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Статті в журналах з теми "Feudal bond"
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Palmer, Robert C. "The Origins of Property in England." Law and History Review 3, no. 1 (1985): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743696.
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The English common law of real property, as S.F.C. Milsom has argued, took shape between 1153 and 1215. The common law gave royal protection to free tenements, replacing feudal relationships as the primary bond structuring society. The law thus constituted the institutional core of the English state. But no Machiavellian monarch constructed the English state. Henry II was, rather, a king who presumed the morality and necessity of feudal relationships. His innovations, though intentional and carefully planned, were directed at narrower and less far-sighted ends. Other changes were the result of bureaucratic action. The complex interplay between present-oriented political or juridical decisions and bureaucratic rigor generated a legal system.
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Conte, Emanuele. "Framing the feudal bond: a chapter in the history of the ius commune in Medieval Europe." TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR RECHTSGESCHIEDENIS 80, no. 3-4 (2012): 481–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-000a1217.
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In this article I wish to show how history of legal doctrines can assist in a better understanding of the legal reasoning over a long historical period. First I will describe the nineteenth century discussion on the definition of law as a ‘science’, and some influences of the medieval idea of science on the modern definition. Then, I’ll try to delve deeper into a particular doctrinal problem of the Middle Ages: how to fit the feudal relationship between lord and vassal into the categories of Roman law. The scholastic interpretation of these categories is very original, to the point of framing a purely personal relationship among property rights. The effort made by medieval legal culture to frame the reality into the abstract concepts of law can be seen as the birth of legal dogmatics.
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Palmer, Robert C. "The Economic and Cultural Impact of the Origins of Property: 1180-1220." Law and History Review 3, no. 2 (1985): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743634.
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The development of property in England between 1176 and 1220 was the result of a complicated interaction between social mores made law and bureaucratic action. In the Assize of Northampton, Henry II undertook regular supervision of proprietary decisions to prevent his men from preparing a rebellion like that of 1173-74. The supervision assumed peacetime feudal norms, but in the hands of bureaucratic justices even prior to 1200 this supervision increasingly restricted lords' power to discipline their tenants, at a time when disciplinary power was far more important than proprietary decisions. By 1220, the relative importance of proprietary matters and disciplinary power had been reversed. But proprietary action by the lord was so attenuated that seisin—lawful possession—was possible now even without lordly acceptance. Such insulation of the tenant from his lord was a bond established between the tenant and his tenement: property.
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Han, Sisi. "CONVERSATION AND COMMUNITY BUILDING IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE." AICLL: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1, no. 1 (April 17, 2018): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/aicll.v1i1.37.
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The thematic research on Jane Austen’s novels has been widely carried out, including marriage, gender, morality, politics, etc. The conception of community is also an important theme for her novels are set in a period when the notion of community is conceived and reinforced in the West. It is a transitional age that witnesses the change from the 18th century when the feudal aristocracy controls the agricultural economy to the 19th century which is dominated by the middle class as a result of the Industrial Revolution. However, the theme of community has not got enough critical attention and its research is sparse. Thus, this dissertation seeks to explore Austen’s contribution to the conception of community in Pride and Prejudice. Austen’s imagination of community is effectively displayed in Pride and Prejudice and conversation serves as a key approach. The Community is built at two levels, namely, familial level and social level. By means of conversation, a family bond based on mutual affirmation, which is the core of community building, is forged; and a community of spirit, the highest form of community, is established among social interactions outside families in two social spaces– Meryton and Pemburley. A stereoscopic vision of a community built by conversation emerges when the three levels are closely intertwined.
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Belyakov, Andrey V. "Baksheys: Evolution of the Concept." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2021): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080015816-4.
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The given article covers the term “bakshey” as it existed on the territory of Russia. The term was borrowed by Russians from the Golden Horde. However, later its meaning was transformed. The first records of this word on the Russian territory date back to XV century, in most cases as a generic by-name (e.g., bakshey’s son). Still it is supposed to have appeared not earlier then XIV century. Apparently, initially this was a title for Prince’s Chancellery clerks, who spoke the Uyghur language and were responsible for all contacts with the Golden Horde. As a result of the fact that the Grand Princes of Moscow gradually consolidated political power, appanage princes were “driven out” from the foreign policy area. Baksheys took the role of high-status bond slaves for the past appanage princes. They also fulfilled confidential and special duties till the middle of XVI century. Herewith, they represented the upper stratum of servants and were expressly above the armed bond slaves. In the event of death of their master they gained freedom and could join other great feudal lords. At the end of XV century there appeared another category of “baksheys”. They were lead qualification specialists, who spoke several Oriental languages. They may also have had a good knowledge of oriental diplomatic intricacies. They were never delegated together with ambassages and served the Moscovian Prince. Their specific status was emphasized through significant financial gain sums as payments for the service. Baksheys’ annual wages were higher than those of most monarchic court members. Everything changed after the Time of Trouble events at the beginning of XVII century. The category of baksheys as Ambassadorial prikaz employees vanished. It is only as this time, when the conventional distinction between interpreters and translators in the foreign policy office is recorded. However, neither the first, nor the second ones inherited the status of baksheys.
