic, social and political progress of the Bukovyna region. The beginning of the transport revolution in England had a huge public response in Austria-Hungary. The rapidly developing relationship between scientists and engineers from Austria, Western Europe and America in this period made a large contribution to the process, as the newest means of transportation were spreading in the early 19th century, first of all, in the industrialized regions of Europe. These regions had enough funds for the construction of roads because they could develop different methods of production. Today we are mostly interested in the projects of construction of typical means of transportation on agricultural lands with practically no industry. In the early 19th century, Bukovyna was one of them. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly analyze unpaved roads of the late 18th – early 19th century, as well as the project of the first wooden trackway as the forerunner of the Bukovyna railways. To achieve this purpose, the authors first reviewed how railways were constructed in the Austrian Empire during 1830s – 1850s. Then, in contrast with the first railway networks that emerged and developed in the Austrian Empire, the authors made an analysis of the condition and characteristics of unpaved roads in Bukovyna. The government's attention to Bukovyna's roads was explained by their military, economic and political significance for the Austrian Empire by the end of the 18th – early 19th century. There was a number of state trackways built on the territory of Bukovyna which crossed the region and ensured the military interconnection of two Austrian provinces named – Galicia and Transylvania, as well as approached the borders of the Russian Empire and the Danube principalities. At the same time, they helped to restore the suspended trade flow in Bukovyna. In addition, the authors considered the first attempt to create a wooden trackway as a prototype and predecessor of the Bukovyna railway. It is evident that such an idea played a significant role in shaping the development strategy of the region in the minds of Austrian and Bukovinian officials, and became a forerunner for main and regional railways in Bukovyna.

The work is dedicated to one of the chronicle towns of the Upper Posullia. It has been known in science for more than a hundred years and has been reliably localized in the works of Archbishop Filaret and P. Golubovsky. In the second half of the twentieth century, the settlement of the chronicle town of Viahan was studied by the Posullia archeological expedition led by Yu. Morgunov. During two field seasons in 1972 and 1979, the site of the hillfort, its fortifications and the settlement located around it were excavated. In addition, exploration work was carried out on two satellite settlements located on the high banks of the Tern River. According to the results of research, the general chronology of the complex and its individual components is clarified, the structure of defense structures and the time of their occurrence are investigated. The chronicle town of Viahan emerged at the end of the 11th century as a powerful fortress on the way from the Steppe to Putivl and Novgorod-Siversky. The construction site was chosen on a hard-to-reach island in the middle of the Tern floodplain. In 1147 the fortress finds itself in the vortex of the events of the internecine war between the princes. Vyahan was not taken by the army of Prince Gleb Yurievich, which is evidence of the reliability of the fortifications in contrast to the neighboring Popash. The last mention of Viahan dates back to 1149, when the wives of several princes met near the city before marching on the White Tower. After the end of the war, two outposts were built near Viahan, which controlled the Tern Valley from the upper reaches to the confluence with the Sulu. It was there that an important ford was used by both the Polovtsians and the Russian princes. One of them - the settlement of Babakove - eventually turned into a small feudal estate, and the other - Boyarskoe - remained an observation point. The study of the fortifications of the two settlements indicates two main periods - direct construction and the second - reconstruction. In both cases, the type of wooden structure could not be traced. The cessation of life in the city of Viahan and its outposts is associated with the Mongol invasion of 1239/1240 and the destruction of the left-bank principalities of Pereyaslav and Chernihiv.

