Статті в журналах: "FERROUS MATERIAL"

1

Guo, Liang, Sheng Li Wu, Li Hua Zhang, and Bi Yang Tuo. "Study of Ferrous Material Reduction Based on Thermal Reserve Zone of Modern Blast Furnace." Advanced Materials Research 391-392 (December 2011): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.391-392.65.

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Through analyzing and inspecting the raw materials conditions and process conditions that affect ferrous material reduction in the thermal reserve zone, the article indicates that for the three commonly used ferrous material of blast furnace, sinter, pellets and lump ore, sinter is easiest to reduce and lump ore is most difficult to reduce. And increasing of the size of ferrous material promote the reduction of the ferrous material slightly. With the increase of batch weight, weight loss of ore and coke decrease at first and then increase. With the increase of the ratio of coke/ore, the extent of reduction of ferrous material had not significantly improved.

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2

Huang, Daud, Shih Huang Chen, and Hnin Hnin Mon. "The Preliminary Study on Re-Utilization of Ferrous-Nickel Slag to Replace Conventional Construction Material for Road Construction (Sub-Grade Layer Improvement)." Advanced Materials Research 723 (August 2013): 694–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.723.694.

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Ferrous-nickel slag is an industrial waste material which produced from smelting process of ferrous-nickel uses in manufacturing of stainless steel and ferrous alloy industry, in China Guangdong province itself, it was estimated around 6-7million of ferrous-nickel slag has been produces annually, the common method in order to reutilize ferrous-nickel slag material is by using on cement industry (replace cement material) and as land-filling material. One of the main objectives of this study is to investigate the feasibility of reutilization of ferrous-nickel slag combined with soil improvement method to portion replace conventional construction materials such as sand and granular material on sub-grade or sub-base layer of pavement construction. Strength and swelling properties of ferrous-nickel slag and soil (sand) mixture after treatment with soil improvement agent will be use as main consideration the performances of ferrous-slag nickel material on road construction, includes 4-days soaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR), 7-day Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and also swelling behaviour of the mixture.

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3

Zol Bahri, Razali, and Ibrahim Nur Hadzwan. "Automated Green Sorting Device for Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Material Wastes Using Eddy Current Technique." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.576.

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This project is to design an automated green sorting device that can be used to recognize, differentiate and separate between ferrous and non-ferrous materials, as well as to perform transferring of the mentioned materials. In particular, the technique of separation is using magnetic and Eddy-current concept. Eddy-current is generated on a conductor when the conductor is placed in a magnetic field. These Eddy-currents circulate such a way that they induce their own magnetic field and causing a repulsive force (Eddy force). The analysis done is to analyzed the maximum Eddy force generated to the non-ferrous materials when the materials coming close to the Eddy-current roller. The focused parameters in this analysis are a gap distance between magnet to magnet and a gap distance between magnet to material. The results show this sorting device is completely sort the mix materials (ferrous and non-ferrous materials) up to 90% of consistency.

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4

Ramalingam, Senthil Rajan, C. S. Boopthi, Sridhar Ramasamy, Mominul Ahsan, and Julfikar Haider. "Induction Heating for Variably Sized Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Materials through Load Modulation." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 8354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248354.

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Induction heating (IH) is a process of heating the electrically conducting materials especially ferromagnetic materials with the help of electromagnetic induction through generating heat in an object by eddy currents. A well-entrenched way of IH is to design a heating system pertaining to the usage of ferromagnetic materials such as stainless steel, iron, etc., which restricts the end user’s choice of using utensils made of ferromagnetic only. This research article proposes a new scheme of induction heating that is equally effective for heating ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic materials such as aluminium and copper. This is achieved by having a competent IH system that embodies a series resonant inverter and controller where a competent flexible load modulation (FLM) is deployed. FLM facilitates change in operating frequency in accordance with the type of material chosen for heating. The recent attempts by researchers on all metal IH have not addressed much on the variable shapes and sizes of the material, whereas this research attempts to address that issue as well. The proposed induction heating system is verified for a 2 kW system and is compatible with both industrial and domestic applications.

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5

Kolesnikov, A. S., N. N. Zhanikulov, S. Syrlybekkyzy, A. A. Abduova, A. O. Orazymbetova, O. G. Kolesnikova, and A. L. Shal. "Utilization of Waste from the Enrichment of Non-Ferrous Metal Ores as Secondary Mineral Raw Materials in the Production of Cement Clinker." Ecology and Industry of Russia 27, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2023-1-19-23.

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The scientific results of the optimization of raw materials mixtures for the production of cement clinker with the involvement as a secondary raw material – technogenic waste of the enrichment of non-ferrous metal ores, which by their chemical composition are of interest as an iron-aluminum-silicate raw material component. It has been established that the use of non-ferrous metal ore enrichment waste in the raw material mixture in the form of secondary technogenic raw materials contributes to its utilization, reducing the specific fuel consumption during clinker firing by 5.76%, reducing the firing temperature by 50 °C and obtaining cement clinker that meets the requirements for chemical and mineralogical compositions according to GOST 31108-2016.

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6

Qin, X. P., and L. Hua. "Deformation and strengthening of sintered ferrous material." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 187-188 (June 2007): 694–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.060.

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7

Narasimha Murthy, I., and J. Babu Rao. "Ferro Chrome Slag: An Alternative Mould Material in Ferrous and Non-ferrous Foundries." International Journal of Metalcasting 11, no. 3 (November 4, 2016): 598–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-016-0103-x.

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8

Goryachko, M. D., and L. R. Imangulov. "Assessment of scrap supply zones optimality for Russian steel industry plants." Regional nye issledovaniya 76, no. 2 (2022): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-2-4.

