Статті в журналах: "Fermentation du cacao"

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Bobiles, S. C., F. B. Elegado, C. G. Millena, and F. E. Merca. "Small-scale cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation process utilizing cacao pod husk." Food Research 6, no. 4 (July 31, 2022): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(4).502.

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Cacao fermentation is a postharvest process that yields cacao flavour precursors which eventually develop into distinct cacao flavour and aroma upon roasting. A standardized procedure to achieve quality fermented beans is the utilization of a large amount of cacao wet beans (25 kg – 500 kg) placed in fermentation boxes to achieve desired fermentation temperature, posing a challenge to small-scale farmers with a minimal amount of harvested beans. This study aimed to optimize a small-scale cacao fermentation treatment by enhancing volume requirement by utilizing cacao pod husk (CPH) in the fermentation matrix. Fermentation parameters such as bean temperature and pulp pH were factors considered during optimization. The optimization process used 9 treatments with varying ratios of beans and CPH. The temperature of CPH was also considered a factor that affected the temperature of beans. The treatments with CPH were observed to have significantly higher daily mean temperatures than those without (p = 0.01529). Test for correlation between the temperature of beans and CPH for treatments with CPH revealed 3 kg wet beans with 4 kg CPH (3FB+4CPH) have the highest correlation at 0.9806. It is based on this result that the treatment identified as the best small-scale set-up was the 3FB+4CPH. The high-temperature readings of CPH in the treatments with CPH (40oC or higher) indicate a complementing effect to the temperature of fermenting beans above it. It also suggests that added CPH in the treatments have the same effect in increasing the temperature of the fermenting beans. Results also showed that there was no significant difference in pulp pH among treatments (p = 0.9464). Based on the result of the pH reading for the various optimization treatments and considering results from different studies, the day 5 pH readings gave the best range of pH that is expected at the end of fermentation. The findings proved that the small-scale fermentation (3FB+4CPH) can be a practical and low-cost treatment compared with the traditional fermentation treatment.

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Wiranda, Sumaryati Syukur, and Hermansyah Aziz. "DETERMINATION OF CALCIUM (Ca) AND MAGNESIUM (Mg) CONTENT IN CACAO (Theobroma cacao Linn) FERMENTATION AND NON FERMENTATION BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRY." Jurnal Riset Kimia 3, no. 1 (February 11, 2015): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jrk.v3i1.104.

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ABSTRACT Cacao beans contain many kinds of mineral, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), Zinc (Zn), Phosphor (P) and etc. This study investigated magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) in fermentation and non fermentation cacao beans by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Mg and Ca, content in non fermentation cacao beans of green and red variety are 453 µg/g, 466 µg/g, and 491 µg/g, 445 µg/g. Mg and Ca, contents in fermentation cacao beans of green and red variety are, 596 µg/g, 528 µg/g, and 554 µg/g, 505 µg/g. Fermentation make magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) content increase significantly. Keywords : Theobroma cacao Linn, fermentation, spectrophotometry.

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Dewi, Putri Maharani Shinta, Damat Damat, Ida Ekawati, Devi Dwi Siskawardani, Asmawati Raba, Budy Wiryono, Fasal Munsif, and Budi Utomo. "A Short Review: Changes in the Physical-Chemical Properties of Cacao Beans During the Fermentation Process." BIO Web of Conferences 104 (2024): 00032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410400032.

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Fermentation is one of the main processes influencing cacao beans’ quality. Proper post-harvest cacao processing can affect the quality of cacao beans. Spontaneous fermentation of cacao beans is carried out carefully for 5 d to 7 d, characterized by a series of activities of certain microorganisms from three groups of microorganisms: yeasts, lactic acid, and acetic acid. Yeast aims to liquefy the pulp, while lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria play a role in raising and lowering the pH of cacao beans during fermentation. The activity of microorganisms affects the formation of aromatic compounds in fermented cacao beans. During the fermentation process, there is a change in pH and an increase in temperature in the seed heap; this creates conditions that cause changes in the seed’s structure at the cellular level and the metabolites present in the seeds. Leucine, alanine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine are precursors contributing to cacao and chocolate aroma formation. The post-harvest processes affect the yield of cacao beans that will be used in the chocolate industry. Each process must be considered to produce high-quality fermented cacao beans.

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Agustriana, Eva, Herly Angga Valentino, Nanik Rahmani, Nuryati Nuryati, Hendy Firmanto, Rike Rachmayati, Siti Eka Yulianti, Isa Nuryana, Yopi Yopi, and Puspita Lisdiyanti. "Fermentation Effect of Cacao Beans Originate from Jember on Polyphenol-Flavonoid Content and Radical Scavenging Activity." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 19, no. 1 (March 23, 2023): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.19.1.60831.23-31.

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Cacao is attractive for its flavor and taste and its beneficial effects. Therefore, this commodity is promising to be developed as a functional food. Many studies reported the bioactive compounds in cacao beans and their health benefits. However, to attain desirable flavor and taste, the curing process of cacao beans is a common practice, in which fermentation is one of the processes. Despite its significance, fermentation also alters the bioactive components in cacao beans. To develop a functional food rich in bioactive compounds, measuring the bioactive contents of treated and untreated cacao beans is desired. For that reason, in this study, the analysis of total polyphenol, flavonoid, catechin, and epicatechin, as well as the radical scavenging activity of fermented cacao beans, was performed. The study revealed that fermentation negatively affected all parameters. Cacao beans fermentation up to 96 h resulted in the loss of 54% of total polyphenol, 77% of total flavonoid, and 56% of radical scavenging activity. Determination of the flavan-3-ol components, catechin, and epicatechin, revealed that they were reduced as the fermentation occurred.

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Santos, Emmanuel D., and Diane B. Remot. "Classification of Cocoa Beans Based on the Grade Level of Fermentation using KNN Algorithm." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 21 (May 25, 2024): 2166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i21.1997.

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Objectives: This study aims to develop a cacao bean fermentation prototype, specifically this study covers: (1) Development of cacao bean fermentation device using Arduino microcontroller, (2) Creating a model that will be used in evaluating the fermented cocoa bean using KNN Algorithm, and (3) Evaluating the developed system using the ISO 9126 software quality model in terms of functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and portability. Methodology: The researcher collected, presented, and analyzed the necessary data and information to address the research objectives. Reasons and justifications for the Developmental Model, Gantt chart, Data Gathering Procedure and Technique, Context Diagram, Data and Process Model, and Schematic Diagram are given. Findings: This study aimed to address these issues by automating the cacao bean fermentation process. A novel device was created and assessed using ISO 9126 and the K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm. The results demonstrated excellent performance in functionality (4.77), reliability (4.56), usability (4.58), efficiency (4.6), maintainability (4.6), and portability (4.56). The device effectively mixed cacao beans during fermentation and achieved an 85.3% accuracy rate in image classification. Novelty: In comparison to existing methods, the device surpassed expectations in terms of fermentation control and software reliability. Overall, the developed Cacao Bean Fermentation Device significantly enhances functionality and control, ensuring consistent quality in chocolate production. Keywords: Arduino Microcontroller, KNN algorithm, Image Analysis, Cacao Bean Fermentation

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Tigrero-Vaca, Joel, María Gabriela Maridueña-Zavala, Hui-Ling Liao, Mónica Prado-Lince, Cynthia Sulay Zambrano-Vera, Bertha Monserrate-Maggi, and Juan M. Cevallos-Cevallos. "Microbial Diversity and Contribution to the Formation of Volatile Compounds during Fine-Flavor Cacao Bean Fermentation." Foods 11, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11070915.

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Cacao demand is continuously increasing, and variations in cacao prices have been associated with the aroma of fermented cacao beans. However, the role of microorganisms in the formation of volatile-aroma compounds during fermentation remains unclear. Microbial diversity in Nacional × Trinitario cacao was characterized during spontaneous fermentation by using culture-based methods and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of DNA amplicons. Cacao beans that were spontaneously fermented for 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h were UV-sterilized prior to the inoculation of the microbial isolates obtained by the culture-based methods. The volatile formation in inoculated cacao beans was evaluated by GC-MS. The species isolated during fermentation included yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida metapsilosis; lactic acid bacteria (LAB), such as Limosilactobacillus fermentum and Liquorilactobacillus nagelii; acetic acid bacteria (AAB), such as Acetobacter pasteurianus, Acetobacter ghanensis and Acetobacter syzygii, as well as other species, such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Additionally, NGS revealed an abundance of environmental microorganisms, including Escherichia spp., Pantoea spp., Staphylococcus spp., Botrytis spp., Tetrapisispora spp. and Pichia spp., among others. During the lab-scale fermentation, the inoculation of S. cerevisiae mostly yielded alcohols, while LAB and AAB produced volatiles associated with floral, almond and fruity notes throughout the fermentation, but AAB also produced acetic acid with a sour aroma. Similarly, the inoculation of C. metapsilosis and Bacillus spp. in 96 h fermented cacao beans yielded esters with floral aromas. This is the first report describing the role of microorganisms in volatile formation during fine-flavor cacao fermentation.

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Zhaira Marianne Ferrancol Ferran, Luisa Ann Tamayo Ongquit, and Edwin Romeroso Arboleda. "A review of machine learning applications in Cacao Post-harvest management." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2024): 1540–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0186.

