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Дисертації з теми "Fermentazion of food"
MISCI, CHIARA. "La fermentazione delle verdure a foglia indigene africane per promuovere la food safety (igiene e salubrità degli alimenti) e la food security (sicurezza degli alimenti)." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/115772.
Повний текст джерелаAfrican indigenous leafy vegetables (AILVs) are part of the sub-Saharan flora, thriving in water and nutrient scarcity. Moreover, AILVs are rich in macro- and micro-nutrients, representing a precious source of nourishment. From cultivation to consumption, microorganisms interact with AILVs, sorting different effects. AILVs’ soil and phyllosphere microorganisms can have an impact on plants and consumers’ health. Soil fertility is strictly correlated to microbial diversity and enzymatic activity. While, the presence of spoilage and potentially pathogenic microorganisms in the phyllosphere reduces the shelf-life of the commodity. In this thesis, the interaction between AILVs and microorganisms has been outlined. AILVs cultivation resulted linked to shifts in soil microbial communities and increased enzymatic activities. Moreover, the modulation of phyllosphere microbiota using salt and sucrose triggered the proliferation of lactic acid fermenting bacteria that curbed the proliferation of spoilage microorganisms. The outcomes thus underlined how AILVs cultivation coupled with good agricultural practices could limit soil erosion. Secondly, the growth of spoilage bacteria can be hindered using natural fermentation that involves inexpensive tools and affordable preservatives. Hence, AILVs have an important role in maintaining biodiversity and their preservation can ensure a nutrient food source for the sub-Saharan population.
CARDINALI, FEDERICA. "Fermented foods: from tradition to innovation." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/253066.
Повний текст джерелаFermentation is one of the oldest biotechnological approaches used in food conservation; it consists of a conversion of organic compounds by enzymes of microbial, plant or animal origin. Fermented foods are strongly linked to culture and tradition, especially in rural areas. They are characterized by improved nutritional value, organoleptic properties, acceptability and palatability for consumers as well as by an extended shelf life. The aim of this PhD research was to investigate the microbial diversity and dynamics of both traditional (Caciofiore della Sibilla cheese and Fabriano-like sausage) and innovative fermented foods (yogurt-like beverages and bread produced with type II sourdough) and to characterize these products for their physical-chemical and sensory profile. More specifically, the impact of an unexplored milk coagulant obtained from Carlina acanthifolia All. subsp. acanthifolia on the microbial dynamics and diversity of Caciofiore della Sibilla cheese was investigated by a polyphasic molecular approach based on culture-dependent and DNA-based techniques. The impact of nitrates and nitrites on the dynamics of metabolically active bacterial communities of a Fabriano-like sausage was also evaluated by cDNA analysis by using a polyphasic molecular approach. Moreover, experimental breads produced at a laboratory scale with type 2 soft wheat flours and type II sourdoughs were analysed to evaluate the microbial dynamics during leavening, as well as their physical-chemical and sensory traits. In the final part of thesis, non-alcoholic yogurt-like beverages were first produced at laboratory scale using three different cereal-based substrates (red rice, buckwheat and barley) and selected strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and further subjected to microbiological, physical-chemical and sensory analyses.
ROCCHETTI, GABRIELE. "GLUTEN - FREE FOOD SYSTEM: SCREENING OF POLYPHENOLS AND THEIR BIO ACCESSIBILITY THROUGH IN VITRO GASTROINTESTINAL PROCESSES AND METABOLOMICS - BASED STUDIES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/57897.
Повний текст джерелаAround 1% of world population is affected by coeliac disease. Coeliac people are constrained to follow a strict gluten free (GF) diet and very often this latter is unbalanced and lacks in many nutrients. In the last years, the exploitation of alternative crops or underutilized species, such as pseudocereals, legumes and pigmented cereal cultivars, is gaining interest because of their amount and profile of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols. Therefore, considering the actual importance of polyphenols for both the formulation of GF foods and their health-promoting properties, the current PhD thesis was based on: 1) the profiling of polyphenols in GF raw materials (such as non-wheat flours, legumes, pseudocereals and nuts) and their in vitro antioxidant activities; 2) the evaluation of the impact of different heat treatments and microbial fermentations on the phenolic profile of GF raw materials; 3) the investigation of polyphenols in GF foods as inhibitors of digestive enzymes; and 4) the assessment of the fate of polyphenols characterizing GF foods during simulated in vitro gastrointestinal and fermentation processes. Polyphenols were analysed by means of targeted/untargeted metabolomics-based approaches (i.e., high resolution chromatography and mass spectrometry platforms).
ROCCHETTI, GABRIELE. "GLUTEN - FREE FOOD SYSTEM: SCREENING OF POLYPHENOLS AND THEIR BIO ACCESSIBILITY THROUGH IN VITRO GASTROINTESTINAL PROCESSES AND METABOLOMICS - BASED STUDIES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/57897.