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The article discusses the features of the distribution of ferrous scrap between the main metallurgical enterprises of the Russian Federation. It is revealed that the current configuration of the actual raw material zones of metallurgical enterprises of the Russian Federation is due to the uneven nature of scrap sources and end users, the export orientation of regions and the established institutional structure of regional ferrous scrap markets in the post-Soviet period. Based on the use of geoinformation technologies, the optimal configuration of raw material zones of metallurgical enterprises in the field of procurement of ferrous scrap has been determined. To assess the optimality of raw material zones of enterprises, two methods are proposed in the work – cartographic and economic. As a result of a comparative analysis of the calculation results, it was revealed that the economic method best evaluates the optimality of raw material zones in connection with the best consideration of the features of territorial schemes for the movement of ferrous scrap between producers and end consumers. According to the economic method, the metallurgical enterprises of the Ural metallurgical base have a low degree of optimality of raw material zones and, as a result, large losses in financial terms, mainly due to the extremely high concentration of metallurgical enterprises, small/medium losses have enterprises in the north, center and east of the country, where the demand for raw materials is a limited number of enterprises remote from each other. In the final part of the article, recommendations are presented to increase the economic efficiency from optimizing the distribution and the use of ferrous scrap for individual economic agents and the economy as a whole.

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9

Yeo, S. H., M. Murali, and S. Balakrishnan. "Effect of Tool Electrode Material on the Spark Erosion of Micro Grooves." Materials Science Forum 526 (October 2006): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.526.79.

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Micro electro discharge machining is an important unconventional metal micromachining technology. The performance of micro EDM depends on the combination of the tool and work materials used. In the absence of a comprehensive theoretical model to predict the effect of electrode materials on the performance of EDM, experimental investigations as described in this paper become useful. The work materials studied include ferrous, non-ferrous and exotic material (XW42, Ti6Al4V, WC) and the tool electrode materials include the commonly used EDM tool materials namely tungsten, copper and graphite. It is found that in the microgroove machining by micro EDM using foil electrodes, graphite consistently provides higher material removal rate than tungsten and copper tool electrodes and hence it is useful for the rough machining. On the other hand tungsten tool electrode is preferable for finish machining as it provides the least surface roughness.

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10

Gulizia, Stefan, Darryl Jones, Mahnaz Z. Jahedi, Trevor Kearney, and Paul Koltun. "Thermal Fatigue Studies Using HF Induction Heating of Die Materials for Light Metals Casting." Materials Science Forum 618-619 (April 2009): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.618-619.357.

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In this study a new thermal fatigue test rig has been developed that can apply a net energy input to materials with different physical properties using HF induction heating. Several commercially available hot work ferrous and non-ferrous die materials were evaluated with the aim of providing a basis for selecting an appropriate die material with good thermal fatigue resistance for a given HPDC application. The results show materials with high thermal conductivity such as tungsten-based materials are more resistant to thermal fatigue cracking than conventionally used hot work tool steels for HPDC dies. The initiation and growth of thermal fatigue cracks were examined and periodically evaluated using computer image analysis, for crack morphology, and hardness on each material tested.

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11

Rastyannikova, Elizaveta. "GLOBAL NON-FERROUS METALLURGY RESOURCES MARKET." Eastern Analytics, no. 3 (2020): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-03-109-130.

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Since the beginning of the XXI century, the raw material of non-ferrous metallurgy began to acquire new outlines. First, due to the growing demand for resources from the rapidly developing countries of Asia (China, India, South Korea), the volume of world production and international flows of both raw ore and ore dressing – concentrates have increased. Secondly, the concentration of countries that produce raw materials on the one hand and consume them on the other has increased. The article is devoted to comparative statistical analysis of international flows of raw materials of non-ferrous metals. The leading countries in the world exporting non-ferrous metal ores and countries importing them have been identified. The impact of new applications of non-ferrous metals on increasing international trade, such as the expansion of the production of batteries for electromobile and consumer electronics, the development of nuclear energy, etc., is highlighted.

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12

Vitiaz, P. A., N. A. Svidunovich, D. V. Kuis, Yu A. Nikalaichyk, and S. L. Rovin. "Modification of cast alloys nanostructured material." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2021-2-37-41.

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The third article of the series devoted to the application of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in industry in general and, first of all, in metallurgy, materials science and foundry is presented. This article deals with the use of nanomaterials for the improvement of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys by micro-alloying and modifying methods, as well as the synthesis of new composite materials. The results of research on C-B-Fe composites obtained at the Belarusian State Technological University, a method for modifying gray cast iron with micro-additives of abrasive slurries of high-speed steels, proposed by specialists of BNTU and OJSC «MTW», and aluminum alloys modified with nanostructured carbideand nitride-containing powders developed by Belarusian, Bulgarian and Russian scientists are presented.

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13

Saddique, Asim M., Murali R V, and Salim R.K. "Experimental Investigation into Influence of Lathe Cutting Parameters on Surface Roughness for Ferrous and Non- Ferrous Alloys." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.4.11.

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Optimization of lathe cutting parameters is very important as they form the best suitable conditions for the machining operations. For the efficient use of a CNC Lathe, a set of optimum cutting parameters (speed, feed and depth of cut) is an essential requirement. Surface Roughness, which heavily depends on these cutting parameters, is one of the most frequently used standards to define the quality of turned components. In this work, a correlative study of cutting parameters and the surface roughness for ferrous (stainless steel 304) and non–ferrous alloy (aluminum) material is carried out and presented. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques are employed to investigate the influence of cutting parameters on surface roughness values. Results from contour plots are obtained to investigate the patterns of factors and the responses. The combination of optimum experimental parameters can be found by machining these ferrous and non-ferrous materials in CNC turning center and finding the least surface roughness parameters. ANOVA analysis, integrated with Design Expert© software, is used to determine effective ratios of the parameters and subsequently the relationships between input parameters and their responses relationship are established. The minimum surface roughness results in reference to spindle rpm, feed rate, and depth of cut are determined and estimation of the optimal surface roughness values (Ra) for least surface roughness are the results obtained in the study. This study presents the findings of an experimental investigation into the effect of turning parameters like cutting speed. Feed rate and depth of cut by turning ferrous (stainless steel 304) and non-ferrous material (Aluminium) in the CNC turning center and then checked the surface roughness values with Mitutoyo SJ-301 instrument. The effects of parameters and their correlation with the surface roughness and the optimal values have been analysed. These results establish a firm relationship and correlation between cutting parameters and surface roughness and in doing so, results also achieve an optimal set of machining parameters for select ferrous and non-ferrous materials.