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Nejad, Kayhan A. "To break the feudal bonds: the Soviets, Reza Khan, and the Iranian left, 1921-25." Middle Eastern Studies 57, no. 5 (April 1, 2021): 758–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2021.1897578.
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Homoki-Nagy, Mária. "Private Law in Transylvania as Part of the Habsburg Monarchy." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Legal Studies 9, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 307–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/ausleg.2020.9.2.06.
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In the course of our following study, we present the transformation of feudal institutions of private law in force in Transylvania in the early modern period and their modernization during the time when this historical region was under the control of the Habsburg Monarchy both in its absolutist (imperial) and dualist forms. We show that the sources of private law in this period were initially those enacted during the Middle Ages, which were gradually updated by the enlightened absolutist Habsburg rulers, resulting in norms fit for the bourgeois period of capitalist development at the end of the 19th century. We observe that law applicable to legal capacity and its exercise by natural persons and to families gradually developed to undo the feudal bonds and incapacities prevalent during the Middle Ages. The same was true for property law, as well as the law which governed inheritance. Also, a previously less significant field of law, commercial law, evolved spectacularly in this era, creating the framework for modern economic exchange, vibrant trade, and security of credit. The perspectives of Romanian legal history literature regarding this era are also presented.
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Kudryakov, V. V. "Affinity in the XIV–XV Centuries: Means of Formation and Social Functions." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 3 (2012): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-3-14-19.
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Evolution of feudal system on the verge of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries entailed а decline of military service based on former tenurial bonds and its substitution by the system of contracted obligations which facilitated development of the institution of affinity. These communities forming around magnates executed not only military functions but became the centers of social, political and administrative activity. They defended interests of their members and promoted matrimonial and economic links among them. Prosperous affinities gained control over local executive and judicial power as well as elections to the House of Commons. However, their struggle for dominance contributed to a considerable extent to instability of political development in England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.
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Goubanov, Ilya B., and Alexander A. Khlevov. "From Power of Bonds to a Medieval State." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 66, no. 2 (2021): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2021.208.
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Two fundamentally different phases of social development in archaic Scandinavia can be identified. Judging by the fact that the long house of frame construction of the patrilocal extended family, who had been keeping an oðal for generations, emerged in the early Scandinavian Bronze Age around 1800 BC and existed for three millennia, including the so-called “Viking Age”, it is possible to assume that the traditional Scandinavian society of bonds had existed all this time until 1179–1180 in Denmark. The odel system had developed; this land was inherited by males and passed down from generation to generation. Often three generations of relatives — the head of the oðal with his wife and his adult sons with their wives and children as well as numerous household members and house slaves — lived under the same roof in a long house with central rectangular hearths along the axis. The king had the right to call out militia of bonds, which under the leadership of its leaders — strong and wealthy bonds — was quite capable of resisting the king’s not large squad and often dictated terms to it. The kings were chosen at þings — assemblies of armed men of districts where legal issues were settled. The formation of early medieval states in Denmark took place in the last quarter of the 12th century. The king Valdemar and Bishop Absalon after a period of the so-called “civil wars” supported by professional heavy cavalry defeated the militia and disarmed bonds, who were now assigned only agriculture work, taxes to the crown and the church and service to the new feudal lords.
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Li, Shengguo, and Sungkyoo Hong. "An Exploration of the Art Characteristics of Li ShuTong’s XueTang Music: Focusing in <Song Bie>." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 1215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.5.44.5.1215.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Western music officially entered China in 1842 and spread rapidly within several decades, becoming a means for Chinese people to save the country at that time. Intellectuals accepted Western ideas and at the same time emancipated the feudal thoughts of ordinary people, Xuetang music were born. This study will investigate the channels and acceptance process of Western music flowing into China, and analyze literature such as tunes and lyrics of school music songs, so as to understand the creation concept and purpose of Xuetang music songs. This study for the Xuetang music musician Li Shutong’s song “Song bie” creation background and investigation of the source of the melody and the lyrics on the surface of the mean. so as to grasp the song contains Chinese traditional aesthetics and artistic value. Li Shutong and other musicians of Xuetang Music combined Chinese traditional aesthetics with Western music, and derived many works containing Chinese and Western artistic flavor. It was the bold experimentation of artists like Li Shutong that helped advance Chinese music and inspired future generations.
