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Статті в журналах з теми "Fetal size"

Щоб переглянути інші типи публікацій з цієї теми, перейдіть за посиланням: Fetal size.

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 21 лютого 2023

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1

DeVore, Greggory R., Kareem Tabsh, Bardo Polanco, Gary Satou, and Mark Sklansky. "Fetal Heart Size." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 35, no. 12 (October 13, 2016): 2543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7863/ultra.16.02019.

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2

Ramaiah, Dr Pushpamala, Dr Lamiaa Ahmed Elsayed, and Dr Grace Lindsey Dr Ayman Johargy. "Estimation of Fetal Size and Weight using Various Formulas." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23231.

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3

Wyldes, M. P. "Charts of fetal size." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 10 (October 1994): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13560.x.

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4

Hutchon, David J. R. "Charts of fetal size." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 10 (October 1994): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13561.x.

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5

Spencer, J. A. D., S. Gallivan, and S. C. Robson. "Charts of fetal size." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 10 (October 1994): 923–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13562.x.

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6

Harrington, Kevin, and Stuart Campbell. "Fetal size and growth." Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 2 (April 1993): 186???194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001703-199304000-00004.

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7

Kim, Youngwu, Kasey Hebert, Jessica Masiero, Katherine Leung, Tiffany A. Moore Simas, and Heidi Leftwich. "Fetal Maternal Size Disproportion." Obstetrics & Gynecology 129 (May 2017): 185S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000514152.40514.90.

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8

Chitty, Lyn, and Douglas Altman. "Charts of Fetal Size." BMUS Bulletin 2, no. 4 (November 1994): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1742271x9400200404.

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9

Kirchengast, Sylvia, and Beda Hartmann. "Association patterns of fetal head dimensions, postcranial body growth and neonatal size." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 77, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2020/1137.

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10

Altman, Douglas G., and Lyn S. Chitty. "Charts of fetal size: 1. Methodology." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 1 (January 1994): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13006.x.

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11

Chitty, Lyn S., and Douglas G. Altman. "Charts of fetal size: limb bones." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 109, no. 8 (August 2002): 919–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01022.x.

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12

Ashworth, Cheryl J., Margaret O. Nwagwu, and Harry J. McArdle. "Genotype and fetal size affect maternal–fetal amino acid status and fetal endocrinology in Large White×Landrace and Meishan pigs." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 2 (2013): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd12024.

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Анотація:

This study compared maternal plasma amino acid concentrations, placental protein secretion in vitro and fetal body composition and plasma amino acid and hormone concentrations in feto–placental units from the smallest and a normally-sized fetus carried by Large White × Landrace or Meishan gilts on Day 100 of pregnancy. Compared with Large White × Landrace, Meishan placental tissue secreted more protein and Meishan fetuses contained relatively more fat and protein, but less moisture. Fetal plasma concentrations of insulin, triiodothryonine, thyroxine and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II were higher in Meishan than Large White × Landrace fetuses. In both breeds, fetal cortisol concentrations were inversely related to fetal size, whereas concentrations of IGF-I were higher in average-sized fetuses. Concentrations of 10 amino acids were higher in Large White × Landrace than Meishan gilts, while glutamine concentrations were higher in Meishan gilts. Concentrations of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and threonine were higher in Meishan than Large White × Landrace fetuses. Average-sized fetuses had higher concentrations of asparagine, leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine and valine than the smallest fetus. This study revealed novel genotype and fetal size differences in porcine maternal–fetal amino acid status and fetal hormone and metabolite concentrations.

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13

Haller, H., O. Petrović, and B. Rukavina. "Fetal transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference ratio in assessing fetal size." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 50, no. 2 (August 1995): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7292(95)02423-a.

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14

Otto, C., and L. D. Platt. "The fetal mandible measurement: an objective determination of fetal jaw size." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1991.01010012.x.

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15

Morales-Roselló, J., and A. Khalil. "Fetal cerebral redistribution: a marker of compromise regardless of fetal size." Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 46, no. 4 (October 2015): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.15664.

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16

Chitty, Lyn S., Douglas G. Altman, Annabel Henderson, and Stuart Campbell. "Charts of fetal size: 2. Head measurements*." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 1 (January 1994): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13007.x.

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17

Chitty, Lyn S., Douglas G. Altman, Annabel Henderson, and Sruart Campbell. "Charts of fetal size: 3. Abdominal measurements." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 2 (February 1994): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13077.x.