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14

Zhang, Keyu, Xiaoyan Yang, Jian Wu, Xiaopeng Huang, and Yaochun Yao. "Optimization of the Process Parameters for the Synthesis Process of Battery-Grade Ferrous Oxalate by Response Surface Method." Nano 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2016): 1650123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179329201650123x.

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This study investigates the optimal conditions for the synthesis of battery-grade ferrous oxalate as a raw material for preparing cathode material. Ferrous oxalate was prepared by liquid-phase precipitation method using ferrous sulfate and oxalic acid. Central composite design (CCD) was used to determine the effects of three preparation variables on purity and particle size: reaction temperature, aging time and concentration of ferrous sulfate. Based on CCD, the significant factors on each experimental design response identified the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimum ferrous oxalate preparation conditions were obtained reaction temperature of 31.32[Formula: see text]C, aging time of 56.52[Formula: see text]min, and ferrous sulfate concentration of 5%. Under these optimum conditions, ferrous oxalate with purity of 99.69% and particle size of 4.92[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m was obtained as best product which met and exceed the requirements of battery-grade ferrous oxalate. In addition, the special morphologies of ferrous oxalate prepared under different dispersant proportion was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyze the mechanism of synthesis. Morphology control study revealed that the dispersant could effectively change the surface energy between crystallographic planes, then result in anisotropic growth of the crystal structure and change the morphology of synthetic products.

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15

Abdrakhimov, V. Z., A. K. Kairakbaev, and E. S. Abdrakhimova. "The Use in the Production of Clinker Waste of Non-Ferrous Metallurgy and Power Engineering of East Kazakhstan." Ecology and Industry of Russia 24, no. 3 (March 4, 2020): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2020-3-14-18.

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The technology of obtaining clinker bricks on the basis of waste of non-ferrous metallurgy – clay part of the "tails" of the gravity of zircon-ilmenite ores and waste of energy – ash of light fraction is considered. The use of non-ferrous metallurgy and energy waste in ceramics contributes to the disposal of industrial waste, environmental protection and the expansion of the raw material base for ceramic building materials.

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16

Najim, Tariq S., Nazik J. Elais, and Alya A. Dawood. "Adsorption of Copper and Iron Using Low Cost Material as Adsorbent." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, no. 1 (2009): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/682568.

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In this study, pine fruit was used as solid adsorbent for removal of ferrous and copper ions from aqueous solutions through batch equilibrium technique. The influence of contact time, pH of the solution and initial concentration of metal ions on adsorbed amount of metal ions were investigated. 90 minutes of adsorption time was found sufficient to reach equilibrium for ferrous ion and 120 minutes for copper ion. Adsorption of metal ions were pH dependent and the results indicate the optimum pH for the removal of Fe+2was found to be 5.0 and that of Cu+2was 7.0, the highest adsorption capacity was found to be 4.8 and 14.1 mg of metal ion per gram of adsorbent at initial concentration of 22.22 mg/L and 57.6 mg/L of ferrous and copper ions respectively and would be higher with higher initial concentration. Ferrous ion was removed by 96.3 - 97.3% and copper ion by 94.1-96% along the whole range of initial concentrations. Isotherm studies showed that the data were best fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetic data corresponded well with the pseudo-second order equation, suggesting that the adsorption process is presumably a chemisorption.

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17

Saptaryani, S.T., M.T., Titiek Deasy, Yuli Nurasri, Budi Santoso, and Mulianti Mulianti. "Analisis Sifat Mekanik Pada Material Standar Paduan COR ALSi10Mg(b) Dari Skrap Aluminium." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 16, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jtm.16.1.986.

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The metal industry in Tegal Regency is classified into ferrous and non-ferrous metal industries. The shipping component industry is the leading producer of the non-ferrous metal industry. The problem faced by the non-ferrous metal processing industry, especially the Small and Medium Industry ship components is the availability of standard materials as raw materials at affordable prices. Instead, SMEs use scrap material to reduce selling prices, as a result of which product quality does not meet the required specifications. This research made 2 (two) formulas of AlSi10Mg(b) from an aluminum scrap mixture where AlSi10Mg(b) is one of the standard materials of cast aluminum alloy recognized by Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia (BKI). The study aimed to recommend raw material formulas to SMEs to ship components to make products according to BKI standards. The research began by collecting a database of aluminum scrap composition, then simulating calculations with an Excel program to obtain theoretical chemical composition so that the need for aluminum scrap was produced. The two standard material formulas of AlSi10Mg(b) are made from different main scrap where formula 1 is the piston, and formula 2 is the brake lining with the supporting scrap is the pan, aluminum elbow, and aluminum plate as well as the AlSi49 and AlMg20 master alloys. The simulation results are then cast with the sand-casting method. The cast results are made of specimens testing chemical composition and hardness. The results of the chemical composition test show that both formulas are in accordance with the conditions of AlSi10Mg(b) cast alloy, namely the percentage of Silicon (Si) and Magnesium (Mg) in formula 1 is 9.16% and 0.39% while formula 2 is 10.69% and 0.22%. Both formulas are still with Copper (Cu) content that still exceeds the limit of above 0.1%. The hardness value has met BKI standards above 50HBN.

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18

Toniţă, Vasilica Viorica Corcoţoi, Maria Vlad, Ilenuta Severin, and Andrei Berbecaru. "Chemical and Mineralogical Composition Influence of Steelworks Dust on Agglomerate Quality." Advanced Materials Research 1143 (February 2017): 120–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1143.120.

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From making steel process result dust and slurry that can be used as a secondary raw material in the composition stack of ferrous materials for the sintering process. Together with other raw materials rich in Fe, SiO2, CaO, this waste can be significant on quality ferrous agglomerate due to the useful elements contained.The paper presents the results of chemical and mineralogical analysis of steelworks dust and experimental research with a view to introduce dust in the sintering process to increase the quality of agglomerate.