Повний текст джерелаAround 1% of world population is affected by coeliac disease. Coeliac people are constrained to follow a strict gluten free (GF) diet and very often this latter is unbalanced and lacks in many nutrients. In the last years, the exploitation of alternative crops or underutilized species, such as pseudocereals, legumes and pigmented cereal cultivars, is gaining interest because of their amount and profile of bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols. Therefore, considering the actual importance of polyphenols for both the formulation of GF foods and their health-promoting properties, the current PhD thesis was based on: 1) the profiling of polyphenols in GF raw materials (such as non-wheat flours, legumes, pseudocereals and nuts) and their in vitro antioxidant activities; 2) the evaluation of the impact of different heat treatments and microbial fermentations on the phenolic profile of GF raw materials; 3) the investigation of polyphenols in GF foods as inhibitors of digestive enzymes; and 4) the assessment of the fate of polyphenols characterizing GF foods during simulated in vitro gastrointestinal and fermentation processes. Polyphenols were analysed by means of targeted/untargeted metabolomics-based approaches (i.e., high resolution chromatography and mass spectrometry platforms).
CAPUSONI, CLAUDIA. "APPLICATION OF NON-CONVENTIONAL YEASTS IN BIOPROCESSES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/788442.
Повний текст джерелаFedrizzi, Bruno. "Identification, quantitation and origin of sulfur compounds in grape products. An approach via hyphenated mass spectrometry techniques." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426543.
Повний текст джерелаIl contributo della Chimica Analitica nello studio delle matrici complesse, quali ad esempio quelle alimentari, è cruciale. In particolare lo sviluppo di metodi cromatografici avanzati può permettere di dosare importanti marker tecnologici, microbiologici e fisiologici e quindi consentire un approfondimento delle attuali conoscenze. Questo lavoro è stato concepito allo scopo di definire gli strumenti per valutare il contributo di un’importante classe di molecole all’aroma dei vini. Il vino riveste un ruolo di primaria importanza nelle tradizioni culturali ed alimentari Italiane, inoltre l’Italia risulta primo produttore e primo consumatore mondiale di vino. I prodotti enologici sono stati largamente studiati fin dai primi anni ’70, anche se l’assenza di conoscenze biochimiche e microbiologiche e la mancanza di tecniche analitiche sufficientemente sensibili non ha consentito lo studio esaustivo della classe dei composti solforati. Questa tesi, nata da esigenze legate alla chimica analitica e alla chimica enologica, ha avuto come punto centrale lo studio dei composti solforati nei vini. Il primo problema che si è dovuto affrontare nello studio di matrici complesse come quelle enologiche è stato quello relativo agli effetti matrice. Il superamento o il contenimento di questo problema crea ogni giorno costi in termini di tempo e di preparazione di opportuni standard interni. In questa tesi si è proposto un metodo statistico basato sul modello a componente di varianza in grado di gestire questo problema. I vantaggi sono notevoli, a fronte di una incertezza leggermente maggiore e di una sensibilità di poco peggiorata. Altro argomento trattato è stata la definizione dei metodi analitici in grado di quantificare e quindi di studiare i composti solforati. Questa materia è stata affrontata riconoscendo una prima distinzione all’interno del gruppo degli analiti indagati: o composti solforati fermentativi: molecole derivanti dal metabolismo del lievito a partire da precursori amminoacidici o composti solforati varietali: molecole presenti in specifiche varietà come coniugati della cisteina e del glutatione e rilasciati durante la fermentazione alcolica ad opera di specifiche attività enzimatiche. Questa suddivisione è stata mantenuta anche nello sviluppo dei metodi analitici, in quanto sensibilità richieste e conseguenze metabolomiche erano anch’esse distinte. Per quanto riguarda i composti solforati fermentativi, durante il dottorato di ricerca è stato ottimizzato e validato un metodo HS-SPME/GC-MS per l’analisi di un’ampia gamma di molecole tipicamente derivanti dal metabolismo del lievito. Tale approccio è poi stato la base per studi di natura più squisitamente metabolomica in cui è stato verificato come il cultivar (i.e. la varietà), l’invecchiamento, il ceppo di lievito e altre pratiche tecnologiche potessero influenze il livello e l’evoluzione degli analiti indagati. I risultati ottenuti per quanto attiene lo sviluppo del metodo in spettrometria di massa hanno potuto confermare con la tecnica SPME con campionamento in spazio di testa sia una tecnica di elezione per l’analisi di molecole volatili. Inoltre questo approccio consente una gestione semplice ed enviromental friendly in confronto con i più obsoleti metodi di estrazione con solvente. Gli studi metabolomici hanno consentito di trarre importanti considerazioni su aspetti molto importanti nella definizione della qualità del prodotto finale. Tali risultati consentono anche una trasferibilità nei settori della ricerca applicata e dell’enologia. Come ultima classe di analiti indagati si sono studiati i composti solforati varietali. L’assenza di metodi sensibili e sufficientemente rapidi da essere applicati per studi su un numero significativo di campioni ha spinto la nostra attenzione alla verifica delle potenzialità delle tecniche in spazio di testa nel dosare queste molecole. Si sono ottimizzati e validati metodi HS-SPME e purge and trap ed è stata definita una procedura non parametrica robusta per il confronto delle performance delle diverse procedure. Visto