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Cacao beans play a crucial role in chocolate production, making them a highly relevant crop. The post-harvesting stage of cacao beans, encompassing classification, quality assessment, and fermentation, holds significant importance. With the increasing demand for marketable cacao beans, the need for reliable, accurate, and fast technologies has emerged. This study provides a comprehensive review of machine learning techniques in the post-harvesting stage of cacao beans from 2016 to the present. Analyzing 36 studies, it focuses on classification, quality assessment, and fermentation. The proposed framework includes the application domain, learning algorithms, performance metrics, and reported impacts. Notably, it explores various machine learning applications like classification, quality assessment, and fermentation, highlighting commonly used algorithms like ANN, CNN, and SVM. In terms of performance metrics, GLCM achieved the highest accuracy (99.61%) in cacao classification, ANFIS excelled in quality assessment (99.715%), and k-NN emerged as the most accurate for fermentation. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers in the cacao bean sector, offering insights into machine learning advancements.

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Cevallos-Cevallos, Juan Manuel, Laura Gysel, Maria Gabriela Maridueña-Zavala, and María José Molina-Miranda. "Time-Related Changes in Volatile Compounds during Fermentation of Bulk and Fine-Flavor Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Beans." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1758381.

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Chocolate is one of the most consumed foods worldwide and cacao fermentation contributes to the unique sensory characteristics of chocolate products. However, comparative changes in volatiles occurring during fermentation of Criollo, Forastero, and Nacional cacao—three of the most representative cultivars worldwide—have not been reported. Beans of each cultivar were fermented for five days and samples were taken every 24 hours. Volatiles from each sample were adsorbed into a solid phase microextraction fiber and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Aroma potential of each compound was determined using available databases. Multivariate data analyses showed partial clustering of samples according to cultivars at the start of the fermentation but complete clustering was observed at the end of the fermentation. The Criollo cacao produced floral, fruity, and woody aroma volatiles including linalool, epoxylinalool, benzeneethanol, pentanol acetate, germacrene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, 3,6-heptanedione, butanal, 1-phenyl ethenone, 2-nonanone, and 2-pentanone. Nacional cacao produced fruity, green, and woody aroma volatiles including 2-nonanone, 3-octen-1-ol, 2-octanol acetate, 2-undecanone, valencene, and aromadendrene. The Forastero cacao yielded floral and sweet aroma volatiles such as epoxylinalool, pentanoic acid, benzeneacetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde. This is the first report of volatiles produced during fermentation of Criollo, Forastero, and Nacional cacao from the same origin.

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Oussou, Kouame Fulbert, Gamze Guclu, Hasim Kelebek, and Serkan Selli. "Elucidating the contribution of microorganisms to the spontaneous fermentation and the quality of Ivorian cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans." Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 14, no. 4 (September 1, 2022): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15586/qas.v14i4.1078.

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Cacao (Theobroma cacao) beans are among the most important ingredients in food and beverage industries. They are mainly produced in tropical and subtropical forests. Africa is the biggest producer of cacao bean providers in the world and the Ivory Coast remains the world leader with an estimated yearly production of 3 million tonnes. Cacao beans are used in many food items such as chocolate products, cocoa butter, confectionary products, iced drinks, cocoa powder, etc. The quality and organoleptic characteristics of these food products are strongly related to those of the cocoa beans obtained from different processing treatments. The pulps surrounding the cacao beans are rich in water, sugars, pectins, proteins, minerals, vitamins, citric acid, and phenolic compounds. Many different processing methods are utilized and fermentation is a crucial postharvest treatment having a great influence on the quality of cacao beans and their related products. Spontaneous fermentation is a common practice carried out by the cacao farmers in Ivory Coast. The microorganisms involved in this process are primarily the yeasts (anaerobic phase), which convert the pulps containing sugars into alcohol with a sporicidal temperature increase and then the lactic and acetic acid bacteria (aerobic phase) that produce lactic and acetic acids, respectively. The degradation of the substrates inside the cacao pulps results in the generation of aroma precursors and compounds. The goal of this review was to elucidate the factors affecting the spontaneous fermentation of Ivorian cacao beans and clarify the transformation of the raw material during fermentation.

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Chóez-Guaranda, Ivan, María Maridueña-Zavala, Adela Quevedo, María Quijano-Avilés, Patricia Manzano, and Juan M. Cevallos-Cevallos. "Changes in GC-MS metabolite profile, antioxidant capacity and anthocyanins content during fermentation of fine-flavor cacao beans from Ecuador." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): e0298909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298909.

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The fermentation of fine-flavor cacao beans is a key process contributing to the enhancement of organoleptic attributes and monetary benefits for cacao farmers. This work aimed to describe the dynamics of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolite profile as well as the antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin contents during fermentation of fine-flavor cacao beans. Samples of Nacional x Trinitario cacao beans were obtained after 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours of spontaneous fermentation. Total phenolic content (TPC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total anthocyanin content were measured by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. Volatiles were adsorbed by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) while other metabolites were assessed by an extraction-derivatization method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection and identification. Thirty-two aroma-active compounds were identified in the samples, including 17 fruity, and 9 floral-like volatiles as well as metabolites with caramel, chocolate, ethereal, nutty, sweet, and woody notes. Principal components analysis and Heatmap-cluster analysis of volatile metabolites grouped samples according to the fermentation time. Additionally, the total anthocyanin content declined during fermentation, and FRAP-TPC values showed a partial correlation. These results highlight the importance of fermentation for the improvement of the fine-flavor characteristics of cacao beans.

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Priambodo, D. C., D. Saputro, M. F. R. Pahlawan, A. D. Saputro, and R. E. Masithoh. "Determination of Acid Level (pH) and Moisture Content of Cocoa Beans at Various Fermentation Level Using Visible Near-Infrared (Vis-NIR) Spectroscopy." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 985, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/985/1/012045.

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Abstract Fermentation is critical in cacao processing which breakdowns sugar compounds in the pulp into organic acids. The produced organic acids stimulate enzymatic reactions in the beans which affect the flavor, taste, and color of the cacao beans. Acidity (pH) and moisture content of cacao beans influence the quality of cacao during fermentation. Those parameters are commonly measured using pH meter and gravimetric methods which are time-consuming and destructive.Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop non-destructive calibration models to predict the pH and moisture content of cacao beans at various fermentation levels using a visible near-infrared spectrometer and chemometric methods. The samples consisted of 315 cacao beans obtained from 3 regions (Lampung, Makasar, and Kulon Progo) at 3 levels of fermentation (non, half, full). The calibration and prediction models were performed by PLS regression which involves X variables (Vis/NIR measurement results) and Y variable (pH and moisture content). Smoothing, normalization baseline correction, standard normal variate (SNV), and multiplicative scattered correction (MSC) were used for spectra pre-processing. The research showed that the MSC method resulted in the best model for pH with the correlation coefficient of calibration ( R C 2 ) and prediction ( R P 2 ) were 0.76 and 0.68, respectively. Original and MSC methods resulted in the best model for moisture content with the same value of R C 2 of 0.55 and R P 2 of 0.41. The results showed the capability of Vis/NIR spectroscopy and the important role of chemometrics in developing models for predicting cacao bean quality parameters during fermentation.

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Bittenbender, Harry C., Loren D. Gautz, Ed Seguine, and Jason L. Myers. "Microfermentation of Cacao: The CTAHRBag System." HortTechnology 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03769-17.

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Standardized and repeatable techniques for microfermentation and drying small samples (<100 g) of cacao (Theobroma cacao), also known as cocoa, are necessary to identify new varieties having high yield and quality. Sensory analyses of the processed cacao seed (bean) are a critical component to develop varieties for Hawaii’s cacao to chocolate industry. A microfermentation and drying system capable of processing multiple samples of mucilage-covered cacao beans ranging from 60 to 6000 g was developed. The effects of fermentation variables, genetic background, management, site, and season on quantitative and qualitative attributes can be studied using this protocol. Beans processed using the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources (CTAHR) bag system (CBS) are inoculated with microorganisms on their fruit (pod) surface. This enables a better assessment of the terroir of sites when the dried fermented beans are roasted and processed. Clean, inexpensive, disposable polyethylene bags serve as fermentation vessels. The fermentery has a temperature controller that follows a fermentation temperature profile. Sun drying is replaced by drying in the laboratory. Two-month storage in ambient outdoor humidity and temperature completes the protocol. The CBS is an improvement to existing cacao microfermentation methods because beans from single pods can be fermented. No microbial isolates, inoculums, or foreign pulp from other trees and sites are used. Less labor is required to maintain the fermentation. In laboratory drying is less variable than sun drying. The CBS is a flexible and reliable method to microferment cacao for scientists, small growers, and hobbyists.

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Meryandini, Anja, Asrianti Basri, and Titi Candra Sunarti. "PENINGKATAN KUALITAS BIJI KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L) MELALUI FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN Lactobacillus sp. dan Pichia kudriavzevii." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 6, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v6i1.3048.