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18

Chitty, Lyn S., Douglas G. Altman, Annabel Henderson, and Stuart Campbell. "Charts of fetal size: 4. Femur length." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 101, no. 2 (February 1994): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1994.tb13078.x.

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19

Schluter, PJ, G. Pritchard, and MA Gill. "Ultrasonic fetal size measurements in Brisbane, Australia." Australasian Radiology 48, no. 4 (December 2004): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1673.2004.01384.x.

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20

Sagi, J., I. Vagman, M. P. David, L. G. R. van Dongen, E. Goudie, A. Butterworth, and M. J. Jacobson. "Fetal Kidney Size Related to Gestational Age." Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 23, no. 1 (1987): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000298825.

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21

Spencer, J. A. D., T. C. Chang, S. C. Robson, and S. Gallivan. "Fetal size and growth in Bangladeshi pregnancies." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1995.05050313.x.

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22

Miller, Joseph M., Theda A. Foster, Haywood L. Brown, and Harvey A. Gabert. "Fetal anthropometry at term: Effect of menstrual age and relative fetal size." Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 17, no. 3 (March 1989): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcu.1870170306.

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23

Merialdi, M., L. E. Caulfield, N. Zavaleta, A. Figueroa, K. A. Costigan, F. Dominici, and J. A. Dipietro. "Fetal growth in Peru: comparisons with international fetal size charts and implications for fetal growth assessment." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 26, no. 2 (July 22, 2005): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/uog.1954.

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24

Puri, Prem. "Ultrasound diagnosis of fetal hydronephrosis: Fetal renal pelvic size correlated to postnatal outcome." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24, no. 11 (November 1989): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3468(89)80166-6.

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25

Keshavarz, Elham, Marjan Rustazade Sheikhyusefi, Ensi Khalili Pouya, Masoumeh Mirzamoradi, Mehdi Khazaei, Yashar Moharamzad, and Morteza Sanei Taheri. "Association Between Fetal Thymus Size and Intrauterine Growth Restriction." Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 38, no. 2 (December 14, 2021): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/87564793211054747.

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Анотація:

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between reduced fetal thymus size and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This study was devised to determine the association between thymus size and any abnormal Doppler indices within the fetal umbilical artery (UA), as well as the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Materials and Methods: Forty-six pregnancies between 20 and 38 weeks of gestation with IUGR and 46 normal pregnancies within similar gestational age (GA) range were included. The transverse diameter of fetal thymus was measured. In the IUGR group, the fetal umbilical artery (UA) and middle cerebral artery (MCA) Doppler flow velocities were recorded. Results: The mean GA of fetuses with IUGR (33.5 weeks) was higher than control group (30.3 weeks). To adjust for the effect of GA, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed. The adjusted mean thymus diameters were 19.02 mm in IUGR and 21.25 within the control group (mean difference = 2.23 mm; P = .02). The mean (±SD) thymus size in 16 fetuses, with abnormal Doppler findings, was significantly lower than in the group with normal Doppler findings, 17.45 (±2.50) vs 22.02 (±5.39) mm; P < .001. Conclusion: IUGR may be associated with reduced fetal thymus size, especially when coupled with abnormal Doppler findings. The thymus size in a group of IUGR fetuses, with abnormal Doppler findings, was smaller than IUGR fetuses, with normal Doppler findings.

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26

Fulford, A. J. C., S. E. Moore, S. E. Arifeen, L. Å. Persson, L. M. Neufeld, Y. Wagatsuma, and A. M. Prentice. "Disproportionate early fetal growth predicts postnatal thymic size in humans." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 4, no. 3 (March 7, 2013): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174413000044.

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Prenatal events can affect neonatal thymus size and adult immune function. The causal insults are unknown, although fetal nutrient restriction is suspected. We used ultrasound at three time points during pregnancy (14, 19 and 30 weeks) to measure the growth of six fetal dimensions in rural Bangladeshi women participating in the Maternal and Infant Nutrition Interventions, Matlab study. Postnatal ultrasound was used to calculate thymic index (TI) at birth, 2, 6 and 12 m. Of the 3267 women recruited, 2861 participated by providing data at least at one fetal biometry and one TI time point. Patterns of fetal growth were summarized using principal components calculated from fetal dimensionz-scores. Random effects regression, controlling for infant size and season of measurement were used to relate these patterns to TI. We found that smaller leg length relative to head circumference, characteristic of head-sparing growth restriction, was predictive of lower TI. This association was significant at all time points but strongest in earlier pregnancy. Each standard deviation increase in leg–head proportion was associated with an increase in TI of ∼5%. We conclude that growth patterns typical of poor fetal nutrition are associated with poor thymic development. The greater strength of this association in the first trimester is consistent with a period of vulnerability during the early ontogeny of the thymus and suggests that preventative intervention would need to be given in early pregnancy.