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19

Cojocaru, Radu, Lia Nicoleta Boţilă, Cristian Ciucă, Bogdan Radu, Victor Verbiţchi, and Ion Aurel Perianu. "General Aspects Concerning Possibilities of Joining by Friction Stir Welding for some of Couples of Materials Usable in the Automotive Industry." Advanced Materials Research 1153 (May 2019): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1153.27.

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In recent years, due to its extraordinary qualities, friction stir welding process FSW has found its utility in more and more industrial applications in fields such as: aerospace, aeronautics, naval, automotive and railway. The paper summarizes several achievements in the FSW joining of couples of similar and dissimilar materials used in the automotive industry. There are presented aspects regarding the welding of ferrous metal materials (DD13), couples of non-ferrous metallic materials (Al Cu range) and steels with aluminum. The behavior of FSW of material couples in terms of analysis of microstructural improvements and mechanical characteristics is analyzed. The preliminary results obtained have shown that the FSW process can be successfully applied to the joining of the approached material couples, but with the use of optimized welding tools and technologies.

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20

Hayashi, Shosaku. "Material Recycling at the Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Non-ferrous Metal Operation Plants." Material Cycles and Waste Management Research 22, no. 6 (2011): 453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/mcwmr.22.453.

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21

SZYPUŁA, Ireneusz, Piotr RÓŻAŃSKI, Janusz STECKO, and Marian NIESLER. "DETERMINATION OF CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMUM DEZINCIFICATION OF A MIXTURE OF FERROUS MATERIALS IN THE SINTERING PROCESS BASED ON NUMERICAL CALCULATIONS USING THE FactSage THERMOCHEMICAL PROGRAM." Journal of Metallic Materials, no. 3-4 (December 30, 2022): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.22.3-4.7.

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Multi-million tons of sludge produced as a result of wet dedusting of blast furnace and converter gases have been deposited in landfills across the country. These materials are also created on an ongoing basis. Due to the high iron content, their potential as a ferrous raw material is significant. Unfortunately, in addition to components which are desirable from the point of view of metallurgical processes such as Fe, C and CO, they also contain many harmful elements such as Zn, Pb, Na and K. The article describes the sources and form of Zn found in post-production waste of steelworks and the methods of removing zinc from ferrous waste materials. The optimal conditions for zinc removal during the sintering process of galvanised ferrous materials were identified using thermochemical calculations carried out with the FactSage computer program.

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22

Wittenauer, J., and O. D. Sherby. "Factors Influencing the Fatigue Behavior of Ferrous Laminates." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 109, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225971.

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Laminates based on ultrahigh carbon steel were prepared and found to exhibit enhanced fatigue life as compared to a monolithic reference material. This result was achieved through the insertion of weak interlaminar regions of copper into the layered material during preparation of the laminates. The presence of these regions allowed for the operation of a delamination mechanism in advance of the propagating fatigue crack. The result was interlaminar separation and associated crack blunting. Stress-life curves show that an increase in life by as much as a factor of four is achieved for these materials when compared to monolithic specimens of similar processing history.

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23

Kim, Yoo Taek, Chang Sub Jang, and Yun Jae Choi. "Properties of Artificial Lightweight Aggregate by Using Magnetic Separated Bottom Ash from Coal Power Plant." Materials Science Forum 724 (June 2012): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.724.103.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using bottom ash after magnetic separation and dredged soil from the coal power plants as raw materials for artificial lightweight aggregate (ALA). The dependence of composition and sintering temperature on physical properties of ALA was investigated. Fe compounds play an important role in the bloating reaction, thus specimens containing more ferrous materials such as Fe3O4 are more easily bloated. Both black core region and bloating phenomenon were increased with an increase in the contents of dredged soil. Specimens made use of MBA(Magnetic separated bottom ash which has magnetic components) showed lower bulk density than those of NMBA(non-magnetic separated bottom ash which has much less ferrous materials. It was confirmed that MBA could be used as an effective raw material for making ALA having low density because the ferrous components in it act as bloating agents.

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24

Łępicka, Magdalena, and Małgorzata Grądzka-Dahlke. "Direct Current and Pulsed Direct Current Plasma Nitriding of Ferrous Materials a Critical Review." Acta Mechanica et Automatica 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ama-2016-0024.

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Abstract Nowadays, the improvement of ferrous materials performance is a problem of high interest. One of well-known wear- and corrosion properties improving technique is plasma nitriding, in which elemental nitrogen is introduced to the surface of a metal part for subsequent diffusion into the material. As a result, a compound, “white” layer and a diffusion zone are formed at the detail’s surface. Most of the authors positively describe the effects of surface ion nitiding. On the other hand, there are also reports on adverse effects of direct current and pulsed direct current plasma nitriding on ferrous materials performance. Therefore, an attempt to provide comprehensive summary on direct current and pulsed direct current ion nitriding and its influence on ferrous materials’ mechanical and corrosion properties has been made. According to the results, some of the technique drawbacks are hard to avoid in mass production.

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25

Li, Yue Ying, Qi Chao Deng, Ping Shi, and Zhen Liang Qiao. "Dry Sliding Friction and Wear Behavior of Surface Hardened Ferrous PM Cam Materials for Automobile Applications." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1399.

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Two kinds of surface heat treatment (wide-band laser surface quenching and high-frequency induction quenching) had been performed on a ferrous PM cam material for automobile applications. Microstructure, hardness and tribological properties of ferrous PM cam materials were investigated. After laser surface quenching, the sintered cam materials could obtain finer martensite microstructure and higher hardness value, compared to high-frequency induction quenching. Wear tests revealed the superior wear resistance and coefficient of friction of laser surface hardened specimens in comparison with high-frequency induction quenched ones. Laser surface quenching can be a more effective surface heat treatment to improve wear resistance of the sintered cam materials than high-frequency induction quenching. On the lower test loads (such as 50N), the wear mechanism of the surface quenched ferrous PM cam materials is dominated adhesive and abrasive wear, while on the higher test loads (such as 120N and 150N), it is primarily delamination wear and abrasive wear.

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26

Jovičević-Klug, Patricia, and Bojan Podgornik. "Review on the Effect of Deep Cryogenic Treatment of Metallic Materials in Automotive Applications." Metals 10, no. 4 (March 26, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10040434.