il recente interesse della ricerca scientifica operante nel settore al controllo della formazione ed evoluzione di queste molecole, abbiamo focalizzato la nostra attenzione sui precursori dei composti solforati varietali. Il primo stadio è stata la sintesi di queste molecole, seguito poi dall’ottimizzazione di metodi LC-MS/MS per il dosaggio di queste molecole. In questo contesto è stato possibile identificare per la prima volta un nuovo potenziale precursore di aroma, tramite esperimenti LC-MS/MS. Da ultimo, attraverso l’isolamento dell’enzima responsabile della biosintesi dei precursori d’aroma è stato possibile proporre una preliminare spiegazione alla formazione di tali molecole durante la maturazione della materia prima. In conclusione, grazie a questa tesi di dottorato, è stato possibile approfondire ed applicare alcune delle più moderne tecniche analitiche a disposizione, è stato possibile definire procedure statistiche per superare i più comuni ostacoli nello studio di matrici complesse, ed è stato possibile chiarire il contributo di una classe importante di molecole come i composti solforati nelle matrici enologiche.
BOCCHI, SERENA. "Studio dei metaboliti coinvolti nella relazione simbiotica tra probiotico ed ospite." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/113112.
Повний текст джерелаProbiotics are defined as “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host”. Nowadays, researchers and producers are looking for probiotic strains with proven efficacy towards specific applications in order to choose the most suitable strain for the required use. Coree s.r.l. is a company dealing with the screening of potential new probiotic strains to be developed in food and food supplements specifically designed for the first phase of the life, from delivery to weaning. Food is strictly correlated to probiotic efficacy and it can be used as a deliver system to colonize the human intestine. To date, the delivery of probiotics through novel functional food represents a very interesting opportunity for manufacturers and customers. The aim of my PhD project was to study if new isolated strains of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were able to take advantage of the interaction with their substrate and express this synergism with improved beneficial features to the host by considering an important stage of life, the weaning phase. In light of this evidence, the first part of the Ph.D. investigated whether probiotic bacteria, when grown in weaning food matrices, changed their properties, such as the adhesion to the gut or the regulation of various genes expression by human intestinal cells. We used some conventional complementary foods, such as carrot, apple puree, rice cream, and oat-based beverage, to evaluate the possible variations in terms of post-fermentation adhesiveness. Results showed that Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains, when cultured in complementary foods, were able to improve their adhesiveness to the gut mucosa, showing a synergic effect between food matrix and probiotic microorganism. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the ability to ferment weaning foods and to adhere to the human intestinal cell lines was strain-specific and not correlated to the genus of microorganisms. Furthermore, data have evidenced that bacterial strains isolated from plants possessed good ability to adhere to gut, and, thus, the adhesion properties is not influenced by the origins. These results were published an original article titled “The Synergistic Interaction between Probiotics and Food Affects Their Beneficial Features” on the journal “Advances in Nutrition and Food” (January 2020). In parallel, genome analysis was carried out to new isolated bacterial strains of COREE in order to better characterize their profiles. Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) approach was used to find the hypothetical presence of plasmids and antibiotic-resistance genes and determine the bacterial fermentation type. During fermentation, bacterial strains produce a wide range of metabolites, some of which are bioavailable and bioactive with health properties that can be absorbed by the gastrointestinal cells and exert their effect at the systemic level. Therefore, metabolomic approach was applied to provide information about the different functional and nutritional properties of oat-based beverage fermented by Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains. Oat is widely appreciated for its beneficial properties for adult and infant health, and currently, more food products are available for infant phase. Firstly, we evaluated the metabolites profile of oat beverage following in vitro gastrointestinal digestion by UHPLC-Q-TOF and HPAEC-PAD analysis. The untargeted metabolomics allowed to investigate the profile of metabolites released by oat-based beverage at the end of digestion. The results showed that flavonoids, phenolic acids, amino acids, and steroids were the major class of compounds identified in oat before any treatment. After the in vitro digestion, amino acids, peptides, and phenolic acids were the most released compounds. Afterward, the impact of co-fermentation by Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. strains on the oat metabolites profile was evaluated. The fermentation process decreased the levels of antinutrients (lignans and phytic acid), a class of compounds that reduces the correct absorption of important micronutrients. Additionally, the digested profile of fermented oat beverage showed a major release of amino acids, vitamins, polyphenols, and phytochemical substances respect to the unfermented condition. Moreover, oat fiber component represents the most bioactive metabolite, consisting predominantly of