Книги з теми "Feudal bond"
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Medieval usury and the commercialization of feudal bonds. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1993.
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Gunn, Steven. The king’s revenues. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659838.003.0005.
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The new men were active throughout Henry’s financial administration, aiming to increase the king’s revenues and the precision of his financial management. They collected and drove up the crown’s landed revenues and the customs on trade. They assessed taxation, oversaw the coinage, and managed the king’s feudal revenues from wardship and livery. They administered the bonds through which Henry bound his subjects to pay him money and which he used to exert political control over individuals. They helped the king audit accounts, took stock of royal possessions, and managed the financial transition from his reign to his son’s.
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Dann, Colin. Fox's Feud & The Fox Cub Bold (Farthing Wood Stories). Random House, 1994.
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Kimmel, Elizabeth Cody. Dinosaur Bone War: Cope and Marsh's Fossil Feud (Landmark Books). Random House Books for Young Readers, 2006.
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Goldish, Meish. The Fossil Feud: Marsh And Cope's Bone Wars (Fossil Hunters). Bearport Publishing, 2006.
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Kimmel, Elizabeth Cody. Dinosaur Bone War: Cope and Marsh's Fossil Feud (Landmark Books). Random House Books for Young Readers, 2006.
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Scott, Tom. Conclusion to Part I. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725275.003.0013.
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The situation of Konstanz was only settled when Emperor Charles V reduced it to an Austrian territorial town in 1548. And while the Swiss common lordships survived, Huldrych Zwingli contemplated their abolition in favour of two Protestant power blocs under Zürich in the east and Bern in the west. Zwingli did understand the Rhine as a frontier, but from a theological perspective: the achievement of the valiant God-fearing Swiss from small beginnings. Modern historians remain sceptical of the notion of the Rhine as frontier; what the preceding century had created (despite the propaganda war of mutual name-calling) was a buffer zone within which conflicts could be defused locally. Feudal bonds and knightly associations in the Thurgau survived amidst the supposedly ‘republican’ Swiss Confederation. And the Fricktal survived as a sizeable Habsburg territory south of the Rhine until 1806.
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Holmes, Thom. Fossil Feud: The Bone Wars of Cope and Marsh, Pioneers in Dinosaur Science. Silver Burdett Press, 1996.
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Dann, Colin. Farthing Wood Collection: "In the Grip of Winter", "Fox's Feud" and "Fox Cub Bold". Penguin Random House, 1991.
Знайти повний текст джерелаЧастини книг з теми "Feudal bond"
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Bai, Tongdong. "Tian Xia: A Confucian Model of National Identity and International Relations." In Against Political Equality, 175–213. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195995.003.0007.
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This chapter concerns the issue of one's duties to one's own state and people versus the duties to other states and peoples. The same reasoning discussed in Chapter 6 can still be applied to this new situation. Indeed, the Confucian idea of compassion, along with a few other conceptual tools, can be used to address the two remaining key political issues against a “modern” background: how to bond together people of a large, populous, and well-connected state that does not have a feudal structure with intermediate and autonomous units, and how to deal with state–state (international) relations when there is no overlord above the states anymore. Therefore, following the Confucian reasoning and applying it to the issue of one's duties to one's own state versus to other states, one can argue that, given the hierarchical structure of expanding care, one should prioritize duties to one's own state over those to foreign states, thus justifying some form of patriotism. But given the all-embracing characteristic of expanding care, one should still try to take care of the interests of foreigners, thus rejecting a strong form of patriotism as embodied in nationalism, which takes one's homeland's interests as supreme and absolute.
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Hinton, David A. "Feudal Modes." In Gold and Gilt, Pots and Pins. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199264537.003.0011.