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With the development of society, every year there are increasing demands in the automotive industry on cost savings, environmental safety, reduction of raw material consumption, performance improvement, material life cycle and recycling of components. In this review, emphasis is given on ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, which are used as components, where both groups can be treated by deep cryogenic treatment (DCT). DCT has shown to increase hardness, tensile strength and wear resistance, reduce density of defects in crystal structure, improve toughness and corrosion resistance. Though, some researchers also reported results that showed no change in material properties, or even deterioration of material properties, when subjected to DCT. This additionally points out to lack of consistency and reliability of the DCT process, which is needed for its successful incorporation in automotive applications. However, to prove with certainty the resulting outcome on the material properties and knowledge about the reasons for the variation of this effect on metallic materials, further approach and testing with different variables should be conducted in the future. This review provides a synopsis of different approaches of DCT on different materials for automotive applications in order to indicate effects on the material performance during DCT.

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Rajamony, Bhuvenesh, A. N. M. Khalil, and Khairul Azwan Ismail. "Machining Performance Study of a New Palm Oil Based Bio-Product Industrial Wax." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 935–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.935.

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Machining can be performed on virtually all solid materials even though the term commonly applies to the cutting of metals, alloys, plastics and woods. Machining is a mechanical process where excess material from a work piece can be removed by cutting action to produce a part of specified geometrical shape and surface finish. In this research we will analyze and investigate whether there is a possibility to use the palm oil based bio wax material for machining applications. At the moment different ferrous, non-ferrous materials and industrial blue wax have been used for prototype models, training purpose by different industries, educational and training organizations. However the price of such material is very expensive. Hence an attempt is made to substitute these material by the palm oil based bio wax produced in Malaysia. With it, engineers can generate prototype to evaluate even minor design changes without breaking the budget. To the best of researcher’s knowledge, no previous work has been carried out nationally or worldwide on the use of palm oil based bio wax material in the manufacture of a strong industrial wax. This research work gives the approaches taken in this direction.

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Chen, Ming Baio, Xiao Min Wang, Ri Ping Liu, Qing Xiang Yang, Wen Chang Liu, You Sheng Tao, Jun Yan, Xiao Yi Ma, Jian Li, and Pan Pan Zhai. "Methods and Equipment of Vacuum and Electromagnetism Suspending Distillation for Fine of Non-Ferrous Metals." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 1150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.1150.

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A kind of invention by make the technology excellence band together of vacuum distillation refines and Vacuum and electromagnetism refine. A kind of methods and equipment for fine of Non-ferrous metals, the unusual is: use the electromagnetism force and mix round effect of electro-magnetic induction for heat up and mix round and element distill process under electro-magnetism suspend state of Non-ferrous materials. A kind of equipment and equipment for fine of non-ferrous metals consist of vacuum furnace body, electro-magnetism loop, crucible, condenser and materials vacuum resent device, etc.; The main character is: the electro-magnetism loop is electro-magnetism conductor suspend loop which located the outside or inside the body of the furnace with a tier of insulation and magnetism transmit material. The aim of which is to develop the pureness of the product by electro-magnetism suspend vacuum distillation or deoxidize distillation and efficiency of smelting; reduce the cost of the smelting.

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Parimanik, Soumya Ranjan, Trupti Ranjan Mahapatra, Debadutta Mishra, and Akshaya Kumar Rout. "Dissimilar Laser Welding of NiTi Alloy with Ferrous and Non-ferrous Material: Optimization of Process Parameters." E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101167.

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NiTi Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) is extensively utilized in various high-performance engineering industries such as medical devices, aerospace, air-craft structures, micro-electrical and electronic components, and more, owing to its exceptional properties, including shape memory effect (SME), superelasticity, and biocompatibility. Nonetheless, due to its distinct characteristics, achieving a suitable joint of NiTi alloys is a challenging task. Therefore, scientists have been dedicating significant efforts to the joining of this alloy. This current research explores the weldability of NiTi wires with stainless steel wire and copper wire using Laser. The micro-hardness and the tensile strength of the weld joint are acquired according to Taguchi design of experiment so as to identify the significance of the control factors (laser power, scan speed and focal length). Moreover, simultaneous optimization of multi performance characteristics is also attempted using Utility concept. The results from the confirmation runs showed that the predicted optimal machining parameters has im-proved the individual as well as the multiple performance characteristic.

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30

Hu, Xiao, Sai Rui Ma, Yan Yan Wu, Lai Hao Li, Xian Qing Yang, Shu Xian Hao, Sheng Jun Chen, and Wan Ling Lin. "Antioxidant Activities of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Protein Hydrolysates-Iron Chelate Based on Properties of Biological Materials." Advanced Materials Research 700 (May 2013): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.700.263.

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Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) protein was hydrolysed by papain, and then the tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) protein hydrolysates (TPH) chelated with ferrous ions at various mass ratios of TPH to FeCl2 (5:1, 10:1 and 20:1) to obtain the biological materials of chelate I, chelate II and chelate III, respectively. The ferrous-binding rate and antioxidant activities of the chelates were investigated. It was found that the ferrous-binding rate increased with the increase of mass ratios (TPH/FeCl2) from 5:1 to 20:1. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power activity of chelate III were highest in the chelates, and the lipid peroxidation inhibition activity of the chelate III was obviously higher than that of TPH. Compared with TPH, marked changes in microstructure were observed in the biological material of TPH-iron chelate.

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31

Masson, S., D. Basseti, J.-Y. Buffière, and Y. Bréchet. "Estimation of Material Properties in Ferrous and AluminumAlloy Databases." Advanced Engineering Materials 4, no. 6 (June 5, 2002): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(20020605)4:6<375::aid-adem375>3.0.co;2-b.

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32

Brazhnik, D. A., G. D. Semchenko, G. N. Shabanova, I. N. Rozhko, and V. V. Makarenko. "Investigation of physicomechanical properties of carbide-silicon materials using the disten-sillimanite raw material of Ukraine." Scientific research on refractories and technical ceramics 118 (July 11, 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35857/2663-3566.118.05.