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The Improvement of Cacao Beans Quality through Fermentation by Using Lactobacillus sp. and Pichia kudriavzeviiABSTRACTIndonesia is one of the main cacao producers in the world. Indonesian cacao product is, however, relatively of low quality. Quality improvement of cacao beans is thus needed to increase added value of the product through such method as fermentation using bacteria and yeast. This study was conducted using four fermentation treatments, namely F1 (spontaneous fermentation without the addition of inoculum), F2 (addition of lactic acid bacteria inoculum), F3 (addition of yeast inoculum), F4 (addition of mixed lactic acid bacteria and yeast inoculum). The fermentation was carried out for 5 days. The parameters measured were the microbial cell number, pH, ethanol, total reducing sugar, and total acid concentration, as well as cacao seed quality. Results showed that, compared to the other treatments, the F4 treatment gave the best result, namely 83% of the cacao seeds being fermented, 2% non-fermented, 14% unfermented, 1% moldy, and 2% germinated. The liquid produced during the fermentation contained the highest reducing sugar of 123.38 mg·mL-1, the highest total acid of 24.42 mg·mL-1, and 3.57% ethanol.Keywords: cacao beans, fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, starter, yeast ABSTRAKIndonesia adalah salah satu penghasil kakao utama di dunia. Namun berdasarkan mutu, produk kakao Indonesia masih relatif tergolong rendah. Peningkatan kualitas biji kakao diperlukan untuk memberikan nilai tambah pada produk melalui metode seperti fermentasi menggunakan bakteri dan khamir. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan empat perlakuan fermentasi yaitu F1 (fermentasi secara spontan tanpa penambahan inokulum), F2 (dengan penambahan inokulum bakteri asam laktat (BAL)), F3 (dengan penambahan inokulum khamir), F4 (dengan penambahan inokulum campuran bakteri asam laktat dan khamir). Fermentasi dilakukan selama 5 hari, dan parameter yang diukur selama fermentasi adalah jumlah mikroba, pH, kadar etanol, gula pereduksi, total asam serta kualitas biji. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa, dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya, perlakuan F4 memberikan hasil terbaik yaitu 83% biji terfermentasi, 2% tidak terfermentasi, 14% terfermentasi sebagian, 1% berjamur, dan 2% berkecambah. Cairan fermentasi tersebut mengandung gula reduksi yang paling tinggi 123,38 mg·mL-1, total asam tertinggi 24,42 mg·mL-1, dan kadar etanol mencapai 3,57%.Kata Kunci: bakteri asam laktat (BAL), biji kakao, fermentasi, khamir, starter

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Muzaifa, Murna, Yusya Abubakar, and Faitzal Haris. "Profil Pertumbuhan Mikroorganisme pada Fermentasi Biji Kakao Aceh." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v9i1.5975.

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Fermentation process is the most crucial step in the formation of the flavor and aroma of the cocoa bean. Cocoa bean fermentation triggers an array of chemical changes within the bean.These chemical changes are vital to the development of the complex and much-loved flavour known as “chocolate”. Fermentation involves a number of specific microorganisms that play a role during fermentation. The aim of this research was to analized microorganism growth profil of Aceh cacao during fermentation. Fermentation was conducted on 6 days with different aerations (agitation every 24 and 48 hours). The result showed that growth profile of microorganism during fermentation relatively had similar trend. Yeast dominated on the early fermentation, lactid bacteria reached the higest population on day 3 and acetic acid bacteria on day 4. Better quality of fermented cacao was resulted on every 48 hours of agitation that reached 70,19% of full fermentation.

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Muzaifa, Murna, Yusya Abubakar, and Faitzal Haris. "Profil Pertumbuhan Mikroorganisme pada Fermentasi Biji Kakao Aceh." Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia 9, no. 2 (October 1, 2017): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v9i2.5975.

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Fermentation process is the most crucial step in the formation of the flavor and aroma of the cocoa bean. Cocoa bean fermentation triggers an array of chemical changes within the bean.These chemical changes are vital to the development of the complex and much-loved flavour known as “chocolate”. Fermentation involves a number of specific microorganisms that play a role during fermentation. The aim of this research was to analized microorganism growth profil of Aceh cacao during fermentation. Fermentation was conducted on 6 days with different aerations (agitation every 24 and 48 hours). The result showed that growth profile of microorganism during fermentation relatively had similar trend. Yeast dominated on the early fermentation, lactid bacteria reached the higest population on day 3 and acetic acid bacteria on day 4. Better quality of fermented cacao was resulted on every 48 hours of agitation that reached 70,19% of full fermentation.

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Peralta, J. G. B., F. B. Elegado, J. F. Simbahan, I. G. Pajares, and E. I. Dizon. "Microbial and metabolite profiles of spontaneous and adjunct-inoculated cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) fermentation." Food Research 5, no. 2 (March 28, 2021): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(2).526.

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The succession of the dominant microbial population during cacao fermentation with or without adjunct inoculation of yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were monitored on a laboratory scale using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. Yeasts and acetic acid bacteria (AAB) population throughout a five-day fermentation process showed no significant differences but the LAB population increased through adjunct inoculation. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) identification method showed the dominance of only Lactobacillus plantarum, one of the species used as the adjunct inoculum, which resulted in higher lactic acid production. On the other hand, Acetobacter spp. and Gluconobacter spp. were markedly observed in the spontaneously fermented set-up resulting in increased acetic acid production, significantly different (p>0.05) at three to five days of fermentation. LAB and yeast inoculation resulted in a more desirable temperature and pH of the fermenting mash which may result in better product quality.

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Mori, Diner, Miguel Barrena, Segundo Oliva, and Segundo Chavez. "Response surface optimization of the cacao criollo fermentation process in the province of Utcubamba, Amazonas-Peru." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 39, no. 1 (February 16, 2022): e223917. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v39.n1.17.

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The fermentation process of native fine aroma cacao criollo (Theobroma cacao) in the province of Utcubamba, Amazonas, Peru, was optimized. A Box-Behnken statistical design was applied, whose factors were inoculum concentration, fermentation time and inoculation sequence. With the optimized model, a phenolic content of 12.99 mg AGE.g-1 cocoa, a fermentation index of 1.05, and theobromine and caffeine contents of 4.89.100 g-1 cocoa and 1.81.100g-1 cocoa, respectively, were obtained. Additionally, with a panel of nine certified and accredited tasters, the basic and special descriptive qualitative sensory attributes of the fermented and dry cocoa beans were determined, obtaining a maximum quality score of 71.1, and the sensory descriptors floral, fruity, nutty, sweet, bitter, acidity and adequate astringency were identified. In the cocoa obtained with the best treatment, 64 volatile compounds from the families of aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, acids and pyrazines were identified by gas chromatography coupled to a mass detector with solid-phase microextraction (GC-MS-SPME-HS). In conclusion, it was possible to optimize the fermentation process of cacao criollo to obtain cocoa with high functional and sensory properties.

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Rahma, Rizka Aulia, Simon Bambang Widjanarko, Rofiq Sunaryanto, and Yunianta Yunianta. "OPTIMASI MEDIA FERMENTASI Aspergillus oryzae, PENGHASIL ANTIJAMUR PATOGEN BUAH KAKAO Phytophthora palmivora Fermentation Medium Optimization of Aspergillus oryzae, Antifungals Producer for Cacao Pathogen Phytophthora palmivora." Jurnal Agritech 35, no. 03 (October 6, 2015): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9343.

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Indonesia was known as a producer and exporter of cacao, but nowadays Indonesia had an issue in cacao production caused by microorganisms (Phytophtora palmivora) that capable of reducing the amount of cacao production each year. This study follows up a previous study that had found compounds that are actively against at Phytophtora palmivora from Aspergillus oryzae metabolites. In this study the compound will be produced in greater numbers to optimize fermentation medium. The first stage was conducted to determine the profile of the active compound and to analyze the best carbon, nitrogen source for Aspergillus oryzae fermentation medium. The second stage was designed by using Response Surface Method (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) to optimize two variables in the fermentation medium, glucose concentration (the best carbon source) and the concentration of peptone (best nitrogen source). The expected response was the most active compounds percentage of the area. Data analysis was performed by Design Expert DX 7.1.5 program. The first stage of this study presumed that Tenuazonic acid compounds with a molecular weight of 198.1126 gram.mol was an antifungal compound produced by Aspergillus oryzae fungus to prevent Phythopthora palmivora fungus pathogens cacao pods. In addition the results are that glucose was the best carbon source (mean % relative area of antifungal compounds: 85.39%) and that peptone was selected as the best source of nitrogen (mean % relative area of antifungal compounds: 91.07%). The second stage showed the optimum conditions of fermentation medium antifungal Aspergillus oryzae was the composition of glucose 35.25 g/L and peptone 16.7 g/L. The combination of both compositions would yield a mean response of laboratory data % relative area of antifungal compounds 91.2217% and the estimated value (prediction) by Design Expert models 92.2936%. Difference in the estimated values (the response of the model) to the value of the results of response in laboratory experiments at 1.1614%, then it could be concluded that the model used was appropriate and able to explain the applied experimentaldata.-1Kata kunci: Cacao, Aspergillus oryzae, Phytophtora palmivora, active compound, optimization of fermentation medium, Response Surface Method (RSM)

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Tịnh, Nguyễn Thị Thanh, Nguyễn Tiến An, Hồ Thị Thu Hòa, and Nguyễn Thị Tươi. "A STUDY OF WINE FERMENTATION FROM MUCILAGE OF COCOA BEANS (Theobroma cacao L.)." Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Đà Lạt 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.37569/dalatuniversity.6.3.83(2016).

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Cơm nhầy hạt cacao chiếm 10% khối lượng hạt là phụ phẩm của quá trình sản xuất hạt cacao, nồng độ chất tan đạt 17.780Bx, pH khoảng 3.43 – 3.5 và có giá trị dinh dưỡng giàu đường, khoáng chất, acid hữu cơ, phenolic… Nghiên cứu này nhằm mục đích lên men dịch cơm nhầy hạt cacao tạo sản phẩm nước giải khát lên men có độ cồn 11.2. Tác nhân chính của quá trình lên men ethanol là Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2x107cfu/ml và phối hợp với 1% (w/v) chế phẩm bột nem rượu. Quá trình lên men được đánh giá bởi hàm lượng ethanol tạo thành. Điều kiện lên men tối ưu ở nhiệt độ 280C và thời gian lên men 7 ngày. Lên men phụ ổn định chất lượng rượu ở điều kiện nhiệt độ trung bình 180C trong vòng 30 ngày. Sản phẩm có màu vàng đến nâu nhạt, trong suốt, mùi thơm đặc trưng và được đánh giá cảm quan theo TCVN 3215-79 & 3217 – 79 đạt điểm chung 16.39 mức khá. Như vậy, có thể kết luận rằng có thể chế biến dịch cơm nhầy cacao thành nước giải khát lên men ethanol – rượu cacao, đa dạng sản phẩm và tăng thêm khả năng ứng dụng của quả cacao.