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The trend away from ornamented brooches, rings, and swords that demonstrates changing social pressures and expression during the eleventh century was maintained in the first half of the twelfth. The Anglo-Norman aristocracy had considerable wealth for its castles and churches, but the spending power of the Anglo-Saxon majority was very much diminished by the impositions that followed the Conquest. Social relations among the former were based primarily on land, and although sentiments of personal loyalty were defined by oaths of fealty, there is no record of gift-giving from lord to retainer other than the increasingly formalized bestowal of arms. Towns were growing both in size and number, but only a few merchants were really rich, and the peasantry in the countryside was increasing in number but had decreasing opportunity for individual advancement. Excavations at castles and other baronial residences generally yield the evidence of martial appearance and activity that would be expected, like spurs, and slightly more evidence of wealth, with coins a little more profligately lost, than at other sites. There are also luxuries like gilt strips, from caskets of bone or wood, and evidence of leisure activities, such as gaming-pieces; chess was being introduced into western Europe, and appealed to the aristocracy because it was a complicated pastime that only the educated would have time to learn and indulge in. Furthermore, it could be played by both sexes, though ladies were expected to show their inferior skill and intelligence by losing to the men; it echoed feudal society and its courts; and it could be played for stakes. An occasional urban chess-piece find, not always well dated, shows that a few burgesses might seek to emulate the aristocracy. Other predominantly castle finds include small bone and copper-alloy pins with decorated heads that have been interpreted as hairpins, as at Castle Acre, attesting a female presence, but other personal ornaments are infrequent. Some pictures in manuscripts suggest that in the early twelfth century the highest ranks of the aristocracy were wearing brooches. These were probably conventional representations, however, as there are no valuable brooches or finger-rings in the archaeological record, as there had been earlier.
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Prakash, Brahma. "Performativity." In Cultural Labour, 205–39. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199490813.003.0006.
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Reshma-Chuharmal is a story of Reshma, the daughter of an upper-caste feudal landlord and Chuharmal, an untouchable warrior. For several decades, this particular story has been a bone of contention between the upper castes and lower castes in the south Bihar region. Performances based on the lower-caste versions have led to several caste atrocities and caste wars in Bihar. The chapter discusses how an oppressed caste uses all possible performance strategies and symbols, from subversive to regressive, in order to overcome its social and cultural marginality. The chapter not only shows the paradoxical nature of identity discourse but also reveals the paradoxical nature of these performances whose meaning and affect change with time, space, and genre.
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Wiedemann, Benedict. "Wardship." In Papal Overlordship and European Princes, 1000-1270, 153–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192855039.003.0007.
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In the first decades of the thirteenth century, Popes Innocent III and Honorius III found themselves bound to support the succession of three young kings—Henry III of England, James I of Aragon, and Frederick II of Sicily. Although a supposed feudal right of wardship has often been supposed to have motivated the popes, actually, papal letters changed and altered their justifications for papal solicitude depending on the circumstances of the time. In practice, papal involvement in these royal minorities was reactive: the pope replied to petitions he received. Consequently, papal mandates and instructions were often variable and even contradictory. Papal instructions—rather than being a medium for a centralized papal will to be expressed—were more often the means through which local power struggles were fought.
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Coss, Peter. "The Structure and Articulation of Aristocratic Society in Anglo-Norman England." In The Aristocracy in England and Tuscany, 1000 - 1250, 310–57. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846963.003.0010.
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This chapter employs the Italian approach to feudalism where the feudo-vassalic relationship is one among many varieties of lord–client bond. It turns to the tenurial relationship and to the question of the honour. The perspective of the honour is complemented by Cortese’s concepts of zonal and multi-zonal aristocracy, aristocrazia intermedia, and minor aristocratic families. Warwickshire is taken as a case study revealing Anglo-Norman society as a dynamic one in which families appear and rise or fall. We examine religious benefaction, family structure and strategy, local lordship, and the protection of estates, before moving to tournaments and proto-chivalry. We pay close attention to the men described as milites, and to the survival of Englishmen as sub-tenants and the like. It was from the ensuing mix that the militaristic minor aristocracy of twelfth-century England sprang. Finally, the chapter examines the interlocking of public and seigniorial courts. Tension and uncertainty persisted, despite a new equilibrium being established after the massive shock of the Norman Conquest.
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Falk, Oren. "Killing Ambition." In Violence and Risk in Medieval Iceland, 167–220. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866046.003.0005.