В статье анализируется деятельность героя цикла кабардинских преданий Кабарды Тамбиева, сыгравшего большую роль в образовании позднесредневекового Кабардинского княжества. В результате сложных этнополитических процессов в начале XV в. происходит активизация адыгов, впоследствии чего значительно расширяется контролируемая ими территория. Указанные процессы были связаны с энергичной деятельностью по объединению черкесских земель князем Иналом Светлым. Кабарда Тамбиев, являвшийся полководцем князя Инала, возглавил поход по продвижению в Центральное Предкавказье. Вследствие боевых действий с территории Центрального Предкавказья вытесняется Большая Орда. В результате продвижения из Западной Черкесии происходит значительное увеличение восточноадыгского населения, известного в источниках как кабардинцы или пятигорские черкасы/черкесы. На территории расселения восточных адыгов распространяется кабардинская курганная культура захоронений. Этимология антропонима/этнонима Кабарда является спорной и имеет несколько версий происхождения. Автором выдвигается версия, связанная с титулом правителя восточных адыгов. В результате усиления восточных адыгов образовывается самостоятельное княжество Кабарда, от которого позже отделяется княжество Бесленей. Правящей элитой указанных княжеств стали потомки от второй жены объединителя черкесских земель князя Инала – Табулы и Беслана. Актуальность статьи определяется необходимостью введения в научный оборот причин образования Кабардинского княжества, связанных с деятельностью князя Инала и Кабарды Тамбиева. Новизна исследования обусловлена рассмотрением причин образования позднесредневековой Кабарды с феодальными процессами по установлению правящей династии Иналидов на территории черкесских земель. Целью статьи является выявление роли Кабарды Тамбиева в образовании позднесредневековой Кабарды и аспектов сложения нового восточноадыгского социума. The article analyzes the activity of the hero of the cycle of Kabardian legends Kabarda Tambiev, who played a major role in the formation of the late medieval Kabardian Principality. As a result of complex ethnopolitical processes at the beginning of the XVth century. the activation of the Adygs takes place, after which the territory controlled by them significantly expands. These processes were associated with the vigorous activity of the unification of the Circassian lands by Prince Inal the Bright. Kabarda Tambiev, who was the commander of Prince Inal, led a campaign to advance into the Central Caucasus. As a result of the fighting, a Large Horde is being displaced from the territory of the Central Caucasus. As a result of the advance from Western Circassia, there is a significant increase in the Eastern Adyghe population, known in sources as Kabardins or Pyatigorsk Circassians / Circassians. The Kabardian burial mound culture is spreading on the territory of the settlement of the eastern Adygs. The etymology of the anthroponym / ethnonym Kabarda is controversial and has several versions of origin. The author puts forward a version related to the title of the ruler of the eastern Adygs. As a result of the strengthening of the eastern Adygs, an independent principality of Kabarda is formed, from which the principality of Besleney is later separated. The ruling elite of these principalities were descendants from the second wife, the unifier of the Circassian lands of Prince Inal – Tabula and Beslan. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to introduce into scientific circulation the reasons for the formation of the Kabardian Principality associated with the activities of Prince Inal and Kabarda Tambiev. The novelty of the study is due to the consideration of the reasons for the formation of the late medieval Kabarda with feudal processes for the establishment of the ruling Inalid dynasty on the territory of the Circassian lands. The purpose of the article is to identify the role of Kabarda Tambiev in the formation of late medieval Kabarda and aspects of the formation of a new Eastern Adyghe society.

In recent years, historiographical reflection has devoted more and more attention to the rela- tionship between the exercise of power and the processes of production/management of doc- uments, understood as real instruments of government, capable of guaranteeing the correct functioning of the administrative apparatus of kingdoms, principalities, republics and lord- ships, more or less extensive. The essay investigates one of the most important noble archives of the fifteenth-century Southern Italy, the archive of the Prince of Taranto, Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo, which over time has been invested by a vast process of dispersion. The fundamental objective is to take stock of the most consistent core of documents, coming from the principality of Taranto, and merged into the fond of the Regia Camera della Sommaria of the Archivio di Stato of Naples.

This concluding chapter discusses the process of state formation in the three Scandinavian kingdoms between 900 and 1537. It shows that the Scandinavian political units formed by the end of the sixteenth century were remarkably stable over the course of the following centuries despite a series of internal and external conflicts. Petty principalities formed within one kingdom as the result of dynastic divisions (or through other causes) did not develop into independent kingdoms, but either returned to their original units or remained in some kind of feudal subordination. The dynastic unions from 1319 onwards had their origin in the ambitions of the kings, together with marriage patterns and rules of succession introduced during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Sweden ceded from the union in the 1520s, quickly reestablishing its old borders with Denmark and Norway.