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Structural destruction is less for products used in various furnaces of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, on the surface of which a melt with a high viscosity is formed during service. With this in mind, it seems appropriate to use silicon carbide materials, the grains of which are coated with a quartz film that protects SiC from rapid destruction in an oxidizing medium. To form a quartz film on carborundum grains, it is necessary to introduce quartz-containing raw materials, in particular, disthen-sillimanite concentrate, which allows to create the necessary phase composition of the lining mass in the process of raising the temperature at the initial stage of the furnace operation. The article is considered the possibility of using the disthen-sillimanite raw materials of Ukraine in the development of carbide-silicon materials. Various types of binder (ethyl silicate ETS-40, ETS 40/60, TLS, thermoplastic), variants of their correlation among themselves, and also with a different amount of disthen-sillimanite concentrate, are given. The possibility of controlling the physical and mechanical characteristics of materials by adjustment of the components ratio of binder and disthen-sillimanite concentrate is shown. The best combination of characteristics of silicon carbide materials, which is achieved by using a specific amount of disthen-sillimanite concentrate, is established.

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33

Khairi, Ibnu Jamil, L. Oksri-Nelfia, Bambang Endro Yuwono, and Pratama Haditua Reyner Siregar. "REVIEW KARAKTERISTIK MEKANIK DAN TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PROCEDURE BETON GEOPOLIMER." Jurnal Infrastruktur 6, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35814/infrastruktur.v6i2.1582.

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Beton Geopolimer merupakan beton yang menggunakan material anorganik produk sampingan hasil limbah padat industri yang disintesis melalui proses polimerisasi seperti fly ash, terak besi, terak nikel, dan material lainnya yang mengandung unsur Alumunium (Al) dan Silika (Si) yang tinggi. Produksi 1 ton semen Portland menghasilkan emisi gas CO2 sebesar 1 ton ke atmosfer sehingga dapat membahayakan lingkungan seperti pemanasan global. Tujuan dari studi literatur ini adalah untuk menunjukan bagaimana karakteristik mekanik pada beton geopolimer dalam penggunaan 100% produk sampingan limbah industri (ferrous dan non-ferrous) sebagai pengganti semen Portland sepenuhnya pada beton konvensional, serta meninjau dampak lingkungan yang ditimbulkan akibat penggunaan limbah tersebut dengan menggunakan analisis TCLP. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) merupakan prosedur untuk mengetahui kadar logam berat pada produk sampingan limbah industri (ferrous dan non-ferrous) yang dapat larut dan dapat mencemari lingkungan. Studi pustaka yang membahas material anorganik mengenai beton geopolimer secara holistik masih sedikit. Beberapa faktor yang dapat memengaruhi karakteristik mekanik beton geopolimer antara lain proporsi campuran, penggunaan admixture, pemilihan material anorganik, metode perawatan dan durasi perawatan, dan rasio larutan alkali sebagai aktivator. Proporsi campuran yang tepat dapat menghasilkan workability yang baik, kuat tekan, dan kuat tarik belah yang tinggi. Metode dan durasi perawatan dengan pemanasan (oven curing) mampu menghasilkan kekuatan mekanik yang lebih besar dibanding dengan metode perawatan suhu ruangan. Studi literatur ini diharapkan dapat memberikan pedoman dalam pengembangan beton geopolimer kedepannya bagi para peneliti dan industri.

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34

Morikawa, Claudio Kendi. "A new green approach to Fenton’s chemistry using tea dregs and coffee grounds as raw material." Green Processing and Synthesis 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2013-0113.

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Abstract Fenton’s chemistry has long been useful in industry because of the power of hydrogen peroxide (HP), in the presence of ferrous iron (Fe2+), to produce a highly reactive free radical species capable of oxidizing aqueous materials. However, its application has been limited due to the rapid oxidation of ferrous iron. The rapid oxidation of ferrous iron limits the production of free radicals necessary for a powerful reaction. We developed two ‘green’ iron catalysts using used tea leaves (tea dregs) or coffee grounds as raw material. The new ‘green’ iron catalysts contained iron in a reductive stable status for a Fenton catalyst. The study showed that the developed ‘green’ iron catalysts can be used as iron fertilizer and for the Fenton’s reaction on the degradation of methylene blue (MB), and in the disinfection of Escherichia coli. The tea and coffee polyphenols were estimated to be responsible for the reductive stable state of the iron in the developed catalysts, due to their reducing power and chelating iron ability. The developed new ‘green’ iron catalysts are expected to diffuse in wide fields such as food, medicine, public health, agriculture, the environment, etc.

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35

Mulopo, Jean, and L. Schaefer. "Biological regeneration of ferric (Fe3+) solution during desulphurisation of gaseous streams: effect of nutrients and support material." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 11 (March 30, 2015): 1672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.144.

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This paper evaluates the biological regeneration of ferric Fe3+ solution during desulphurisation of gaseous streams. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is absorbed into aqueous ferric sulphate solution and oxidised to elemental sulphur, while ferric ions Fe3+ are reduced to ferrous ions Fe2+. During the industrial regeneration of Fe3+, nutrients and trace minerals usually provided in a laboratory setup are not present and this depletion of nutrients may have a negative impact on the bacteria responsible for ferrous iron oxidation and may probably affect the oxidation rate. In this study, the effect of nutrients and trace minerals on ferrous iron oxidation have been investigated and the results showed that the presence of nutrients and trace minerals affects the efficiency of bacterial Fe2+oxidation. The scanning electron microscopy analysis of the geotextile support material was also conducted and the results showed that the iron precipitate deposits appear to play a direct role on the bacterial biofilm formation.

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36

Matsukevich, I. V., N. V. Kulinich, and V. V. Tauhen. "Separation of iron and zinc components dust of gas cleaning devices of the electric steelmaking productions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Chemical Series 58, no. 2 (June 8, 2022): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8331-2022-58-2-203-210.