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Haryati, Rita, Yusmanizar Yusmanizar, and Harir Fauzi. "Study of Fermentation and Drying Temperature in Cacao Quality (Theobroma cacao L.)." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 26, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.26.2.129-135.

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Nunes, Cassiane S. O., Marília L. C. da Silva, Geany P. Camilloto, Bruna A. S. Machado, Katharine V. S. Hodel, Maria Gabriela B. Koblitz, Giovani B. M. Carvalho, and Ana Paula T. Uetanabaro. "Potential Applicability of Cocoa Pulp (Theobroma cacao L) as an Adjunct for Beer Production." Scientific World Journal 2020 (September 2, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3192585.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the application of cocoa pulp as an adjunct for malt in beer production. The cocoa pulp was analyzed for humidity, proteins, lipids, sugars, total soluble solids, organic acids, and minerals. A study was carried out to reduce the cocoa pulp viscosity by enzymatic depectinization, making its use viable in beer production. The cocoa pulp showed relevant quantities of compounds important in fermentation, such as sugars, acids, and minerals. In fermentation using the adjunct, the proportions of pulp used were 10, 30, and 49%. A significant difference was found between the adjunct and all-malt worts. The 30% cocoa pulp concentration as an adjunct for malt in the fermentation medium contributed the most to the fermentative performance of the yeasts at both 15 and 22°C based on the consumption of apparent extract (°Plato), ethanol production, and cellular growth.

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Falconí, César E., Viviana Yánez-Mendizábal, Roberto J. Haro, and Darwin R. Claudio. "Inoculum of a Native Microbial Starter Cocktail to Optimize Fine-Aroma Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) Bean Fermentation." Agronomy 13, no. 10 (October 7, 2023): 2572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13102572.

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Fine-aroma cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is one of Ecuador’s most iconic export products and comprises 63% of world production. Nevertheless, few advances have been made to improve fermentation processes that might benefit the development of chocolate’s organoleptic characteristics. The study of starter cultures, which seek to improve organoleptic properties or decrease fermentation time, has been investigated in other countries. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a native microbial cocktail based on two yeasts (Torulaspora delbrueckii and Hanseniaspora uvarum), a lactic acid bacterium (LAB) (Limosilactobacillus plantarum), and an acetic acid bacterium (AAB) (Acetobacter ghanensis) inoculated at the beginning of the fermentative process while tracking physical and biochemical variables, microbial population dynamics, and bean fermentation time. The starter culture caused changes in sugar and acid content and increased polyphenols, which in turn generated temperature and pH changes in the dough. The dynamics of yeast, AAB, and mesophilic microorganisms remain higher than the controls throughout the process. A decrease in filamentous fungi that affect the flavor and quality of beans was observed due to the production of acetic acid or secondary metabolites from yeasts and LAB, and resulted in 24% greater fermentation than spontaneous fermentation in only 96 h.

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Zhiminaicela Cabrera, Jonathan Bladimir, Cristhel Mora Encalada, José Quevedo Guerrero, Sayda Herrera Reyes, Anthony Morocho Castillo, and Joffre León Toro. "Influencia De la Madurez de las Mazorcas de Cacao: Calidad Nutricional y Sensorial del Cultivar CCN-51." Revista Bases de la Ciencia. e-ISSN 2588-0764 6, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/rev_bas_de_la_ciencia.v6i2.2706.

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El chocolate producto derivado del procesamiento de semillas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) es considerado como un alimento de lujo en el mercado internacional, apetecido especialmente por el sabor, aroma y los beneficios para la salud del consumidor, siendo el contenido nutricional y la calidad sensorial los principales indicadores de competitividad. El desarrollo fisiológico de las mazorcas influye en los procesos físico-químicos de la etapa postcosecha de donde se forma el aroma y sabor. Por esta razón, el objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la influencia de seis estados de madurez de mazorcas de T. cacao L. cultivar CCN-51, en la fermentación, calidad nutricional y sensorial del licor de cacao, evaluadas en dos tiempos postcosecha: fermentadas-secas y torrefacción. Se realizaron pruebas físico-químicas, análisis químico proximal y análisis sensorial del licor de cacao. Los datos se analizaron con el software SPSS con una prueba de ANOVA de una vía y la prueba de Tukey al 0,05%. Los resultados presentaron diferencias significativas (p < 0.05) en el índice de fermentación del estado 5 (98%) con respecto al 0 (18%), estos resultados se relacionaron con la calidad nutricional y sensorial. La madurez de las mazorcas influyó en el contenido nutrimental en las etapas postcosecha estudiadas, así las mazorcas inmaduras redujeron el índice de fermentación de las semillas afectando la calidad sensorial del licor de cacao. Palabra clave: Manejo postcosecha, fermentación, torrefacción, madurez fisiológica, propiedades fisicoquímicas. Abstract Chocolate, a product derived from the processing of cacao beans (Theobroma cacao L.), is considered a luxury food on the international market, especially sought after for its taste, aroma, and health benefits for the consumer. The nutritional content and sensory quality are the main indicators of competitiveness. The physiological development of the cobs influences the physic-chemical processes of the post-harvest stage where aroma and flavour are formed. For this reason, the objective of the research was to determine the influence of six stages of maturity of the cocoa pods of T. cacao L. cultivar CCN-51 on the fermentation, nutritional and sensory quality of cocoa liquor. Evaluated in two post-harvest stages: fermented-dried and roasting. Physical-chemical tests, proximal chemical analysis, and sensory analysis of the cocoa liquor were carried out. Data were analysed using SPSS software with a one-way ANOVA test and Tukey's test at 0.05%. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the fermentation index of stage 5 (98%) with respect to stage 0 (18%), these results were related to nutritional and sensory quality. The maturity of the pods influenced the nutritional content in the post-harvest stages studied, so the immature pods reduced the fermentation rate of the beans, affecting the sensory quality of the cocoa liquor. Keywords: Post-harvest handling, fermentation, roasting, physiological maturity, physicochemical properties.

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Ihda Fitriyah and Yuli Hariyati. "The Excellence of Cocoa-Goat Integrated Farming in the Implementation of Zero Waste Concept." SEAS (Sustainable Environment Agricultural Science) 4, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/seas.4.2.2298.162-167.

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The problem for farmers in Suruh Village is having two types of farming which are cacao-goat integrated system farmer and cacao-goat non-integrated system farmer. Cacao-goat integrated system conducts cacao farming with goat livestock while for the cacao-goat non-integrated system does not conduct goat livestock. Farmer's interest is different in conducting cacao farming system. The aim of cacao-goat integration system is obtaining manure as organic fertilizer by the expectation to save fertilization cost so that farmer's income with the cacao-goat integrated farming system will be different with non-integrated one because seen from the maintenance cost because of manure. In this study, we dig pattern analysis information of the cacao-goat integrated farming system to find out cacao-goat integrated system and income difference of cacao-goat integrated and non-integrated systems so that it aims to find out the pattern difference of cacao-goat integration farming The research result shows that cacao-goat integrated system by the utilization of cacao waste (bark, leaf), intercropped plant (avocado, cassava, stink beans) as the animal feed of goat). Goat livestock produces feces that can be used as cacao compost fertilizer after 12 months of fermentation. The average income of the cocoa-goat non-integration farmer is USD 1,184.91/Ha/Year, while for the cocoa-goat non-integration farmer has the average income of USD 854,673/Ha/Year. There is a significant difference between cacao-goat integrated farming income and cacao-goat non-integrated farming income.

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Bueno, Gilbert E., Kristine A. Valenzuela, and Edwin R. Arboleda. "Maturity classification of cacao through spectrogram and convolutional neural network." Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Komputer 8, no. 3 (June 4, 2020): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jtsiskom.2020.13733.

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Cacao pod's ideal harvesting time is when it is about to be ripe. Immature harvest would result in hard cacao beans not suitable for fermentation, while overripe cacao pods lead to fungal-infected, defective, and poor-quality yields. The demand for high-quality cacao products is expected to rise due to advancing technology in the present. Pre-harvesting needs to provide optimal identification of which amongst the pods are ripened enough and ready for the next stage of the cacao process. This paper recommends a technique to determine the ripeness of cacao. Nine hundred thirty-three cacao samples were used to collect thumping audio data at five different pod's exocarp locations. Each sound file is 1 second long, creating 4665 cacao sound file datasets at 16kHz sample rate and 16-bit audio bit depth. The process of the Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficient Spectogram was then applied to extract recognizable features for the training process. The deep learning method integrated was a convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the cacao sound successfully. The experimental design model's output exhibits an accuracy of 97.50 % for the training data and 97.13 % for the validation data. While the overall accuracy mean of the classification system is 97.46 %, whether the cacao is unripe or ripe.

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Leal, Gildemberg Amorim, Luiz Humberto Gomes, Priscilla Efraim, Flavio Cesar de Almeida Tavares, and Antonio Figueira. "Fermentation of cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) seeds with a hybridKluyveromyces marxianusstrain improved product quality attributes." FEMS Yeast Research 8, no. 5 (August 2008): 788–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1567-1364.2008.00405.x.