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This chapter seeks to account for the nearly complete absence of warfare from medieval Iceland and its sagas. It argues that a single logic dictated both the embrace of feud as a socially constructive idea and the rejection of war as an abomination. Drawing on anthropological examples and analyses, war is defined by contrasting it with feud; the bond between war and state-formation is emphasized. War presupposes political centralization and differentiation, which Icelanders, committed to the reciprocal logic of feuding, resisted. According to the sagas, ideological opposition to war manifested itself in abortive attempts at political consolidation within Iceland, in confusion and substitution in the face of war elsewhere (in Norway, England, and North America), and in failure to contend with burgeoning warlike activity in thirteenth-century Iceland. Tensions between state-centric warfare and state-resistant feuding existed in historical reality, however, not only in saga accounts of this history; and in reality, tensions could not always be resolved. Uchronia provided a tool for creative, retrospective textual resolution of problems that could not be overcome in practice. As demonstrated by the Icelandic law code, Grágás, the past thus became the path-dependent product of the future. Uchronic ideology worked to emend any perceived historical ‘errors’: any symptoms of war that could not be suppressed in reality were, instead, overwritten and repressed in text
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Phelpstead, Carl. "Icelandic Identities." In An Introduction to the Sagas of Icelanders, 52–92. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066516.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 looks at ways in which sagas of Icelanders engage with and explore three broad aspects of identity: nationality (including the importance of feuds in medieval Icelandic law), gender and sexuality, and the distinction between human and non-human (including the supernatural). The sagas thus performed what is sometimes called “ideological work”: they gave expression to the common memories and ideals of a community, and they strengthened bonds within that community through the shared activity of reading the stories or hearing them read. By bringing the sagas into dialogue with approaches associated with the study of other periods and other literatures, this chapter sheds new light on the sagas and on thinking about identity today. Special attention is paid to Hrafnkels saga Freysgoði as a saga illustrating the exploration of different kinds of identity.
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Fiore, Alessio. "Fidelity." In The Seigneurial Transformation, 154–77. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825746.003.0007.
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It explores changing notions of the concept of fidelity (fidelitas) in the wake of the collapse of central power in Italy at the end of the eleventh century. The author notes that fealty was by no means an inseparable part of the concession of benefices as is shown by the widespread documentation of feudum sine fidelitate in Lombardy. Fidelity appears in other contexts too, for example to give legitimacy to contracts of sale and rent; it is also used when investing individuals in office or authority and presenting them with a standard (vexillum). Oaths of fealty also feature in alliances and pacts. Orality and gesture play an important part in rituals of fidelity. Bonds of fidelity could exist between social equals and did not necessarily imply a relationship of superiority and subordination, but the most common interlocutors are the upper and lower ranks of the aristocracy. Ecclesiastical institutions and proto-communes also made use of fealty to bind individuals to them. The language of fidelity also spreads to the church in formalizing relations of a purely internal and ecclesiastical character, a development that the author ascribes to pope Gregory VII, even if not many examples survive before 1100. Finally it discusses the origins of the oath of fidelity, suggesting that it may go back to Charlemagne’s order that all his subjects should swear loyalty to the emperor.
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Li, Jie Jack. "Reflections." In Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195300994.003.0014.
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In this book, I have chronicled eight categories of medicines. As a testament to the changing times, the old European master-apprentice relationship between drug discoverers is a thing of the past. This truth is exemplified by the feud between Selman Waksman and Albert Schatz (see chapter 2). I have no doubt that Waksman sincerely believed that he was the one responsible for the discovery of streptomycin. After all, streptomycin was the fruit of decades of his endeavor with soil microbiology in general and actinomycetes in particular. Schatz happened to be at the right place at the right time. Waksman’s conviction would have been completely acceptable if it had taken place just a century ago. Since the new millennium, vilifying the pharmaceutical industry has become fashionable. One of the crimes that the pharmaceutical industry is accused of committing involves the so-called me-too drugs. Even Merck’s former head of research Ed Scolnick once declared: “We at Merck do not do me-toos, if it is not innovative, we are not interested.” But history is replete with examples in which incremental improvements of a prototype yielded much better drugs. The first ACE inhibitor was teprotide, a peptide with nine amino acids, inspired by a Brazilian snake venom extract. Peptides did not survive in the stomach juice, which broke them down into amino acids. Therefore, the prototype teprotide could be used only by IV injection. With brilliant insight, David Cushman and Miguel Ondetti at Squibb Pharmaceuticals designed and synthesized captopril. Captopril was the first oral ACE inhibitor, which contributed tremendously to the management of hypertension. In theory, captopril is indeed a “me-too” drug to teprotide, but most patients would certainly prefer to take an oral drug than to have injections for the same purpose. Because captopril has a short duration of action, it has to be taken more than once a day. It possessed a trio of shortcomings: bone marrow suppression (due to a decrease in circulating white blood cells), skin rash, and a loss of taste.