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27

Goncu Ayhan, Sule, Deniz Oluklu, Selcan Sinaci, Aysegul Atalay, Seyit Ahmet Erol, Eda Ozden Tokalioglu, Muradiye Yildirim, Ozlem Moraloglu Tekin, and Dilek Sahin. "Fetal Thymus Size in Pregnant Women with COVID-19 Infection." Gynecology Obstetrics & Reproductive Medicine 27, no. 2 (August 2, 2021): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21613/gorm.2021.1222.

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on fetal thymus size by ultrasound. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective study sonographic fetal thymus size was measured in pregnant women attending our hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR test and age-matched control group. The anteroposterior thymic and the intrathoracic mediastinal diameter was determined in the three-vessel view and their quotient, the thymic-thoracic ratio, was calculated. Results were compared between these two groups. RESULTS: Thirty-six SARS-CoV-2-infected and 47 control group pregnant women were included in this study. Two groups were similar in terms of demographic features and no difference was found for fetal thymus size. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 seems to have no adverse effect on fetal thymus size in mild and moderate patients during the acute phase of the infection.

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28

Weeks, Corinne M., and Diana S. Wolfe. "Lagging in Size: The Use of Fetal Dopplers." NeoReviews 22, no. 4 (April 2021): e269-e274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/neo.22-4-e269.

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29

Sase, M., H. Asada, M. Okuda, and H. Kato. "Fetal gastric size in normal and abnormal pregnancies." Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 19, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.2002.00695.x.

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30

Allotey, J., and S. Thangaratinam. "Prognostic models need to look beyond fetal size." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 126, no. 4 (January 17, 2019): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15564.

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31

Hetkamp, Tim, Kerstin Hammer, Mareike Möllers, Helen A. Köster, Maria K. Falkenberg, Laura Kerschke, Janina Braun, Kathrin Oelmeier de Murcia, Walter Klockenbusch, and Ralf Schmitz. "Fetal adrenal gland size in gestational diabetes mellitus." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 47, no. 9 (November 26, 2019): 941–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2019-0146.

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Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare the adrenal gland size of fetuses of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with that of healthy control fetuses. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study included measurements of the adrenal gland size of 62 GDM fetuses (GDM group) and 370 normal controls (control group) between the 19th and 41st week of gestation. A standardized transversal plane was used to measure the total width and the medulla width. The cortex width and an adrenal gland ratio (total width/medulla width) were calculated from these data. Adrenal gland size measurements were adjusted to the week of gestation and compared between the two groups in a multivariable linear regression analysis. A variance decomposition metric was used to compare the relative importance of predictors of the different adrenal gland size measurements. Results For all the investigated parameters of the adrenal gland size, increased values were found in the case of GDM (P < 0.05), while adjusting for the week of gestation. GDM seems to have a greater impact on the size of the cortex than on the size of the medulla. Conclusion The fetal adrenal gland is enlarged in pregnancy complicated by GDM. The width of the cortex seems to be particularly affected.

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32

Cooper, Amber R., Kathleen E. OʼNeill, Jenifer E. Allsworth, Emily S. Jungheim, Anthony O. Odibo, Diana L. Gray, Valerie S. Ratts, Kelle H. Moley, and Randall R. Odem. "Smaller Fetal Size in Singletons After Infertility Therapies." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 67, no. 3 (March 2012): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ogx.0b013e31824b7072.

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33

Frusca, T., S. Parolini, A. Dall'Asta, W. A. Hassan, A. Vitulo, A. Gillett, D. Pasupathy, and C. C. Lees. "Fetal size and growth velocity in chronic hypertension." Pregnancy Hypertension 10 (October 2017): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2017.06.007.