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Huynh, Phong X. "Isolation and selection of microorganisms in cocoa fermentation." Journal of Agriculture and Development 18, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52997/jad.7.04.2019.

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The objectives of this study were to investigate the change of microorganisms involved in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) fermentation and then to isolate, characterize and select the important microorganisms in cocoa fermentation. The results showed that microbial quantities continuously changed during cocoa fermentation and the highest quantity of dominant microorganisms at different stages of fermentation process as 8.03 log cfu/g of yeast, 6.34 log cfu/g of mold, 7.77 log cfu/g of lactic acid bacteria, 7.87 log cfu/g of acetic acid bacteria, 7.25 log cfu/g of Bacillus, and 10.93 log cfu/g of the total aerobic bacteria. There were nine yeast isolates belonging 5 genera of Saccharomyces, Kluyveromyces, Brettanomyces, Candida and Cystofilobasidium; 9 mould isolates belonging to 2 genera of Rhizopus and Aspergillus; 11 acetic acid bacteria isolates belonging to Acetobacter; and 13 spore-forming bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus isolates. Three isolates of yeast (CY-1a, CY-1b, CY-2a) belonging to Kluyveromyces possessed the high fermentative capacity and 4 Acetobacter isolates (CAAB-1d, CAAB-1a, CAAB-1e and CAAB-2d) produced high amounts of acetic acid.

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Hafid, Harapin, N. Nuraini, and Asma Bio Kimestri. "Efek Pemberian Kulit Buah Coklat Fermentasi Terhadap Pertumbuhan Kambing Kacang." JURNAL GALUNG TROPIKA 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/jgt.v10i1.737.

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Utilization of fresh cocoa fruit skin and the results of fermentation as green feed a goat was conducted to determine the effect of fermentation of the cocoa fruit skin against weight gain local goats. The study was conducted for 3 months using 8 goats aged 4-5 months who were randomly assigned to two treatment groups. The treatments were 85% field grass added 15% fresh cacao pods (F1) and 85% field grass added 15% fermented cocoa pod husks (F2). Each treatment consisted of four groups as replicates. The results showed that both treatments of giving fresh and fermented cocoa pods had the same effect on palatability and weight gain of goats. Feeding fresh and fermented cacao pods can still be used as a supplementation material for local goats.

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Korcari, Dea, Alberto Fanton, Giovanni Ricci, Noemi Sofia Rabitti, Monica Laureati, Johannes Hogenboom, Luisa Pellegrino, Davide Emide, Alberto Barbiroli, and Maria Grazia Fortina. "Fine Cocoa Fermentation with Selected Lactic Acid Bacteria: Fermentation Performance and Impact on Chocolate Composition and Sensory Properties." Foods 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2023): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12020340.

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Cocoa fermentation is a central step in chocolate manufacturing. In this research, we performed controlled fermentations of a fine cocoa variety to evaluate the impact of adjunct cultures of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on fermentation parameters, chemical composition, and sensory profile of fine cocoa and chocolate. Improved fermentation processes were carried out at the Centre for the Integral Transformation of Cacao (CETICO) in Dominican Republic. Two strains of LAB, previously isolated from cocoa, and belonging to Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactibacillus rossiae species, were employed. Fermentation parameters, protein, peptide and free amino acid profiles of the fermented cocoa and volatile molecules were determined. Sensory analysis of the derived chocolate was also carried out. The obtained results indicated that the addition of the adjunct cultures influences the proteolytic processes and the free amino acid profile. Finally, the adjunct cultures increased the complexity of the flavour profile of the chocolate as they received a higher score for descriptors commonly used for fine chocolate, such as honey and red fruits. The results obtained showed that the selected strains can be an added value to the development of specific flavours that are desirable at industrial level.

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Hernani, Hernani, and Winda Haliza. "OPTIMASI KOMPOSISI NUTRIEN UNTUK PEMBENTUKAN KOMPONEN CITARASA PADA FERMENTASI BIJI KAKAO ASALAN (Optimization of nutrient composition during fermentation on unfermented cocoa beans to enchance flavor components production)." Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian 10, no. 2 (January 18, 2017): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jpasca.v10n2.2013.71-82.

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Pengolahan biji kakao tanpa melalui proses fermentasi biasanya disebut sebagai biji kakao asalan. Di Indonesia, petani masih jarang melakukan fermentasi karena harga jual biji fermentasi dan asalan, tidak jauh berbeda. Dengan melakukan fermentasi kembali pada biji kakao asalan menggunakan kultur mikroba sebagai nutrien diharapkan menghasilkan komponen citarasa sama seperti kakao yang difermentasi. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan komposisi substrat atau media tumbuh yang sesuai untuk aplikasi fermentasi biji kakao asalan sehingga akan diperoleh starter kultur mikroba aktif yang dapat menghasilkan karakter citarasa setara dengan biji kakao fermentasi. Metodologi yang digunakan secara response surface method (RSM) terhadap komposisi kultur media yang terdiri dari fruktosa, glukosa, sukrosa dan asam sitrat. Faktor perlakuan fruktosa (x1) dengan batasan 42-62 mg/g, glukosa (x2) 24-41 mg/g, sukrosa (x3) 21-32 mg/g dan asam sitrat (x4) 21-24 mg/g. Dalam setiap perlakuan digunakan 4 kg biji kakao asalan. Hasil respon terhadap senyawa citarasa yang teridentifikasi terdiri dari golongan senyawa pirazin (2,3,5,6 tetrametil pirazin, 2,5 dimetil pirazin), asam butanoat, 2-metoksi fenol, ?-oktalakton, asam lemak (asam palmitat, stearat, cis-vasenat dan 9,12 oktadesenoat). Hasil respon terhadap model senyawa citarasa memberikan signifikansi yang nyata pada senyawa 2,3,5,6 tetrametilpirazin, asam butanoat, 2-metoksi fenol dan ?-oktalakton dan tidak berbeda nyata pada 2, 5 dimetil pirazin.Kata kunci :Kakao, fermentasi, asalan (non fermentasi), citarasa, komposisi nutrienEnglish Version AbstractThe processing of cocoa beans whithout fermentation known as non fermented beans. Farmers rarely done fermentation, since the price of fermented and non fermented beans are not much different. By refermentation on unfermented cacao beans using microbes culture as a nutrient, it will be changed the flavor of unfermented cacao beans similar to fermented cacao beans. The present work was conducted to obtain a substrate suitable for long-term application of fermentation which is active microbial starter cultures for fermentation applications on non-fermented cocoa beans that can produce the equivalent character flavor cocoa fermentation. The methodology was used in the response surface method (RSM) on the composition of the culture media consisting of fructose, glucose, sucrose and citric acid. Fructose treatment factors (x1) with limits 42-62 mg/g, glucose (x2) 24-41 mg/g, sucrose (x3) 21-32 mg/g and citric acid (x4) 21-24 mg/g. For every traetment was used 4 kg unfermented cacao seed. The results of flavor response compounds were identified class of compounds, such as pyrazine groups (2,3,5,6 tetramethyl pyrazine, 2,5 dimethyl pyrazine), butanoic acid, 2-methoxy phenol, ?-octalactone, fatty acid (palmitic acid, stearic, cis-vacenic and 9.12 oktadecenoic). Response to the results of the model flavor compounds was gave significance to the compound of 2,3,5,6 tetramethylpirazine, butanoic acid, 2-methoxy-phenol and ?-octalactone and not significantly different at 2, 5 dimethyl pyrazine.Keywords : cacao, fermentation, non fermented, fragrance and flavor, nurient composition

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Pallares-Pallares, Andrea, Janeth Aidé Perea-Villamil, and Luis Javier López-Giraldo. "Impacto de las condiciones de beneficio sobre los compuestos precursores de aroma en granos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) del clon CCN-51." Respuestas 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.726.

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Se evaluó el efecto de los días de fermentación secado sobre la evolución de los compuestos de aroma (volátiles) en la variedad de cacao CCN-51. El método empleado fue la Cromatografía de Gases-Espectrometría de Masas, en combinación con Micro Extracción en Fase Sólida de Espacio de Cabeza (HS-SPME-GC-MS). Para los análisis se construyó un diseño experimental factorial multinivel, con un total de 15 experimentos/muestreo. Durante el beneficio se aplicó el método de microfermentación en cajón y el secado se hizo por exposición directa al sol. El Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) permitió explicar un 68% de la varianza total asociada con las características de aroma (compuestos volátiles). El proceso de beneficio fue dividido en etapas de acuerdo con el grado de fermentación. Se identificaron, a lo largo del beneficio compuestos precursores de aroma deseables e indeseables. Entre los compuestos deseables se identificaron, entre otros, el 3-metil-1-butanol, 2-fenil etanol, benzaldehído, fenil acetaldehído, etilhexanoato, etil benzoato, etilfenil acetato y 2-fenil etil acetato, los cuales aportan notas odoríficas muy agradables (chocolate, caramelo, dulce, nuez, miel, frutal, floral). Finalmente, se propuso un método alternativo de beneficio, que incorpora un pretratamiento del clon CCN- 51 y que arroja evidencia preliminar de mejoría en lo que respecta a los componentes precursores del aroma. AbstractThe influence of the days of fermentation and drying in the aroma compounds (volatile fraction) of cocoa beans CCN-51 was evaluated. The method used was Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry, coupled to Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPMEGC-GS). A multifactorial experimental design was created, containing 15 experiments per repetition. The fermentation technique was microfermentation in boxes, while drying was achieved by exposing the samples to the sun. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) allowed to explain 68% of the total variability associated with aroma characteristics (volatile compounds). Both, desirable and undesirable compounds were identified throughout the processes of fermentation and drying. The benefit process (fermentation and drying) was divided in stages depending on the degree of fermentation. The desirable compounds identified were: 3-methy-1-butanol, 2-phenyl-ethanol, benzaldehyde, phenyl acetaldehyde, ethylhexanoate, ethyl benzoate, ethylphenyl acetate and 2-phenyl ethyl acetate, which are associated with odoriferous notes very nice (chocolate, candy, sweet, nutty, honey, fruity, floral). Finally, a pre-treatment of cocoa beans CCN-51 prior to fermentation was proposed to be incorporated during the benefit of the beans as it seems to enhance the formation of desirable aroma compounds. Palabras clave: Análisis de componentes principales, beneficio, cacao, CCN-51, compuestos volátiles, cromatografía de gases-masas.