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Currently, the volumes of use of dust from gas-cleaning devices (DGD) of electric steel furnaces are extremely insignificant, as they have an impact on the environment during storage, but at the same time, they represent the material that has a valuable composition (oxides of iron, non-ferrous metals, etc.) and is promising for recycling. However, the secondary use of zinc-containing DGD in ferrous metallurgy leads to the accumulation of zinc in the lining of blast furnaces and frequent malfunctions. It has been established that zinc oxide remains mainly in the bound state in the franklinite phase (Zn,Mn,Fe)(Fe,Mn)2O4. The processes of solid-phase reduction of dust from gas-cleaning devices of electric steel furnaces with the production of zinc concentrate and sponge iron, that are raw materials in demand for non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, are studied. The optimal conditions for the reduction process were determined, the physicochemical characteristics, granulometric and phase composition of the starting materials and reduction products were studied. It has been established, that the use of a combination of reducing agents of different nature (coal coke and H2) during heat treatment at 1100 °C and cooling in a reducing medium (Ar/H2) makes it possible to obtain sponge iron with a high degree of metallization - 97,5 %.

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37

Kvačkaj, Tibor, Juraj Tiža, Július Bacsó, Andrea Kováčová, Robert Kočiško, Rudolf Pernis, Monika Fedorčáková, and Pavol Purcz. "Cockcroft-Latham Ductile Fracture Criteria for Non Ferrous Materials." Materials Science Forum 782 (April 2014): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.782.373.

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The determination of ductile fracture criteria as well as friction coefficient, stress-strain curves, constants for Hollomon's equation and a material workability based on analytical methods as a forming limit diagram, a normalized Cockcroft-Latham criteria (nCL)) ring and compression tests for two materials based on aluminum and copper alloys were carried out. A calculation of nCL criteria on the basis of a compression test and numerical simulations was made. The critical values nCL criteria resulting from compression test were determined. Prediction of nCL criteria by numerical simulations were confirmed by laboratory compression tests. The values obtained from numerical simulations and compression tests for both materials show a good coincidence in results.

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38

Ou, Xiuling, Shuijin Lei, Xinlai Zhang, Kun Wan, Yifan Wang, Wei Zhou, Yanhe Xiao, and Baochang Cheng. "Hydrothermal growth of ferrous hydroxide terephthalate as a new positive electrode material for supercapacitors." Dalton Transactions 47, no. 35 (2018): 12056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8dt02377h.

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39

Rane, Kedarnath, Prashant Date, and T. S. Srivatsan. "Influence of Material and Process Parameters on Reduction-Swelling Characteristics of Sintered Iron Pellets." Metals 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010141.

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This paper investigates the use of shop-floor ferrous scrap that contains iron ore as a raw material for the purpose of making steel products through an in situ carbothermic reduction. The technique of powder metallurgy (PM) was used for the purpose of studying reduction followed by densification during sintering. Two sources of iron oxide—ferrous grinding-sludge powder and iron ore—and three sources of the carbonaceous material—graphite, charcoal, and carbon black—were considered. The carbonaceous material was added to the iron oxide after calculating the stoichiometric carbon requirement for facilitating both direct reduction and direct–indirect reduction. This involves a simultaneous change in weight and volume. During sintering, an in situ reduction of the iron oxide takes place that often results in severe volumetric changes. The test results revealed the degree of reduction (DOR) and degree of densification (DOD) of the grinding sludge (GS) to be 15% and 45% higher, respectively, than that of iron ore (IO). This is essentially due to the presence of distinct iron-oxide phases coupled with a greater amenability to the occurrence of carbothermic reduction. Indirect reduction also took place and contributed to improving the degree of reduction (DOR) and degree of densification (DOD) of the final products. Overall, the shape stability of the sintered grinding-sludge (GS) powder was found to be optimized when parameter settings of graphite (from 25% in excess to 50% in excess) were added, a compaction pressure of 1050 MPa was applied, and a sintering temperature of 1200 °C was employed. Hence, ferrous scrap can be chosen as direct reduced iron for the manufacture of steel and can also be used for cost-efficient and eco-friendly structural components with a marginal compromise on both the purity and strength of the ferrous products.

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40

Strobl, S., W. Scheiblechner, and R. Haubner. "Metallographic preparation of a composite of meteorite iron, steel, pure iron, and nickel manufactured by the Damascus technique." Practical Metallography 60, no. 9 (August 21, 2023): 556–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-2023-1052.

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Abstract A composite material was subjected to metallographic examination. It was manufactured by forging together different ferrous materials and nickel. This technique ranks among the Damascus techniques and is also used to manufacture so-called “krises”. A kris is a traditional dagger from Southeast Asia, particularly from Indonesia and Malaysia, manufactured by processing different iron and nickel alloys or meteorite iron containing nickel. As is typical for Damascus materials, widely varied patterns are obtained on the blades which may have different shapes. To manufacture a kris blade, sheets made of pure iron, C10 steel, meteorite iron, and nickel were forge-welded in preliminary tests. Samples were taken and subjected to metallographic examinations. Different layers can be recognized after polishing. Etchants typically used for steels (Nital, Klemm) cannot be used to reveal the nickel microstructure. The nickel grain boundaries can be revealed by ion etching. To improve the different ferrous material microstructures’ contrast, an additional heat tinting process was performed. The metallographic examination reveals that forge welding created a homogeneous joint between the individual layers.

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41

Masyruroh, Anis, Fitri Dwirani, and Frebhika Sri Pujipangesti. "Analysis of iron content in the leaching process of nickel slag as raw material for manufacturing fero sulfate." International journal of chemical & material sciences 5, no. 1 (October 14, 2022): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijcms.v5n1.1985.

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Slag waste is waste generated from the nickel processing and smelting industry. Each process of refining one tonne of nickel products produces 50 times solid waste, equivalent to 50 tons of this problem which causes the waste stockpile to increase. The analysis of the iron content in the nickel slag leaching process as a raw material for the manufacture of ferrous sulfate is quite interesting because nickel slag chemically still contains valuable minerals and metals, and the iron content in nickel slag is the most dominant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of dissolving iron content in nickel slag from the leaching process which will later be used as a concentration for the manufacture of ferrous sulfate. This research is an experimental study to determine the dissolved Fe content that will be used to make ferrous sulfate coagulant products with concentrations of 0.2; 0.3; 0; 5 and 1 mol/L.