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34

Chalana, Vikram, Yongmin Kim, and David R. Haynor. "Ultrasound system for automatically measuring fetal head size." Laboratory Automation & Information Management 33, no. 2 (December 1997): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-141x(97)80020-2.

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35

McCarthy, Elizabeth A., and Susan P. Walker. "International fetal growth standards: one size fits all." Lancet 384, no. 9946 (September 2014): 835–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61416-1.

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36

Steer, Philip J. "Possible differences in fetal size by racial origin." Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology 2, no. 10 (October 2014): 766–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70157-3.

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37

Neufeld, L. M., J. D. Haas, R. Grajeda, and R. Martorell. "Ultrasound measurement of fetal size in rural Guatemala." International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 84, no. 3 (March 2004): 220–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7292(03)00335-7.

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38

Lauridsen, Mette Høj, Niels Uldbjerg, Olav Bjørn Petersen, Else Marie Vestergaard, Niels Bjerregaard Matthiesen, Tine Brink Henriksen, John Rosendahl Østergaard, and Vibeke Elisabeth Hjortdal. "Fetal Heart Defects and Measures of Cerebral Size." Journal of Pediatrics 210 (July 2019): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.02.042.

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39

Argyropoulos, G., and J. G. M. Shire. "Genotypic effects on gonadal size in fetal mice." Reproduction 86, no. 2 (July 1, 1989): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0860473.

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40

Osei, E. K., and K. Faulkner. "Fetal position and size data for dose estimation." British Journal of Radiology 72, no. 856 (April 1999): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.72.856.10474497.

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41

TURNQUIST, KEVIN. "Second-Trimester Markers of Fetal Size in Schizophrenia." American Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 10 (October 1993): 1571—a—1572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.10.1571-a.

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42

Pedersen, J. F., and M. Mantoni. "Difference in fetal size in the first trimester." BMJ 291, no. 6504 (November 2, 1985): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.291.6504.1278-a.

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43

Wald, N., H. Cuckle, K. Nanchahal, and A. C. Turnbull. "Sex differences in fetal size early in pregnancy." BMJ 292, no. 6513 (January 11, 1986): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.292.6513.137.

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44

Sulak, Osman, Mehmet Ali Malas, Kadriye Esen, Esra Çetin, and Suleyman Murat Tagil. "Size and Location of the Fetal Human Ovary." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2005): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000089044.

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45

Blankenship, Stephanie A., Candice L. Woolfolk, Nandini Raghuraman, Molly J. Stout, George A. Macones, and Alison G. Cahill. "805: Does fetal size affect normal labor progress?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 220, no. 1 (January 2019): S526—S527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.828.

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46

Friedrich, M. J. "International Standards for Newborn Size and Fetal Growth." JAMA 312, no. 15 (October 15, 2014): 1503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.13252.

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47

Gasthaus, Clara L., Ralf Schmitz, Kerstin Hammer, Kathrin Oelmeier de Murcia, Maria K. Falkenberg, Janina Braun, Johannes Steinhard, et al. "Influence of maternal HIV infection on fetal thymus size." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 48, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2019-0060.

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AbstractObjectiveTo reveal the effect of a maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the fetal thymus size.MethodsThe sonographic fetal thymus size was measured retrospectively in 105 pregnancies with maternal HIV infection and in 615 uncomplicated singleton pregnancies. The anteroposterior thymic and the intrathoracic mediastinal diameter were determined in the three-vessel view and their quotient, the thymic-thoracic ratio (TT ratio), was calculated. The study group was subdivided into three groups by the maternal viral load on the date of ultrasound (<50 cop./mL, 50–1000 cop./mL, >1000 cop./mL). Furthermore, an association between prognostic factors of the HIV infection such as the lymphocyte count, CD4/CD8 ratio, HIV medication and the thymus size, was investigated using correlation analyses.ResultsFetal thymus size in pregnancies of HIV-positive mothers showed to be noticeably larger than in uncomplicated pregnancies. The mean TT ratio in the HIV-positive group was 0.389 and in the control group 0.345 (P < 0.001). There was no association between any maternal HIV parameter or medication and the size of the thymus gland.ConclusionMaternal HIV infection was associated with an increased fetal thymus size. Further consequences of intrauterine HIV exposure for fetal outcome and the development of the immune system of HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants must be discussed.