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GOTO, Yasunobu, Satoko OKUYAMA, Masayoshi UZAWA, Takeshi AIHARA, and Tatsuya KAMIWAKI. "Compositional Changes of Indonesian Cacao Beans during Fermentation Process." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAGAKU KOGAKU KAISHI 48, no. 11 (2001): 848–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.48.848.

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Goto, Yasunobu, Takeshi Aihara, Satoko Okuyama, Tatsuya Kamiwaki, Kiyoyasu Tsukada, and Masayoshi Uzawa. "Compositional Changes of Venezuelan Cacao Beans during the Fermentation." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAGAKU KOGAKU KAISHI 49, no. 11 (2002): 731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.49.731.

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Wijaya, Muhammad, and Muhammad Wiharto. "THE ISOLATION OF COMPOUND POLYPHENOL FROM WAJO DISTRICT CACAO BEAN AND CACAO WASTE THROUGH FERMENTATION PROCESS." Jurnal Sains Dasar 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jsd.v5i2.10648.

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This research aims to utilize the liquid smoke, charcoal, oil and gas that have been produced from cocoa waste shell from fast pyrolysis technology at 125-500 oC. The charcoal of the cocoa waste was analyzed using a bomb calorimeter at 5925 cal/g showed that it contains 52.02% of lignin; 17.27% of alpha cellulose and 19.56% of hemicellulose, respectively. The HPLC analysis of Wajo district cacao bean resulted in polyphenol compound as 308.35. GC-MS analysis of cocoa shell liquid smoke that pyrolized at 125-500 oC produces severals compounds such as acetic acid, n-buthane, methyl esther, propanoac acid, butanoac acid, methyl pyridine, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, and mequinol. The FTIR analysis of cocoa bean showed a hydroxyl group at 3450.65 cm-1, carbonyl group at 1730.15 cm-1, CH group at 719.45-607.58 cm-1. The crystallinity degree of Wajo District cocoa shell analyzed using XRD was 26,50%. The existence of chemical compounds in liquid smoke products have been found as raw chemicals. Content of biomass carbon at these cacao waste increased according to the increase of pyrolisis temperature, while the carbon emission of these three materials decreased as the temperature increased. Compound polyphenol from cacao bean has a potent as anti oxidant that is friendly for environmental and healthy. Keywords: cacao bean, fermentation, polyphenol, and chemical

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Erazo Solórzano, Cyntia Yadira, Kerly Johanna Bravo Franco, Diego Armando Tuárez García, Ángel Oliverio Fernández Escobar, Yenny Guiselli Torres Navarrete, and Jaime Fabian Vera Chang. "Efecto de la fermentación de cacao (theobroma cacao L.), variedad nacional y trinitario, en cajas de maderas no convencionales sobre la calidad física y sensorial del licor de cacao." Revista de Investigación Talentos 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33789/talentos.8.2.153.

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La investigación se llevó a cabo en la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo. Se valoró la influencia de fermentadores de cacao elaborados de maderas (Guayacán Blanco, Laurel, Pino) sobre la calidad físico-químicas de las almendras de cacao variedad Trinitario y Nacional; análisis sensorial y bromatológica al licor de cacao. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar (DCA) con arreglo factorial (3x2), se determinó el porcentaje de fermentaciónen las dos variedades visualizando el 60 % mínimo de almendras bien fermentadas, granos violetas 21 %, granos pizarrosos superó el 12 %, en cuanto al perfil de sabores específicos logró determinarse que el T1 (C. Nacional-C. Laurel) olor a Cacao, T6 (C. Trinitario-Pino) perfil Floral, T2 (C. Trinitario-Guayacán Blanco) Dulce y presenta los mejores atributos; en cuanto al perfil de sabores básicos amargor el T3 (C. Nacional-Pino) tiene promedio alto; el T6 y T5 (Nacional-Guayacán Blanco) obtiene una media en acidez y astringencia; en sabores Verde y Moho el T6 y T3 presentan promedios altos en el licor de cacao. Referente a los análisis físicos químicos, el T6 presenta humedad (2,44%), el T5 (3,37 %) en ceniza, (51,11 %) en grasa el T4 (Trinitario-Laurel), el T6 con un pH de (5,82) y T5 presenta una acidez de (1,34 %) en el licor de cacao. La temperatura máxima alcanzada en la fermentación del cacao Nacional (44,52 °C) en cajones de madera Pino, mientras que la temperatura mínima fue en el cacao Trinitario (35,66 °C) en el fermentador elaborado de madera Guayacán Blanco.

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Apriyanto, Mulono. "PERUBAHAN pH , KEASAMAN DAN INDEKS FERMENTASI BIJI KAKAO SELAMA FERMENTASI HASIL BIJI KAKAO (THEOBROMA CACAO)." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN 6, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32520/jtp.v6i1.97.

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Most cocoa beans are produced by farmers Indonesia is dry cocoa drying whose quality can be improved by the fermentation method, but it takes more optimization for fermentation can run well. This study aimed to determine changes in the chemical properties of fermented dry cocoa beans drying. Dry beans drying is obtained by drying the wet cocoa beans (fresh) in a cabinet dryer with a previously conditioned at a temperature such as drying in the sun, and each determined the reduction of sugar levels. Experiments fermented dry cocoa beans are fermented in the fermentation container with the amount of 100 grams of seed per container. Before the first fermented dry cocoa beans drying on rehydration to obtain a moisture content approaching fresh beans, dry beans drying then incubated for six days and without inverted during fermentation. Each treatment was repeated three times and observed every 24 hours to 120 hours. Reduction sugar, acid levels tertitrasi, the population of yeasts and acetic acid bacteria in fermented pulp was observed during the fermentation process. To determine the quality of dry beans drying measurement of pH and the fermentation index during fermentation.

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Mumpuni Erawati, Christina, Ruth Chrisnasari, and Peeyush Soni. "The Effect of Pod Storage on Chemical and Microbiological Characteristics of Organic and Non–organic Balinese Cacao Pulps." E3S Web of Conferences 374 (2023): 00007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337400007.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Organic and Non-Organic Balinese Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) storage duration on chemical and microbiological levels in order to know the exact storage period to get a good substrate for fermentation. This research is the first step in preparing Specialty Cocoa. Chemical parameters such as reducing sugar, total sugar, protein content, moisture content, and pH along the pod storage were determined in this study. The ideal substrate condition for cocoa fermentation was suggested on the 4th d, in which the pulp contained total sugar of 12.5 % and moisture content of 86 %. Meanwhile, the statistical analysis was done to test whether the duration of pod storage has a significant effect on the presence of bacteria related to fermentation. The test showed that the duration of pod storage did not have a significant effect on either lactic acid bacteria or acetic acid bacteria content (P value > 0.05). Nevertheless, the research found that lactic acid bacteria content was up to 1.9 log CFU mL–1 and acetic acid bacteria content was up to 2.72 log CFU mL–1 during the 5 d of pod storage.

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Elmatsani, Huda M., A. Joni Munarso, Yogi P. Rahardjo, Bonnie O. Benyamin, Noveria Sjafrina, Puji Astuti, Arief Arianto, Amos Lukas, and Mochammad Jusuf Djafar. "Reducing Cadmium and Lead Contamination in Cacao: A Bibliometric Analysis of 10 Years of Research Using Bibliometrics." BIO Web of Conferences 101 (2024): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410101011.

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Theobroma cacao L., a special crop, is used to make famous culinary products like chocolate that are distributed all over the world. However, heavy metals like cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) can taint cacao, posing health risks to farmers and consumers. Scientists and researchers are examining ways to lessen the toxicity and uptake of Cd and Pb in cacao and are putting forth prospective strategies to restrict their uptake and accumulation in cocoa. This study aims to examine the literature from the last ten years of scientific research on preventing Cd and Pb absorption into cocoa using bibliometrics from RStudio. We collected 446 articles with 2118 authors from Scopus and Web of Science, published between 2014 and 2023. Food Research International and Science of The Total Environment are the two journals with the most relevant publications about Cd and Pb contamination in cacao. The findings of the bibliometric analysis revealed that not only Cd and Pb but also other heavy metals were present in cocoa. Several studies have explored ways to prevent or reduce metal uptake by cacao, such as biochar and organic matter, lime and micronutrients, and cacao genotypes with low accumulation. Postharvest handling, such as fermentation and winnowing, is also potentially used to reduce Cd and Pb content.

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PRADNYAWATHI, NI LUH MADE, I. KETUT ARSA WIJAYA, I. NYOMAN SUTEDJA, and ANAK AGUNG MADE ASTININGSIH. "Kajian Beberapa Cara Fermentasi yang Dilakukan oleh Petani terhadap Mutu Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)." Agrotrop : Journal on Agriculture Science 8, no. 2 (July 19, 2019): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ajoas.2018.v08.i02.p10.