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42

Gollahalli, S. R., J. E. Francis, and D. Varshney. "Heat Generation in Ferrous Metal Piles." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 115, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905989.

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A laboratory-scale experimental study of the basic processes and controlling parameters involved in the spontaneous heating of a pile of ferrous metal turnings during their marine transport is presented. The results indicate that the salinity of seawater, the amount of moisture coming in contact with the turnings, the surface area of turnings, the volume of container, and the bulk density of the pile affect the temperature rise in the ferrous material.

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43

Chizhikov, Grigory V. "New Energy and Raw Material Currency Unit for International Trade Settlements." Economic Strategies 160, no. 5 (October 20, 2022): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33917/es-5.185.2022.78-86.

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The article elaborates in detail the project of creating a neutral international currency for settlements in international trade — ERMU (Energy and Raw Material Unit), the purchasing power of which does not depend on political and economic actions of any country, nor on the exchange rate of national currencies. ERMU isn’t bound to any national currency, its purchasing power is nominated in a strictly specified amount of basic export energy raw materials of world trade — gas, oil, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, mineral fertilizers, wheat and gold. Switching of international trade to ERMU will allow us to avoid the dictatorship of dollar and euro and to break the unnatural order in international trade, established after the Second World War, under which all countries traded with each other for the national currency of one country — the US dollar. In addition, the introduction of the ERMU will render meaningless any arrests and confiscation by Western countries of the assets of countries and individuals objectionable to them.

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44

Deshayes, L., J.-F. Rigal, and D. Play. "Proposed Methodology for Optimizing Grooving Operations of Ferrous Sintered Material." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 220, no. 4 (April 2006): 555–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440505x32959.

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45

Epler, M. E., and W. Z. Misiolek. "Novel billet design for co-extrusion of ferrous material tubes." Materials Science and Engineering: A 429, no. 1-2 (August 2006): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.04.100.

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46

Hanel, Martina B., J. F. Schenk, H. Mali, F. Hauzenberger, C. Thaler, and H. Stocker. "Characterization of Ferrous Burden Material for Use in Ironmaking Technologies." BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte 160, no. 7 (June 18, 2015): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00501-015-0374-1.

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47

Furumoto, Tatsuaki, Takashi Ueda, Teruyuki Osaka, Abdullah Yassin, Akira Hosokawa, and Ryutaro Tanaka. "Study on laser assisted milling of ferrous based consolidated material." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24, no. 1 (January 2010): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-009-1158-x.

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48

Wu, Lingbo, Baojun Yang, Xingxing Wang, Baiqiang Wu, Wanli He, Min Gan, Guanzhou Qiu, and Jun Wang. "Effects of Single and Mixed Energy Sources on Intracellular Nanoparticles Synthesized by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans." Minerals 9, no. 3 (March 8, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9030163.

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Effective biosynthesis of magnetite nanoparticles using current technology is challenging. We investigated the synthesis of nanoparticles by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans grown on ferrous iron, elemental sulphur, and mixtures of both substrates. A comparison of tests with different doping amounts of elemental sulphur in ferrous-containing medium showed that the addition of 0.25 and 0.5 M elemental sulphur to the medium resulted in an increased delay of microbial growth and ferrous iron oxidation. TEM suggested that the ferrous material was an essential energy source for the synthesis of nanoparticles in cells. TEM results indicated that the different ratios of ferrous and sulphur had no significant effect on the morphology of bacteria and the size of nanoparticles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) showed that the nanoparticles were composed of magnetite. For the first time, HRTEM and XANES spectra in-situ characterization was conducted to investigate the nanoparticles that were synthesized by A. ferrooxidans. The findings from this study indicated that the different ratios of ferrous and sulphur had no significant effect on size and shape of nanoparticles synthesized by A. ferrooxidans.

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49

Golik, V. I., V. S. Morkun, N. V. Morkun, A. V. Pikilnyak, I. A. Gaponenko, and A. A. Gaponenko. "Mathematical modeling of processes of technogenic deposits development." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1049, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1049/1/012030.

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Abstract The article aims to substantiate the tendency to solve the problem of the mineral and raw material base of non-ferrous metals due to the involvement of technogenic origin in substandard metal-containing raw materials. Critical analysis and systematization of new information on the current state of the mineral and raw materials base of non-ferrous metals and the environmental problems of mining associated with it. New data on the recovery and loss of metals in the process of ore dressing are presented. It is shown that the total value of metals in waste is comparable to the value of potential mineral resources in the bowels. The problems of the use of mining waste should be solved in a single package with environmental problems by creating a single technological cycle for the extraction and processing of industrial minerals of industrial waste, the use of which can make the development of industrial deposits economically viable. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using best practices for non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises that are searching for ways to survive in the conditions of the establishment of market relations.

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50

Jugrestan, Claudiu Ioan, Marcel Sabin Popa, Stefan Sattel, Dan Preja, Ovidiu Virgil Vereș, and Elena Adina Cotargă. "Evaluation of the Problems that Arise during CFRP Drilling." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.111.

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In this paper are presented and analyzed a series of problems that are appearing during the CFRP machining. Due to their properties, the composite materials began to replace traditional materials (ferrous and non-ferrous) in a lot of industries leading out the development of new methods of machining or adaptation of the classic. Unlike traditional material, drilling in CFRP is more difficult due to inhomogeneity of the material, its high hardness but also due to lack of knowledge relating to how these materials behave. This paper investigates different types of tool wears as corner wear, welding, crater wear that are appearing in drilling operation due to the highly abrasive nature of the carbon fibers. Also, here is presented an evaluation that refers to the machined hole quality and describe defects as delamination, pull outs, fibers projections, pyrolysis and shape errors. The main goal of this paper is to verify the current status of technique in CFRP drilling in order to develop and produce a new drill geometry in a cooperation between the Technical University of Cluj-Napoca and the cutting tool company Gühring KG.

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