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48

Røset, Maria, Harm-Gerd Blaas, Tove Fagerli, and Torbjørn Eggebø. "Variability Over Time of Normal-Sized Fetal Renal Pelvis During the Second Trimester Scan." Ultrasound International Open 03, no. 04 (September 2017): E131—E136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-116661.

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Abstract Purpose To investigate the variability of the normal-sized fetal renal pelvis (≤5 mm) over time and to analyze repeatability of measurements. Materials and Methods 98 fetal renal pelvises and 49 fetal urinary bladders were analyzed at a gestational age of 17–20 weeks at St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. The anterior-posterior diameter (APD) of the fetal renal pelvis and two diameters of the fetal bladder were measured with an interval of at least 30 min. Intra- and interobserver variations and variations over time and in association with bladder size were investigated. Results The mean difference in renal pelvis size between the first and second measurements was 0.09 mm (95% CI, −0.09 to 0.26 mm). The variation over time was ≤1 mm in 85% of cases and the renal pelvis was ≤4 mm in both the first and second examinations in 92% of cases. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.31 to 0.69). We did not observe any association between variation of bladder size and variation of APD. The difference in fetal renal pelvis size was ≤1 mm in 70% of observations for the first examiner and 58% for the second examiner. The intraobserver ICCs were 0.71 (95% CI: 0.62–0.78) and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.50–0.70) for the two observers respectively. The interobserver difference was ≤1 mm in 72% of cases and the interobserver ICC was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.34–0.71). Conclusion The variation of the APD of the fetal renal pelvis over time was small in fetuses with the APD in the lower range and can mainly be explained by intraobserver variation.

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Goncu Ayhan, Sule, Ezgi Turgut, Deniz Oluklu, Eda Ozden Tokalioglu, Dilek Menekse Beser, Ozlem Moraloglu Tekin, and Dilek Sahin. "Influence of Covid-19 infection on fetal thymus size after recovery." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 50, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2021-0322.

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Abstract Objectives To investigate the long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on the fetal immune system by fetal thymus size measurements with ultrasound (USG). Methods This prospective study was conducted in the Turkish Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital between November 1, 2020 and April 1, 2021, with recovered, pregnant women, four weeks after they had been confirmed for the SARS-CoV-2 infection by real-time polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR). COVID-19 recovered (CR) pregnant women compared with age-matched pregnant controls in terms of demographic features, fetal thymic-thoracic ratio (TTR), and laboratory parameters. Results There was no difference in demographic features between the two groups. TTR found significantly lower in the CR group than the control group (p=0.001). The fetal TTR showed a significant and moderate correlation with maternal monocyte counts, monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), and red cell distribution width (RDW); while it did not correlate with lymphocyte counts, c-reactive protein (CRP), and procalcitonin levels. Conclusions The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) reduces fetal thymus size in pregnant women with mild or moderate symptoms after recovery from the infection.

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Li, Ying, Bernhard Zimmermann, Corinne Rusterholz, Anjeung Kang, Wolfgang Holzgreve, and Sinuhe Hahn. "Size Separation of Circulatory DNA in Maternal Plasma Permits Ready Detection of Fetal DNA Polymorphisms." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.029835.

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Abstract Background: Analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma has recently been introduced as a new method for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis, particularly for the analysis of fetal genetic traits, which are absent from the maternal genome, e.g., RHD or Y-chromosome-specific sequences. To date, the analysis of other fetal genetic traits has been more problematic because of the overwhelming presence of maternal DNA sequences in the circulation. We examined whether different biochemical properties can be discerned between fetal and maternal circulatory DNA. Methods: Plasma DNA was examined by agarose gel electrophoresis. The fractions of fetal and maternal DNA in size-fractionated fragments were assayed by real-time PCR. The determination of paternally and maternally inherited fetal genetic traits was examined by use of highly polymorphic chromosome-21-specific microsatellite markers. Results: Size fractionation of circulatory DNA indicated that the major portion of cell-free fetal DNA had an approximate molecular size of <0.3 kb, whereas maternally derived sequences were, on average, considerably larger than 1 kb. Analysis of size-fractionated DNA (≤0.3 kb) from maternal plasma samples facilitated the ready detection of paternally and maternally inherited microsatellite markers. Conclusions: Circulatory fetal DNA can be enriched by size selection of fragment sizes less than ∼0.3kb. Such selection permits easier analysis of both paternally and maternally inherited DNA polymorphisms.

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