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Study of Assorted Fermentation Methods Conducted by Local Farmers on the Quality of VCocoa Beans (Theobroma Cacao L.). Various fermentation methods have been done by local farmers, however there has been no report on the quality of cocoa beans from those methods. This study aims were to identify various ways of cocoa beans fermentation conducted by local farmers; to compare between quality of fermented beans produced by local farmers and suggested quality of fermented beans; and o obtain a simple fermentation method which resulted in good quality beans and suitable practice for local farmers. The research wasconducted in Tabanan Regency, Province of Bali through field survey with observation and interview method, and supported with literature study. According to field observation and analysis of fermented cocoa beans taken from the local farmers, it can be concluded that most of local farmers did not fermented their kakao seeds. Thus, the fermentation done by utilizing a plastic sack, a bamboo basket or a wooden box lined and covered with banana leaves. The research also found that implementing similar fermentation methods to the seed did not always resulting similar quality of cocoa beans. Finally, the simplest method for local farmers to ferment the cocoa seed was the fermentation by utilizing basket lined and covered with banana leaves with at least 90kg wet beans.

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Subroto, Edy, Mohamad Djali, Rossi Indiarto, Elazmanawati Lembong, and Nur Baiti. "Microbiological Activity Affects Post-Harvest Quality of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Beans." Horticulturae 9, no. 7 (July 13, 2023): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9070805.

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Cocoa beans are the basic ingredient to produce chocolate and its derivatives, including cosmetics, foods, and pharmaceutical products. The quality of cocoa beans is greatly affected by post-harvest handling, especially by microbial activity involved in pre-conditioning after they are harvested, including fermentation, drying, and storage. This review aims to provide various factors that affect each stage of post-harvest cocoa beans, process mechanisms, and various latest technologies that can be used to improve the quality of cocoa beans. Microorganisms could be involved in each post-harvest stage and affect the cocoa beans’ quality. However, fermentation was one of the keys to determining the quality of cocoa beans because fermentation involved various microorganisms, such as yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria, which were interrelated primarily to produce precursor flavor compounds. The drying and storage processes were decisive in maintaining quality, especially in preventing mold growth and other microbial contaminants. Various technologies could improve the quality of cocoa beans during post harvest, especially by adding microbial starters during fermentation. Using several technologies of vacuum drying and a controlled atmosphere during storage could maintain the quality of the cocoa beans. However, many challenges must be faced, especially those related to controlling microbial activity during post-harvest. Therefore, post-harvest technology needs to be continuously developed, especially in controlling microbiological activities to improve the quality of cocoa beans effectively.

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Rahmi, Fazzatul, Zulfahrizal Zulfahrizal, and Kiman Siregar. "Analisis Pindah Panas pada Ruang Fermentasi Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L) dengan Menggunakan Kotak Kayu dan Styrofoam." Rona Teknik Pertanian 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 34–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/rtp.v10i1.7448.

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Abstrak. Fermentasi merupakan kegiatan untuk melepaskan zat lendir dari permukaan kulit biji dan menghasilkan biji mutu dan aroma yang baik. Selain itu fermentasi juga dilakukan untuk menghindari tumbuhnya jamur selama masa penyimpanan. Selama fermentasi berlangsung akan terjadinya perpindahan panas/ suhu di dalam kotak fermentasi. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian yaitu untuk melihat perubahan suhu selama proses fermentasi, mengetahui pengaruh bahan kotak (kayu dan styrofoam) terhadap perpindahan panas di dalam kotak fermentasi dan perpindahan panas dari dalam kotak fermentasi terhadap lingkungan luar. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh bahwa suhu ideal fermentasi pada kotak kayu dihasilkan pada hari ke-5, sedangkan kotak styrofoam suhu ideal dihasilkan pada hari ke-3. Perpindahan panas pada bahan kayu suhunya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan bahan styrofoam. Hal ini disebabkan karena panas pada kotak kayu keluar lebih cepat, sehingga suhu pada proses fermentasi bisa lebih rendah dibandingkan menggunakan kotak styrofoam. Hasil fermentasi biji kakao dengan menggunakan kotak kayu didapatkan biji kakao yang bagus yaitu pada hari ke-5 fermentasi dan kotak styrofoam pada hari ke-5 fermentasi didapatkan biji kakao yang berjamur. Analysis Of Transfer Heat Room Of Cocoa Seed Fermentation (Theobroma cacao L.) Using Wood Box and StyrofoamAbstract. Fermentation is an activity to remove mucous substances from the skin surface to produce quality of seed and good aroma. In addition, fermentation also done to avoid the growth of mold during storage period. During fermentation, the heat transfer / temperature will be happen inside the fermentation box. The aim of this study is to observe the changes of temperature during the fermentation process, knowing the effect of packaging materials (wood and styrofoam) to heat transfer in the fermentation box and heat transfer from inside of fermentation box to the environment in the outside. The results showed that the ideal temperature of fermentation in wooden boxes was obtained in the fifth day, while the ideal temperature of fermentation in styrofoam was obtained in the third day. Heat transfer in the wood material is higher than in the Styrofoam material. This was due of the heat in a wooden box go out faster, so that the temperature in the fermentation process may be lower than using a styrofoam box.The result of cocoa seed fermentation using a wooden box obtained a good cocoa seed on the fifth day of fermentation and while using a styrofoam box cocoa seed were moldy in the fifth day.

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Ludlow, Catherine L., Gareth A. Cromie, Cecilia Garmendia-Torres, Amy Sirr, Michelle Hays, Colburn Field, Eric W. Jeffery, Justin C. Fay, and Aimée M. Dudley. "Independent Origins of Yeast Associated with Coffee and Cacao Fermentation." Current Biology 26, no. 7 (April 2016): 965–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.012.

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Jean-Marie, Elodie, Didier Bereau, Patrick Poucheret, Caroline Guzman, Frederic Boudard, and Jean-Charles Robinson. "Antioxidative and Immunomodulatory Potential of the Endemic French Guiana Wild Cocoa “Guiana”." Foods 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10030522.

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Guiana is a little-known and endemic variety of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), native to French Guiana. No data were available regarding its chemical composition and biological properties; therefore, a study was necessary, using Forastero as a reference. To exemplify biological activities of the cacao species, cocoa extracts were evaluated by antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC) and anti-inflammatory assays. Our results showed that raw Guiana presented equivalent DPPH and FRAP activities, but a 1.3-fold higher antioxidant activity (1097 ± 111.8 μM ET/g DM) than Forastero (838.5 ± 67.8 μM ET/g DM) in ORAC assay. Furthermore, the impact of fermentation (under four conditions: unfermented, two days, four days and six days of fermentation) on Guiana cocoa beans composition and health properties was also studied. Indeed, fermentation, a key step necessary to obtain the taste and color of chocolate, is generally known to alter bean composition and modulate its health benefits. At six days, the fermentation process led to a nearly 25% lower antioxidative capacity in various assays. Moreover, in inflammation-induced macrophage assays, Guiana and Forastero unfermented extracts induced a 112% stimulation in TNF-α production, and a 56.8% inhibition of IL-6 production. Fermentation altered the cocoa composition by diminishing bioactive compounds, which could be responsible for these biological activities. Indeed, after six days of fermentation, compounds decreased from 614.1 ± 39.3 to 332.3 ± 29 mg/100 g DM for epicatechin, from 254.1 ± 14.8 to 129.5 ± 20.7 mg/100 g DM for procyanidin B2 and from 178.4 ± 23.5 to 81.7 ± 2.9 mg/100 g DM for procyanidin C1. The similar composition and the equivalent or higher antioxidant activity of Guiana leads us to propose it as an alternative to Forastero.

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Isa Dwijatmoko, Muhammad, Budi Nurtama, Nancy Dewi Yuliana, and Misnawi Misnawi. "Characterization of Polyphenols from Various Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones During Fermentation." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 34, no. 2 (August 31, 2018): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v34i2.319.

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Cocoa bean is a rich source of polyphenols, which are the largest group secondary metabolite with natural antioxidant property. Polyphenols from cocoabeans was reported to possess health benefits. Fermentation, one step in cocoa processing is needed to improve the quality of cocoa in which the concentration of cocoa bean polyphenols might decrease significantly through oxidation and exudation. Cocoa polyphenols content among different cocoa clones mightalso vary. The aims of this study were to determine total polyphenols, total flavanoid, epicatechin, and catechin content in several cocoa clones, those wereSulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, ICCRI 03, and KW 617. Until now, characterization of polyphenols from those clones has not been reported. The effect of five daysfermentation to those parameters was also studied. The results of the study showed that fermentation and type of clones significantly affected total of polyphenols, total of flavanoids, epicatechin, and catechin content of the cocoa, there is also an interaction between fermentation and type of clones. Unfermented of Sulawesi 1 had the highest total polyphenols of 96.94±5.83 mg/g, total flavanoids of 90.92±1.89 mg/g, epicatechin of 52.50±0.46 mg/g, and catechin of 1.99±0.02 mg/g content compared to other clones. Among five days fermented cocoa beans, Sulawesi 2 showed the highest total polyphenols and total flavanoids content, while ICCRI 03 had the highest epicatechin and catechin content than other clones. Thus, in can be concluded that although fermentation is required to improve the flavor quality of cocoa, it significantly reduced the content of bioactive compounds. This effect varied amongdifferent cocoa clones.