β-glucans. For this reason, ion chromatography technique (HPAEC-PAD) was used to analyze the impact of digestion and fermentation on the oligosaccharidic component. Data indicated that the bacterial strains did not modify the oligosaccharides profile preserving its prebiotic capacity. These data have been submitted as original article entitled " The combined effect of fermentation of lactic acid bacteria and in vitro digestion on metabolomic and oligosaccharide profile of oat beverage” on the journal “Food Research International”. Successively, a simulated digestion/absorption model by using the enterocytes-type cells (Caco-2) allowed to examine the differences between the absorbed metabolites of fermented and non-fermented food matrix. The assimilated profile of non-fermented oat-based beverage was found rich in amino acids and myo-inositol. The linoleic acid, one of the most abundant fatty acid in Avena S., was found totally unabsorbed revealing as substrate for the intestinal microflora. Regarding the effect of fermentation on the absorbed profiles, results revealed that the bacterial strains did not alter drastically the metabolites profiles but induced few and strain-specificity effects that increased the absorption of specific compounds. This work suggests the relevance of culture starter in the development of fermented functional food. The fermentation by selected bacterial strains, even belonging to the same species, produced two food matrices with similar chemical profiles, but with a rather different effect on host metabolism. These findings are submitting as original article titled " In-vitro assessment of the strain-specific impact of fermented oat on the absorption of different metabolites” on the journal “Food Research International”.
ZANETTE, Marco. "Continuous bioethanol production by the fermentation of food processing waste." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/337419.
Повний текст джерелаThe necessity to reduce CO2 emissions and oil consumption has been determining a strong interest in bio-energy and bio-fuels in recent years. The most promising of these biobased fuels is bioethanol , which can be used with a clean combustion, has a high octane number (103), is chemically stable, no toxic and biodegradable. Further, it can be used for vehicles transport as a mixture with oil or pure; in fact, as mixture does not require specific changes on the engine, while when used pure only small changes are requested. Finally, the CO2 emission produced by the bio-ethanol combustion is “environmental friendly”, because deriving from renewable energy sources. So many countries have set up polices to promote development and use of liquid biofuels. The production of bioethanol is performed on a commercial basis by two technological roadmaps, using directly fermentable sweet feedstocks, such as sugarcane and sugar beets, or starchy feedstocks, such as corn and wheat. Of the 51 billion liters of bioethanol produced in 2006, the U.S. production based on corn and the Brazilian production based on sugarcane accounted for 70% of total production. Cellulose materials represent the most abundant global source of biomass and have been largely unutilized. The main problems to develop viable ligneocellulose-to-ethanol bioconversion processes are the lack of organisms capable of fermenting pentose sugars with a acceptable kinetic rate and the energy (and costs) required for breaking the lignocellulosic material structure. Lignocellulosic ethanol is not at large scale production as corn ethanol and sugarcane ethanol. Ethanol can be produced from lignocellulosic materials in various ways; all processes comprise the same main components: hydrolysis of the hemicellulose and the cellulose to monomer sugars, fermentation and product recovery and concentration by distillation. Another important option for the production of bio-ethanol is the use of bio-waste rich in sugars or starchy materials. Has been reported that various BMSW fractions have a vast potential for the production of sugars that eventually can be used for producing bio-ethanol. Moreover conversion of MSW to bio-ethanol can be an alternative sustainable approach to disposal of waste and reduction of the biodegradable fraction of MSW to landfill. These materials are produced in large amount in Europe and can be considered an important feedstock for bio-fuels production: the generation of food-processing waste has been estimated in 222 millions tonnes per year, vegetable and fruit being at 140 million of tonnes/year. In this thesis has been the study of the continuous fermentation process under no-sterile condition of a residue obtained from the marmalade production, with the aim of bio-ethanol fuel production. The fermentations was conducted with a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain (EC1118) alcoholic tolerant It has been studied both the single CSTR and CSTR with biomass recycling in order to understand the process kinetics and the problems connected with the principal intensification processes utilized in ethanol fermentation. From the different mass balances conducted on the first, second and third part of this work it appears clear that is possible to work under no-sterile conditions in CSTR, and CSTR with biomass recycling obtaining high ethanol/sugars utilized ratio utilizing appropriate solid retention time and hydraulic retention time. The process nevertheless appears, from the kinetic modelling and energy balance, to not be competitive.
Частини книг з теми "Fermentazion of food"
"Latte, fermentazione e prodotti lattiero-caseari fermentati e non fermentati." In Food, 157–84. Milano: Springer Milan, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0786-4_7.
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