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Sriherwanto, Catur, Budhi Santoso Reksohadiwinoto, Anis Herliyanti Mahsunah, Imam Suja’i, Sarny Toelak, and Mia Rusmiyati. "EFFECTS OF Rhizopus oryzae FERMENTATION OF COCOA BYPRODUCT ON CERTAIN AMINO ACID AND THEOBROMINE CONTENTS." Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI) 3, no. 2 (December 6, 2016): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v3i2.945.

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Being the world’s third largest producer of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), Indonesia provides abundant cocoa pod husk byproduct. Despite its high content of biological materials, its use as animal feed, however, has been limited due to its low nutritive values and significant content of antinutritive substances. Thus, this study was aimed to investigate the changes of selected amino acids glutamate, aspartate, valine, alanine, and proline, as well as the antinutritional compound theobromine in cocoa byproduct-rice bran mixed substrate following fermentation using Rhizopus oryzae. The fermented substrate obtained had its true protein content increased from 1.95% to 23.16%. After analyses using ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry, the following amino acids, namely: total and free glutamates, total and free valine, total proline, as well as free alanine underwent increase, while the others decreased. The concentration of the antinutritional factor theobromine was below the limit detectable by HPLC.Keywords: Rhizopus oryzae, Theobroma cacao, theobromine, fermentation, amino acidsABSTRAKSebagai penghasil kakao (Theobroma cacao) terbesar ketiga di dunia, Indonesia mempunyai hasil samping melimpah berupa kulit cangkang kakao. Meskipun kandungan bahan biologisnya tinggi, penggunaan produk samping ini sebagai pakan ternak masih terbatas karena nilai gizi yang rendah serta kandungan zat antinutrisi yang tinggi. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan kandungan asam amino glutamat, aspartat, valin, alanin, dan prolin, serta senyawa antinutrisi teobromin dalam campuran hasil samping coklat-dedak padi pasca fermentasi menggunakan Rhizopus oryzae. Substrat hasil fermentasi mengalami peningkatan kandungan protein sejati dari 1,95% menjadi 23,16%. Hasil analisis menggunakan ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry, menunjukkan bahwa kandungan asam amino: glutamat total dan glutamat bebas, valin total dan valin bebas, prolin total, serta alanin bebas mengalami peningkatan, sementara asam amino selainnya mengalami penurunan. Kandungan antinutrisi teobromin berada di bawah ambang batas deteksi oleh HPLC.Kata kunci: Rhizopus oryzae, Theobroma cacao, teobromin, fermentasi, asam amino

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Hasan, Nusyirwan, and Rifda Roswita. "Peningkatan Adopsi Teknologi dan Mutu Kakao di Provinsi Sumatera Barat." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v4n1.2017.p23-30.

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West Sumatra is one of the cacao plantation development areas in the western region of Indonesia coverages 150,319 ha. However, its productivity and quality are low due to a little adoption of cacao culture techniques and quality by farmers. One of the strategies to accelerate and expand the adoption technology is utilization of multi-channel dissemination spectrum (MCDS). This research aimed to improve the adoption of cacao technology innovations and cacao quality by cacao farmers in West Sumatra. The research was conducted at two centre cocoa areas, i.e. Padang Pariaman and Pasaman, from March until December 2013. The research activities consisted of (1) a base line survey to determine the adoption level of innovation and the need for cacao cultivation and post-harvest technology, (2) the dissemination of technology based on the MCDS model, initiated with advocacy, field school, distribution of printed media, setting up of demonstration plots of technology innovation, and a field day; and (3) the final survey to determine the effect of technology adoption on improvement of cacao quality. The results showed that a low technology adoption was associated with farmers’s education levels and experiences. The technology needed by cocoa farmers at both locations were pruning, fertilizing, side-grafting technology, developing small canals for plantation sanitation and water conservation, pest and disease control technology, fermentation and drying of cocoa beans. The average increase in the adoption of technology innovations in Padang Pariaman and Pasaman districts was 45.54% and 53.31%, respectively. The adoption of fermented cocoa beans technology increased cocoa quality tobecome a class III-A and complied with the Indonesian National Standard.

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Horta Tellez, Heidi Briggity, Maria Cristina García Muñoz, Ivonne Ximena Ceron Salazar, and Angelica Piedad Sandoval Aldana. "Evaluation of the fermentation process and final quality of five cacao clones from the department of Huila, Colombia." DYNA 86, no. 210 (July 1, 2019): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/dyna.v86n210.75814.

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The aim of this work was to study the microfermentation process of five cacao clones, ICS 01, ICS 95, ICS 39, TSH 565 and CCN 51, from the department of Huila, Colombia. These clones were characterized by their physicochemical properties followed by their fermentation process. The behavior of temperature, pH, total acidity, total polyphenols and fermentation index was recorded. Additionally, the physical cutting test was carried out at the end of the process, as well as the sensory evaluation of the cocoa liquor, in order to establish the sensory profile of each material. Results showed that fermentation time for clones ICS 95, ICS 01 was five days t was obtaining a standard cocoa quality for ICS 01. The other three clones ICS 39, TSH 565 and CCN 51 required six days of fermentation but a premium cocoa was obtained. The establishment of fermentation parameters allows improving final cocoa quality, and thus, increasing its commercial value.

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Saputri, Desi Riana, Fenzy Putri Liewenti, and Stanislaus Dimas Indra. "Efek Biokonversi Pulp Kakao menjadi Bioetanol Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif melalui Fermentasi Aspergillus niger dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dalam Fermentor Wadah Plastik dan Stainless Steel." Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 5, no. 1 (March 11, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v5i1.377.

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Cocoa beans from Indonesian farmers are not optimal to utilize dan has low quality because they have not done fermentation processing. The aim of this study was to process cocoa beans through fermentation by using Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by developing cocoa-pulp byproduct that can be converted to be alcohol. Fermentation process had done in two type of containers such as plastic and stainless steel material. It was observed to know the presence of olygodinamic effect from stainless steel material. The results showed that cacao pulp can be fermented by using Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in sensory test method with hyphae growth and strong aromatic from alcohol observation. Stainless steel material in fermentor tub did not give the oligodynamic effect for Aspergillus niger fungus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth. The Fermentation process produced 0.66 mL of alcohol from one kilogram fresh cocoa beans. The maximum bioethanol product is that happened in 4th day fermentation process about 5.30 %.

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Marpaung, Ridawati, and Siti Nurlina Putri. "KARAKTERISTIK MUTU ORGANOLEPTIK OLAHAN COKLAT DENGAN LAMA FERMENTASI YANG BERBEDA PADA BIJI KAKAO LINDAK (Theobroma cacao L.)”." Jurnal Media Pertanian 4, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jagro.v4i2.83.

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik mutu organoleptik olahan coklat dengan lama fermentasi yang berbeda pada biji kakao lindak. Fermentasi hingga pengeringan biji kakao dilaksanakan di RT 12 Kelurahan Sungai Asam Kecamatan Pasar Jambi dan proses pengolahan coklat serta analisis organoleptik olahan coklat dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Dasar Universitas Batanghari Jambi mulai bulan Mei sampai Juli 2019. Penelitian dirancang menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), dengan perlakuan lama fermentasi yang berbeda, sebagai berikut: F0 = tidak difermentasi, F1 = fermentasi 2 hari, F2 = fermentasi 4 hari, F3 = fermentasi 6 hari, dan F4 = fermentasi 8 hari. Setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali sehingga terdapat 15 unit percobaan, setiap unit percobaan sebanyak 1 kg biji kakao,sehingga jumlah keseluruhan biji kakao adalah 15 kg. Peubah yang diamati adalah warna, aroma, cita rasa, kepahitan, kesukaan pada coklat, pH dan kadar air biji kakao kering. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lama fermentasi yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata terhadap mutu organoleptik warna, aroma, cita rasa, kesukaan serta pH dan kadar air biji kakao kering, tetapi berbeda tidak nyata terhadap kepahitan. Penilaian tertinggi terhadap warna, aroma, cita rasa, kepahitan dan kesukaan terdapat pada perlakuan lama fermentasi 6 hari dan 8 hari.Kata kunci : fermentasi, kakao lindak, mutu organoleptik coklat. ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the organoleptic quality characteristics of processed chocolate with different fermentation times on the cocoa beans. Fermentation up to drying of cocoa beans is carried out in RT 12 Kelurahan Sungai Asam, Pasar Jambi district and the processing of chocolate and organoleptic analysis of chocolate are carried out at the Laboratory of the University of Batanghari Jambi from May to July 2019. The study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD), with treatment different fermentation time, as follows: F0 = not fermented, F1 = 2 days fermentation, F2 = 4 days fermentation, F3 = 6 days fermentation, and F4 = 8 days fermentation. Each treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 15 units of experiment, each unit of experiment was 1 kg of cocoa beans, so that the total number of cocoa beans was 15 kg. Variables observed were color, flavor, taste, bitterness, preference for chocolate, pH and moisture content of dried cocoa beans. The results showed that different fermentation time significantly affected the organoleptic quality of color, flavor, taste, preferences and pH and water content of dried cocoa beans, but not significantly different from bitterness. The highest assessment of color, flavor, taste, bitterness and likeness is found in the 6-days and 8-days fermentation treatment.Keywords: fermentation, bulk cocoa, chocolate organoleptic quality

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Kadow, Daniel, Nicolas Niemenak, Sascha Rohn, and Reinhard Lieberei. "Fermentation-like incubation of cocoa seeds (Theobroma cacao L.) – Reconstruction and guidance of the fermentation process." LWT - Food Science and Technology 62, no. 1 (June 2015): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.01.015.

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